Publications

length-dependent activation: its effect on the length-tension relation in cat ventricular muscle.	in cat papillary muscles at 30 degrees c, bathed with tyrode's solution containing 2.25 mm ca2+, the effect of various inotropic interventions (varying the stimulus frequency and continual paired stimulation) on the shape of the steady state length-tension relation was examined at lengths from lmax, where tension production is maximal, to 0.87 lmax. the relative steepness of the length-tension curves for peak tension developed (dt) and for maximum rate of tension development (dt/dt) varied inver ...	1977	837472
isolation of salmonella hessarek from starlings (sturnus vulgaris).	salmonella hessarek was isolated from dead starlings which were part of a large population wintering in israel. isolation techniques and laboratory inoculation of birds are described.	1977	843299
experimental model for systematic study of impaired microvascular reperfusion.	a technique is described for reliably producing quantifiable impairment of microvascular reperfusion of the brain after ischemia in dogs. the technique is derived from an analysis of the cerebrospinal fluid compression ischemia model as a starling resistor. it is proposed that this model would be useful in systematic study of post-ischemic impairment of reperfusion.	1977	847789
capillary filtration measurement by strain gauge. i. analysis of methods.	the strain-gauge method for measuring changes in limb size, introduced by whitney in 1953 has not received wide usage for measurement of capillary filtration coefficient (cfc). this method was compared for the dog hindlimb to simultaneous measurements by the classic gfavimetric technique and was found to give comparable results. the larger question of whether either method gives useful information about the true cfc of the limb was addressed by a mathematical analysis of the technique combined w ...	1977	851198
capillary filtration measurement by strain gauge. ii. effects of mannitol infusion.	maintenance of normal partition of extracellular fluid into vascular and interstitial compartments is a tightly controlled system. one means of studying control of this system is to induce filtration by fluid loading, and to measure associated changes capillary filtration coefficients (cfc) and starling pressures in a particular vascular bed. we therefore measured responses of the dog hindlimb to isotonic mannitol infusions. using strain-gauge plethysmography to measure cfc, the johnson zero-flo ...	1977	851199
left ventricular function during lower body negative pressure.	the purpose of this study was to characterize the response of the human left ventricle to lower body negative pressure (lbnp) and to delineate the relation between left ventricular function and hemodynamic response. ventricular function curves relating stroke volume to end-diastolic volum were obtained in 12 normal men. volume data were derived from echocardiographic measurements of left ventricular end-systolic and end-diastolic diameters at rest and during lbnp at -40 mm hg. end-diastolic volu ...	1977	869837
[acute reduction of uterine blood flow and fetal heart rate changes in pregnant sheep near term].	five merino sheep near term were used for acute preparations to investigate the influence of basal uterine blood flow (ubf), basal fetal oxygenation and basal fetal heart rate (fhr) on fhr changes elicited by acute reduction of ubf. the ewes were anaesthesized with pentobarbital and alloferin was given for relaxation. ventilation was maintained via a tracheal tube by a starling pump. maternal heart rate, arterial pressure and intrauterine pressure as well as fetal heart rate and umbilical artery ...	1977	870676
interaction of transcapillary starling forces in the isolated dog forelimb.	three of the four starling forces were measured in the intact dog forelimb after anesthetization and all four of the starling forces were measured in the same forelimb which was surgically isolated yet innervated. in the isolated forelimb, isogravimetric capillary pressure (pci) averaged 15.6 mmhg; colloid osmotic pressure of the plasma proteins (iip) averaged 19.9 mmhg; mean interstitial fluid pressure (pif) was +0.4 mmhg, and the average value of interstitial colloid osmotic pressure (iiif) wa ...	1977	889604
quantitative assessment of cardiac pump performance.	1. a means of quantitating left ventricular performance in the conscious dog is presented. changes in heart rate, stroke volume and cardiac output during elevation of left atrial pressure by acute volume expansion were measured in the conscious dog. 2. the changes in heart rate and stroke volume could be described by y = ym - (ym-yi)e-kp, where yi and ym are initial and maximum values of the variable and p is the change in mean left atrial pressure. 3. because cardiac output is a derived variabl ...	1977	894597
effect of hypophosphatemia on myocardial performance in man.	severe hypophosphatemia is associated in man with low intracellular stores of atp and a set of specific cellular dysfunctions. to investigate whether hypophosphatemia affects myocardial performance, we measured cardiac output by thermodilution and calculated stroke work in seven patients with severe hypophosphatemia before, during and after repletion with an intravenous potassium phosphate solution. mean left ventricular stroke work for these patients increased from 49.57 to 71.71 g-m per beat ( ...	1977	904668
acute hypoproteinemic fluid overload: its determinants, distribution, and treatment with concentrated albumin and diuretics.	we simulated the use of massive volumes of crystalloid fluids as a treatment of acute plasma loss in a standardized experimental model and studied the factors determining the retention or excretion of the resulting acute hypoproteinemic fluid overload, its distribution within the body, and its treatment with concentrated albumin and diuretics. in accordance with the classic starling concept, the serum protein level, i.e. the serum colloid osmotic pressure, determined the excretion/retention rati ...	1977	919420
attempted experimental transmission of pseudorabies virus to european starlings (sturnus vulgaris).	forty european starlings (sturnus vulgaris) were inoculated orally with pseudorabies virus. subsequent attempts to isolate the virus from feces, liver, lung and kidney of the birds were negative; antibody against the virus could not be detected in their serums.	1978	206733
demonstration of two different types of beta1-receptors in man (selective blockade of the positively inotropic and the positively chronotropic effect of isoproterenol).	the hemodynamic effect of a beta-receptor blockade with mepindolol--a noncardioselective beta-receptor blocker--was studied in 6 male test subjects age 25 to 30 years with an increasing dose of isoproterenol. the cardiac output per min, the heart rate and the stroke volume, the wet blood pressure and the contractility parameters dp/dt max in the right and left ventricles were measured as part of the study. it was found that a dissociated right shift of the dose-effect curves occurred for the str ...	1978	208993
