Publications
| Title | Abstract | Year Filter | PMID(sorted ascending) Filter |
|---|
| evidence for constitutive release of nitric oxide in the venous circuit of pigs. | to determine whether the venous circuit constitutively produces nitric oxide (no), we infused the no synthase inhibitor, ng-nitro-l-arginine methyl ester (l-name) into anesthetized and mechanically ventilated pigs and measured venous circuit parameters. we measured cardiac output (q) by thermodilution and obtained arterial (part), central venous pressure (in the inferior vena cava), right atrial (pra), pulmonary artery (pap), and pulmonary capillary wedge pressures. a balloon was transiently inf ... | 1998 | 9733348 |
| fluid dynamics of gingival tissues. | gingival hydraulic interstitial pressure was measured with glass micropipettes in 18 anesthetized rabbits at the level of the free gingiva, attached gingiva and oral mucosa facing the incisors and molar teeth. samples of gingival interstitial tissue fluid were also collected by inserting nylon wicks in the subepithelial layer of the oral mucosa. colloid osmotic pressure of interstitial fluid samples was measured with an osmometer whose membrane had a molecular cutoff of 30 kd. hydraulic intersti ... | 1998 | 9777583 |
| nitric oxide enhances the inotropic response to beta-adrenergic stimulation in the isolated guinea-pig heart. | nitric oxide (no) exerts several effects on myocardial contraction, including enhancement of relaxation and diastolic function, modulation of beta-adrenergic inotropic responses, and inotropic effects in the absence of agonist pre-stimulation. different effects have been observed in different species and preparations, and it is unclear whether they are species- or preparation-specific, or whether they represent a range of responses that can manifest in most mammalian species. we therefore examin ... | 1998 | 9782370 |
| perceptual mechanisms for individual vocal recognition in european starlings, sturnus vulgaris. | the capacity for vocal recognition of individual conspecifics is well documented in many species, but the perceptual mechanisms that underlie this ability in oscines are less well understood. using operant conditioning, we trained three groups of european starlings on a baseline task to discriminate the songs of one male starling from those of four others. each subject heard songs from the same five singers, but the to-be-recognized individual varied among birds. we grouped the subjects accordin ... | 1998 | 9784206 |
| imaging birds in a bird cage: in-vivo fse 3d mri of bird brain. | an in-vivo magnetic resonance imaging (mri) procedure is described that allows one to obtain three-dimensional high quality images of the entire brain of small birds such as the canary (20 g) and the starling (75 g) with an image resolution of 0.1 mm (58-113 microm, dependent on the size of the imaged bird). the entire imaging procedure took about 2 h after which the birds recovered from anaesthesia uneventfully and could be reused for subsequent additional imaging. this non invasive mri techniq ... | 1998 | 9794286 |
| mechanisms of stretch-induced changes in [ca2+]i in rat atrial myocytes: role of increased troponin c affinity and stretch-activated ion channels. | to study the effects of stretch on the function of rat left atrium, we recorded contraction force, calcium transients, and intracellular action potentials (aps) during stretch manipulations. the stretch of the atrium was controlled by intra-atrial pressure. the frank-starling behavior of the atrium was manifested as a biphasic increase of the contraction force after increasing the stretch level. the development of the contraction force after step increase of the stretch (intra-atrial pressure fr ... | 1998 | 9831710 |
| role of experience for language-specific functional mappings of vowel sounds. | studies involving human infants and monkeys suggest that experience plays a critical role in modifying how subjects respond to vowel sounds between and within phonemic classes. experiments with human listeners were conducted to establish appropriate stimulus materials. then, eight european starlings (sturnus vulgaris) were trained to respond differentially to vowel tokens drawn from stylized distributions for the english vowels /i/ and /i/, or from two distributions of vowel sounds that were ort ... | 1998 | 9857515 |
| effect of flow on hydraulic conductivity and reflection coefficient of rabbit mesentery. | to measure the hydraulic conductivity and reflection coefficient for albumin, as defined by the starling equation, in rabbit mesentery. | 1998 | 9866117 |
| determinants of myocardial performance after blunt chest trauma. | this study investigates whether factors that determine myocardial performance (preload, afterload, heart rate, and contractility) are altered after isolated unilateral pulmonary contusion. | 1998 | 9867038 |
| adjustable frequency selectivity of auditory forebrain neurons recorded in a freely moving songbird via radiotelemetry. | one of the hearing system's basic properties that determines the detection of signals is its frequency selectivity. in the natural environment, a songbird may achieve an improved detection ability if the neuronal filters of its auditory system could be sharpened to adapt to the spectrum of the background noise. to address this issue, we studied 35 multi-unit clusters in the input layer of the primary auditory forebrain of nine european starlings (sturnus vulgaris). microelectrodes were chronical ... | 1999 | 9925015 |
| an improved isolated, left ventricular ejecting, murine heart model. functional and metabolic evaluation. | an improved, isolated, left ventricular-ejecting, murine heart model is described and evaluated. special attention was paid to the design and impedance characteristics of the artificial aortic outflow tract and perfusate composition, which contained glucose (10 mm plus insulin) and pyruvate (1.5 mm) as substrates. temperature of the isolated perfused hearts was maintained at 38.5 degrees c. during antegrade perfusion (preload 10 mm hg, afterload 50 mm hg, 2.5 mm ca2+) proper design of the aortic ... | 1999 | 9929557 |
| cellular mechanisms for the slow phase of the frank-starling response. | following a step increase in sarcomere length, isometric cardiac muscle tension increases instantaneously by the frank-starling mechanism. in isolated papillary muscle and myocytes, there is an additional significant rise in developed tension over the following 15 min due to an unknown mechanism. this slow change in tension could not be explained by mechanical heterogeneity of the muscle preparations or by an increase in myofilament sensitivity to ca2+. the slow change in tension was not depende ... | 1998 | 9988000 |
| time course of simultaneous masking in the starling's auditory forebrain. | simultaneous masking of pure tones was studied in the primary auditory forebrain of a songbird species, the european starling (sturnus vulgaris). the responses of 32 multi-unit clusters in the input layer of the auditory neostriatum (field l2a) were recorded via radiotelemetry from freely moving birds. the probe was a 10-ms tone burst at the units' characteristic-frequency (cf) presented 20 db above the threshold. the masker was an 80-ms tone burst presented either at the units' cf (excitatory m ... | 1999 | 9989437 |
