| experimental quantification of long distance dispersal potential of aquatic snails in the gut of migratory birds. | many plant seeds and invertebrates can survive passage through the digestive system of birds, which may lead to long distance dispersal (endozoochory) in case of prolonged retention by moving vectors. endozoochorous dispersal by waterbirds has nowadays been documented for many aquatic plant seeds, algae and dormant life stages of aquatic invertebrates. anecdotal information indicates that endozoochory is also possible for fully functional, active aquatic organisms, a phenomenon that we here addr ... | 2012 | 22403642 |
| [morphological studies in different avian species on artefacts induced by euthanasia with t 61 " or pentobarbital (narcoren)]. | in mammals (e. g. macaques, dogs, cats, rats, sheep) as well as in men (suicides) euthanasia performed by intravenous injection of t 61 leads to serious lesions in lung, kidney or/and liver (endothelial damage, hyperemia, oedema, necrosis). this is caused by the solvent dimethylformamide (dmf). in this study, in contrast, in different species of birds (e. g. blackbird, carrion crow, kestrel, common buzzard, homer pigeon, common wood pigeon, mallard duck) and various modes of applications and dos ... | 2013 | 22372321 |
| intracoelomic teratoma in a domestic duck (anas platyrhynchos domesticus): a case report including immunohistochemistry and electron microscopy. | a female domestic duck (anas platyrhynchos domesticus) suddenly died with abdominal distension and a large multilobulated mass within the coelomic cavity was found. histologically and immunohistochemically, a benign mature tridermic teratoma was diagnosed and epithelial structures, cartilage, bone, myxoid tissue, adipocytes, muscle cells, cystic spaces lined by squamous epithelium, feather follicles, melanocytes and variable neural and glial differentiation were recognized. by electron microscop ... | 2012 | 22326660 |
| genetic characterization of subtype h1 avian influenza viruses isolated from live poultry markets in zhejiang province, china, in 2011. | nine avian influenza a viruses (aivs), h1n2 (n = 2) and h1n3 (n = 7), were isolated from domestic ducks in live poultry markets in zhejiang province, eastern china, in 2011. all viruses were characterized by whole genome sequencing with subsequent phylogenetic analysis and genetic comparison. phylogenetic analysis of all eight viral genes showed that the viruses clustered in the eurasian lineage of influenza a viruses. the hemagglutinin cleavage site of all viruses displayed features of a monoba ... | 2012 | 22252252 |
| peking duck soup. | | 2002 | 23269055 |
| nesting mallards (anas platyrhynchos) forecast brood-stage food limitation when selecting habitat: experimental evidence. | by combining and reanalysing data from two independent field experiments we explore whether food limitation at the brood stage affects habitat selection in nesting mallards (anas platyrhynchos). in an introduction experiment we found that, independent of treatment, some study lakes remained empty of wild mallard pairs ("empty lakes"), whereas on other lakes introduced birds attracted wild mallards ("attractive lakes"). in the other experiment we used mallard ducklings to address brood-stage food ... | 2000 | 28308352 |
| habitat selection rules in breeding mallards (anas platyrhynchos): a test of two competing hypotheses. | ideal preemption and conspecific attraction are alternative hypotheses of the habitat selection rules used by individuals. according to the former an occupied site is assumed to be preempted and therefore not available for later arriving individuals, whereas according to the latter individuals are assumed to be attracted by conspecifics to occupied sites, rather than avoiding them. we studied these competing hypotheses in breeding mallards (anas platyrhynchos) by a cross-over experiment in 2 yea ... | 1998 | 28307943 |
| survival and behaviour of captive mallard broods exposed to carbofuran-sprayed vegetation: a field experiment. | : a field study was undertaken to determine the effects of exposure to vegetation sprayed with carbofuran (2,3-dihydro-2,2-dimethyl-7-benzofuranylmethyl carbamate) on the survival and behavior of mallard (anas platyrhynchos) ducklings. pairs of captive hens with newly hatched broods of five to eight ducklings were released into sprayed or control 200 m long walkways leading directly to 0.1 ha pond enclosures. carbofuran was applied at 132 and 264 g a.i. ha(-1) during five and four replicate tria ... | 1993 | 24201552 |
| the effect of egg size variability on thermoregulation of mallard (anas platyrhynchos) offspring and its implications for survival. | there is a range of egg size phenotypes in mallards (anas platyrhynchos) that has a large genetic component. it was hypothesized that egg size variation could play an important role in survival of newly hatched ducklings during their first few days out of the nest when they are most susceptible to thermal stress and starvation. precocial young must be physiologically capable of maintaining homeothermy in order to spend adequate time foraging. duckling size at hatching was highly correlated with ... | 1988 | 28311829 |
| the role of mallard ducks (anas platyrhynchos) in distribution and germination of seeds of the submerged hydrophytenajas marina l. | the effect of passage ofnajas marina l. seeds through the digestive system of the common mallard duck (anas platyrhynchos) on their germinability was investigated. most of the seeds (∼70%), which were consumed by the birds were digested. however, germination of the remaining seeds was remarkably improved. germination of seeds whose seed coats were mechanically cracked was also higher than that of the controls and equalled the germination percentage of the mallard-treated seeds. seeds ofnajas are ... | 1986 | 28311797 |
| organochlorine residues in adult mallard and black duck wings, 1981-1982. | ten organochlorine compounds were identified in pools of black duck (anas rubripes) and mallard (a. platyrhynchos) wings from the 1981-82 hunting season. most organochlorine compounds occurred very infrequently. among those compounds positively identified by mass spectrometry, dde and, secondarily, pcb had the highest frequencies of occurrence. other compounds, positively identified and occurring less frequently, included ddt, ddd, ddmu, dieldrin, heptachlor epoxide, trans-nonachlor, cis-chlorda ... | 1986 | 24254543 |
| mate choice and male behaviour following castration and replacement of testosterone in mallards (anas platyrhynchos ). | male sexual behaviour was controlled by castration and testosterone replacement. the first experiment shows that, within a group of similarly coloured and castrated male mallards, females preferred males treated with testosterone. the second experiment shows that a testosterone-treated male was always preferred by the females, irrespective of plumage colour, in a choice between a wild and a white mallard drake. the results shows that testosterone dependent male cues is important in mate choice i ... | 1985 | 24896699 |
| radio-telemetry as an aid to environmental contaminant evaluation of mobile wildlife species. | radio transmitters are a useful tool in determining the degree of use of and extent of movement from contaminated sites by highly mobile wildlife species. programs monitoring wildlife species for environmental contaminants from localized sources can maximize the amount of information obtained from an individual animal by using radio-telemetry to ascertain residence history. the use of radio-telemetry techniques on two mobile wildlife species, mule deer (odocoileus hemionus) and mallard ducks (an ... | 1985 | 24258034 |