the frank--starling curve.		1978	340114
failure of methylprednisolone to protect acutely ischemic myocardium: a contrast with subsequent beta-adrenergic blockade in man.	two grams of methylprednisolone was administratered to ten patients with acute myocardial infarction at an average of 13 hours from the onset of symptoms; pain in the chest was not relieved in six of the ten patients. in one hour, no significant improvement was noted in the function of the ischemic segments (examined using a multiaxis echocardiographic method) or in the s-t segments of the 12-lead electrocardiogram. left ventricular filling pressure soon increased by an average of 4 mm hg (p les ...	1978	348414
[the anatomical and histological investigation of the pancreas in the 19th century and till the discovery of insulin (1921). 4. the pancreas-research after the discovery of pancreas-diabetes (1889) till the discovery of insulin].	in this study is the history of the pancreas-research between 1889 and 1921 described. in this period are any important discoverys detected: the islets have 2 cell types (tschassow-nikow 1900, 1906); the connection between diabetes mellitus and islet-alterations (opie 1900); the independence of islets on exocrine parenchyma (schulze 1900); the discovery of internal secretion (bayliss, starling 1902) and the regeneration of islets in mammals and the man (kyrle 1908; weichselbaum 1908 in independe ...	1978	369404
the coordination of gastrointestinal hormones and the autonomic nerves.	we have conducted investigations on the relationship between gastrointestinal hormones and the autonomic nervous system. in this paper are described main themes of our investigations where a close association between gastrointestinal hormones and the autonomic nervous system was shown from the functional and morphological points of view. the "nervism" proposed by pavlov, where the regulation of various organs in the body was thought to be accomplished wholly by the nervous system, was based on t ...	1978	645686
extent of utilization of the frank-starling mechanism in conscious dogs.	the extent to which an increase in preload increases left ventricular (lv) end-diastolic (ed) diameter (d) was studied in seven conscious dogs instrumented with ultrasonic d transducers and miniature lv pressure (p) gauges. preload was elevated by three techniques: 1) volume loading with saline infusion, 2) induction of global myocardial ischemia by constricting the left main coronary artery, and 3) infusion of methoxamine. these three interventions increased lvedp to over 30 mmhg from a control ...	1978	645872
occurrence and attempted transmission of toxoplasma gondii in european starlings (sturnus vulgaris).	serums of 563 fledgling starlings (sturnus vulgaris) trapped during a 14 month period near lodi, california were examined for antibodies to toxoplasma gondii using the microtiter indirect hemagglutination method. titers ranging from 1:64 to 1:512 were found in 4.8% of the birds. starlings collected during may through october had a higher prevalence of antibody than those collected during november through april. rats inoculated with individual heart and brain suspensions from 10 seropositive star ...	1978	650781
efficiency of the frank-starling mechanism at various levels of inotropy and afterload during aortic insufficiency in the dog.	reversible aortic insufficiency was produced in six dogs before and during aortic contrictions at control myocardial inotropy, during high and low inotropy induced by calcium infusion and propranolol administration, respectively. myocardial chord lengths (mcl) of the left ventricular wall were continuously recorded by ultrasonic technique. activation of the frank-starling mechanism during aortic insufficiency was verified by an increase in end-diastolic length and systolic shortening of mcl. eff ...	1978	653301
effect of gravitational and inertial forces on vertical distribution of pulmonary blood flow.	vertical distribution of pulmonary blood flow (vdpbf) was studied, using radioactive microsphere emboli, in dogs without thoracotomy in the right decubitus position during exposure to lateral (--gy) accelerations of 1, 2, 4, and 6 g. at all levels of force environment studied, an inverse linear relationship was observed between vertical height in the thorax and pulmonary blood flow (ml/min/ml lung tissue) with a decrease in flow to the most dependent region of the lung despite large increases in ...	1978	656003
the prevalence of serum antibodies to toxoplasma gondii in ontario mammals.	the prevalence of seropositive reactions to toxoplasma gondii was studied in farm animals, companion animals, wild rodents and birds. of the animals tested, 17% of cattle, 65% of sheep, 45% of pigs, 9% of horses, 33% of dogs and 20% of cats were seropositive by the sabin-feldman dye test. in addition 11% of mice (mus musculus), 5% of deer mice (peromyscus), 3% of rats (rattus norvegicus) and less than 2% of sparrows (passer domestcus) were seropositive. all samples from short-tailed field mice ( ...	1978	667705
cardiac performance: significance of the frank--starling mechanism at low inotropy.		1978	705224
[intensity of action of inotropic interventions in different degrees of myofibril stretch; apparent interrelation between the frank-starling mechanism and cardiac inotropism].		1978	718460
[pigmentation of feather primordium achieved by grafting of retinal pigment epithelium].	small fragments of the retinal pigmented epithelium from white leghorn, rhode island red chick embryos, and from quail, starling and red partridge embryos, were grafted into the wing bud of white leghorn chick embryos. retinal pigmented epithelium of white leghorn chick embryos did not give rise to pigmentation of feather primordia in the hosts. in contrast, 60% of grafts from rhode island red, quail, starling and red partridge, gave rise to feather primordia whose pigmentation was identical to ...	1978	747782
evaporative cooling and water balance during flight in birds.	the rate of evaporative cooling was calculated from the rate of mass loss in starlings (sturnus vulgaris) during 90 min flights in a wind-tunnel. evaporative heat loss ranged from 5% of the metabolic rate at -5 degrees c to 19% of the metabolic rate at 29 degrees c. radiation and convection accounted for the balance of the heat loss. on average, starlings dehydrated during flights at all temperatures above 7 degrees c. the comparison of these results with data from field studies, which indicate ...	1978	702042