| [swarms of starlings in basel: a natural phenomenon, a nuisance or a health risk?]. | a natural phenomenon, molestation or a health risk? for the last two decades an avenue in the centre of basel (altrheinweg, klybeckquartier) is known as site for overnight accommodation and assembly of starlings (sturnus vulgaris) during autumn. the nightly visitors cause an immense contamination that directly affects a nursery and a primary school. the aim of the present study was the evaluation of the health risk for the population due to the starlings' droppings, particularly for the children ... | 1998 | 10024775 |
| intraspecific brood parasitism: a strategy for floating females in the european starling. | in many bird species, there is a floating population of females that are excluded from breeding because of competition for limited breeding resources. female floaters may enhance their reproductive success by engaging in intraspecific brood parasitism. we studied female floaters in a population of european starlings, sturnus vulgaris, in order to determine their identity and potential parasitic behaviour. females were caught after being attracted to nestboxes with artificial nests during 1993-19 ... | 1999 | 10053087 |
| effects of isoproterenol on myocardial structure and function in septic rats. | in this study we sought to determine the effect of sepsis on two sequelae of prolonged (24-h) beta-agonist administration, myocardial hypertrophy and catecholamine-induced cardiotoxicity. sprague-dawley rats were randomized to cecal ligation and perforation (clp) or sham study groups and then further randomized to receive isoproterenol (2.4 mg. kg-1. day-1 iv) or placebo treatment. at 24 h, myocardial function was assessed by using the langendorff isolated-heart technique or the heart processed ... | 1999 | 10066715 |
| effects of dietary quality on basal metabolic rate and internal morphology of european starlings (sturnus vulgaris). | european starlings (sturnus vulgaris) were fed either a low- or high-quality diet to test the effects of dietary quality on basal metabolic rate (bmr) and internal morphology. basal metabolic rate did not differ significantly between the two dietary groups, but internal morphology differed greatly. starlings fed the low-quality diet had heavier gastrointestinal tracts, gizzards, and livers. starlings fed the high-quality diet had heavier breast muscles. starlings on the low-quality diet maintain ... | 2003 | 10068622 |
| heat transfer from starlings sturnus vulgaris during flight | infrared thermography was used to measure heat transfer by radiation and the surface temperature of starlings (sturnus vulgaris) (n=4) flying in a wind tunnel at 6-14 m s-1 and at 15-25 degrees c. heat transfer by forced convection was calculated from bird surface temperature and biophysical modelling of convective heat transfer coefficients. the legs, head and ventral brachial areas (under the wings) were the hottest parts of the bird (mean values 6.8, 6.0 and 5.3 degrees c, respectively, above ... | 1999 | 10333506 |
| reflection coefficient for albumin and capillary fluid permeability in cat calf muscle after traumatic injury. | surgery and traumatic injury are often followed by tissue oedema and a low plasma albumin concentration, indicating leakage of fluid and proteins from the intravascular to the interstitial space. transcapillary leakage can be referred to as an increase in capillary hydraulic conductance and/or a decrease in the reflection coefficient for plasma macromolecules. this study evaluates if time-dependent variations in the reflection coefficient for albumin and capillary hydraulic conductance can be co ... | 1999 | 10350231 |
| does the guinea-pig ileum obey the 'law of the intestine'? | 1. we report the first simultaneous mechanical reflex responses of the longitudinal muscle (lm) and circular muscle (cm) layers of the guinea-pig ileum following mucosal stimulation and distension in vitro. 2. dissection techniques were used to prevent mechanical interaction between the lm and cm layers both oral and anal to a stimulus site. 3. all graded stimuli produced graded contractions of both the lm and cm orally and anally to the stimulus. contractions occurred synchronously in the lm an ... | 1999 | 10358127 |
| length modulation of active force in rat cardiac myocytes: is titin the sensor? | the intrinsic cellular mechanisms by which length regulates myocardial contraction, the basis of the frank-starling relation, are uncertain. the aim of this work was to test the hypothesis that passive force, possibly via titin, participates in the modulation of ca2+ sensitivity of cardiac contractile proteins induced by stretch. titin degradation by a mild trypsin digestion modulated passive force induced by increasing from 1.9 to 2.3 microm sarcomere length in skinned rat cardiac cells. force- ... | 1999 | 10371696 |
| the divergence in the conception of pavlov and bayliss-starling concerning the function of the nervous system. | the history of the discoveries of the mechanisms of the pancreatic secretion is a fine example of the conflict of two schools and the concurrence of two concepts: the nerve control (pavlov and his co-workers) and the humoral control (bayliss and starling). only the synthesis of both conceptions brought about the most accurate model of the control mechanisms. | 1999 | 10377602 |
| mhc variation in birds and reptiles. | the major histocompatibility complex (mhc) has been studied in a multitude of mammals by now, but much less is known about its organisation and variation in other vertebrate species. the mammalian mhc is organised as a single gene cluster, but recent studies on birds suggest that this paradigm of mhc organisation has to be supplemented. the domestic chicken thus possesses two separate gene clusters which both contain mhc class i and class ii b genes, and we have shown that the ring-necked pheasa ... | 1998 | 10386396 |
| peep-induced pulmonary vasoconstriction in neonatal piglets: analysis by pressure-flow curves. | we analyzed the effect of two levels of positive end-expiratory pressure (peep: 10 and 15 cm h2o) on pulmonary hemodynamics in neonatal piglet lungs isolated in situ and perfused extracorporeally using pulmonary artery pressure-flow (pa/q) relationships. pulmonary artery pressure (pa) was measured at flow rates of 50, 75, 100, 125, and 150 ml/kg/min. pa/q relationship was evaluated by the slope of the pa/q plot and the zero-flow intercept pressure (pi). pa/q relationship with peep was studied be ... | 1999 | 10406045 |
| wall thickness referenced to myocardial volume: a new noninvasive framework for cardiac mechanics. | dimensional variables measured for study of left ventricular mechanics are subject to errors arising from difficulty in determining zero-stress dimensions for use as a reference. based on a method validated for measurements within individuals, we have devised an approach that facilitates comparison between individuals while minimizing random scatter. we define an exact mathematical index of strain, ln(h(0)/h), using wall thickness (h) referenced to extrapolated wall thickness at zero-luminal vol ... | 1999 | 10409577 |