| long-term effects of testosterone injections on the social behaviour of male ducks and their physiological correlates. | during three independent experiments, we demonstrated that repeated injections of testosterone propionate (tp) induce, after the termination of treatment, a strong inhibition of social displays in intact male domestic ducks. this behavioural inhibition may last for several months and appears relatively specific, as sexual behaviour was generally normal in the previously injected birds. this effect is probably not directly related to the neonatal differentiation of the brain, as it can be induced ... | 1980 | 24925508 |
| avian archistriatal control of fear-motivated behavior and adrenocortical function. | bilateral section of the efferent pathway (tractus occipitomesencephalicus) from the archistriatum of the duck depresses fear-motivated responses as measured by (a) latency to escape in a runway test; (b) latency to approach and drink in the experimenter's presence following water deprivation, and (c) number of agonistic responses directed to an object introduced into the home cage. sectioning this pathway also raises plasma corticosteroid levels in both adult mallards and newly hatched chickens ... | 1979 | 24897360 |
| relationships between the daily variations of social behavior and of plasma fsh, lh and testosterone levels in the domestic duck anas platyrhynchos l. | the daily variations of plasma follicle-stimulating hormone (fsh), luteinizing hormone (lh) and testosterone were studied in three groups of 10-12 male domestic ducks at different times in their reproductive cycle. rapid and significant changes in the mean plasma hormone levels were observed in each case but no reproducible pattern of daily variation could be defined. before being submitted to repeated blood sampling, the birds were observed for their social behavior on several days from dawn to ... | 1979 | 24924978 |
| effects of exogenous hormones on the reproductive behaviour of adult male domestic ducks ii. correlation with morphology and hormone plasma levels. | the behavioural effects observed following repeated injections of pregnant mare serum (pms), human chorionic gonadotropin (hcg), testosterone propionate (tp), oestradiol benzoate (ob) or progesterone (p) were accompanied by significant effects on reproductive morphology and on plasma levels of pituitary-gonadal hormones. the testes weight was decreased by tp and p treatment, fsh secretion was inhibited by the three steroid preparations (tb, ob, p) but lh was not suppressed following ob injection ... | 1977 | 24896434 |
| effects of exogenous hormones on the reproductive behavior of adult male domestic ducks i. behavioural effects of intramuscular injections. | this paper reports the behavioural effects of repeated injections in adult male domestic ducks of pregrant mare serum (pms), human chorionic gonadotropin (hcg), testosterone propionate (tp), oestradiol monobenzoate (ob) and progesterone (p). the most salient feature of the results was that both gonadotropic hormones had very few effects on behaviour. in particular they did not stimulate the social displays which were, on the contrary, inhibited to some extent by the three steroids including tp. ... | 1977 | 24896433 |
| behavioural and morphological effects of testosterone and gonadotropins in the young male domestic duck (anas platyrhynchos l.). | young male domestic ducks 20-72 days old were successively injected with two hormonal preparations. the first hormone treatment included males injected with testosterone propionate (tp), human chorionic gonadotropin (hcg), pregnant mare serum (pms), control oil injected males (c) and males injected with tp and submitted at the same time to a permanent intense light. during the second hormonal treatment all males except controls were injected with tp. almost no behavioural effects were observed i ... | 1976 | 24923744 |
| lipid pattern and na(+)-k (+)-dependent adenosine triphosphatase activity in the salt gland of duck before and after adaptation to hypertonic saline. | ducks (anas platyrhynchos) were fed hypertonic saline for eight days, resulting in an activation and hypertrophy of the salt gland. the na(+)-k(+)-dependent adenosine triphosphatase, an enzyme generally assumed to be part of the active na transport system, increased its specific activity by about 200% during this activation. sulfatides, the major glycolipids of the salt gland, increased their concentration to the same extent. cholesterol, cerebrosides, and six phospholipid classes showed an incr ... | 1971 | 24173099 |
| residues of o,p'-ddd and o,p'-ddt in brown pelican eggs and mallard ducks. | | 1970 | 23989274 |
| [contribution to the histochemistry of the adrenal gland in gallus domesticus l. and in anas boschas l]. | | 1961 | 24545407 |
| competition between influenza a virus subtypes through heterosubtypic immunity modulates re-infection and antibody dynamics in the mallard duck. | our overall hypothesis is that host population immunity directed at multiple antigens will influence the prevalence, diversity and evolution of influenza a virus (iav) in avian populations where the vast subtype diversity is maintained. to investigate how initial infection influences the outcome of later infections with homologous or heterologous iav subtypes and how viruses interact through host immune responses, we carried out experimental infections in mallard ducks (anas platyrhynchos). mall ... | 2017 | 28640898 |
| serological and virological surveillance of avian influenza virus in domestic ducks of the north-east region of bangladesh. | wild waterfowl are considered as the natural reservoir for avian influenza (ai) viruses. bangladesh has been experiencing highly pathogenic avian influenza (hpai) outbreaks since 2007, mostly in chickens and occasionally in ducks. ducks play an important role in the persistence and genetic recombination of ai viruses. this paper presents the results of serological and virological monitoring of ai in domestic ducks in 2013 in the north-east region of bangladesh. | 2017 | 28623934 |
| the evaluation of domestic ducks as potential reservoir of avian influenza virus in post hpai h5n1 outbreak area, sunyani municipality, brong ahafo region of ghana. | avian influenza (ai) is an important zoonotic disease responsible for significant losses in most sub-saharan countries. however, the role of poultry other than chicken in the epidemiology of the disease, especially after the first ai outbreak in ghana, has not been fully elucidated. the obiective of this study is to determine whether the ai virus infection that was reported in the area in may 2007 was circulating silently in ducks in nine randomly selected farms in the sunyani municipality, ghan ... | 2016 | 28480449 |
| impact of body condition on influenza a virus infection dynamics in mallards following a secondary exposure. | migratory waterfowl are often viewed as vehicles for the global spread of influenza a viruses (iavs), with mallards (anas platyrhynchos) implicated as particularly important reservoir hosts. the physical demands and energetic costs of migration have been shown to influence birds' body condition; poorer body condition may suppress immune function and affect the course of iav infection. our study evaluated the impact of body condition on immune function and viral shedding dynamics in mallards natu ... | 2017 | 28423047 |
