Publications

collective decision-making in homing pigeons: larger flocks take longer to decide but do not make better decisions.	social animals routinely are challenged to make consensus decisions about movement directions and routes. however, the underlying mechanisms facilitating such decision-making processes are still poorly known. a prominent question is how group members participate in group decisions. we addressed this question by examining how flocks of homing pigeons (columba livia) decide their homing direction. we released newly formed flocks varying in size and determined the time taken to choose a homing dire ...	2016	26863416
experimental infection with brazilian newcastle disease virus strain in pigeons and chickens.	this study was designed with the goal of adding as much information as possible about the role of pigeons (columba livia) and chickens (gallus gallus) in newcastle disease virus epidemiology. these species were submitted to direct experimental infection with newcastle disease virus to evaluate interspecies transmission and virus-host relationships. the results obtained in four experimental models were analyzed by hemagglutination inhibition and reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction for ...	2017	26887250
walk or ride? phoretic behaviour of amblyceran and ischnoceran lice.	phoresy is a behaviour where one organism hitches a ride on another more mobile organism. this is a common dispersal mechanism amongst relatively immobile species that specialise on patchy resources. parasites specialise on patchily distributed resources: their hosts. although host individuals are isolated in space and time, parasites must transmit between hosts or they will die with their hosts. lice are permanent obligate ectoparasites that complete their entire life cycle on their host. they ...	2016	26896575
monitoring air pollution at mohammedia (morocco): pb, cd and zn in the blood of pigeons (columba livia).	the concentrations of pb, cd and zn were investigated in the blood of pigeons (columba livia) in order to assess the degree of pollution by heavy metal. for this, wild city pigeons were caught at four different locations in mohammedia classified according to their industrial activity and road traffic density. significant difference in heavy metal concentrations were observed between sites studied, the highest lead and cadmium levels were found in industrial area and center town, while the highes ...	2016	26903169
identification of members of the pasteurellaceae isolated from birds and characterization of two new taxa isolated from psittacine birds.	a collection of 43 unclassified members of the pasteurellaceae, most of which were obtained from lesions, were investigated using an extensive battery of phenotypical tests as well as by ribotyping. the isolates had been made from anser anser forma (f) domestica (d), agapornis fischer, amazona spp., ara macao, columba livia f.d., melanopsittacus undulatus, and psittacus erithacus. comparison of results with those obtained from reference strains allowed classification of 25 strains. three strains ...	1999	26905494
multiple cue use and integration in pigeons (columba livia).	encoding multiple cues can improve the accuracy and reliability of navigation and goal localization. problems may arise, however, if one cue is displaced and provides information which conflicts with other cues. here we investigated how pigeons cope with cue conflict by training them to locate a goal relative to two landmarks and then varying the amount of conflict between the landmarks. when the amount of conflict was small, pigeons tended to integrate both cues in their search patterns. when t ...	2016	26908004
lack of experience-based stratification in homing pigeon leadership hierarchies.	in societies that make collective decisions through leadership, a fundamental question concerns the individual attributes that allow certain group members to assume leadership roles over others. homing pigeons form transitive leadership hierarchies during flock flights, where flock members are ranked according to the average time differences with which they lead or follow others' movement. here, we test systematically whether leadership ranks in navigational hierarchies are correlated with prior ...	2016	26909176
the ecto-, gastro-intestinal and haemo-parasites of live pigeons (columba livia) in kampala, uganda.	in a study from october, 1996 to march, 1997, 34 pigeons in three different locations were studied for parasites. the majority of birds in nakulabye appeared clinically sick, while those within makerere university and wandegeya were apparently healthy. biometric data were taken for each bird and, during the process, ectoparasites were collected. faecal and blood samples were obtained. the study of ectoparasites revealed that pseudolynchia canariensis (the 'pigeon fly') was the most prevalent par ...	1999	26911497
endocrine consequences of an acute stress under different thermal conditions: a study of corticosterone, prolactin, and thyroid hormones in the pigeon (columbia livia).	in the context of global change, the physiological and hormonal stress responses have received much attention because of their implications in terms of allostasis. however, most studies have focused on glucocorticoids only as the "common" response to stressors while neglecting other endocrine axes and hormones (e.g. prolactin, thyroid hormones) that play a crucial role in metabolic adjustments. interestingly, the responsiveness of all these endocrine axes to stress may depend on the energetic co ...	2016	26924044
the differential outcomes effect in pigeons (columba livia): is it truly anticipatory?	we used delay-interval interference to investigate the nature of the differential outcomes effect (doe) in pigeons. birds were trained on a delayed matching-to-sample (dms) task under either common outcome or differential outcome conditions, and then presented with visual interference during the delay period. consistent with previous literature, the common outcomes birds were slower to learn the dms task than the differential outcomes birds. the common outcome birds were also more impaired by th ...	2016	26933892
reducing the availability of food to control feral pigeons: changes in population size and composition.	as feeding by humans is one of the main food resources to pigeons (columba livia), there is general agreement that public education that aims to reduce the food base may be the most feasible way to reduce pigeon abundance. however, except for the classic example of basel, the method has rarely been tested or implemented. we provide results from a 1 year study in the city of barcelona where we tested the effect of public education on pigeon population abundance and composition.	2017	26947574
localisation of the putative magnetoreceptive protein cryptochrome 1b in the retinae of migratory birds and homing pigeons.	cryptochromes are ubiquitously expressed in various animal tissues including the retina. some cryptochromes are involved in regulating circadian activity. cryptochrome proteins have also been suggested to mediate the primary mechanism in light-dependent magnetic compass orientation in birds. cryptochrome 1b (cry1b) exhibits a unique carboxy terminus exclusively found in birds so far, which might be indicative for a specialised function. cryptochrome 1a (cry1a) is so far the only cryptochrome pro ...	2016	26953791