| auditory preference for conspecific song in isolation-reared zebra finches. | seven female and six male zebra finches, taeniopygia guttata, were reared in acoustic isolation from song and tested for their preference for conspecific song when 28-53 days old by allowing them to select exposure to zebra finch or european starling, sturnus vulgaris, song. the birds hopped more frequently on a perch that generated zebra finch song than one that produced starling song, and they spent more time listening to zebra finch song. there were no sex differences. the results indicate th ... | 1999 | 10413546 |
| stimulus learning and response learning by observation in the european starling, in a two-object/two-action test. | juvenile european starlings, sturnus vulgaris, were allowed to observe a conspecific demonstrator using its beak to remove one of two distinctively coloured objects (i.e. a red or a black plug) from a hole in the lid of a plastic box. both plugs could be removed by either pulling up on a loop of string inserted through the centre of the plug, or pushing down on the plug. when subsequently allowed access to the plugs, and rewarded with food for all removal responses, regardless of the object to w ... | 1999 | 10413551 |
| organ mass dynamics in relation to yolk precursor production and egg formation in european starlings sturnus vulgaris. | egg production in passerines and other birds requires rapid synthesis of proteins and lipids. we hypothesized that these biosynthetic demands would necessitate hypertrophy of the liver, which produces the yolk precursors vitellogenin and very low-density lipoprotein (vldl), and of the metabolic machinery that supports the liver's biosynthetic activity (e.g., heart, kidneys, lungs, and digestive organs). to test this hypothesis, free-living female european starlings (sturnus vulgaris) were collec ... | 2008 | 10438683 |
| eastern equine encephalitis virus in birds: relative competence of european starlings (sturnus vulgaris). | to determine whether eastern equine encephalitis (eee) virus infection in starlings may be more fulminant than in various native candidate reservoir birds, we compared their respective intensities and durations of viremia. viremias are more intense and longer lasting in starlings than in robins and other birds. starlings frequently die as their viremia begins to wane; other birds generally survive. various aedes as well as culiseta melanura mosquitoes can acquire eee viral infection from infecte ... | 1999 | 10466964 |
| nucleus taenia of the amygdala of birds: anatomical and functional studies in ring doves (streptopelia risoria) and european starlings (sturnus vulgaris). | nucleus taenia (tn) in birds is a discrete component of a loosely defined archistriatal structure, the posterior and medial archistriatum. by virtue of its hypothalamic projections, the posterior and medial archistriatum is thought to be an avian homolog of the amygdala in mammals. a recent fluorogold (fg) study of avian hippocampus revealed backfilled labels in nucleus tn, suggesting that this nucleus may indeed be the homolog of mammalian amygdala. in the present study, we sought to characteri ... | 2007 | 10473902 |
| effects of exogenous 17(&bgr;)-estradiol on the reproductive physiology and reproductive performance of european starlings (sturnus vulgaris) | egg mass shows large intraspecific variation in birds and yet the mechanisms underlying this variation remain unknown. we hypothesized that estradiol would play a central role in determining egg mass, since this hormone stimulates the production of yolk precursors (vitellogenin and very-low density lipoprotein, vldl) by the liver, and of albumen by the oviduct. we gave european starlings (sturnus vulgaris) silastic implants containing estradiol prior to egg formation, which we predicted would in ... | 1999 | 10482726 |
| survey of pathogens and blood parasites in free-living passerines. | to determine the disease prevalence of free-living passerines, 1709 passerines were sampled from 38 different field sites in ohio. choanal and cloacal swabs were collected from each bird and cultured for the presence of pasteurella multocida, salmonella spp., and escherichia coli by standard microbiologic techniques. in addition, the serum from each bird was analyzed for the presence of antibodies to mycoplasma gallisepticum, mycoplasma synoviae, newcastle disease virus, and avian influenza viru ... | 1999 | 10494426 |
| predicting starling chick carcass pcb concentrations from pcb concentrations in ingested animal matter. | preremediation studies at crab orchard national wildlife refuge (conwr) revealed statistically significant accumulations of polychlorinated biphenyls (pcbs) and effects in starling chicks (sturnus vulgaris) from contaminated sites, including decreased nest attentiveness, decreased fledging success, and an increase in chick mortality. although the expected route of exposure for starling chicks is thought to be via diet, this has not previously been documented at conwr. the purpose of this study w ... | 1999 | 10508904 |
| response patterns and their relationship to frequency analysis in auditory forebrain centers of a songbird. | in the field l complex, the auditory part of the caudal telencephalon, multi-unit recordings were performed in seven awake, adult male starlings (sturnus vulgaris, l). pure tones in a frequency range between 0.5 and 6.0 khz were used as stimuli. the field l complex of starlings consists of at least 11 functionally separated, tonotopically organized subcenters. the auditory processing of frequency information was investigated in eight of these areas. two kinds of response patterns could be distin ... | 1999 | 10511628 |
| means for load variation during echocardiographic assessment of the frank-starling relationship. | because minimally invasive methods of preload variation are not validated for load-insensitive indexes of cardiac performance, intravenous nitroglycerin (ntg), phenylephrine, and saline solution (vol) boluses were used in blocked and intact autonomic states to alter load and were compared with vena caval occlusion in the assessment of preload recruitable stroke work relationships between stroke work and left ventricular end-diastolic volume in dogs. in both autonomic states ntg and vol produced ... | 1999 | 10511647 |
| steroid sensitive sites in the avian brain: does the distribution of the estrogen receptor alpha and beta types provide insight into their function? | studies in avian species have often been useful in elucidating basic concepts relevant to the regulation of reproductive behaviors by sex steroid hormones. once a link between a steroid hormone and a behavioral response has been established, one can use the localization of steroid hormone receptors in the brain to facilitate the identification of neural circuits that control behavior. the recent identification of a second type of estrogen receptor called estrogen receptor beta or erbeta has rais ... | 1999 | 10516402 |
| angiotensin iv has mixed effects on left ventricle systolic function and speeds relaxation. | a novel angiotensin receptor has been described and named at4. ligands for this receptor include the angiotensin ii (ang ii) metabolite ang ii (3-8), known as angiotensin iv (ang iv). there is 10-fold more at4 receptor than at1 receptor in rabbit myocardium. the at4 receptor has a high affinity for ang iv (ki in rabbit myocardium < 2 x 10(-9)) and similar ligands, but very low affinity for ang ii (ki in rabbit myocardium > 10(-6)). although several functions have been attributed to the novel ang ... | 1999 | 10533606 |