| antitoxin therapy of natural avian botulism outbreaks occurred in brazil. | botulism commonly affects water birds and it has recently been observed to be emerging in poultry production. in the present work, outbreaks of botulism in wild native species, such as the black-fronted piping-guan (aburria jacutinga), wild duck (cairina moschata) and its crosses with mallard (anas platyrhynchos), and domestic chickens (gallus gallus domesticus) are described. following treatments with a commercial botulism antitoxin cd, 28 (96.5%) out of 29 animals fully recovered after 24-72 h ... | 2017 | 28807621 |
| mitochondrial gene trees and the evolutionary relationship of mallard and black ducks. | we assayed restriction site differences in mitochondrial dna (mtdna) within and among allopatric populations of the mallard (anas platyrhynchos) and the american black duck (a. rubripes). the observed mtdna clones grouped into two phylogenetically distinct arrays that we estimate differ by about 0.8% in nucleotide sequence. genotypes in one clonal array were present in both species, while genotypes in the other array were seen only in mallards. in terms of the mtdna "gene tree," the assayed mall ... | 1990 | 28569026 |
| infectivity, transmission and pathogenicity of h5 highly pathogenic avian influenza clade 2.3.4.4 (h5n8 and h5n2) united states index viruses in pekin ducks and chinese geese. | in late 2014, a h5n8 highly pathogenic avian influenza (hpai) virus, clade 2.3.4.4, spread by migratory waterfowl into north america reassorting with low pathogenicity ai viruses to produce a h5n2 hpai virus. since domestic waterfowl are common backyard poultry frequently in contact with wild waterfowl, the infectivity, transmissibility, and pathogenicity of the united states h5 hpai index viruses (h5n8 and h5n2) was investigated in domestic ducks and geese. ducks infected with the viruses had a ... | 2017 | 28592320 |
| highly pathogenic avian influenza h5n1 clade 2.3.2.1 and clade 2.3.4 viruses do not induce a clade-specific phenotype in mallard ducks. | among the diverse clades of highly pathogenic avian influenza (hpai) h5n1 viruses of the goose/guangdong lineage, only a few have been able to spread across continents: clade 2.2 viruses spread from china to europe and into africa in 2005-2006, clade 2.3.2.1 viruses spread from china to eastern europe in 2009-2010 and clade 2.3.4.4 viruses of the h5nx subtype spread from china to europe and north america in 2014/2015. while the poultry trade and wild-bird migration have been implicated in the sp ... | 2017 | 28631606 |
| oxygen isotope fractionation between bird bone phosphate and drinking water. | oxygen isotope compositions of bone phosphate (δ(18)op) were measured in broiler chickens reared in 21 farms worldwide characterized by contrasted latitudes and local climates. these sedentary birds were raised during an approximately 3 to 4-month period, and local precipitation was the ultimate source of their drinking water. this sampling strategy allowed the relationship to be determined between the bone phosphate δ(18)op values (from 9.8 to 22.5‰ v-smow) and the local rainfall δ(18)ow values ... | 2017 | 28534252 |
| molecular characterization, expression profile of the fshrgene and its association with egg production traits in muscovy duck. | follicle-stimulating hormone (fsh) and its receptor play a key role in the follicular development and regulation of steroidogenesis in the ovary and spermatogenesis in the testis. the purpose of this study was to characterize themuscovy duck fshr gene, identify snps and their association with egg production traits in muscovy ducks. here, we cloned the complementary dna (cdna) sequence of fshr, and examined the expression patterns of fshr gene in adult female muscovy duck tissues. the cloned cdna ... | 2017 | 28674235 |
| simultaneous separation of taxon-specific crystallins from mule duck and characterization of their enzymatic activities and structures. | methods to obtain pure proteins in large amounts are indispensible in protein research. we report here a large-scale/simultaneous isolation of taxon-specific crystallins (ɛ- and δ-crystallin) from the eye lenses of mule duck. we also investigate the compositions, enzymatic activities, and structures of these purified taxon-specific proteins. a relatively mild method of ion-exchange chromatography was developed to fractionate ɛ-crystallin and δ-crystallin in large amount, ca. ∼6.60mg/g-lens and ∼ ... | 2017 | 28411463 |
| detection of bordetella avium by taqman real-time pcr in tracheal swabs from wildlife birds. | bordetella avium, the causing agent of bordetellosis, a highly contagious infection of the respiratory tract in young poultry, causes significant losses in poultry farming throughout the world. wildlife birds can be a reservoir of various pathogens that infect farm animals. for this reason the studies were conducted to estimate the prevalence of bordetella avium in wildlife birds in poland. tracheal swab samples were collected from 650 birds representing 27 species. the bacterial dna was isolate ... | 2017 | 28525340 |
| ethnomedicinal and cultural practices of mammals and birds in the vicinity of river chenab, punjab-pakistan. | although, use of animal species in disease treatment and culture practices is as ancient as that of plant species; however ethnomedicinal uses and cultural values of animal species have rarely been reported. present study is the first report on the medicinal uses of mammals and bird species in pakistan. | 2017 | 28701165 |
| supplementation of tris-based extender with plasma egg yolk of six avian species and camel skim milk for chilled preservation of dromedary camel semen. | the present study was conducted to investigate a suitable source (expt. 1) and concentration (expt. 2) of plasma egg yolk (pey) and concentration of camel skim milk (csm; expt. 3) to supplement tris based extender for chilled storage of dromedary camel semen. in expt. 1, pey (20%) of six avian species (domestic chicken, domestic duck, japanese quail, partridge, pigeon and guinea fowl) was added to semen extender. in expt. 2, different concentrations (0, 10, 20, 30 and 40%) of selected pey from e ... | 2017 | 28709736 |
| surveillance for highly pathogenic influenza a viruses in california during 2014-2015 provides insights into viral evolutionary pathways and the spatiotemporal extent of viruses in the pacific americas flyway. | we used surveillance data collected in california before, concurrent with, and subsequent to an outbreak of highly pathogenic (hp) clade 2.3.4.4 influenza a viruses (iavs) in 2014-2015 to (i) evaluate iav prevalence in waterfowl, (ii) assess the evidence for spill-over infections in marine mammals and (iii) genetically characterize low-pathogenic (lp) and hp iavs to refine inference on the spatiotemporal extent of hp genome constellations and to evaluate possible evolutionary pathways. we screen ... | 2017 | 28874792 |
| the ascending projections of the nuclei of the descending trigeminal tract (nttd) in the zebra finch (taeniopygia guttata). | in our traditional view of the avian somatosensory system, input from the beak and head reaches the telencephalon via a disynaptic pathway, involving projections from the principal sensory nucleus (prv) directly to nucleus basorostralis (previously called nucleus basalis), whereas input from the rest of the body follows a trisynatic pathway similar to that in mammals, involving projections from the dorsal column nuclei to the thalamus, and thence to somatosensory wulst. however, the role of the ... | 2017 | 28543449 |