the effect of haemorrhage on the cell populations of the thymus and bone marrow in wild starlings (sturnus vulgaris).	following the withdrawal of blood from the brachial vein of adult wild starlings (sturnus vulgaris) changes in the cell populations within the bone marrow and thymus were observed over an eight day period. the packed cell volume, haemoglobin content and reticulocyte count of the peripheral blood was determined before and after haemorrhage. the maximum effect of the haemorrhage was observed in the bone marrow after four days when the population of small lymphocytes, and basophilic erythroid precu ...	1978	688342
ultrastructural studies on erythropoiesis in the avian thymus. i. description of cell types.	thymus lobes from three species of birds, quelea quelea, passer domesticus and sturnus vulgaris, have been examined ultrastructurally. the component cell types are compared with their counterparts in mammalian thymus glands, and found to be similar. greater differences between small, intermediate and enlarged lobes of one species than exist between species. developing erythroid cells are present in most enlarging and some enlarged glands. they appear to be developing at the expense of lymphoid c ...	1979	466697
effects of intraaortic balloon counterpulsation on regional myocardial function during acute coronary occlusion in the dog.	the effects of intraaortic counterpulsation on regional myocardial function were studied using ultrasonic dimension gauges in 24 open chest dogs. pairs of ultrasonic crystals were implanted in the subendocardium of the left ventricle in control, marginally ischemic and ischemic segments. after coronary arterial occlusion, the end-diastolic length of all three segments was increased. segment shortening was rapidly replaced by systolic expansion in the ischemic segment. in the marginal segment, ac ...	1979	758771
[interstitial transudation with postural changes in man].	starling-landis concepts of formation of interstitial fluids are in agreement with measurements of calf volume in normal young women, in horizontal recumbency or after horizontal immersion. the volume of the calf is reduced when the hydrostatic pressure of the blood column is diminished under the phlebostatic level and when the external pressure is increased by the hydrostatic pressure of the water bath.	1979	158412
cardiovascular 'reactivity' to graded splanchnic nerve stimulation in spontaneously hypertensive and normotensive control rats.	cardiovascular 'reactivity' to graded splanchnic nerve stimulation was compared in adult spontaneously hypertensive rats (shr) and normotensive controls (ncr), during abolished adrenal medullary secretion and neurogenic cardiac control and depressed reflex vascular adjustments. arterial pressure, heart rate and cardiac output were measured, and total peripheral resistance (tpr) and stroke volume (sv) computed before, during and after nerve stimulation. the neurogenic resistance increases in the ...	1979	159600
performance of the hypertrophied left ventricle in spontaneously hypertensive rat. effects of changes in preload and afterload.	isolated hearts from adult spontaneously hypertensive rats (shr; okamoto 1969), with established hypertension, were investigated in an antegrade perfusion apparatus where preload and afterload could be varied independently. frank-starling curves were constructed at constant afterloads ranging from 50 mmhg to 150 mmhg. as earlier reported, the shr hearts exhibited a rightward shift of their frank-startling relationships compared to those from the normotensive control hearts, though visible only a ...	1979	160744
left atrial pressure in normotensive and spontaneously hypertensive rats.	the left atrial pressure in adult spontaneously hypertensive rats (shr) of the okamoto strain and normotensive control rat (ncr) was measured via chronically implanted catheters. in shr left atrial pressure in end-expiration was more than twice as high (10.3 +/- 0.4 mmhg) as in ncr (4.6 +/- 0.3 mmhg). there was no difference in the intrapleural pressure between the two groups of rats, therefore the enhanced left atrial pressure in shr represents a real rise in the diastolic filling pressure of i ...	1979	160746
effect of positive end-expiratory pressure on ventricular function in dogs.	artificial ventilation with positive end-expiratory pressure (peep) reduces venous return by raising intrathoracic pressure. to determine whether peep decreases cardiac output further by depressing myocardial function, we constructed starling curves, using rapid dextran infusion in 7 anesthetized dogs ventilated with zero (zeep) and 20 cm peep. the changes in stroke volume and in left ventricular stroke work (lvsw) when peep was added or removed were significantly greater than could be attribute ...	1979	373468
normal left ventricular function.	the starling relationship in the normal human ventricle may be different than usually portrayed. in normal, resting, supine man the ventricular function curve is at its peak at a left ventricular end-diastolic pressure of approximately 10 mm hg. below this point is a strong direct relation between filling pressure and stroke work, while at higher filling pressures, a plateau occurs. limitation of ventricular response is related to a sharply rising ventricular pressure-volume curve at a normal le ...	1979	376177
evidence of frank-starling effect in man during severe semisupine exercise.		1979	421307
an analysis of water movement between myocardial tissue and capillary blood during reactive hyperemia.	the colloid osmotic pressure (cop) of blood from the great cardiac vein was continuously measured by means of a membrane colloid osmometer during the reactive hyperemia following temporary occlusion of the anterior descending branch of the left coronary artery in anesthetized open-chest dogs. the cop increased sharply after releasing the occlusion, then decreased below the preocclusion level before gradually returning to it. these findings indicate that a measurable amount of water moved from th ...	1979	449120
systolic time intervals during combined hand cooling and head-up tilt.	cardiac effects initiated by hand cooling and head-up tilt, separately and in combination, were studied in human subjects. systolic and diastolic arterial pressures, heart rate, pre-ejection period (pep), and left ventricular ejection time (lvet) were measured while subjects were resting supine, supine with hand immersed in 10 degrees c water, tilted 70 degrees head up, and hand immersed during head-up tilt. hand immersion and head-up tilt individually increased diastolic blood pressure and conc ...	1979	454319
physiological actions of angiotensin ii on the kidney.	the importance of angiotensin as a modulator of renal function is well documented. several lines of evidence suggest strongly that angiotensin plays an important role in the maintenance of renal vascular resistance and arterial pressure in several physiological and pathophysiological states with increased activity of the renin-angiotensin system. angiotensin also acts as a physiological "brake" on excessive release of renin from juxtaglomerular cells. angiotensin influences renal sodium excretio ...	1979	456613