effect of egg weight on composition, embryonic growth, and expression of amino acid transporter genes in yolk sac membranes and small intestines of the domestic pigeon (columba livia).	the objective of this study was to investigate the effect of egg weight on the composition of the egg, the growth of the embryo, and the expression of amino acid transporter genes in the yolk sac membranes and small intestines of the domestic pigeon (columba livia). a total of 240 fertilized eggs were collected and divided into two groups based on the weight of the eggs, light (le) and heavy (he). the composition of 20 eggs from each group was measured, and the remaining eggs were weighed and pl ...	2016	26957627
host finding of the pigeon tick argas reflexus.	the medically and veterinary important feral pigeon tick argas reflexus (ixodida: argasidae) fabricius usually feeds on pigeons, but if its natural hosts are not available, it also enters dwellings to bite humans that can possibly react with severe allergic reactions. argas reflexus is ecologically extremely successful as a result of some outstanding morphological, physiological, and ethological features. yet, it is still unknown how the pigeon tick finds its hosts. here, different host stimuli ...	2016	26959079
molecular shifts in limb identity underlie development of feathered feet in two domestic avian species.	birds display remarkable diversity in the distribution and morphology of scales and feathers on their feet, yet the genetic and developmental mechanisms governing this diversity remain unknown. domestic pigeons have striking variation in foot feathering within a single species, providing a tractable model to investigate the molecular basis of skin appendage differences. we found that feathered feet in pigeons result from a partial transformation from hindlimb to forelimb identity mediated by cis ...	2016	26977633
changes in hippocampal volume and neuron number co-occur with memory decline in old homing pigeons (columba livia).	the mammalian hippocampus is particularly susceptible to age-related structural changes, which have been used to explain, in part, age-related memory decline. these changes are generally characterized by atrophy (e.g., a decrease in volume and number of synaptic contacts). recent studies have reported age-related spatial memory deficits in older pigeons similar to those seen in older mammals. however, to date, little is known about any co-occurring changes in the aging avian hippocampal formatio ...	2016	27003117
the effect of endoscopic sterilization on reproductive behavior and pair bond maintenance of feral pigeons (columba livia).	problems related to feral pigeons (columba livia) in cities mainly result from their large numbers due to uncontrolled population growth. the aim of this study was to evaluate whether endoscopic guided sterilization affects the reproductive behavior of feral pigeons under experimental conditions, with the intention of assessing this technique as a potential method for feral pigeon population control.	2016	27004497
detection of chlamydia psittaci in feral pigeons (columba livia domestica) in slovakia and their characterisation.	chlamydia psittaci, an obligate intracellular bacterium, which is the etiologic agent of avian chlamydiosis in birds and ornithosis/psittacosis in humans, has been reported to be one of the most common pathogens found in feral pigeons worldwide, and thus constitutes a zoonotic risk. the aim of the study was to investigate pigeons in slovakia living in areas in close proximity to humans for the presence of c. psittaci, using pharyngeal and cloacal swabs.	2016	27007521
distribution of calcium-binding proteins, parvalbumin and calbindin, in the midbrain auditory center (mld) of a pigeon.	immunohistochemical distribution of calcium-binding proteins, parvalbumin (pv) and calbindin (cb), has been studied in the mesencephalic auditory center (mld) of pigeon (columba livia). in the central region of the mld (core, icc), an overlap in distribution of the pvand cb-immunopositive (ip) neurons and neuropil has been observed, with different patterns in the central and peripheral parts. in the peripheral region of the mld (belt, ics, and icx), both neurons and neuropil contained only cb. a ...	2016	27021359
first detection of west nile virus in domestic pigeon in korea.	west nile virus (wnv) is a mosquito-borne zoonotic pathogen that has spread throughout europe and the united states. recently, wnv spread to east and southeast asia, and great efforts have been made in south korea to prevent the spread of wnv from neighboring countries. in this study, we diagnosed the first case of wnv in pigeons (columba livia domestica) residing in cities using a competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and confirmed it with nested reverse transcription polymerase chain r ...	0	27030190
correction to gibson, leber, and mehlman (2015).	reports an error in "spatial context learning in pigeons (columba livia)" by brett m. gibson, andrew b. leber and max l. mehlman (journal of experimental psychology: animal learning and cognition, 2015[oct], vol 41[4], 336-342). the article included an incorrect version of figure 1, which was from a pilot study and contained 11 x-shaped distractors and the target. the correct version of the figure is provided in the erratum and shows the seven l-shaped distractors that were used during testing w ...	2016	27054383
pigeon's (columba livia) paradoxical preference for the suboptimal alternative in a complex foraging task.	recent research has examined a task in which choice of 1 alternative a provides reinforcement and in addition, allows access to alternative b that also provides reinforcement. however, although initial choice of b also provides reinforcement, it does not also allow access to a. thus, optimal performance would be to always choose a. curiously, salwiczek et al. (2012) reported that adult wrasse (cleaner) fish mastered this task within 50 trials, whereas monkeys and apes had great difficulty with i ...	2016	27064201
helminth-bacteria interaction in the gut of domestic pigeon columba livia domestica.	the present paper is an attempt to study the interaction between the helminth parasite and bacteria residing in the gut of domestic pigeon, columba livia domestica. biochemical and molecular characterization of the gut bacterial isolate were done and the isolate was identified as staphylococcus sp. db1 (jx442510). the interaction of staphylococcus sp. with cotugnia cuneata, an intestinal helminth parasite of domestic pigeon was studied on the basis of the difference between 'mean worm burden' of ...	2016	27065609
prevalence of trichomonas spp. in domestic pigeons in shandong province, china, and genotyping by restriction fragment length polymorphism.	oropharyngeal swabs (n = 609) were collected randomly from 80,000 domestic pigeons (columba livia domestica) on five pigeon farms and at one pigeon slaughterhouse in shandong province, china, from september 2012 to july 2013. trichomonas spp. were detected in 206/609 (33.8%) samples. the prevalence was 14.9-31.1%, depending on different levels of sanitation and management, and was 4.8% in nestling pigeons, 13.6% in breeding pigeons and 35.2% in adolescent pigeons. trichomonas gallinae genotypes ...	2016	27068150
functions of innate and acquired immune system are reduced in domestic pigeons (columba livia domestica) given a low protein diet.	racing pigeons are exposed to and act as carriers of diseases. dietary protein requirement for their maintenance has not been determined experimentally despite their being domesticated for over 7000 years. a maintenance nitrogen (protein) requirement (mnr) for pigeons was determined in a balance study using diets containing 6, 10 and 14% crude protein (cp). then, the effects of feeding the diets were investigated to determine whether they were adequate to sustain innate and acquired immune funct ...	2016	27069640