| deciphering mechanisms underlying the genetic variation of general production and liver quality traits in the overfed mule duck by pqtl analyses. | the aim of this study was to analyse the mechanisms that underlie phenotypic quantitative trait loci (qtl) in overfed mule ducks by identifying co-localized proteomic qtl (pqtl). the qtl design consisted of three families of common ducks that were progeny-tested by using 294 male mule ducks. this population of common ducks was genotyped using a genetic map that included 334 genetic markers located across 28 apl chromosomes (apl for anas platyrhynchos). mule ducks were phenotyped for 49 traits re ... | 2017 | 28424047 |
| complete genome sequence of an avian paramyxovirus type 4 strain isolated from domestic duck at a live bird market in south korea. | we report here the first full-genome sequence of an avian paramyxovirus type 4 (apmv-4) strain isolated from a domestic mallard duck at a live bird market in south korea. phylogenetic analyses provide genetic information on a new genetic clade, apmv-4, isolated from a domestic duck and evidence of apmv-4 exchange between poultry and wild birds. | 2017 | 28522703 |
| role of domestic ducks in the emergence of a new genotype of highly pathogenic h5n1 avian influenza a viruses in bangladesh. | highly pathogenic avian influenza h5n1 viruses were first isolated in bangladesh in february 2007. subsequently, clades 2.2.2, 2.3.4.2 and 2.3.2.1a were identified in bangladesh, and our previous surveillance data revealed that by the end of 2014, the circulating viruses exclusively comprised clade 2.3.2.1a. we recently determined the status of circulating avian influenza viruses in bangladesh by conducting surveillance of live poultry markets and waterfowl in wetland areas from february 2015 th ... | 2017 | 28790460 |
| longitudinal study of avian influenza and newcastle disease in village poultry, mali, 2009-2011. | newcastle disease (nd) is endemic in west africa, which has also experienced outbreaks of highly pathogenic avian influenza (ai) h5n1 since 2006. we aimed to estimate the prevalence and incidence of ai and nd in village poultry in mali and to identify associated risk factors. a longitudinal serologic study was conducted between november 2009 and february 2011 using elisa commercial kits to detect antibodies. sera (5963) were collected from 4890 different poultry. ai was rare, with a seroprevalen ... | 2017 | 28665735 |
| genesis of influenza a(h5n8) viruses. | highly pathogenic avian influenza a(h5n8) clade 2.3.4.4 virus emerged in 2016 and spread to russia, europe, and africa. our analysis of viruses from domestic ducks at tanguar haor, bangladesh, showed genetic similarities with other viruses from wild birds in central asia, suggesting their potential role in the genesis of a(h5n8). | 2017 | 28609260 |
| optimization of inactivated h5n9 highly pathogenic avian influenza vaccine and inactivated salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium vaccine with antigen dose and prime-boost regimen in domestic ducks. | owing to the increase in the number of diseases affecting ducks and the demand for food safety by consumers, vaccination has become one of the factors that influence duck meat productivity. the highly pathogenic avian influenza (hpai) virus is one of the most prevalent and causes one of the most lethal diseases in domestic ducks, and salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium is a food-borne pathogen persistent in the domestic duck population. to better understand the optimal usage of hpai and s. e ... | 2017 | 28633491 |
| maintenance of influenza a viruses and antibody response in mallards (anas platyrhynchos) sampled during the non-breeding season in alaska. | prevalence of influenza a virus (iav) infections in northern-breeding waterfowl has previously been reported to reach an annual peak during late summer or autumn; however, little is known about iav infection dynamics in waterfowl populations persisting at high-latitude regions such as alaska, during winter. we captured mallards (anas platyrhynchos) throughout the non-breeding season (august-april) of 2012-2015 in fairbanks and anchorage, the two largest cities in alaska, to assess patterns of ia ... | 2017 | 28837606 |
| investigation on the endemic characteristics of metorchis orientalisin huainan area, china | to investigate the endemic characteristics of metorchis orientalis (m. orientalis)in the huainan area, anhui province, china. | 2017 | 28627206 |
| assessment of dose rate to terrestrial biota in the area around coal fired power plant applying erica tool and resrad biota code. | this paper presents the environmental radiation risk assessment based on two software program approaches erica tool (version 1.2) and resrad biota (version 1.5) to estimate dose rates to terrestrial biota in the area around the largest coal fired power plant in serbia. for dose rate assessment software's default reference animals and plants and the best estimated values of activity concentrations of 238u, 234u, 234th, 232th, 230th, 226ra, 210pb, 210po, 137cs in soil were used. both approaches re ... | 2017 | 28964597 |
| presence of mcr-3 variant in aeromonas caviae, proteus mirabilis, and escherichia coli from one domestic duck. | the rapid rise and dissemination of mdr bacteria is a major threat to public health worldwide, and has narrowed the treatment options for infections caused by these bacteria (1).…. | 2017 | 29203482 |
| isolation and characterization of h4n6 avian influenza viruses from mallard ducks in beijing, china. | the novel h7n9 influenza virus, which has caused severe disease in humans in china, is a reassortant with surface genes derived from influenza viruses in wild birds. this highlights the importance of monitoring influenza viruses in these hosts. however, surveillance of influenza virus in wild birds remains very limited in china. in this study, we isolated four h4n6 avian influenza viruses (aivs) from mallard ducks in beijing wetland park, which is located on the east asia-australasia migratory f ... | 2017 | 28877243 |
| updated molecular phylogenetic data for opisthorchis spp. (trematoda: opisthorchioidea) from ducks in vietnam. | an opisthorchiid liver fluke was recently reported from ducks (anas platyrhynchos) in binh dinh province of central vietnam, and referred to as "opisthorchis viverrini-like". this species uses common cyprinoid fishes as second intermediate hosts as does opisthorchis viverrini, with which it is sympatric in this province. in this study, we refer to the liver fluke from ducks as "opisthorchis sp. bd2013", and provide new sequence data from the mitochondrial (mt) genome and the nuclear ribosomal tr ... | 2017 | 29157282 |
| efficacy of seawater for washing oiled birds during an oil spill response. | aquatic pollution events can be detrimental to the survival of wildlife, particularly birds. to decontaminate affected birds, large quantities of fresh water are required. a recent study using seabird feathers, demonstrated that seawater wash/rinse can effectively remove oil from feathers. however to determine whether seawater was effective for live birds, we used 36 mallard ducks to replicate the oiled feather wash/rinse study. we investigated the time and volume of water used, bird water-proof ... | 2018 | 29421080 |
| protective efficacy of a bivalent live attenuated vaccine against duck hepatitis a virus types 1 and 3 in ducklings. | duck hepatitis a virus (dhav) infection is characterized by an acute, rapidly spreading that affects young ducklings. dhav-1 or dhav-3 infection is prevalent, and simultaneous co-infection with both viruses has recently become increasingly frequent in the domestic duck farms. in this study, we developed a bivalent live attenuated vaccine (dhv-hsbp100 and ap-04203p100) for dhav-1 and dhav-3 and reported the protective efficacy and safety of the vaccine. at 1-day-old, the ducklings received a biva ... | 2018 | 29408021 |