| does sex or photoperiodic condition influence zenk induction in response to song in european starlings? | variables such as the photoperiod a bird experiences, or its sex, affect behavioral responses to song. the present experiment investigated whether song-induced expression of the immediate-early gene zenk is also influenced by sex or photoperiod. we examined the expression of the protein product of zenk in wild-caught male and female european starlings (sturnus vulgaris) in different photoperiodic conditions. in the first experiment, adult reproductively active male and female starlings were pres ... | 1999 | 10536263 |
| restoring the remodeled enlarged left ventricle: experimental benefits of in vivo porcine cardioreduction in the beating open heart. | conceptual models have been used to assess the efficacy of cardioreduction (i.e., batista procedure) because in vivo models were not available. this study reproduces an experimental angiographic model of heart failure by placing a large pericardial patch to sphericalize the left ventricle. patch removal restored an elliptical normal cardiac shape. cardioreduction was evaluated in 20 mini-pigs on cardiopulmonary bypass. myocardial protection with a beating open method was used and cardioplegia wa ... | 1998 | 10543456 |
| a behavioral test of presbycusis in the bird auditory system. | absolute auditory thresholds were determined behaviorally in european starlings (sturnus vulgaris) between the age of 6 months and up to 13 years using a go/nogo procedure. the thresholds that we observed in individual starlings over a time period of 11 years showed no systematic increase over time. when comparing young starlings (age 6 to 12 months) with old starlings (age 8 to 13 years), we discovered no substantial age-related hearing loss. in the frequency range from 0.5 to 4 khz, the thresh ... | 1999 | 10545635 |
| estimating power curves of flying vertebrates. | the power required for flight in any flying animal is a function of flight speed. the power curve that describes this function has become an icon of studies of flight mechanics and physiology because it encapsulates the accessible animal's flight performance. the mechanical or aerodynamic power curve, describing the increase in kinetic energy of the air due to the passage of the bird, is necessarily u-shaped, for aerodynamic reasons, and can be estimated adequately by lifting-line theory. predic ... | 1999 | 10562528 |
| the effect of clutch cooling rate on starling, sturnus vulgaris, incubation strategy. | in avian species where only one parent incubates, that parent must divide its time between the mutually exclusive activities of incubation and foraging in such a way as to maintain both body condition and clutch temperature within certain limits. in a uniparental incubator, the starling, we experimentally reduced the rate at which unattended clutches of eggs cooled down and monitored the resulting changes in the parent's incubation strategy. opposite to the predictions of standard models of time ... | 1999 | 10600136 |
| a quantitative study of cochlear afferent axons in birds. | this paper is a comparative study of auditory-nerve morphology in birds. the chicken (gallus gallus), the emu (dromaius novaehollandiae) and the starling (sturnus vulgaris) were chosen as unspecialised birds that have already been used in auditory research. the data are discussed in comparison to a similar earlier study on the barn owl, a bird with highly specialised hearing, in an attempt to separate general avian patterns from species specialisations. average numbers of afferent fibres from 87 ... | 2000 | 10601718 |
| extracellular fluid and its proteins: dehydration, shock, and recovery. | this review highlights characteristics of extracellular fluid (ecf) that are often overlooked. ecf has, in addition to plasma and interstitial fluid (isf) surrounding cells, a third large compartment, the isf of skin and connective tissue. this acts as a reservoir that gives up ecf to plasma volume (pv) in order to sustain circulation in the event of either shock or dehydration. while starling forces drive filtration, ecf is returned to pv more by lymph and less by starling forces than previousl ... | 1999 | 10603162 |
| lesions to the medial preoptic area affect singing in the male european starling (sturnus vulgaris). | the aromatization of testosterone (t) in the medial preoptic nucleus (pom) is known to regulate male courtship and sexual behaviors expressed prior to, and in anticipation of, copulation. singing in male european starlings is used to attract mates prior to physical sexual contact, suggesting that the pom might be involved. the present study was performed to examine the effects of lesions targeting the pom on singing and courtship behavior in reproductively active male starlings. a significant de ... | 1999 | 10603291 |
| ventricular volume, chamber stiffness, and function after anteroapical aneurysm plication in the sheep. | the success of left ventricular aneurysm plication depends on how the procedure affects both end-systolic elastance and diastolic compliance and how those changes affect ventricular function (stroke work/end-diastolic volume [prsw] and stroke volume/end-diastolic pressure [starling] relationships). | 2000 | 10612769 |
| individual vocal recognition and the effect of partial lesions to hvc on discrimination, learning, and categorization of conspecific song in adult songbirds. | among songbirds, the capacity to associate particular songs with particular singers (i.e., vocal recognition) forms the cognitive basis for more complex communication behaviors such as female choice and territoriality. in the present study, we combine operant conditioning techniques and excitotoxic lesions to the forebrain nucleus hvc to examine the role of this region in the discrimination, associative learning, and categorization of conspecific song. we trained adult male and female european s ... | 2000 | 10623906 |
| effect of ionic strength on length-dependent ca(2+) activation in skinned cardiac muscle. | the length-dependence of myofilament ca(2+) sensitivity is considered to be an important component of the steep force-length relationship in cardiac muscle (frank-starling relation). recent studies suggest that ca(2+) sensitivity is a function of the number of strong-binding cross-bridge interactions formed at a given sarcomere length. however, the length-dependent step in the thin filament activation process is still unknown. this study was designed to test the hypothesis that sarcomere length ... | 1999 | 10640440 |
| improved contractile performance of right ventricle in response to increased rv afterload in newborn lamb. | pulmonary hypertension results in an increased afterload for the right ventricle (rv). to determine the effects of this increased afterload on rv contractile performance, we examined rv performance before and during 4 h of partial balloon occlusion of the pulmonary artery and again after releasing the occlusion in nine newborn lambs. rv contractile performance was quantified by indexes derived from systolic rv pressure-volume relations obtained by a combined pressure-conductance catheter during ... | 2000 | 10644589 |