morphological and molecular characterization of eimeria labbeana-like (apicomplexa:eimeriidae) in a domestic pigeon (columba livia domestica, gmelin, 1789) in australia.	an eimeria species is described from a domestic pigeon (columba livia domestica). sporulated oocysts (n = 35) were subspherical, with a smooth bi-layered oocyst wall (1.0 μm thick). oocysts measured 20.2 × 16.1 (22.0-18.9 × 15.7-18.9) μm, oocyst length/width (l/w) ratio, 1.38. oocyst residuum and a polar granule were present. the micropyle was absent. sporocysts are elongate-ovoid, 13.0 × 6.1 (14.5-12.5 × 5.5-7.0) μm, sporocyst l/w ratio, 2.13 (2.0-2.2), sporocyst residuum was present, composed ...	2016	27080159
molecular survey on zoonotic tick-borne bacteria and chlamydiae in feral pigeons (columba livia domestica).	to determine the presence of zoonotic tick-borne bacteria in feral pigeons (columba livia domestica) from urban areas.	2016	27086148
morphological and molecular characterization of isospora neochmiae n. sp. in a captive-bred red-browed finch (neochmia temporalis) (latham, 1802).	a new isospora (apicomplexa: eimeriidae) species is described from a single red-browed finch (neochmia temporalis) (subspecies n. temporalis temporalis), that was part of a captive population in western australia. sporulated oocysts of this isolate are spherical, 18.3 (18.2-18.9) × 18.2 (18.2-18.6) μm, with a shape index (length/width) of 1.0; and a smooth and bilayered oocyst wall, 1.2 μm thick (outer layer 0.9 μm, inner 0.3 μm). a polar granule is present, but the oocyst residuum and a micropy ...	2016	27107929
molecular investigation of cryptosporidium in small caged pets in northeast china: host specificity and zoonotic implications.	this study screened 151 pet-derived fecal specimens randomly collected from four commercial markets in northeast china for the presence of cryptosporidium by genus-specific nested pcrs of the small subunit rrna gene. of these, 14 specimens (9.3 %) from nine species of birds, two types of rodents, and a hedgehog were positive for cryptosporidium. sequence analysis on the pcr-positive isolates facilitated identification of three cryptosporidium species (c. baileyi, c. galli, and c. ubiquitum) and ...	2016	27107987
immunohistochemical localization of cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated transcript peptide (cartp) in the brain of the pigeon (columba livia) and zebra finch (taeniopygia guttata).	cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated transcript peptides (cartp) are neuropeptides that act as neurotransmitters in the brain of vertebrates. the expression of cartp has been characterized in teleosts, amphibians, and several mammalian species, but comparative data in reptiles and birds are nonexistent. in this study, we show the distribution of immunoreactivity against cart peptides (cartp-ir) in the brains of two bird species: the pigeon (columba livia) and zebra finch (taeniopygia guttata). we ...	2016	27121571
trace metals affect early maternal transfer of immune components in the feral pigeon.	maternal early transfers of immune components influence eggs' hatching probability and nestlings' survival. they depend on females' own immunity and, because they are costly, on their physiological state. therefore, trace metals, whether toxic and immunosuppressive (e.g., lead, cadmium, etc.) or necessary and immunostimulant (e.g., zinc, copper, iron, etc.), are likely to affect the amount of immune components transferred into the eggs. it may also vary with plumage eumelanin level, which is kno ...	2017	27153130
molecular phylogeny of some avian species using cytochrome b gene sequence analysis.	veritable identification and differentiation of avian species is a vital step in conservative, taxonomic, forensic, legal and other ornithological interventions. therefore, this study involved the application of molecular approach to identify some avian species i.e. chicken (gallus gallus), muskovy duck (cairina moschata), japanese quail (coturnix japonica), laughing dove (streptopelia senegalensis), and rock pigeon (columba livia). genomic dna was extracted from blood samples and partial sequen ...	2015	27175180
association of myf5 and klf15 gene polymorphisms with carcass traits in domestic pigeons (columba livia).	single nucleotide polymorphisms (snps) in the exons of the myogenic factor 5 (myf5) and kruppel-like factor 15 (klf15) genes were identified and analysed by using dna sequencing methods in 60 female domestic pigeons (columba livia). five snps (t5067a, c5084t, c5101t, t5127a and c5154g) were detected in exon 3 of myf5 and 6 snps (c1398t, c1464t, g1542a, c1929t, g1965a and a2355g) were found in exon 2 of klf15, respectively. the analysis revealed three genotypes, in which the aa genotype was domin ...	2016	27180898
specialized primary feathers produce tonal sounds during flight in rock pigeons (columba livia).	for centuries, naturalists have suggested that the tonal elements of pigeon wing sounds may be sonations (non-vocal acoustic signals) of alarm. however, spurious tonal sounds may be produced passively as a result of aeroelastic flutter in the flight feathers of almost all birds. using mechanistic criteria emerging from recent work on sonations, we sought to: (1) identify characteristics of rock pigeon flight feathers that might be adapted for sound production rather than flight, and (2) provide ...	2016	27207645
risk of hypersensitivity pneumonitis and interstitial lung diseases among pigeon breeders.	we studied the risk of hypersensitivity pneumonitis and other interstitial lung diseases (ilds) among pigeon breeders.this is a retrospective follow-up study from 1980 to 2013 of 6920 pigeon breeders identified in the records of the danish racing pigeon association. they were compared with 276 800 individually matched referents randomly drawn from the danish population. hospital based diagnoses of hypersensitivity pneumonitis and other ilds were identified in the national patient registry 1977-2 ...	2016	27230447
identification of avian paramyxovirus serotype-1 in wild birds in the usa.	in the us, sampling for avian paramyxovirus serotype-1 (apmv-1) is generally conducted when morbidity or mortality events occur involving certain families of wild birds known to be affected by the virus, such as cormorants (family phalacrocoracidae), pigeons, doves (family columbidae), or pelicans (family pelecanidae). to quantify the prevalence of apmv-1 in apparently healthy wild birds and to determine its geographic distribution, we collected swab and serum samples from >3,500 wild birds, rep ...	2016	27243153
health status of free-living pigeons in the city of santiago.	a total of 100 free-living urban pigeons (columba livia) were captured in the city of santiago, chile, in order to evaluate, for the first time, their health status. negligible antibody titres (1 to 3 log2) were detected in 22% of the birds against a strain of the paramyxovirus (pmv) serotype 1. no pigeons had antibodies against pmv serotype 7 and avian influenza. salmonella sp. belonging to serogroups b and d were isolated from the intestinal tract of three pigeons (3%). the protozoa haemoprote ...	1999	27266433
discrimination of human faces by archerfish (toxotes chatareus).	two rival theories of how humans recognize faces exist: (i) recognition is innate, relying on specialized neocortical circuitry, and (ii) recognition is a learned expertise, relying on general object recognition pathways. here, we explore whether animals without a neocortex, can learn to recognize human faces. human facial recognition has previously been demonstrated for birds, however they are now known to possess neocortex-like structures. also, with much of the work done in domesticated pigeo ...	2016	27272551