| a rapid and transient innate immune response to avian influenza infection in mallards. | the vertebrate innate immune system provides hosts with a rapid, non-specific response to a wide range of invading pathogens. however, the speed and duration of innate responses will be influenced by the co-evolutionary dynamics of specific host-pathogen combinations. here, we show that low pathogenic avian influenza virus (lpai) subtype h1n1 elicits a strong but extremely transient innate immune response in its main wildlife reservoir, the mallard (anas platyrhynchos). using a series of experim ... | 2018 | 29407578 |
| cryptic biological invasions: a general model of hybridization. | the dispersal of non-native genes due to hybridization is a form of cryptic invasion with growing concern in evolution and conservation. this includes the spread of transgenic genes and antibiotic resistance. to investigate how genes and phenotypes are transmitted, we developed a general model that, for the first time, considers concurrently: multiple loci, quantitative and qualitative gene expression, assortative mating, dominance/recessivity inheritance and density-dependent demographic effect ... | 2018 | 29402926 |
| ultrastructural study on the embryonic development of the orthokeratinized epithelium and its cornified layer (lingual nail) on the ventral surface of the lingual apex in the domestic duck (anas platyrhynchos f. domestica). | the lingual nail as the cornified layer of the orthokeratinized epithelium in birds is responsible for the collection of solid food by pecking. the aim of the present study is to determine the manner of orthokeratinized epithelium development and assess the degree of readiness of the epithelium to fulfill its mechanical function at hatching. three developmental phases are distinguished, i.e. embryonic, transformation and pre-hatching stage. in the embryonic stage lasting until day 13 of incubati ... | 2017 | 29373166 |
| an egyptian hpai h5n1 isolate from clade 2.2.1.2 is highly pathogenic in an experimentally infected domestic duck breed (sudani duck). | the highly pathogenic avian influenza (hpai) h5n1 viruses continue to cause major problems in poultry and can, although rarely, cause human infection. being enzootic in domestic poultry, egyptian isolates are continuously evolving, and novel clades vary in their pathogenicity in avian hosts. considering the importance of domestic ducks as natural hosts of hpai h5n1 viruses and their likelihood of physical contact with other avian hosts and humans, it is of utmost importance to characterize the p ... | 2018 | 29363279 |
| pathogenicity and transmissibility of three avian influenza a (h5n6) viruses isolated from wild birds. | since 2013, highly pathogenic h5n6 avian influenza viruses (aivs) have emerged in poultry and caused sporadic human infections in asia. the recent discovery of three new avian h5n6 viruses - a/oriental magpie-robin/guangdong/sw8/2014 (h5n6), a/common moorhen/guangdong/gz174/2014 (h5n6) and a/pallas's sandgrouse/guangdong/zh283/2015 (h5n6) - isolated from apparently healthy wild birds in southern china in 2014-2015 raises great concern for the spread of these highly pathogenic aivs (hpaivs) and t ... | 2018 | 29307740 |
| genetic and biological characterization of three poultry-origin h5n6 avian influenza viruses with all internal genes from genotype s h9n2 viruses. | during surveillance for avian influenza viruses, three h5n6 viruses were isolated in chickens obtained from live bird markets in eastern china, between january 2015 and april 2016. sequence analysis revealed a high genomic homology between these poultry isolates and recent human h5n6 variants whose internal genes were derived from genotype s h9n2 avian influenza viruses. glycan binding assays revealed that all avian h5n6 viruses were capable of binding to both human-type saα-2,6gal receptors and ... | 2018 | 29307089 |
| molecular characterization of avian paramyxovirus types 4 and 8 isolated from wild migratory waterfowl in mongolia. | avian paramyxoviruses (apmvs) constitute some of the most globally prevalent avian viruses and are frequently isolated from wild migratory bird species. using 1,907 fresh fecal samples collected during the 2012 avian influenza surveillance program, we identified two serotypes of apmv: apmv-4 ( n=10) and apmv-8 ( n=1). sequences for these isolates phylogenetically clustered with asian apmv-4 and apmv-8 recently isolated from wild birds in korea, japan, china, and kazakhstan. analysis by dna barco ... | 2017 | 29286260 |
| infection reduces anti-predator behaviors in house finches. | infectious diseases can cause host mortality through direct or indirect mechanisms, including altered behavior. diminished anti-predator behavior is among the most-studied causes of indirect mortality during infection, particularly for systems in which a parasite's life-cycle requires transmission from prey to predator. significantly less work has examined whether directly-transmitted parasites and pathogens also reduce anti-predator behaviors. here we test whether the directly-transmitted bacte ... | 2017 | 29242677 |
| an avian reproduction study historical control database: a tool for data interpretation. | avian reproduction studies are a regulatory requirement for pesticides in many regions. the data often require careful interpretation due to the nature of the study design. here we present the historical control dataset for bobwhite quail and mallard duck reproduction studies performed at the evans analytical group llc avian toxicology laboratory over the period 1985-2016. the analysis demonstrates the stability of reproductive parameters over time and good agreement to normal control ranges as ... | 2018 | 29242156 |
| carcass characteristics, meat quality, and fatty acid composition of wild-living mallards (anas platyrhynchos l.). | the aim of this study was to determine the carcass characteristics, meat quality, and fatty acid composition of wild-living mallards. the experimental materials comprised 30 mallards (1:1 sex ratio) harvested during the hunting season in northeastern poland. the carcasses were transported to the laboratory where they were weighed individually, plucked, dressed, and dissected. the proximate chemical composition and physicochemical properties of meat and the fatty acid profile of breast muscle lip ... | 2018 | 29211883 |
| development of an influenza virus protein microarray to measure the humoral response to influenza virus infection in mallards. | avian influenza viruses pose a serious zoonotic threat, in part because current seasonal influenza virus vaccines only offer strain-specific protection, instead of heterosubtypic or universal protection against influenza virus infection. understanding the humoral response to vaccination and natural infection in the broadest context possible is important to developing defenses against influenza zoonosis. protein microarrays are a novel platform well suited to assaying the humoral immune response ... | 2017 | 29209053 |
| novel reassortant h3n2 avian influenza virus isolated from domestic ducks in eastern china in 2016. | h3 subtype avian influenza virus (aiv) poses a great threat to public health, and so investigating its epidemiology is of great importance. a novel reassortant h3n2 aiv strain was isolated from a live poultry market in eastern china. the strain's genes originated from h1n1, h3, and h7 aivs. thus, the genome information of the h3n2 isolate will help to investigate further the epidemiology of h3 subtype aivs in china. | 2017 | 29192070 |