regulation of cardiac output during rapid volume loading.	interactions between heart rate (hr) and the frank-starling mechanism in augmenting cardiac output (co) during acute volume loading were studied in dogs under varying conditions. in normal conscious dogs with low hrs of 70--90 beats/min, end-diastolic diameter (edd) was maximal and co was increased reflexly by cardioacceleration. by contrast, anesthetized open-chest dogs with high hrs ranging from 140 to 160 beats/min, responded with bradycardia and co was adjusted solely by increasing stroke vo ...	1979	474792
mechanism of inhibition of proximal tubule fluid reabsorption after exposure of the rat kidney to the physical effects of expansion of extracellular fluid volume.	the natriuresis and concomitant decline in absolute proximal reabsorption (apr) that occur in rats in response to saline loading are blunted markedly when renal perfusion pressure is reduced immediately before, but not after, the volume load. to ascertain the mechanism responsible for these differences between early clamp (ec) vs. late clamp (lc), intracapillary and interstitial determinants of peritubular capillary uptake of apr were measured in seven lc and seven ec munich-wistar rats before a ...	1979	500820
systolic time intervals and other cardiovascular changes following leg elevation.	cardiovascular responses were noninvasively monitored as the legs of 16 supine human subjects were passively elevated to increase return of blood to the heart. forearm vasodilation occurred promptly as previously observed by roddie and shepard (7). arterial pressure and heart rate were unchanged. ventricular performance, monitored by systolic-time-interval analysis, was enhanced after a delay of approximately 6 s, an effect which lasted throughout the 40-s leg-elevation period. all affected vari ...	1979	526216
organochlorine pesticide residues in animals of tasmania, australia-1975-77.	animals taken in tasmania including duck (anas superciliosa), eel (anguilla australis), english perch (perca fluviatilis), white-faced heron (ardea pacifica), brown trout (salmo trutta), european starling (strunus vulgaris), cat (felis cattus), cormorant (phalacrocorax sp.), mutton bird (puffinus tenuirostris), tasmanian devil (sarcophilus harrisii), rainbow trout (salmo gairdnerii), tasmanian raven (corvus mellori), tench (tinca tinca), and quail (coturnix sp.) were sampled for p,p'-dde, pp,p'- ...	1979	537866
experimental transmission of chlamydia psittaci to turkeys from wild birds.	wild birds were inoculated with chlamydia psittaci to determine species that could be potential hosts and vectors in transmitting the agent to domestic turkeys. infection occurred in turkeys exposed to starlings (sturnus vulgaris), common grackles (quiscalus quiscula), brown-headed cowbirds (molothrus ater), and inca doves (cardafella inca). mourning doves (zenaidura macroura) shed the agent sparingly, but turkeys exposed to them did not become infected, these findings and knowledge of the habit ...	1979	546413
impaired rate of left ventricular filling in idiopathic hypertrophic subaortic stenosis with atrial fibrillation.	the external carotid pulse and the phonocardiogram were recorded in a 48-year-old man with idiopathic hypertrophic subaortic stenosis and atrial fibrillation. the degree of obstruction of left ventricular outflow was assessed by the depth of the mid-systolic dip, the length of the left ventricular ejection time and the intensity of the systolic murmur. the correlation found between the degree of outflow obstruction and the length of the preceeding diastole was interpreted in terms of the frank-s ...	1979	573175
functional and metabolic features of an isolated perfused guinea pig heart performing pressure-volume work.	cardiac performance and some parameters of glycolytic and oxidative metabolism were analyzed in isolated perfused guinea pig hearts performing pressure-volume work. perfusion medium was an oxygenated krebs-henseleit bicarbonate buffer (ph 7.4) which contained glucose and physiological concentrations of pyruvate and insulin. the pressure-flow relationship in the coronary vascular bed indicated autoregulation of coronary flow. left ventricular function was influenced by aortic pressure (pa) and ve ...	1979	573465
pulsus alternans in regionally hypoxic ventricles of open-chest dogs: regional mechanical alternation of potentiation and attenuation of the inotropic state.	sustained mechanical alternation appeared after a spontaneous premature ventricular contraction in 6 open-chest dogs during the perfusion of the left circumflex coronary artery by krebs-henseleit solution equilibrated with 5% co2 and 95% n2. the animals were instrumented with a catheter in the left ventricle and ultrasonic crystals in hypoxic and control segments. left ventricular systolic pressure was significantly higher in the strong than in the weak beats with no significant difference of en ...	1979	94997
nationwide residues of organochlorine compounds in starlings (sturnus vulgaris), 1976.	organochlorine pesticide and pcb residues in starlings from 126 sites within the contiguous 48 states were monitored during fall 1976. the average nationwide level of dde and pcbs has increased significantly since 1974, but the number of sites reporting pcb residues has decreased fivefold. dieldrin residues have remained unchanged since 1974. highest dde levels occurred in samples from parts of arizona, arkansas, california, louisiana, and new mexico.	1979	111216
intestinal filtration as a consequence of increased mucosal hydraulic permeability. a new concept for laxative action.	two mechanisms have been proposed to explain the secretory action of laxative compounds in the intestine: 1. increase of the intracellular amount of cyclic adenosine monophosphate due to stimulation of the adenylate cyclase system and 2. inhibition of intestinal transfer processes, in particular the na,k-atpase activated sodium absorption. in a set of in vivo and in vitro experiments in rat colon it could be demonstrated that dihydroxy bile acids (deoxycholate) and diphenolic laxatives (oxypheni ...	1980	6445443
[the double control system of heart relaxation].	the systolic performance of the heart is regulated by two separate mechanisms: the first involves an adaptation to load (frank-starling), and the second, variations in contractility. similarly, recent experimental studies have shown a double mechanism of control of the relaxation phase. cardiac relaxation, as regards the muscle and muscle-pump system, is governed by the constant interrelation of the sensitivity of the contractile system to conditions of load (load dependence) and by the sensitiv ...	1980	6779754