do trace metals select for darker birds in urban areas? an experimental exposure to lead and zinc.	trace metals from anthropogenic activities are involved in numerous health impairments and may therefore select for detoxification mechanisms or a higher tolerance. melanin, responsible for the black and red colourations of teguments, plays a role in metal ion chelation and its synthesis is positively linked to immunity, antioxidant capacity and stress resistance due to pleiotropic effects. therefore, we expected darker birds to (1) store higher amounts of metals in their feathers, (2) maintain ...	2016	27282322
a first report of infestation by pseudolynchia canariensis in a herd of pigeons in shahrekord (southwest of iran).	pigeons (columba livia) have been kept as pet and reared for food in several countries including iran. ectoparasites are regarded as the basic causes of retardation in growth, lowered vitality and poor conditions of the birds. pseudolynchia canariensis a hippoboscidae fly is one of the important ectoparasites of pigeons and is responsible for the transmission of pathogens to birds and humans same as pathogenic protozoan haemoproteus columbae.	2016	27308301
occurrence of bacterial and viral pathogens in common and noninvasive diagnostic sampling from parrots and racing pigeons in slovenia.	airborne pathogens can cause infections within parrot (psittaciformes) and pigeon (columbiformes) holdings and, in the case of zoonoses, can even spread to humans. air sampling is a useful, noninvasive method which can enhance the common sampling methods for detection of microorganisms in bird flocks. in this study, fecal and air samples were taken from four parrot holdings. additionally, cloacal and oropharyngeal swabs as well as air samples were taken from 15 racing pigeon holdings. parrots we ...	2016	27309292
invasion of flukes of the echinostomatidae family in racing pigeon ( columba livia var. domestica) lofts.	over 4 years, only two known cases of fluke invasions were diagnosed in racing pigeons ( columba livia ) originating from different regions of poland. in both cases, the invasion was characterized by a very high mortality (approximately 70%), and the source of the infestation was snails of the lymnaeidae family eaten by pigeons. fluke invasions in pigeons are extremely rare and to date have not been described in poland. therefore, the occurrence of the symptoms of hemorrhagic diarrhea and sudden ...	2016	27309299
evaluation of two miniplate systems and figure-of-eight bandages for stabilization of experimentally induced ulnar and radial fractures in pigeons ( columba livia ).	although plate fixation has advantages over other fixation methods for certain indications, it is rarely used in avian surgery, especially in birds that weigh less than 1000 g. exceptionally small plating systems for these birds are required, which are relatively expensive and difficult to insert. to study avian fracture healing after repair using miniplates, we evaluated 2 steel miniplate systems in 27 pigeons ( columba livia ) divided into 4 groups. in each pigeon, the left ulna and radius wer ...	2016	27315377
flight feather attachment in rock pigeons (columba livia): covert feathers and smooth muscle coordinate a morphing wing.	mechanisms for passively coordinating forelimb movements and flight feather abduction and adduction have been described separately from both in vivo and ex vivo studies. skeletal coordination has been identified as a way for birds to simplify the neuromotor task of controlling flight stroke, but an understanding of the relationship between skeletal coordination and the coordination of the aerodynamic control surface (the flight feathers) has been slow to materialize. this break between the biome ...	2016	27320170
chicken cathelicidins as potent intrinsically disordered biocides with antimicrobial activity against infectious pathogens.	this study was performed to identify the expression patterns of the cathelicidin genes in a local chicken breed and to evaluate the antimicrobial activities of the cathelicidin peptides against pathogenic bacteria. this analysis revealed that the coding regions of cath-1, -2, and -3 genes contain 447 bp, 465 bp, and 456 bp, respectively, and encode proteins of 148, 154, 151 amino acids, respectively. the complete amino acid sequences of the cathelicidin peptides are similar to those found in mel ...	2016	27328070
cue salience influences the use of height cues in reorientation in pigeons (columba livia).	although orienting ability has been examined with numerous types of cues, most research has focused only on cues from the horizontal plane. the current study investigated pigeons' use of wall height, a vertical cue, in an open-field task and compared it with their use of horizontal cues. pigeons were trained to locate food in 2 diagonal corners of a rectangular enclosure with 2 opposite high walls as height cues. before each trial, pigeons were rotated to disorient them. in training, pigeons cou ...	2016	27379717
prevalence of ectoparasites in free-range backyard chickens, domestic pigeons (columba livia domestica) and turkeys of kermanshah province, west of iran.	this study was carried out on free-range backyard chickens, domestic pigeons (columba livia domestica) and turkeys from may 2012 to april 2013 to determine the prevalence and identify the species of ectoparasites in kermanshah province, west of iran. of the total of 600 free-range backyard chickens (185 ♂ and 415 ♀), 700 domestic pigeons (278 ♂ and 422 ♀) and 150 turkeys (53 ♂ and 97 ♀), 389 (64.83 %), 608 (86.85 %) and 54 (36 %) were infected with one or more parasites respectively. eleven ecto ...	2016	27413319
seasons and neighborhoods of high lead toxicity in new york city: the feral pigeon as a bioindicator.	human-induced rapid environmental change has created a global pandemic of neurobehavioral disorders in which industrial compounds like lead are the root cause. we assessed the feral pigeon (columba livia) as a lead bioindicator in new york city. we collected blood lead level records from 825 visibly ill or abnormally behaving pigeons from various nyc neighborhoods between 2010 and 2015. we found that blood lead levels were significantly higher during the summer, an effect reported in children. p ...	2016	27441986
the mesencephalic gct-ico complex and tonic immobility in pigeons (columba livia): a c-fos study.	tonic immobility (ti) is a response to a predator attack, or other inescapable danger, characterized by immobility, analgesia and unresponsiveness to external stimuli. in mammals, the periaqueductal gray (pag) and deep tectal regions control the expression of ti as well as other defensive behaviors. in birds, little is known about the mesencephalic circuitry involved in the control of ti. here, adult pigeons (both sex, n = 4/group), randomly assigned to non-handled, handled or ti groups, were ki ...	2017	27447458
facing a clever predator demands clever responses - red-backed shrikes (lanius collurio) vs. eurasian magpies (pica pica).	red-backed shrikes (lanius collurio) behave quite differently towards two common nest predators. while the european jay (garrulus glandarius) is commonly attacked, in the presence of the eurasian magpie (pica pica), shrikes stay fully passive. we tested the hypotheses that this passive response to the magpie is an alternative defense strategy. nesting shrikes were exposed to the commonly attacked european kestrel (falco tinnunculus) in a situation in which i) a harmless domestic pigeon, ii) a co ...	2016	27454122