| kinematics and mechanics of ground take-off in the starling sturnis vulgaris and the quail coturnix coturnix. | the mechanics of avian take-off are central to hypotheses about flight evolution, but have not been quantified in terms of whole-body movements for any species. in this study, i use a combination of high-speed video analysis and force plate recording to measure the kinematics and mechanics of ground take-off in the european starling sturnis vulgaris and the european migratory quail coturnix coturnix. counter to hypotheses based on the habits and morphology of each species, s. vulgaris and c. cot ... | 2000 | 10648214 |
| effects of positive end-expiratory pressure ventilation on cerebral venous pressure with head elevation in dogs. | mechanical ventilation with positive end-expiratory pressure (peep) may prevent venous air embolism in the sitting position because cerebral venous pressure (pcev) could be increased by the peep-induced increase in right atrial pressure (pra). whereas it is clear that there is a linear transmission of the peep-induced increase in pra to pcev while the dog is in the prone position, the mechanism of the transmission with the dog in the head-elevated position is unclear. we tested the hypothesis th ... | 2000 | 10658034 |
| retinal asymmetry in birds. | vertebrate sensory systems are generally based on bilaterally symmetrical sense organs. it is evident, nevertheless, that birds preferentially use either their left or right eye for viewing novel or familiar stimuli [1], and perform visual discrimination tasks under monocular viewing conditions better with one eye than with the other [2] [3]. because of the nearly complete contralateral decussation of the optic nerves in birds [4], it has been assumed that this division of labour is due solely t ... | 2000 | 10662673 |
| effects of chronic dietary cadmium on hepatic glutathione levels and glutathione peroxidase activity in starlings (sturnus vulgaris). | the effects of chronic exposure to dietary cadmium on the levels of hepatic glutathione (gsh) and on the activity of the glutathione peroxidase enzymes (gsh-px) were studied for the first time in starlings (sturnus vulgaris). thirty-three individuals (17 females and 16 males) were divided into three groups: one represented the untreated control and two were respectively fed with diets containing 10 and 50 ppm cadmium chloride (cdcl(2)). the total duration of treatment was 22 weeks. the three gro ... | 2000 | 10667934 |
| green plants in starling nests: effects on nestlings. | european starlings, sturnus vulgaris, intermingle fresh herbs, especially species rich in volatile compounds, with their otherwise dry nest material. in this field study we investigated whether these herbs reduce ectoparasites and thereby protect nestlings (the nest protection hypothesis). we also considered whether volatile compounds in herbs improve the condition of nestlings (the drug hypothesis). as measures of condition we used body mass, haematocrit levels and immunological parameters. we ... | 2000 | 10675252 |
| female european starling preference and choice for variation in conspecific male song. | data from several field studies support the hypothesis that female european starlings, sturnus vulgaris, attend to variation among the songs of conspecific males when making mate-choice decisions. however, for a variety of methodological reasons, direct evidence for female preferences based on song in starlings has been lacking. this study presents a novel technique for assaying directly female preference and choice in european starlings by using the presentation of conspecific male song as an o ... | 2000 | 10675267 |
| foraging rate versus sociality in the starling sturnus vulgaris. | it is well established that social conditions often modify foraging behaviour, but the theoretical interpretation of the changes produced is not straightforward. changes may be due to alterations of the foraging currency (the mathematical expression that behaviour maximizes) and/or of the available resources. an example of the latter is when both solitary and social foragers maximize rates of gain over time, but competition alters the behaviour required to achieve this, as assumed by ideal free ... | 2000 | 10687821 |
| circadian rhythms of melatonin in european starlings exposed to different lighting conditions: relationship with locomotor and feeding rhythms. | in passerine birds, the periodic secretion of melatonin by the pineal organ represents an important component of the pacemaker that controls overt circadian functions. the daily phase of low melatonin secretion generally coincides with the phase of intense activity, but the precise relationship between the melatonin and the behavioral rhythms has not been studied. therefore, we investigated in european starlings (sturnus vulgaris) (1) the temporal relationship between the circadian plasma melato ... | 2000 | 10707318 |
| batista procedure: elliptical modeling against spherical distention. | batista's cardio-reduction of mass and diameter changes the geometry of the left ventricle (lv). this in vivo study explores the lv changing from spherical distention to elliptic modeling. | 2000 | 10735412 |
| multiple levels of representation of song by european starlings (sturnus vulgaris): open-ended categorization of starling song types and differential forgetting of song categories and exemplars. | four european starlings (sturnus vulgaris) were trained to discriminate among conspecific and heterospecific song segments in a go/no-go operant task. in experiment 1, the starlings discriminated among novel starling and heterospecific songs, indicating an open-ended category of conspecific song types. the starlings also showed excellent memory for reinforced conspecific songs and discriminated among subordinate categories of conspecific song. in experiment 2, the starlings were presented with t ... | 2000 | 10739312 |
| modulation of starling forces and muscle fiber maturity permits adenovirus-mediated gene transfer to adult dystrophic (mdx) mice by the intravascular route. | duchenne muscular dystrophy (dmd) and other inherited myopathies lead to progressive destruction of most skeletal muscles in the body, including those responsible for maintaining respiration. dmd is a fatal disorder caused by defects in the dystrophin gene. recombinant adenovirus vectors (adv) are considered a promising means for therapeutic delivery of a functional dystrophin gene to dmd muscles. if adv-mediated dystrophin gene replacement in dmd is to be successful, development of a systemic d ... | 2000 | 10757350 |
| length-tension relationships of sub-epicardial and sub-endocardial single ventricular myocytes from rat and ferret hearts. | in vivo the sub-epicardial myocardium (epi) and sub-endocardial myocardium (endo) operate over different ranges of sarcomere length (sl). however, it has not been previously shown whether epi and endo work upon different ranges of the same or differing length-tension curves. we have compared the sl-tension relationship of intact, single ventricular epi and endo myocytes from rat and ferret hearts. cells were attached to carbon fibres of known compliance in order to stretch them and to record for ... | 2000 | 10775479 |
| length-dependence of cross-bridge mediated activation of the cardiac thin filament. | length-dependent ca(2+)activation of the thin filament plays a critical role in the steep force-length relationship of cardiac muscle (frank-starling relation). recent evidence indicates that the increase in myofilament ca(2+)sensitivity and ca(2+)-troponin c affinity that occurs with increase in sarcomere length results from a cooperative activation of the thin filament by attached cross-bridges. at short sarcomere length the ca(2+)sensitivity is lower because the access of cross-bridges for ac ... | 2000 | 10775487 |