| factors affecting element concentrations in eggshells of three sympatrically nesting waterbirds in northern poland. | avian eggshells are convenient samples in biomonitoring studies, because they are easily accessible, especially from colonially or semicolonially breeding birds. in the present study, concentrations of 17 elements, including heavy metals and essential elements in post-hatch eggshells, were compared among three species of waterbirds of differing strategies for gaining reserves for egg production and diet: mallard, anas platyrhynchos (ml, a capital breeder, mainly herbivorous), common tern, sterna ... | 2018 | 29170796 |
| deformation of avian middle ear structures under static pressure loads, and potential regulation mechanisms. | static pressure changes can alter the configuration and mechanical behavior of the chain of ossicles, which may affect the acoustic transfer function. in mammals, the eustachian tube plays an important role in restoring ambient middle ear pressure, hence restoring the acoustic transfer function and excluding barotrauma of the middle and inner ear. ambient pressure fluctuations can be potentially extreme in birds and due to the simple structure of the avian middle ear (one ossicle, one muscle), r ... | 2017 | 29157881 |
| the development of lingual glands in the domestic duck (anas platyrhynchos f. domestica): 3d-reconstruction, lm, and sem study. | the major salivary glands of birds develop by branching or elongation of the epithelial cords. the development of the minor salivary glands in form of the lingual glands has never been described. among birds, only anatidae have three types of the lingual glands: rostral, caudo-lateral, and caudo-medial lingual glands. the study aims to characterize the manner and rate of the lingual glands development in the domestic duck and their topographical arrangement relative to the hyoid apparatus. the s ... | 2018 | 29139147 |
| structural basis of antigen recognition: crystal structure of duck egg lysozyme. | duck egg lysozyme (del) is a widely used model antigen owing to its capacity to bind with differential affinity to anti-chicken egg lysozyme antibodies. however, no structures of del have so far been reported, and the situation had been complicated by the presence of multiple isoforms and conflicting reports of primary sequence. here, the structures of two del isoforms from the eggs of the commonly used pekin duck (anas platyrhynchos) are reported. using structural analyses in combination with m ... | 2017 | 29095163 |
| amphotericin b concentrations in healthy mallard ducks (anas platyrhynchos) following a single intratracheal dose of liposomal amphotericin b using an atomizer. | aspergillosis is a fungal infection that primarily affects the respiratory tract. amphotericin b has broad antifungal activity and is commonly used to treat aspergillosis, a fungal pneumonia that is a common sequela in oiled waterfowl as well as other birds in wildlife rehabilitation. pharmacokinetic parameters of nebulized amphotericin b in an avian model have been reported, but those of direct intratracheal delivery have yet to be established. the objective of this study was to evaluate if a s ... | 2017 | 28992055 |
| antimicrobial susceptibility and genotypic characteristic of campylobacter spp. isolates from free-living birds in poland. | campylobacter spp. is the most commonly reported, bacterial cause of human foodborne infection worldwide. commercial poultry and free-living birds are natural reservoirs of three particular species: campylobacter jejuni, campylobacter coli, and campylobacter lari. the aim of this study was to determine the genotypic characteristics and antibiotic susceptibility of 43 campylobacter strains, obtained from free-living birds, in poland. in total, 700 birds were examined. the strains were isolated fr ... | 2017 | 28968179 |
| avian influenza epidemiology in semi-intensive free ranging duck flocks of the moyingyi wetland in bago east district, myanmar. | highly pathogenic avian influenza virus subtype h5n1 first entered myanmar in 2006 in the mandalay district. several h5n1 outbreaks followed and the one of bago east district (2007) required post outbreak surveillance in the at-risk domestic duck population of the moyingyi wetland. a field epidemiological study based on a randomised prospective stratified study with five surveys provided the serological evidence that the avian influenza h5 subtype circulates in the domestic duck population and s ... | 2018 | 28956231 |
| genome sequence of a mallard duck origin cyclovirus, duacyv-1. | the genome sequence of a novel avian cyclovirus is described in this study. the genome size and orientation of predicted genes was similar to those described in other vertebrate and insect origin cycloviruses. the greatest genome sequence identity was shared with a dragonfly cyclovirus (nt, 60.6%). phylogenetic analysis showed marginal relatedness with another avian cyclovirus, the chicken associated cyclovirus 1. in contrast, along a short fragment of the replication-associated protein coding g ... | 2017 | 28940019 |
| comparative transcriptome analysis provides clues to molecular mechanisms underlying blue-green eggshell color in the jinding duck (anas platyrhynchos). | in birds, blue-green eggshell color (bgec) is caused by biliverdin, a bile pigment derived from the degradation of heme and secreted in the eggshell by the shell gland. functionally, bgec might promote the paternal investment of males in the nest and eggs. however, little is known about its formation mechanisms. jinding ducks (anas platyrhynchos) are an ideal breed for research into the mechanisms, in which major birds lay bgec eggs with minor individuals laying white eggs. using this breed, thi ... | 2017 | 28899357 |
| genomic signature analysis of the recently emerged highly pathogenic a(h5n8) avian influenza virus: implying an evolutionary trend for bird-to-human transmission. | in early 2014, a novel subclade (2.3.4.4) of the highly pathogenic avian influenza (hpai) a(h5n8) virus caused the first outbreak in domestic ducks and migratory birds in south korea. since then, it has spread to 44 countries and regions. to date, no human infections with a(h5n8) virus have been reported, but the possibility cannot be excluded. by analyzing the genomic signatures of a(h5n8) strains, we found that among the 47 species-associated signature positions, three positions exhibited huma ... | 2017 | 28889970 |
| molecular cloning, characterization, and anti-avian pathogenicescherichia coliinnate immune response of the cherry valley duck ciita gene. | class ii major histocompatibility complex (mhc-ii) transactivator (ciita) is a member of the pattern recognition receptor in cytoplasm, which is involved in host innate immune responses. in this study, the full-length cdna of cherry valley duck ciita (duciita) was cloned from the spleen of healthy cherry valley ducks for the first time. the cds of duciita have 3648 bp and encode 1215 amino acids. the homology analysis of ciitas amino acid sequence showed that the duciita has the highest identity ... | 2017 | 28878764 |