molecular cloning, characterization, and expression analysis of ghrelin and cholecystokinin in the pigeon (columba livia).	ghrelin and cholecystokinin (cck) are multifunctional peptides. in the current study, complete sequences of ghrelin (800 bp) and cck (739 bp) were firstly cloned in columba livia by using rapid amplification of cdna ends (race) method. the open reading frames of ghrelin (351bp) and cck (393bp) encoded 116 amino acids and 130 amino acids, respectively. sequence comparison indicated that pigeon ghrelin and cck shared high identity with those reported in other avian species. quantitative real-time ...	2016	27466433
microbacterium faecale sp. nov., isolated from the faeces of columba livia.	a novel, yellow, aerobic strain, yim 101168t, isolated from the faeces of a dove (columba livia), was studied to determine its taxonomic position. cells were gram-stain-positive, short rod-shaped, oxidase-negative, catalase-positive and non-motile. the strain could grow at 7-37 °c, at ph 6-10 and in the presence of 0-13 % (w/v) nacl. the strain had a 16s rrna gene sequence similarity and dna-dna hybridization relatedness value with microbacteriumgubbeenense ncimb 30129t of 97.8 % and 41.5±8.7 %, ...	2016	27498962
application of pigeon circovirus recombinant capsid protein for detecting anti-picv antibodies in the sera of asymptomatic domestic pigeons and the potential use of a combination of serological and molecular tests for controlling circovirus infections in pigeon breeding flocks.	the aim of this study was to evaluate the serologic status of domestic pigeons not infected and asymptomatically infected with the pigeon circovirus (picv) with the use of an enzyme-linked assay based on picv recombinant capsid protein as a plate antigen. recombinant picv capsid protein was produced by transforming e. coli bl21 (de3) rosetta colonies with expression plasmids.blood samples and cloacal swabs were collected from 171 asymptomatic pigeons. the birds were divided into two groups (infe ...	2017	27578880
feral pigeons (columba livia) prefer genetically similar mates despite inbreeding depression.	avoidance of mating between related individuals is usually considered adaptive because it decreases the probability of inbreeding depression in offspring. however, mating between related partners can be adaptive if outbreeding depression is stronger than inbreeding depression or if females gain inclusive fitness benefits by mating with close kin. in the present study, we used microsatellite data to infer the parentage of juveniles born in a french colony of feral pigeons, which allowed us to ded ...	2016	27588754
lousicidal effect of deltamethrin in domestic pigeons.	present study reports the effect of deltamethrin against louse infestation in domestic pigeons. in this study, twelve pigeons infested with columbicola columbae louse were sprayed with deltamethrin (12.5 %) and another twelve pigeons were kept as control group. the lice intensity was reduced 89 %, 98 % and 100 % on 1st, 7th and 14th day of post treatment in treatment group. out of twelve pigeons, four pigeons showed sneezing and temporary ocular inflammations after spraying.	2016	27605793
misinformed leaders lose influence over pigeon flocks.	in animal groups where certain individuals have disproportionate influence over collective decisions, the whole group's performance may suffer if these individuals possess inaccurate information. whether in such situations leaders can be replaced in their roles by better-informed group mates represents an important question in understanding the adaptive consequences of collective decision-making. here, we use a clock-shifting procedure to predictably manipulate the directional error in navigatio ...	2016	27624797
i can time with a little help from my friends: effect of social enrichment on timing processes in pigeons (columba livia).	there is evidence that impulsive decision-making is associated with errors in timing. however, there has been little attempt to identify the putative mechanism responsible for impulsive animals' timing errors. one means of manipulating impulsivity in non-human animals is providing different levels of access to conspecifics. these preclinical models have revealed that social isolation increases impulsive responding across a wide range of tasks. the goal of the present study was to determine wheth ...	2016	27632157
crop milk protein is synthesised following activation of the irs1/akt/tor signalling pathway in the domestic pigeon (columba livia).	the experiment was conducted to study whether insulin receptor substance 1 (irs1) / protein kinase b (akt)/target of the rapamycin (tor) signalling pathway activation stimulates crop milk protein synthesis in the domestic pigeon (columba livia). crop milk was collected from ten 1-d-old squabs and analysed for nutrient content. during the non-breeding period and the first day of lactation, blood samples were collected from 5 pairs of breeding pigeons and the levels of prolactin and insulin were d ...	2016	27636164
orthographic processing in pigeons (columba livia).	learning to read involves the acquisition of letter-sound relationships (i.e., decoding skills) and the ability to visually recognize words (i.e., orthographic knowledge). although decoding skills are clearly human-unique, given they are seated in language, recent research and theory suggest that orthographic processing may derive from the exaptation or recycling of visual circuits that evolved to recognize everyday objects and shapes in our natural environment. an open question is whether ortho ...	2016	27638211
effects of in vitro and in vivo avermectin exposure on alpha synuclein expression and proteasomal activity in pigeons.	avermectins (avms) are used worldwide in agriculture and veterinary medicine. residues of avermectin drugs, causing toxicological effects on non-target organisms, have raised great concern. the aim of this study was to investigate the effects of avm on the expression levels of alpha synuclein (α-syn) and proteasomal activity in pigeon (columba livia) neurons both in vivo and in vitro. the results showed that, the mrna and protein levels of α-syn increased in avm treated groups relative to contro ...	2017	27677079
measurement of intraocular pressure in the domestic pigeon (columbia livia).	the purpose of this study was to establish intraocular pressure values in clinically normal pigeons. one hundred (52 male and 48 female) healthy pigeons ( columbia livia ) of six different breeds, ranging in age from 20 to 51 mo were used in the study. pigeons were gently physically restrained in a dorsoventral position without any pressure or extension to the head and neck. a rebound tonometer with a disposable probe was held horizontally and 4-5 mm from the central corneal surface. calibration ...	2016	27691937
identification of a novel aviadenovirus, designated pigeon adenovirus 2 in domestic pigeons (columba livia).	the young pigeon disease syndrome (ypds) affects mainly young pigeons of less than one year of age and leads to crop stasis, vomitus, diarrhea, anorexia and occasionally death. this disease is internationally a major health problem because of its seasonal appearance during competitions such as homing pigeon races or exhibitions of ornamental birds. while the etiology of ypds is still unclear, adenoviruses are frequently discussed as potential causative agents. electron microscopy of feces from a ...	2017	27697452
neural correlates of sample-coding and reward-coding in the delay activity of neurons in the entopallium and nidopallium caudolaterale of pigeons (columba livia).	we recorded neuronal activity from the nidopallium caudolaterale, the avian equivalent of mammalian prefrontal cortex, and the entopallium, the avian equivalent of the mammalian visual cortex, in four birds trained on a differential outcomes delayed matching-to-sample procedure in which one sample stimulus was followed by reward and the other was not. despite similar incidence of reward-specific and reward-unspecific delay cell types across the two areas, overall entopallium delay activity occur ...	2017	27720742