effects of active shortening on tension development of rabbit papillary muscle.	duration and intensity of force development have been shown to be less during active muscle shortening than during isometric contraction. the purpose of this study was to compare force developed during controlled shortening with that predicted by the frank-starling relation. paillary muscles from the right ventricles of rabbits were arranged for isometric tension recording, and isometric contractions were recorded at several lengths. the muscles were then permitted to shorten at velocities of 0. ...	1980	7356035
control of fetal cardiac output during changes in blood volume.	changes in cardiac output (qco), heart rate, right atrial pressure, (pra), and mean systemic pressure (pms) in response to blood volume changes were measured in chronically prepared fetal sheep. with a 10% decrease in blood volume, fetal cardiac output, measured with the microsphere technique, decreased significantly from 592 +/- 28 to 471 +/- 32 ml . min-1 . kg-1. heart rate changed little from control animals (163 +/- 5) to those with decreased volume (161 +/- 10 beats/min). right atrial press ...	1980	7356036
mechanism of hemodynamic responses to occlusion of the descending thoracic aorta.	to examine left ventricular responses to aortic occlusion, changes in end-diastolic volume (edv) and end-systolic volume (esv) were estimated by ultrasonic recordings of myocardial distances in atropinized open-chest dogs. during aortic occlusion edv and esv increased equally, systolic left ventricular pressure (lvp) rose by 86 +/- 8 mmhg, and blood flow more than doubled in the superior vena cava and fell by 90% in the inferior vena cava. during combined occlusion of aorta and inferior vena cav ...	1980	7377312
transcapillary starling forces using membrane osmometry.	membrane osmometry was used to estimate the four transcapillary starling pressures in subcutaneous tissue of rats, guinea pigs, and dogs. isolated subcutaneous tissue samples were either placed on a large-pore or small-pore osmometer that measured the interstitial fluid pressure (pif) and the difference between the interstitial fluid pressure and the interstitial protein osmotic pressure (pif-pi if), respectively. the colloid osmotic pressure of the interstitial fluid (pi if) was obtained from t ...	1980	7386647
fat of the wild avian filarial nematode chandlerella quiscali (onchocercidae: filarioidea) in the domestic chicken.	chandlerella quiscali is a filarial nematode parasitizing the brain of the common grackle (quiscalus quiscula versicolor), blue jay (cyanocitta cristata bromia), brown-headed cowbird (molothrus ater ater), and starling (sturnus vulgaris). filarial infections of many wild bird species are common but natural infections of domestic fowl are rare. the habits of many wild birds commonly bring them in close association with domestic poultry. because of the high prevalence of c. quiscali in grackles (9 ...	1980	7393850
the effect of increasing preload on ventricular output and ejection in man. limitations of the frank-starling mechanism.		1980	7398014
effects of calcium on the sarcomere length-tension relation in rat cardiac muscle. implications for the frank-starling mechanism.		1980	7408137
collyricloides massanae vaucher, 1969, in a starling (sturnus vulgaris l.) in the netherlands.	collyricloides massanae (trematoda: collyriclidae) is described from cysts in the wall of the small intestine of a starling (sturnus vulgaris l.) in the netherlands. the original descriptin was from a yellow necked mouse, apodemus flavicollis (melchior), so this is the first record of the species in birds.	1980	7410811
hemodynamics in patients with severe toxemia during labor and delivery.	three patients with severe pre-eclampsia-toxemia were studied with thermodilution tip pulmonary artery catheters. all patients were delivered by cesarean section with general anesthesia and endotracheal intubation. the left ventricular stroke work indices (lvswi) of these patients were higher than those of normal nonpregnant subjects. there was no evidence of myocardial depression in terms of either cardiac index or the lvswi-pulmonary capillary wedge pressure (frank-starling) relationship. pulm ...	1980	7416216
an analysis of the mechanical disadvantage of myocardial infarction in the canine left ventricle.	an isotropic, initially spherical, membrane model of the infarcted ventricle satisfactorily predicts ventricular function in the infarcted heart when compared to clinical information and available ventricular models of higher complexity. computations based on finite element solutions of this membrane model yield end-diastolic and end-systolic pressure-volume curves, from which ventricular function curves are calculated, for infarcts of varying size and material properties. these computations ind ...	1980	7418131
comparison between lung fluid filtration rate and measured starling forces after hemorrhagic and endotoxic shock.	the measurement of pulmonary vascular pressure and plasma oncotic pressure (pi p) is reported to be useful for predicting excess fluid transport across the pulmonary microcirculation in the critically ill. however, interpretation of change in these forces must take into consideration the compensatory changes in the other starling forces, particularly interstitial oncotic pressure (pi i) and the permeability characteristics of the membrane. we calculated pulmonary microvascular pressure pmv, pi p ...	1980	7420495
alterations of myocardial function during early stages of mild experimental ischemia in dogs determined by left ventricular pressure-wall thickness loop.	alternations of regional left ventricular myocardial function immediately after coronary artery branch ligation as related to the total left ventricular function were determined by utilizing left ventricular pressure-wall thickness loop in 6 anesthetized open-chest dogs. end-diastolic wall thickness was decreased immediately from 11.54+/-0.50 mm (standard error of the mean) of control to 10.99+/-0.50 mm in 5 to 10 min after ligation (p<0.05), while regional myocardial work calculated as the loop ...	1980	7420735
reversal of ischemic damage with amino acid substrate enhancement during reperfusion.	twenty dogs underwent 15 minutes of normothermic ischemic arrest and 30 minutes of reperfusion while on cardiopulmonary bypass. in 10 control dogs, the reperfusate blood was not modified. in 10 other dogs, the aorta was reclamped and the heart reperfused for 5 minutes with blood containing l-glutamate (0.026m). we measured coronary blood flow (microspheres), left ventricular (lv) metabolism [o2 content, adenosine triphosphate (atp)], lv compliance (intraventricular balloon), and lv performance ( ...	1980	7434210