| audiogram of the mallard duck (anas platyrhynchos) from 16 hz to 9 khz. | the pure-tone thresholds of three mallard ducks were determined from 16 hz to 9 khz. the purpose was to determine whether the mallard duck hears infrasound, which then may potentially be used for navigation, similar to how it is proposed that pigeons use it for homing. at a level of 60 db sound pressure level (re 20 μn/m2), their hearing range extends 6.85 octaves from 66 hz to 7.6 khz, with a best sensitivity of 12.5 db at 2 khz. however, at no frequency, including the lowest tested, were the d ... | 2017 | 28808778 |
| immunolesion of melanopsin neurons causes gonadal regression in pekin drakes (anas platyrhynchos domesticus). | several light sensitive receptors have been described in the avian brain that are thought to regulate the reproductive axis independently from the eyes and pineal gland. recently, our lab has described the presence of three of these photoneuroendocrine systems in the pekin duck: opsin, opsin 5, & melanopsin. we set out to test the hypothesis that melanopsin receptive neurons are necessary to maintain seasonal reproductive status along with growth and development in the pekin drake. to accomplish ... | 2018 | 28782536 |
| structural coloured feathers of mallards act by simple multilayer photonics. | the blue colours of the speculum of the mallard (anas platyrhynchos), both male and female, and the green head feathers of the male arise from light interacting with stacks of melanosomes residing in the feather barbules. here, we show that the iridescent colours can be quantitatively explained with an optical multilayer model by using a position-dependent effective refractive index, which results from the varying ratio of melanin and keratin. reflectance spectra obtained by multilayer modelling ... | 2017 | 28768883 |
| characterization of duck (anas platyrhynchos) mhc class i gene in two duck lines. | to enrich gene polymorphism ofdumhci and provide data for further studies on disease resistance, 14dumhci genes from weishan ma duck and cherry valley duck were cloned, and their characterization were investigated. the overall conservation of the 14 alleles could be observed within the sequences, and relative conservation were also displayed in the peptide-binding domain and cd8 interaction sites. based on full-length amino acid homology, mhc class i from different duck lines could be divided in ... | 2017 | 28674238 |
| vibrational biospectroscopy characterizes biochemical differences between cell types used for toxicological investigations and identifies alterations induced by environmental contaminants. | the use of cell-based assays is essential in reducing the number of vertebrates used in the investigation of chemical toxicities and in regulatory toxicology assessment. an important factor in obtaining meaningful results that can be accurately extrapolated is the use of biologically appropriate cell lines. in the present preliminary study, attenuated total reflection-fourier transform infrared (atr-ftir) spectroscopy with multivariate analysis was used to assess the fundamental biomolecular dif ... | 2017 | 28627759 |
| molecular epidemiology of avian rotaviruses group a and d shed by different bird species in nigeria. | avian rotaviruses (rvs) cause gastrointestinal diseases of birds worldwide. however, prevalence, diversity, epidemiology and phylogeny of rvs remain largely under-investigated in africa. | 2017 | 28606119 |
| towards a quantitative indicator of feather disruption following the cleansing of oiled birds. | a computer-based imaging method for determining feather microstructure coherency following a cleansing treatment, was developed, calibrated and trialled on mallard duck (anas platyrhyhchos) feathers. the feathers were initially contaminated with a light crude oil and then cleansed by either detergent (deacon 90) treatment or, alternatively, by magnetic particle technology (mpt) using iron powder. the imaging method provides a single quantitative parameter for the coherence of feather microstruct ... | 2017 | 28526197 |
| mallards (anas platyrhynchos) and wastewater ponds, part ii: developmental, physiological, morphological and behavioural effects of ingestion of secondary clarified effluent water. | rather than migrating, mallard ducks may choose to overwinter in northern cities on open-water thermal refuges, such as municipal wastewater treatment ponds, which in edmonton, canada, stay ≥10°c during frigid winter months. refuging mallards spend appreciable time daily on these ponds and hydrate using secondary clarified municipal wastewater (scew). we aimed to determine if scew ingestion affected mallard health. to this end, we gavaged newly hatched mallards (domesticated pekin strain) over t ... | 2017 | 28434758 |
| comparative approaches to same/different abstract-concept learning. | martinho and kacelnik (2016) imprinted newly hatched ducklings (anas platyrhynchos domestica) with a moving pair of either same or different objects, and following only one session, the ducklings accurately transferred the same/different relationship to novel object pairs that maintained the training relationship. this rapid learning and transfer of the concepts same and different far outstrips the more gradual learning of these basic concepts by animals in associative-learning tasks in which re ... | 2017 | 28411303 |
| evaluation of the kinetics of anti-np and anti-ha antibody after infection of pekin ducks with low pathogenic avian influenza virus. | serological monitoring is a feature of surveillance programmes for the detection of the circulation of notifiable low pathogenic avian influenza (lpai) viruses in commercial poultry holdings. commercial multispecies nucleoprotein (np) enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (elisas) have been replacing the haemagglutination inhibition (hi) test as pre-screening tools. few comparative studies have been conducted to test sera from domestic ducks for diagnostic purposes. therefore, we evaluated the corr ... | 2016 | 29067179 |
| feed efficiency in the laying duck: appropriate measurements and genetic parameters. | the objective of this study was to characterize residual feed intake (rfi) in common laying ducks by a) adjusting position and duration of the measurement period and b) estimating genetic parameters of rfi. the feed intake (fi), bw, and egg mass laid (eml) were recorded for 64 i444 common ducks at the beginning (-35 wk of age) and the middle (41-48 wk of age) of the laying curve. much feed wastage was observed at the beginning of the laying curve and led to biased fi data. however, when laying w ... | 2012 | 22499862 |
| immunization of domestic ducks with live nonpathogenic h5n3 influenza virus prevents shedding and transmission of highly pathogenic h5n1 virus to chickens. | wild ducks are known to be able to carry avian influenza viruses over long distances and infect domestic ducks, which in their turn infect domestic chickens. therefore, prevention of virus transmission between ducks and chickens is important to control the spread of avian influenza. here we used a low pathogenic wild aquatic bird virus a/duck/moscow/4182/2010 (h5n3) for prevention of highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (hpaiv) transmission between ducks and chickens. we first confirmed that ... | 2018 | 29614716 |
| a four-year survey (2011-2014) of west nile virus infection in humans, mosquitoes and birds, including the 2012 meningoencephalitis outbreak in tunisia. | a west nile virus (wnv) outbreak occurred in tunisia between mid-july and december 2012. to assess the epidemiological features of the wnv transmission cycle, human cerebrospinal fluid samples from patients with suspected cases (n = 79), culex pipiens mosquitoes (n = 583) and serum specimens from domestic and migratory birds (n = 70) were collected for 4 years (2011-2014) in the tunisian sahel region. viral testing was performed by polymerase chain reaction (pcr). the wnv genome was detected in ... | 2018 | 29535295 |