sensitivity of the avian motion system to light and dark stimuli.	global motion perception is important for mobile organisms. in laterally eyed birds, global motion appears to be processed in the entopallium, a neural structure that is part of the tectofugal pathway. electrophysiological research has shown that motion selective cells in the entopallium are most responsive to small dark moving targets. here, we investigated whether this bias toward dark targets of entopallial cells is mirrored by perceptual performance in a motion detection task in pigeons. we ...	2017	27743012
the response of mute swans (cygnus olor, gm. 1789) to vaccination against avian influenza with an inactivated h5n2 vaccine.	recent epidemics of highly pathogenic avian influenza (hpai) produced an unprecedented number of cases in mute swans (cygnus olor) in european countries, which indicates that these birds are very sensitive to the h5n1 virus. the hpai outbreaks stirred a debate on the controversial stamping-out policy in populations of protected bird species. after preventive vaccination had been approved in the european union, several countries have introduced vaccination schemes to protect poultry, captive wild ...	2016	27770803
maternal thyroid hormones enhance hatching success but decrease nestling body mass in the rock pigeon (columba livia).	thyroid hormones (ths) - triiodothyronine (t3) and thyroxine (t4) - are essential for embryonic development in vertebrates. all vertebrate embryos are exposed to ths from maternal origin. as maternal th levels are known to be essential to embryonic development, the natural variation of maternal ths probably represents a pathway of maternal effects that can modify offspring phenotype. however, potential fitness consequences of variation of maternal th exposure within the normal physiological rang ...	2017	27793722
surveillance for highly pathogenic h5 avian influenza virus in synanthropic wildlife associated with poultry farms during an acute outbreak.	in november 2014, a eurasian strain h5n8 highly pathogenic avian influenza virus was detected in poultry in canada. introduced viruses were soon detected in the united states and within six months had spread to 21 states with more than 48 million poultry affected. in an effort to study potential mechanisms of spread of the eurasian h5 virus, the united states department of agriculture coordinated several epidemiologic investigations at poultry farms. as part of those efforts, we sampled synanthr ...	2016	27812044
molecular identification of enterocytozoon bieneusi, cryptosporidium, and giardia in brazilian captive birds.	a total of 85 fecal samples from captive birds collected from october 2013 to september 2014 in uberlândia and belo horizonte in the state of minas gerais (brazil) were evaluated for the presence of enterocytozoon bieneusi, cryptosporidium, and giardia by pcr. of these, three birds were found positive for e. bieneusi (3.5%), two for cryptosporidium (2.3%), and one for giardia (1.2%). two genotypes of e. bieneusi were detected by nucleotide sequence analysis of the its region, genotypes d and per ...	2017	27815734
pigeonetics takes flight: evolution, development, and genetics of intraspecific variation.	intensive artificial selection over thousands of years has produced hundreds of varieties of domestic pigeon. as charles darwin observed, the morphological differences among breeds can rise to the magnitude of variation typically observed among different species. nevertheless, different pigeon varieties are interfertile, thereby enabling forward genetic and genomic approaches to identify genes that underlie derived traits. building on classical genetic studies of pigeon variation, recent molecul ...	2017	27847323
effect of haemoproteus columbae infection on the hemogram of the pigeons (columba livia domestica).	it has been reported that parasites affect the health and productivity of birds, initiate excessive preening which interrupts feeding, as the birds spend much time preening rather than being involved in other essential life activities. haemoproteuscolumbae occurs in pigeons widely in tropical and subtropical regions. the present investigation was concentrated on the effect of h. columbae infection on the hemogram and changes in the number of white blood cells in infected pigeons. blood samples t ...	2016	27876958
detection of cryptosporidium spp. in free ranging animals of tehran, iran.	cryptosporidium is a world widely distributed parasite which comparatively has a high prevalence in developing countries. the zoonotic potential of some cryptosporidium species has made the cryptosporidiosis a significant concern to physicians and veterinarians. the occurrence and zoonotic potential of cryptosporidium species in probable reservoir hosts for man infections was determined by examining faeces of symptomatic and asymptomatic animals. the aim of this study is to screen the presence o ...	2016	27876975
genomic characterization of a wild-bird-origin pigeon paramyxovirus type 1 (ppmv-1) first isolated in the northwest region of china.	pigeon paramyxovirus type-1(ppmv-1) is an enzootic in pigeon flocks and causes severe economic losses in the poultry industry in many countries. a ppmv-1 isolate, abbreviated as ppmv-1/ql-01/ch/15, was isolated from a great spotted woodpecker in the northwest region of china in 2015. the complete genome was sequenced, and the results showed that the virus genome was 15,192 nt in length, in the gene arrangement 3'-np-p-m-f-hn-l-5'. several amino acid mutations were identified in the functional do ...	2017	27882444
pigeons use distinct stop phases to control pecking.	pecking at small targets requires accurate spatial coordination of the head. planning of the peck has been proposed to occur in two distinct stop phases, but although this idea has now been around for a long time, the specific functional roles of these stop phases remain unsolved. here, we investigated the characteristics of the two stop phases using high-speed motion capture and examined their functions with two experiments. in experiment 1, we tested the hypothesis that the second stop phase i ...	2017	27885041
the effect of food quality during growth on spatial memory consolidation in adult pigeons.	poor environmental conditions experienced during early development can have negative long-term consequences on fitness. animals can compensate for negative developmental effects through phenotypic plasticity by diverting resources from non-vital to vital traits such as spatial memory to enhance foraging efficiency. we tested in young feral pigeons (columba livia) how diets of different nutritional value during development affect the capacity to retrieve food hidden in a spatially complex environ ...	2017	27913599
detection and partial genetic characterisation of novel avi- and siadenoviruses in racing and fancy pigeons (columba livia domestica).	up to now, only a single adenovirus (adv) isolate seemingly specific for pigeons, hence named pigeon adv-1 (piadv-1), has been characterised at dna sequence level. in the present work, the prevalence and diversity of advs occurring in domestic pigeon were examined by a survey performed on randomly collected samples using a very efficient, consensus nested pcr targeting the viral dna polymerase gene. the newly detected viruses were characterised by sequencing and phylogeny analysis. amplification ...	2016	27993101