innervation of the parathyroid in the european starling (sturnus vulgaris).	anatomical studies were conducted to characterize the source, type, and distribution of parathyroid gland innervation in european starlings. denervation experiments demonstrated that the parathyroid glands and adjacent carotid bodies are innervated by nerve fibers originating in the nodose ganglion of the vagus nerve. in the parathyroid parenchyma, these fibers terminate adjacent to chief cells or near vascular smooth muscle. vagal fibers also form synapses with catecholamine-containing glomus c ...	1980	7452732
calcitonin stimulation of urine flow and sodium excretion in the starling.	renal effects of synthetic salmon calcitonin (ct) were examined in normal and parathyroidectomized (ptx) starlings, sturnus vulgaris. standard clearance studies were performed. anesthetized birds were infused with [14c]-inulin in 2.5% mannitol containing either 0.25% gelatin alone as a control, or gelatin plus ct (2 iu ct/h; armour). in intact starlings, ct significantly increased urine flow and relative clearance of sodium (cna/cin). cca/cin was significantly elevated only 40 min after start of ...	1980	7377379
measurement of frequency discrimination in the starling (sturnus vulgaris) by conditioning of heart rate.		1980	7374787
unit recordings from a new auditory area in the frontal neostriatum of the awake starling (sturnus vulgaris).	auditory units were recorded from a restricted region of the frontal neostriatum of the awake starling. this area (field ga) was located latero-dorsal from the nucleus basalis and more closely associated with the caudal regions of the thalamo-frontal tract. most units (46%) showed on-excitation to pure tones and white noise stimuli. no well-defined sustained firing was seen, but 15% of the units showed a weak type of excitation which outlasted the stimulus (long-lasting response). tuning curves ...	1980	7363972
cell types of the auditory caudomedial neostriatum of the starling (sturnus vulgaris).	cell types of the auditory neostriatum in the starling forebrain are described. this area in the caudal neostriatum is defined neurophysiologically by the appearance of auditory neurons. through use of the rapid golgi technique, four types of neurons are identified, mainly on the basis of their processes: neurons with long descending axons and thick dendrites rich in spines (type 1), neurons with long ascending axons and thin dendrites poor in spines (type 2), short-axon neurons (type 3), and mi ...	1981	7240442
seasonal changes in testosterone metabolism in the pituitary gland and central nervous system of the european starling (sturnus vulgaris).		1981	7227813
effect of saline expansion on peritubule capillary pressures and reabsorption.	the effect of extracellular volume expansion on transcapillary starling forces, capillary uptake, and the reabsorption coefficient in the peritubule microcirculation of the dog kidney was examined. micropuncture techniques were used to obtain measurement before and after 4% body wt expansion with isotonic saline. extracellular volume expansion significantly changed all starling pressures and capillary uptake. efferent arteriolar oncotic pressure, interstitial oncotic pressure, and capillary upta ...	1981	7468796
preload changes modify systolic pressure-diameter relations in the conscious dog.	the behavior of the end-systolic ventricular diameter was examined during control state, atrial pacing, and acute volume loading (vl) followed by methoxamine infusion in conscious dogs instrumented with a left ventricular micromanometer and ultrasonic crystals measuring internal diameter and wall thickness. heart rate and systolic pressure were markedly increased by maximal vl but for moderate vl were minimally modified. moderate vl increased end-diastolic diameter by 5% and end-systolic diamete ...	1981	7212078
[correlation between the strength-duration relationship (frank-starling phenomenon) and the inotropic state of the heart].		1981	7238932
detrimental effects of premature use of inotropic drugs to discontinue cardiopulmonary bypass.	ten dogs underwent 45 minutes of normothermic ischemic arrest. after 15 minutes of reoxygenation, none could support the systemic circulation independently. in five dogs, we could discontinue bypass (cardic output 70 to 100 cc/kg/min) by giving dopamine (10 to 30 mcg/kg/min). in five other dogs, total cardiopulmonary bypass was prolonged for an additional 30 minutes and no dopamine was given. during control and at 15 and 45 minutes after aortic unclamping, we measured myocardial blood flow (micr ...	1981	7242127
transcapillary starling pressures in the fetus, newborn, adult, and pregnant adult.	we used the method of membrane osmometry to determine capillary pressure (pc), plasma protein osmotic pressure (iip), interstitial protein osmotic pressure (iiif), and interstitial free fluid pressure (pif) in subcutaneous tissue. these pressures were measured in the sheep and guinea pig fetus, newborn, adult, and pregnant adult. although there were some similarities, we found major species differences. 1) iip was a minimum in the fetus and gradually increased to a maximum with adulthood in the ...	1981	7246749
left atrial function in acute mitral regurgitation. factors which modify the regurgitant volume.	dynamic geometry of the left atrium was studied in open-chest dogs instrumented with ultrasonic dimension gauges for the measurement of the transverse diameter together with left ventricular dimensions and left atrial and ventricular pressures. three definite phasic changes of the left atrial diameter were observed during the cardiac cycle at the control state; shortening of left atrial diameter with atrial contraction, continuous chamber expansion during ventricular ejection, and either a reduc ...	1981	7250888
[hemodynamic and exercise capacity in a 72 years old patient under a ventricular and bifocal pacemaker (author's transl)].	the results of haemodynamic, echocardiographic and bicycle exercise investigations in a 72-year-old man with a permanent complete atrioventricular block and heart failure following infarction are presented. comparative measurements were obtained under the conditions of a ventricular and an av-sequential pacemaker (pm). the ventricular demand pacemaker (vvi) was implanted three years ago and because of further impairment of cardiac performance an av-sequential pacemaker (ddd) was used to restore ...	1981	7257504
[effects of diltiazem on cardiac function in the dog (author's transl)].	effects of diltiazem (dil) on cardiac function were studied in the anesthetized open chest and heart-lung preparation of dogs. in the anesthetized dog, dil (0.03-0.3 mg/kg, i.v.) increased max dp/dt and raised left ventricular end-diastolic pressure (lvedp). dil also produced an increase in cardiac output and coronary blood flow, but produced a decrease in blood pressure and heart rate (hr). in the cardiac denervated dog (bilateral stellectomy and vagotomy), the increase in max dp/dt caused by d ...	1981	7262707