| [the role of common starlings (sturnus vulgaris) in the epidemiology of bacterial, potentially human pathogenic, disease agents]. | since a long time a public garden in basel is known as a site for overnight accommodation and assembly of starlings. the birds cause an immense faecal contamination of the park and the neighbouring district. a nursery and a primary school are directly affected. to evaluate the health risk coming from the starlings droppings for the population, particularly for the children and to assess the role of starlings in the transmission of diseases to humans and in the epidemiology of human diseases the ... | 2000 | 10804841 |
| extracorporeal circulation exacerbates microvascular permeability after endotoxemia. | extracorporeal life support without prior inflammatory stimuli results in a modest increase in microvascular permeability. initiating ecls after shock, sepsis, or hypoxia results in marked increases in interstitial fluid and total body water. we sought to determine whether an inflammatory stimulus prior to initiating ecls increases microvascular permeability to protein. | 2000 | 10816349 |
| neuromuscular correlates to the evolution of flapping flight in birds. | the neuromotor pattern (i.e. the onset/offset of muscle contraction within the locomotor cycle) is conserved for some homologous muscles of the tetrapod shoulder but not others in the transition from terrestrial locomotion to flight. here we test for three shoulder muscles of the european starling (sturnus vulgaris) to determine whether retention of, or deviation from, a conserved neuromotor pattern can be predicted on the basis of the location of the muscle's motor nucleus within the motor colu ... | 2000 | 10838479 |
| effects of selectin-sialyl lewis blockade on mesenteric microvascular permeability associated with cardiopulmonary bypass. | cardiopulmonary bypass is associated with an inflammatory response that is associated with a neutrophil-mediated microvascular barrier injury. we studied the effects of blocking neutrophil-endothelial tethering on microvascular permeability and edema formation during cardiopulmonary bypass. using a selectin antagonist that prevents interactions with their ligands, we hypothesized that there would be less neutrophil infiltration into the tissue and a reduction in microvascular permeability and ed ... | 2000 | 10838545 |
| blood pressure control in a larval amphibian, xenopus laevis. | the regulation of arterial pressure in early vertebrate embryos and larvae with non-innervated hearts is poorly understood. we used nanoliter intravascular injections in anaesthetized xenopus laevis larvae (stage 49-51) to assess their ability to maintain arterial pressure in the face of a volume load. injections of saline and hetastarch (a volume expander) were made into the ventricle. arterial pressure, end-diastolic ventricular volume, end-systolic ventricular volume and heart rate were measu ... | 2000 | 10851121 |
| [pathophysiological basis of heart failure]. | the progression of heart failure is related to local and systemic neuroendocrine activation. on the level of the myocardium, neuroendocrine activation (angiotensin ii, endothelin, aldosterone, norepinephrine) as well as mediators of inflammation and free oxygen radicals contribute to hypertrophy, dilation and remodeling of the ventricles. in addition, vascular endothelial dysfunction and alterations of skeletal muscle contribute to clinical symptoms of heart failure patients. changes in ventricu ... | 2000 | 10859987 |
| lack of gonadotrophin-releasing hormone (gnrh) neuron response to decreasing photoperiod in thyroidectomized male starlings (sturnus vulgaris). | exposure of starlings to long days initially causes reproductive maturation, but eventually leads to photorefractoriness. during photorefractoriness, gonadotrophin-releasing hormone (gnrh) decreases in the gnrh cell bodies and fibers emanating from these to the median eminence, circulating gonadotrophin concentrations decrease to a minimum, and the gonads regress. thyroidectomy profoundly affects these photoperiodic responses. in chronically thyroidectomized starlings, gonadal responses to chang ... | 2000 | 10861552 |
| differential toxicities of organophosphate and carbamate insecticides in the nestling european starling (sturnus vulgaris). | the concept of b-esterase buffering against anti-cholinesterase (che) insecticide toxicity has been extensively researched in mammalian species. presumably due to relatively low levels of anti-che detoxifying enzyme activity in birds, however, avian species are often more susceptible to the toxic effects of these compounds. we quantified b-esterase buffering of organophosphate (diazinon and methyl parathion) and carbamate (aldicarb and oxamyl) toxicity in nestling european starlings (sturnus vul ... | 2000 | 10871426 |
| perceptual classification based on the component structure of song in european starlings. | the ability to recognize individuals based on their vocalizations is common among many species of songbirds. examining the psychological and neural basis of this functionally relevant behavior can provide insight into the perceptual processing of acoustically complex, real-world, communication signals. in one species of songbird, european starlings (sturnus vulgaris), males sing long and acoustically complex songs composed of small stereotyped note clusters called motifs. previous studies demons ... | 2000 | 10875382 |
| daily and seasonal variation in response to stress in captive starlings (sturnus vulgaris): corticosterone. | captive starlings were used to examine daily and seasonal changes in basal and stress-induced corticosterone levels. birds were bled at 4 times during the daily cycle and during three different simulated seasons: under a short-day photoperiod (mimicking winter), under a long-day photoperiod (mimicking summer), and while undergoing a prebasic molt. basal corticosterone samples were assayed from blood collected within 3 min of disturbance and corticosterone increases in response to handling and re ... | 2000 | 10882549 |
| daily and seasonal variation in response to stress in captive starlings (sturnus vulgaris): glucose. | we investigated the seasonal and daily variation in plasma glucose levels in response to stress in captive wild starlings. starlings were captured from the wild during the winter, held on short days (11l:13d, mimicking winter), and then shifted to long days (19l:5d, mimicking summer). birds were maintained on long days until they began a prebasic molt, the energetically costly replacement of feathers. throughout the daily cycle we took a basal blood sample within 3 min of disturbance and took su ... | 2000 | 10882550 |
| effect of protein kinase a on calcium sensitivity of force and its sarcomere length dependence in human cardiomyocytes. | we investigated whether the frank-starling mechanism is absent or preserved in end-stage failing human myocardium and if phosphorylation of contractile proteins modulates its magnitude through the sarcomere length-dependence of calcium sensitivity of isometric force development. | 2000 | 10912459 |