molecular and functional characterization of pigeon (columba livia) tumor necrosis factor receptor-associated factor 3.	tumor necrosis factor receptor-associated factor 3 (traf3) plays a key antiviral role by promoting type i interferon production. we cloned the pigeon traf3 gene (pitraf3) according to its predicted mrna sequence to investigate its function. the 1704-bp full-length open reading frame encodes a 567-amino acid protein. one ring finger, two traf-type zinc fingers, one coiled coil, and one math domain were inferred. rt-pcr showed that pitraf3 was expressed in all tissues, with relatively weak express ...	2017	28024872
field evidence of bird poisonings by imidacloprid-treated seeds: a review of incidents reported by the french sagir network from 1995 to 2014.	the large-scale use of neonicotinoid insecticides has raised growing concerns about their potential adverse effects on farmland birds, and more generally on biodiversity. imidacloprid, the first neonicotinoid commercialized, has been identified as posing a risk for seed-eating birds when it is used as seed treatment of some crops since the consumption of a few dressed seeds could cause mortality. but evidence of direct effects in the field is lacking. here, we reviewed the 103 wildlife mortality ...	2017	28028702
evaluation of gastroscopy and biopsy of the proventriculus and ventriculus in pigeons (columba livia).	objective to evaluate the efficacy and safety of gastroscopy and biopsy of the proventriculus and ventriculus in pigeons (columba livia). animals 15 adult pigeons. procedures each pigeon was anesthetized, and the upper gastrointestinal tract (from the cervical portion of the esophagus to the ventriculus) was endoscopically evaluated by use of a rigid endoscope inserted orally. saline (0.9% nacl) solution was orally infused to achieve lumen dilation and visibility. two mucosal biopsy specimens we ...	2017	28029291
avermectin induced global dna hypomethylation and over-expression of heat shock proteins in cardiac tissues of pigeon.	despite increasing evidences pointing to residues of avermectin (avm) pose toxic effects on non-target organisms in environment, but the data in pigeon is insufficient. the alteration of global dna methylation and response of heat shock proteins (hsps) are important for assessing the avm toxicity in cardiac tissues of pigeon (columba livia). to investigate the effects of avm exposure in cardiac tissues of pigeon, we detected the expression levels of dna methyltransferases (dnmts), methylated dna ...	2017	28043331
drug susceptibility testing of mycobacterium avium subsp. avium isolates from naturally infected domestic pigeons to avian tuberculosis.	avian tuberculosis is one of the most important infections affecting most species of birds. several mycobacterial species have been identified causing avian tuberculosis, and the organisms confirmed most frequently are mycobacterium avium and mycobacterium genavense. any species of birds can be infected with m. avium. generally, domesticated fowl or captive wild birds are affected more frequently than those living in the wild. m. avium can not only infect all species of birds, but can also infec ...	2016	28043565
ultrasound biomicroscopy and tonometry in ophthalmologically normal pigeon eyes.	to evaluate the feasibility of ultrasound biomicroscopy (ubm) and tonometry in pigeons and to provide biometric reference ranges for normal pigeon eyes.	2017	28074538
does the stress response predict the ability of wild birds to adjust to short-term captivity? a study of the rock pigeon (columbia livia).	although the transfer of wild animals to captivity is crucial for conservation purposes, this process is often challenging because some species or individuals do not adjust well to captive conditions. chronic stress has been identified as a major concern for animals held on long-term captivity. surprisingly, the first hours or days of captivity have been relatively overlooked. however, they are certainly very stressful, because individuals are being transferred to a totally novel and confined en ...	2016	28083117
antitrichomonal activity of peganum harmala alkaloid extract against trichomoniasis in pigeon (columba livia domestica).	1. this study was designed to evaluate the antitrichomonal effects of p. harmala alkaloid extract against t. gallinae, both in vitro and in vivo, as well as comparing it to that of metronidazole, conventional antitrichomonal medication and harmine and harmaline, the two alkaloids present in p. harmala. 2. t. gallinae were collected by the wet mount method from infected free-living pigeons. the in vitro assay was performed using multi-well plates containing test compounds in final concentrations ...	2017	28084792
captive and free-living urban pigeons (columba livia) from brazil as carriers of multidrug-resistant pathogenic escherichia coli.	thirty escherichia coli isolates from captive and free-living pigeons in brazil were characterised. virulence-associated genes identified in pigeons included those which occur relatively frequently in avian pathogenic e. coli (apec) from commercial poultry worldwide. eleven of 30 e. coli isolates from pigeons, belonging mainly to b1 and b2 phylogenetic groups, had high or intermediate pathogenicity for 1-day-old chicks. the frequency of multi-drug resistant (mdr) e. coli in captive pigeons was r ...	2017	28093116
pigeon circovirus infection in disqualified racing pigeons from taiwan.	pigeons (columba livia) infected with pigeon circovirus (picv) have been reported worldwide. the present study diagnosed picv infection in tissue samples of disqualified racing pigeons in taiwan, using molecular and microscopy diagnostics. among the 164 dead pigeons examined, 96.95% (159/164) tested positive for picv. severe histopathological lesions, with characteristic inclusions, were observed in various organs of the picv-infected pigeons. multiglobular basophilic intranuclear and intracytop ...	2017	28132523
prevalence of columbid herpesvirus infection in feral pigeons (columba livia) from new south wales and victoria, australia, with spillover into a wild powerful owl (ninox struena).	columbid herpesvirus-1 (cohv-1) is widespread in feral pigeons ( columba livia ) in north america and europe. we used a pcr assay to detect cohv-1 dna in oral and cloacal tissues and oral swabs from naturally infected pigeons. fifty-three feral pigeons from five flocks in australia (n=3 from south-central victoria and n=2 from sydney) were examined for cohv-1 dna. we detected cohv-1 dna in oral mucosa and cloacal mucosa, with higher concentrations in the oral mucosa. the sensitivity of testing o ...	2017	28192040
water requirements and drinking rates of homing pigeons: a consideration for exposure risk of migratory birds.	access to water along a bird's migratory flyway is essential during the vital process of migration. because of the scarcity of water in some environments, there is potential for migratory birds to encounter and drink from contaminated bodies of water. ingestion of contaminated water may cause injury and compromise flying ability, leading to a disruption of migration. to determine injury to birds from potential exposure, it is essential to know not only the concentration of a given contaminant in ...	2017	28195437
antimicrobial resistance genes in pigeons from public parks in costa rica.	antimicrobial resistance is known to be an emerging problem, but the extent of the issue remains incomplete. the aim of this study was to determine the presence or absence of nine resistance genes (blatem , cati, meca, qnrs, suli, sulii, tet(a), tet(q), vana) in the faeces of 141 pigeons from four urban parks in alajuela, guadalupe, tres ríos and san josé in costa rica. the genes were identified by real-time pcr directly from enema samples. about 30% of the samples were positive for genes cati a ...	2017	28233464