| emergence of novel reassortant h6n2 avian influenza viruses in ducks in india. | the recent reports of human infection due to h6 subtype avian influenza viruses (aiv), which are prevalent in terrestrial poultry, indicate evolution of the virus to a possible pandemic strain. here, we report antigenic and genetic characterization of two h6n2 viruses isolated from apparently healthy domestic ducks in kerala and assam, india during 2014 and 2015, respectively. hemagglutination inhibition assay revealed antigenic divergence between the two isolates, which was corroborated by amin ... | 2018 | 29530659 |
| genetic diversity of avian paramyxovirus type 6 isolated from wild ducks in the republic of korea. | eleven avian paramyxovirus type 6 (apmv-6) isolates from eurasian wigeon ( n=5; anas penelope), mallards ( n=2; anas platyrhynchos), and unknown species of wild ducks ( n=4) from korea were analyzed based on the nucleotide (nt) and deduced amino acid (aa) sequences of the fusion (f) gene. fecal samples were collected in 2010-2014. genotypes were assigned based on phylogenetic analyses. our results revealed that apmv-6 could be classified into at least two distinct genotypes, g1 and g2. the open ... | 2018 | 29517403 |
| long-term passage of duck tembusu virus in bhk-21 cells generates a completely attenuated and immunogenic population with increased genetic diversity. | duck tembusu virus (tmuv) is an emerging pathogenic flavivirus that causes severe egg-drop and fatal encephalitis in domestic ducks and geese. although a live-attenuated virus vaccine is effective for disease control, the stability of the attenuation has not been clearly evaluated due to a poor understanding of the attenuation mechanism. here, a virulent duck tmuv isolate was successively passaged in bhk-21 cells, leading to an approximately 100-fold increase of virus production in cell culture ... | 2019 | 31708180 |
| possible pathogenicity of japanese encephalitis virus in newly hatched domestic ducklings. | japanese encephalitis virus (jev) is a zoonotic flavivirus that is transmitted by mosquitoes and vertebrate-amplifying hosts, including birds. domestic ducks are susceptible to jev infection and develop various levels of viremia. we tested the pathogenicities of seven jev strains in newly hatched domestic ducklings. all inoculated ducklings showed stunted growth. two jev strains caused notable mortalities of 12.7% and 31.7%, respectively, highlighting that some emerged jev strains may thus be pa ... | 2018 | 30473356 |
| biogeography of microbiome and short-chain fatty acids in the gastrointestinal tract of duck. | it is generally accepted that domestic ducks are valuable protein sources for humans. the gastrointestinal ecosystem contains enormous and complicated microbes that have a profound effect on the nutrition, immunity, health, and production of domestic ducks. to deeply understand the gastrointestinal microbial composition of domestic ducks, we investigated the microbiomes of 7 different gastrointestinal locations (proventriculus, gizzard, duodenum, jejunum, ileum, cecum, and rectum) and the short- ... | 2020 | 32731989 |
| phenotypic and genotypic properties of vibrio cholerae non-o1, non-o139 isolates recovered from domestic ducks in germany. | vibrio cholerae non-o1, non-o139 bacteria are natural inhabitants of aquatic ecosystems and have been sporadically associated with human infections. they mostly lack the two major virulence factors of toxigenic v. cholerae serogroups o1 and o139 strains, which are the causative agent of cholera. non-o1, non-o139 strains are found in water bodies, sediments, and in association with other aquatic organisms. occurrence of these bacteria in fecal specimens of waterfowl were reported, and migratory b ... | 2020 | 32717968 |
| year‑round influenza a virus surveillance in mallards (anas platyrhynchos) reveals genetic persistence during the under‑sampled spring season. | active influenza a virus (iav) surveillance in wild waterfowl in the united states has revolved around convenience-based sampling methods, resulting in gaps in surveillance during the spring season. we conducted active iav surveillance in mallards continuously from july 2017 to july 2019 in the coastal marshes of lake erie near port clinton, ohio. we aimed to understand ecological and evolutionary dynamics of iav across multiple seasons, including the under‑sampled spring season. we collected 20 ... | 2020 | 32545281 |
| pattern recognition receptor signaling and innate responses to influenza a viruses in the mallard duck, compared to humans and chickens. | mallard ducks are a natural host and reservoir of avian influenza a viruses. while most influenza strains can replicate in mallards, the virus typically does not cause substantial disease in this host. mallards are often resistant to disease caused by highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses, while the same strains can cause severe infection in humans, chickens, and even other species of ducks, resulting in systemic spread of the virus and even death. the differences in influenza detection and ... | 2020 | 32477965 |
| co-circulation of multiple reassortant h6 subtype avian influenza viruses in wild birds in eastern china, 2016-2017. | h6 subtype influenza viruses were prevalent in domestic poultry and wild birds, which also could pose potential threat to humans. however, little is known about the prevalence of h6 subtype viruses in wild birds in eastern china, a crucial stopover or wintering site for migratory wild birds along the east asian-australasian flyway. | 2020 | 32349760 |
| the specificity protein 3 (sp3) gene in ducks (anas platyrhynchos): cloning, characterization and expression during viral infection. | specificity protein 3 (sp3) is a newly identified regulator of tumor growth and invasiveness in humans. in this study, we identified and characterized the function of duck sp3 (dusp3). the full-length cdna sequence of the dusp3 gene was cloned via rapid amplification of cdna ends. it contained 2468 nucleotides, including a 111 base pair (bp) 5'-untranslated region (utr), 215 bp 3'-utr, and 2142 bp open reading frame (orf), which encoded a 713 amino acid (aa) strongly conserved with avian sp3. ti ... | 2020 | 32180490 |
| quantifying within-host diversity of h5n1 influenza viruses in humans and poultry in cambodia. | avian influenza viruses (aivs) periodically cross species barriers and infect humans. the likelihood that an aiv will evolve mammalian transmissibility depends on acquiring and selecting mutations during spillover, but data from natural infection is limited. we analyze deep sequencing data from infected humans and domestic ducks in cambodia to examine how h5n1 viruses evolve during spillover. overall, viral populations in both species are predominated by low-frequency (<10%) variation shaped by ... | 2020 | 31951644 |
| influenza's newest trick. | influenza a viruses are important pathogens for humans and for many birds and mammals. hemagglutinin and neuraminidase are the major surface proteins of this enveloped rna virus. hemagglutinin requires proteolytic cleavage for activation, but because the viral genome does not encode its own protease, an exogenous serine protease must be provided by host cells. a novel, neuraminidase-dependent mechanism for hemagglutinin activation was described, in which a thrombin-like protease allows an influe ... | 2019 | 31822589 |