| reflex responses from the main pulmonary artery and bifurcation in anaesthetised dogs. | this study was undertaken to determine the reflex cardiovascular and respiratory responses to discrete stimulation of pulmonary arterial baroreceptors using a preparation in which secondary modulation of responses from other reflexes was prevented. dogs were anaesthetised with -chloralose, artificially ventilated, the chests widely opened and a cardiopulmonary bypass established. the main pulmonary arterial trunk, bifurcation and extrapulmonary arteries as far as the first lobar arteries on each ... | 2000 | 10918080 |
| absence of reflex vascular responses from the intrapulmonary circulation in anaesthetised dogs. | the aim of this investigation was to determine whether reflex cardiovascular responses were obtained to localised distension of the intrapulmonary arterial and venous circulations in a preparation in which the stimuli to other major reflexogenic areas were controlled and the lung was shown to possess reflex activity. dogs were anaesthetised with -chloralose, artificially ventilated, the chests widely opened and a cardiopulmonary bypass established. the intrapulmonary region of the left lung was ... | 2000 | 10918081 |
| [mechanical human heart work in a newborn infant]. | the echo- and dopplerography of newborn infants up to 10-day age revealed that their heart work capacity was about 6 wt, relative capacity--25 wt/100 g of ventricular mass. these data correspond to those of adult humans. the frank-starling mechanism was corroborated. | 2000 | 10955306 |
| a baroreflex model of short term blood pressure and heart rate variability. | parameters based on heart rate variability alone or on both heart rate and blood pressure variability (baroreflex sensitivity) are becoming increasingly clinical relevant. nevertheless a complete insight in physiological mechanisms underlying these parameters is still lacking. a computer model may help to fill up some of the gaps. we present a model which consists of a simple beat-to-beat hemodynamic part (starling heart and windkessel) linked to a detailed continuous modelled neural control par ... | 2000 | 10977598 |
| end-systolic pressure-diameter relation of the left ventricle during transient and sustained elevations of blood pressure. | to assess the effect of transient and sustained variations in cardiac load on the values of the end-systolic pressure-diameter relation (espdr) of the left ventricle. | 2000 | 10983017 |
| is titin the length sensor in cardiac muscle? physiological and physiopathological perspectives. | one of the most salient physiological characteristics of cardiac muscle is that a dilated heart pumps more vigorously, a phenomenon known as the frank-starling relationship (see allen and kentish, 1985). at least two cellular mechanisms participate in this phenomenon: the reduction of the interfilament lattice spacing which favors the formation of cross-bridges (wang and fuchs, 1995) and the increased affinity of troponin c (tnc) for calcium (ca2+) (babu et al., 1988). in the latter case, it has ... | 2000 | 10987082 |
| myofilament lattice spacing as a function of sarcomere length in isolated rat myocardium. | the frank-starling relationship of the heart has, as its molecular basis, an increase in the activation of myofibrils by calcium as the sarcomere length increases. it has been suggested that this phenomenon may be due to myofilaments moving closer together at longer lengths, thereby enhancing the probability of favorable acto-myosin interaction, resulting in increased calcium sensitivity. accordingly, we have developed an apparatus so as to obtain accurate measurements of myocardial interfilamen ... | 2000 | 11045995 |
| seasonal changes in courtship song and the medial preoptic area in male european starlings (sturnus vulgaris). | in male starlings (sturnus vulgaris) courtship song plays a critical role in mate attraction. during the breeding season courtship song occurs prior to copulation and appears to reflect male sexual arousal. outside the breeding season starlings sing, but song appears unrelated to reproduction. the aromatization of testosterone (t), likely within the medial preoptic nucleus (pom), is critical for the expression of male sexual arousal. the present study was performed to determine whether seasonal ... | 2000 | 11104643 |
| response biases in auditory forebrain regions of female songbirds following exposure to sexually relevant variation in male song. | in many species of songbirds, individual variation between the songs of competing males is correlated with female behavioral preferences. the neural mechanisms of song based female preference in songbirds are not known. working with female european starlings (sturnus vulgaris), we used immunocytochemistry for zenk protein to localize forebrain regions that respond to sexually relevant variation in conspecific male song. the number of zenk-ir cells in ventral caudo-medial neostriatum [ncmv] was s ... | 2001 | 11108615 |
| computerized map of risk to manage wildlife species in urban areas. | for the last 20 years, human-wildlife conflicts have been rapidly increasing in towns. although people want "greener" cities, the expansion of disliked species causes problems that are difficult to manage and to reduce. the complexity of the numerous factors involved in these human-wildlife relations needs the development of a comprehensive tool for urban planners. today, with the development of computers and geographical information systems, it is easier to analyze and combine different spatial ... | 2001 | 11148769 |
| new feather mite species of the family pteronyssidae (astigmata: analgoidea) from south african passerines (aves: passeriformes). | four new species of feather mites belonging to three different genera of the family pteronyssidae are described from passerine birds of south africa: pteroherpus africanus sp. n. from the garden bulbul pycnonotus barbatus (desfontaines) (pycnonotidae), pteroherpus cysticolae sp. n. from the wing-snapped cisticola cisticola ayresii hartlaub (sylviidae), pteronyssoides promeropis sp. n. from the gurney's sugarbird promerops gurneyi verreaux (promeropidae), and sturnotrogus creatophorae sp. n. from ... | 2000 | 11151958 |
| photoperiod-induced testicular apoptosis in european starlings (sturnus vulgaris). | to determine the extent to which testicular regression involves apoptotic cell death, photosensitive adult starlings were photostimulated for up to 9 wk by exposure to long-day (18 h of light) photoperiods. apoptotic activity in recrudescing and regressing testes was assessed by in situ tunel labeling. absolute testis mass in male starlings increased after 2 wk of photostimulation and subsequently decreased with continued long-day exposure. seminiferous tubule diameter also increased after 1-3 w ... | 2001 | 11159376 |
| direct coronary artery perfusion from the left ventricle. | trends in coronary bypass surgery require less invasive techniques and more conduits. we investigated the ability of direct coronary perfusion from the left ventricle to support regional and global cardiac function. | 2001 | 11174736 |