avian poxvirus in a free-range juvenile speckled (rock) pigeon (<i>columba guinea</i>).	a flightless wild juvenile rock pigeon (columba guinea) with pox-like lesions was picked up on the premises of the faculty of veterinary science, university of pretoria, onderstepoort. the pigeon was housed overnight for possible treatment the following day but died before any other intervention could be instituted. at necropsy, coalescing masses of yellowish nodular cutaneous tumour-like lesions principally on the featherless areas were noticed on the dead pigeon's head as well as the beak. his ...	2015	28235295
[morphogenesis and histogenesis of genetically based twin feathers in domestic pigeons (columba livia dom. l.)].	1. "twin feathers" described for various domestic breeds of pigeons have been found in oriental rollers in 12 per cent of the sides of the tails during each of the breeding periods. 2. each studied twin feather originates in a single follicle. it shows either one sheath ("split feather") or two sheaths ("double feather"). 72 per cent of the feathers have been found in the middles of the tails, 23 per cent in the middle of one side of the rows of rectrices. 3. twin feathers grow either out of one ...	1969	28304438
complete genome sequence and evolution analysis of a columbid herpesvirus type 1 from feral pigeon in china.	here, we report the genome sequence of a feral pigeon alphaherpesvirus (columbid herpesvirus type 1, cohv-1), strain hlj, and compare it with other avian alphaherpesviruses. the cohv-1 strain hlj genome is 204,237 bp in length and encodes approximately 130 putative protein-coding genes. phylogenetically, cohv-1 complete genome resides in a monophyletic group with the falconid herpesvirus type 1 (fahv-1) genome, distant from other alphaherpesviruses. interestingly, the evolutionary analysis of pa ...	2017	28316016
pseudomalaria in a domestic pigeon: a case report.	microscopic examination of thin blood smear of a domestic pigeon brought to teaching veterinary clinical complex, junagadh, gujarat revealed mature and immature halter shaped gametocytes of haemoproteus columbae encircling the nucleated erythrocytes. the disease was diagnosed as acute infection of pigeon malaria more notably known as pseudomalaria. the parasitic infection was further confirmed by polymerase chain reaction assay targeting the cytochrome b (cyt b) gene fragment amplifying 207 base ...	2017	28316429
natural infections with pigeon paramyxovirus serotype 1: pathologic changes in eurasian collared-doves ( streptopelia decaocto) and rock pigeons ( columba livia) in the united states.	pigeon paramyxovirus serotype 1 (ppmv-1) is a globally distributed, virulent member of the avian paramyxovirus serotype 1 serogroup that causes mortality in columbiformes and poultry. following introduction into the united states in the mid-1980s, ppmv-1 rapidly spread causing numerous mortality events in eurasian collared-doves ( streptopelia decaocto) (ecdos) and rock pigeons ( columba livia) (ropis). the investigators reviewed pathological findings of 70 naturally infected, free-ranging colum ...	2017	28382855
assessing the acquisition of anticipatory responding in the pigeon using reaction time.	we report a novel method for investigating the acquisition of anticipatory responding in the pigeon. four pigeons (columba livia) received food for pecking a starburst target stimulus displayed in the bottom-left or bottom-right portion of a computer screen. the target stimulus was preceded by 1 of 3 fractal images displayed in either the upper-left or upper-right portion of the screen: 1 of the fractals was perfectly correlated with the target appearing in the bottom-left, the second fractal wa ...	2017	28383941
widespread patterns of sexually dimorphic gene expression in an avian hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal (hpg) axis.	the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal (hpg) axis is a key biological system required for reproduction and associated sexual behaviors to occur. in the avian reproductive model of the rock dove (columba livia), we characterized the transcript community of each tissue of the hpg axis in both sexes, thereby significantly expanding our mechanistic insight into hpg activity. we report greater sex-biased differential expression in the pituitary as compared to the hypothalamus, with multiple genes more hi ...	2017	28417958
pigeons (columba livia) show change blindness in a color-change detection task.	change blindness is a phenomenon whereby changes to a stimulus are more likely go unnoticed under certain circumstances. pigeons learned a change detection task, in which they observed sequential stimulus displays consisting of individual colors back-projected onto three response keys. the color of one response key changed during each sequence and pecks to the key that displayed the change were reinforced. pigeons showed a change blindness effect, in that change detection accuracy was worse when ...	2017	28429095
molecular cloning and functional characterization of duck nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain 1 (nod1).	nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain 1 (nod1) is an imperative cytoplasmic pattern recognition receptor (prr) and considered as a key member of the nod-like receptor (nlr) family which plays a critical role in innate immunity through sensing microbial components derived from bacterial peptidoglycan. in the current study, the full-length of duck nod1 (dunod1) cdna from duck embryo fibroblasts (defs) was cloned. multiple sequence alignment and phylogenetic analysis demonstrated that dunod1 ex ...	2017	28431894
ex vivo biomechanical evaluation of pigeon (columba livia) cadaver intact humeri and ostectomized humeri stabilized with caudally applied titanium locking plate or stainless steel nonlocking plate constructs.	objective to evaluate mechanical properties of pigeon (columba livia) cadaver intact humeri versus ostectomized humeri stabilized with a locking or nonlocking plate. sample 30 humeri from pigeon cadavers. procedures specimens were allocated into 3 groups and tested in bending and torsion. results for intact pigeon humeri were compared with results for ostectomized humeri repaired with a titanium 1.6-mm screw locking plate or a stainless steel 1.5-mm dynamic compression plate; the ostectomized hu ...	2017	28441055
is embryonic hypothermia tolerance common in birds?	avian incubation temperatures oscillate within narrow limits to ensure proper embryonic development. however, field observations and experimental studies have found that some species can tolerate very low incubation temperatures, either regularly or occasionally. we artificially incubated eggs from five domestic species, which represent a range of egg sizes, to examine whether a diversity of avian species could exhibit an unusual hypothermia tolerance, as observed in the field. we found that egg ...	2017	28446617
an evaluation of the international society for animal genetics recommended parentage and identification panel for the domestic pigeon (columba livia domestica).	in this study, the international society for animal genetics (isag) recommended panel for the identification of the domestic pigeon (columba livia domestica) is characterized based on commonly used statistical parameters. the marker panel is based on 16 short tandem repeat (str) loci (pign15, pign10, pign57, pign26, cliμd16, cliμd19, pign12, cliμd17, cliμt17, pign04, cliμd01, cliμd11, cliμd35, cliμt02, cliμt13, cliμt43). the alleles of the 16 loci consist of a mixture of tri-, tetra-, penta- and ...	2017	28449233