neural, hormonal and intrinsic mechanisms of cardiac control during acute coronary occlusion in the intact dog.	three basic mechanisms may be involved in the control of cardiac function during acute coronary occlusion: (1) neural; (2) hormonal (circulating catecholamine); and (3) intrinsic (e.g. frank--starling law). the response of intact, sedated (innovar-vet, 0.08 cc/kg), chronically instrumented dogs to a 5 min left circumflex coronary occlusion was tested to delineate the relative roles of each of the above mechanisms. first, 6 innervated and 6 cardiac denervated dogs were examined. the major differe ...	1981	7264197
appearance of adenosine triphosphate in the coronary sinus effluent from isolated working rat heart in response to hypoxia.	1. a working rat heart preparation was used to study the release of adenosine-5'-triphosphate (atp) into the coronary sinus effluent in response to hypoxia. 2. the left ventricle was set to pump against an hydrostatic pressure of 65 cm water; the left atrial filling pressure was kept constant at 10 cm water. the power output of the heart at these pressures was estimated to be approximately one half of the maximum power development. 3. samples for atp assay were collected (a) 30 sec before onset ...	1981	7264990
functional characteristics of the renal interstitium.	the renal interstitial space analyzed as "inulin space" comprises about 13% in the rat. the starling forces of this compartment are governed by the balance between tubular and capillary fluid transport and also by the leakage of plasma proteins from the blood side. protein transport will occur in a large-pore system in the peritubular capillary membrane. during control antidiuresis, the interstitial hydrostatic pressure is 2-4 mmhg. the colloid osmotic pressure shows a larger variability but is ...	1981	7270683
flow through collapsible tubes at high reynolds numbers.	the pressure-flow relationships of collapsible tubes were studied utilizing the starling resistor model. reynolds numbers much higher than previously reported were used to simulate high cardiac output states. alterations which occur in vivo, including longitudinal tension, stretch, tubing diameter, length, and outflow resistance were also simulated and systematically investigated. the pressure-flow curves showed an initial rising phase, a plateau phase, as well as a late-rising phase which has n ...	1981	7273367
effects of isolated interventricular septal ischemia on global and segmental function of the canine right and left ventricle.	the effects of isolated septal artery ligation wee studied in 17 dogs. contraction of the interventricular septum (ivs) and the free walls of both ventricles was measured by implanting ultrasonic crystals. global ventricular function was assessed by starling function curves. following septal artery ligation, ivs shortening was immediately replaced by systolic lengthening. thirty minutes after septal artery ligation, the right ventricular (rv) stroke work (sw) was significantly depressed at end-d ...	1981	7282511
protein vs electrolytes and all of the starling forces.	hemodilution-induced reductions of the intravascular protein concentration in patients and experimental animals with intact capillaries do not lead to pulmonary edema, despite significant increases in the amount of extravascular water in the systemic interstitial space. the protective factors are a drop in the extravascular concentration of protein, a rise in interstitial tissue pressure, and an increase in lymph flow. if the capillary endothelium is damaged, protein leaks into the extravascular ...	1981	7283703
transcapillary refill in hemorrhage and shock.	moderate or major hemorrhage leads to diminished cardiac output and to increased total peripheral resistance. these cannot be corrected fully until blood volume is restored, which, in the absence of therapy, requires the movement of fluid and of protein from the interstitium into the capillaries. this movement appears mediated entirely by changes in the starling forces, dominated in the first phase by a fall in capillary hydrostatic pressure, which promotes a rapid shift of protein-free fluid fr ...	1981	7283706
hypoxic vasoconstriction and fluid filtration in pig lungs.	we have studied the effect of hypoxia [inspired partial pressure of o2 (po2) 50 mmhg] on the relationships among pulmonary blood flow, pulmonary arterial pressure, and fluid filtration rates in isolated blood-perfused pig lungs. our results indicate that hypoxia constricted the vasculature in a manner that caused a parallel shift of the pressure-flow curve to higher pressures. during normoxia, filtration rate was zero at flows less than 1.5 1/min but increased with increases in blood flow above ...	1981	7298444
subcutaneous starling forces in the unanaesthetized guinea-pig fetus with indwelling catheters.	we placed capsules in fetal guinea-pigs for measuring the hydrostatic pressure of the interstitial fluid and for collecting samples of interstitial fluid. the vitelline artery and vein were cannulated to measure blood pressures. plasma colloid osmotic pressure (mmhg) and total protein concentration (g/100 ml) were measured in samples taken from other adult and fetal guinea-pigs and were found to be related by colloid osmotic pressure = 0.16 + 2.32 x protein concentration. the colloid osmotic pr ...	1981	7299103
shortening fraction: its dependence on the starling mechanism.	the influence of increasing muscle length (ml) from l0 to 15 to 20% of l0 and calcium concentration (ca2+) from 1.34 to 10 mmol . litre-1 on shortening fraction has been analysed in cat papillary muscles. shortening fraction was calculated by dividing the amount of shortening by the muscle length at which that shortening occurred. when the muscle shortened at contrast total load, increasing muscle length from approximately or equal to l0 to approximately or equal to 15% above l0, increased the s ...	1981	7307033
interstitial fluid volume, colloid osmotic and hydrostatic pressures in rat skeletal muscle. effect of hypoproteinemia.	colloid osmotic pressures in plasma (copp) and interstitial fluid (copi), interstitial fluid pressure (pi) as well as interstitial fluid volume (ifv) was measured in rat skeletal muscle during development of hypoproteinemia. the hypoproteinemia was induced with intraperitoneal injections of aminonucleoside puromucin causing a renal lesion similar to that in human nephrotic syndrome with renal loss of plasma protein and subsequent fall in copp. when copp fell from control values (about 20 mmhg) t ...	1981	7315408
cardiac effects of splanchnic and non-splanchnic blood volume redistribution during aortic occlusions in dogs.	translocation of blood from the lower body dilates the left ventricle during occlusion of the descending thoracic aorta and by increased activation of the frank-starling mechanism, stroke volume is maintained despite raised aortic blood pressure. the contributions from the splanchnic and non-splanchnic blood volumes to the left ventricular dilation were examined by ultrasonic measurements of myocardial chord length (mcl) in atropinized open-chest dogs. end-diastolic mcl rose by 2.5 +/- 0.9% duri ...	1981	7315445