| dextran, gelatin, and hydroxyethyl starch do not affect permeability for albumin in cat skeletal muscle. | to evaluate the effects of the three commercially available colloid solutions, 6% dextran 70, 6% hydroxyethyl starch (hes) 200/0.5, and 3.5% urea-linked gelatin on permeability for human albumin in a skeletal muscle in vivo model by evaluating their effects on the reflection coefficient for albumin. | 2001 | 11176171 |
| fluid dynamics of gingival tissues in transition from physiological condition to inflammation. | an increase in gingival sulcular fluid filtration is a common clinical sign of early gingivitis. the aim of this study was to describe the fluid dynamics of the gingival interstitial tissues at the level of the sulcus in the transition towards inflammation. | 2001 | 11210075 |
| food chain aspects of chlordane poisoning in birds and bats. | we have observed recurring chlordane poisonings of large numbers of common grackles (quiscalus quiscula), european starlings (sturnus vulgaris), and american robins (turdus migratorius) at suburban roosts in new jersey during the month of july. this paper describes aspects of the food chain uptake of chlordane that account for the periodicity of these poisonings. chlordane concentrations ranged from < 0.02 to 20.3 microg/g wet weight in 11 soil samples collected from residential lawns and a golf ... | 2001 | 11243332 |
| ernest starling and the discovery of secretin. | the demonstration by bayliss and starling that acid liberates a chemical messenger from the cells of the duodenal and jejunal mucosa and that this, by traveling through the blood, excites the pancreas to secrete revolutionized physiology. it subsequently provided the impetus to establish endocrinology as a specialist field in medicine. together, their contributions to physiology covered a vast sphere of knowledge, ranging from hormones to the heart and from enzymes to osmotic forces. every subje ... | 2001 | 11246341 |
| signal detection in amplitude-modulated maskers. i. behavioural auditory thresholds in a songbird. | vertebrates have evolved mechanisms to exploit amplitude modulations in background noise for improving signal detection. however, the mechanisms underlying this masking release are not yet well understood. here we present evidence for masking release observed in european starlings (sturnus vulgaris, aves) that were trained in a go/nogo paradigm to report the detection of a short tone (20 ms) in 100% sinusoidally amplitude-modulated noise maskers (400 ms duration). maskers centred at the tone fre ... | 2001 | 11264676 |
| signal detection in amplitude-modulated maskers. ii. processing in the songbird's auditory forebrain. | in the natural environment, acoustic signals have to be detected in ubiquitous background noise. temporal fluctuations of background noise can be exploited by the auditory system to enhance signal detection, especially if spectral masking components are coherently amplitude modulated across several auditory channels (a phenomenon called 'comodulation masking release'). in this study of neuronal mechanisms of masking release in the primary auditory forebrain (field l) of awake european starlings ... | 2001 | 11264677 |
| interrupted blood-feeding by culiseta melanura (diptera: culicidae) on european starlings. | to determine whether culiseta melanura (coquillett) mosquitoes tend to take multiple blood meals when birds of certain species serve as hosts, we compared the frequencies with which such mosquitoes fed upon caged starlings and robins and determined whether similar volumes of blood were imbibed from each. the blood of robins (turdus migratorius) and european starlings (sturnus vulgaris) was marked contrastingly by injecting birds with rubidium or cesium salts. caged birds were placed together in ... | 2001 | 11268693 |
| decreased insulin secretion in type 2 diabetes: a problem of cellular mass or function? | type 2 diabetes is characterized by diminished or inappropriate secretion of insulin, which could be a defect of either islet cell function or beta-cell mass. quantitation of islet cell populations in postmortem pancreas demonstrates little change of beta-cell mass in type 2 diabetes. reduction of islet cell mass (up to 30%) is associated largely with islet amyloid deposition, and the degree of amyloidosis is independent of the duration of the disease. insulin secretory capacity is dependent on ... | 2001 | 11272183 |
| biventricular cardiac dysfunction after acute massive pulmonary embolism in the rat. | cardiac dysfunction has been documented in vivo after acute massive pulmonary embolism (ampe). the present study tests whether intrinsic ventricular dysfunction occurs in rat hearts isolated after ampe. ampe was induced in spontaneously breathing ketamine-xylazine-anesthetized rats by thrombus infusion until mean arterial blood pressure (map) was approximately 40% of basal measurement. a hypotensive control group underwent controlled blood withdrawal to produce map approximately 40% of basal lev ... | 2001 | 11299251 |
| nitric oxide modulates cardiac performance in the heart of anguilla anguilla. | nothing is known about the effects of nitric oxide (no) on cardiac performance in fish. using an in vitro working heart preparation that generates physiological values of output pressure, cardiac output and ventricular work and power, we assessed the effects of no on the cardiac performance of the eel anguilla anguilla. we examined basal cardiac performance (at constant preload, afterload and heart rate), the effects of cholinergic stimulation and the frank-starling response (preload-induced inc ... | 2001 | 11316492 |
| follicular development and plasma yolk precursor dynamics through the laying cycle in the european starling (sturnus vulgaris). | we investigated the quantitative matching of plasma yolk precursor supply (the plasma pool) to follicle demand during yolk formation in european starlings (sturnus vulgaris). plasma concentrations of the two yolk precursors, vitellogenin (vtg) and very low density lipoprotein (vldl), were only elevated coincident with rapid yolk development (ryd) and matched variation in total yolky follicle mass. vtg and vldl were low (<0.4 microg/ml and <4.2 mg/ml, respectively) in nonbreeders and prebreeders ... | 2006 | 11331507 |
| pathophysiological analysis of combined burn and smoke inhalation injuries in sheep. | we investigated the pathophysiological alterations seen with combined burn and smoke inhalation injuries by focusing on pulmonary vascular permeability and cardiopulmonary function compared with those seen with either burn or smoke inhalation injury alone. to estimate the effect of factors other than injury, the experiments were also performed with no injury in the same experimental setting. lung edema was most severe in the combined injury group. our study revealed that burn injury does not aff ... | 2001 | 11350803 |
| correlation and prediction of osmotic pressures for aqueous bovine serum albumin-nacl solutions based on two yukawa potentials. | a new equation of state is proposed to correlate and predict the osmotic pressure data for aqueous bovine serum albumin (bsa) solutions with different nacl concentrations and ph values with only one adjustable parameter. the carnahan-starling equation represents the contribution of the hard sphere repulsion to the osmotic pressure. the attractive dispersion and double-layer repulsion interactions are represented by two yukawa potentials, respectively. the equation of state of duh and mier-y-tera ... | 2001 | 11397048 |