[echocardiographic study of left ventricular performance during sitting bicycle exercise (author's transl)].	twelve healthy volunteers, mean age 25.4 +/- 4.18 years, performed sitting bicycle ergometer graded exercise to exhaustion. recordings of left ventricular echocardiographic dimension, heart rate, arterial blood pressure, were obtained at rest and at two minutes intervals during exercise and recovery. echocardiographic tracings were digitized and the values of three complexes were combined and means determined for the overall analysis. heart rate increased from 76.92 +/- 15.09 to 154.91 +/- 12.13 ...	1981	7327323
influence of alterations in starling forces on visceral pleural fluid movement.	the influence of alterations in hydrostatic and oncotic pressure gradients on fluid movement across the visceral pleura was examined in 16 spontaneously breathing anesthetized dogs. the left lung was enclosed in a water-impermeable polyethylene membrane, creating a visceral pleural space; visceral fluid movement was determined as the formation or reabsorption of fluid in this space. aortic, pulmonary arterial, right and left atrial, and pleural pressures were monitored; oncotic pressure was calc ...	1981	7327968
pleural liquid pressure over the interlobar mediastinal and diaphragmatic surfaces of the lung.	pleural liquid pressure (pliq) was measured in the interlobar fissures and over the mediastinal apical, cardiac and diaphragmatic surface. when compared to costal values, pliq was more subatmospheric over the cardiac region at all lung heights by about 5 cm h2o so that a costo-hilar gradient down the interlobar fissures of about 0.7 cm h2o/cm was found. no differences were found for other surfaces. cardiac values, unlike costal ones, became more subatmospheric on increasing ventilation and heart ...	1981	7330492
histamine receptors in the bronchial musculature and vasculature of the dog.	participation of histamine h1- and h2-receptors in the bronchial musculature and vasculature of the dog was investigated by using the method for evaluating airway responses. a peristaltic pump and a starling pneumatic resistance were used for a constant pressure perfusion. dogs given 0.1 - 10 micrograms histamine by a close intraarterial injection showed increases in ventilation overflow (bronchoconstriction) and in blood flow (bronchial vasodilatation) in a dose-dependent manner. the bronchocon ...	1981	7334453
the direct myocardial energetic response to nitroglycerin in the rabbit heart.	the coronary resistance, total heat production, oxygen consumption and isovolumic mechanical performance were measured simultaneously in the isolated beating rabbit heart. the direct effects of nitroglycerin (0.12 mg/l) were determined. the expected coronary dilatation occurred; coronary resistance fell by 21.5% independent of mechanical performance. there was a 14% fall in mechanical performance at the apex of the frank-starling curve and lesser reductions at less-than-apical diastolic volumes. ...	1981	6785417
body fluid homeostasis in man. a contemporary overview.	in the steady state, urinary excretion of sodium is closely matched to dietary salt intake. given rigorous defense of extracellular fluid osmolality, it is the quantity of sodium in the extracellular fluid that determines the volume of this compartment. changes in extracellular fluid volume are detected by volume sensors located in the intrathoracic vascular bed, kidney and other organs. these mechanoreceptors gauge the adequacy of intravascular volume, relative to capacitance, at various sites ...	1981	7006395
artificial ventilation with peep; the influence on cardiac output in the simulated normo-, hypo- and hypervolemic state.	observations of the influence of artificial ventilation with peep on cardiac output are unequivocal. not only the measure of the end-expiratory pressure and lung compliance play a role, but also the circulating blood volume. in healthy laboratory animals a state of normo-, hypo- and hypervolemia was simulated by changes in position in neurolept-anesthesia. in all cases artificial ventilation with peep induced a decrease of cardiac output as a consequence of a decrease of stroke volume. these res ...	1981	7015171
pulmonary microvascular clearance of radiotracers in human cardiac and noncardiac pulmonary edema.	we examined the integrity of the alveolocapillary membrane in human cardiac (hydrostatic) (group 1) and noncardiac (permeability) (group 2) edema by measuring the clearance of two intravenously administered radiotracers from the blood to suctioned bronchoalveolar secretions (bas), representing pulmonary edema fluid, and compared the clearances to simultaneously measured pulmonary capillary wedge pressure (pcwp) and colloid osmotic pressure (cop), representing the intravascular starling forces, p ...	1981	7021502
[afterload reduction and vasodilator therapy (author's transl)].	the concept of clinical application of the vasodilator therapy for the treatment of cardiac failure is based on the experimental findings that defined the inverse relationship between force and velocity or extent of muscle shortening at constant muscle lengths. in the intact heart, a new construct has recently been proposed in hopes of better understanding the behavior of the normal or depressed human ventricle in which the shortening during ejection is considered to reflect the appropriateness ...	1981	7035310
[left ventricular function. study during artificial ventilation with peep in the dog (author's transl)].	according to powers et collaborators the hypothesis that intramyocardial vessels may be collapsed in artificially ventilated patient with added peep, could be arisen. so, myocardial ischemia may explain why in some of those ones there appear signs of left ventricular failure. to test whether this reasoning was correct we measured lvedp in normal dogs submitted to increasing levels of peep up to 40 cm h2o. our results seem to point towards the following conclusions: a) in normal dogs, starling re ...	1981	7051900
effects of arteriolar vasodilators on hepatic venous compliance and cardiac output in anesthetized cats.	the effects of cumulative doses of seven arteriolar vasodilators were examined in cats anesthetized with pentobarbital. cardiac output was measured by a thermodilution technique and hepatic venous compliance by plethysmography. all the drugs produced dose-related decreases in total peripheral resistance. diazoxide, prazosin, and sodium nitroprusside produced no significant changes in hepatic venous compliance or cardiac output. diazoxide and prazosin produced no change in right atrial pressure, ...	1981	6173533