Publications

selenium-vitamin e responsive myopathy in farmed ostriches (struthio camelus) in botswana.	four adult ostriches developed sudden onset paresis and were unable to stand up when disturbed. after treatment with selenium and vitamin e, one of the birds could stand and move normally. the others died and post mortem examination revealed pale patches in the thigh muscles. histopathological examination showed degeneration of skeletal muscles as seen in nutritional myopathy. serum selenium and vitamin e levels were low whereas aspartate aminotransferase and creatine kinase levels were very hig ...	1998	18484008
isolation and characterization of avian paramyxovirus type 1 (newcastle disease) viruses from a flock of ostriches (struthio camelus) and emus (dromaius novaehollandiae) in europe with inconsistent serology.	during a 95-day study period in 1995 in denmark, 18 ostriches in a flock of 77 ostriches and four emus held in quarantine died. clinical and pathological observations did not indicate the presence of transmissible infectious disease in the flock. management failures and indoor housing were believed to have contributed significantly to the number of deaths. samples from 17 of the dead ostriches were examined virologically. three isolates of avian paramyxovirus serotype 1 (apmv-1) were obtained fr ...	1998	18484013
experimental assessment of the pathogenicity of two avian influenza a h5 viruses in ostrich chicks (struthio camelus) and chickens.	virus excretion, immune response, and, for chickens, deaths were recorded in 3-week-old ostriches and chickens inoculated by either the intramuscular or intranasal route with one of two influenza a viruses of subtype h5. one of the viruses, a/turkey/england/50-92/91 (h5n1) (50/92), was highly pathogenic for chickens causing 5/5 deaths by each route of inoculation. the other virus, a/ostrich/denmark-q/72420/96 (h5n2) (72420/96), isolated from ostriches in quarantine in denmark during 1996, was of ...	1998	18484019
use of rabbits in ostrich rearing.		1998	17424496
pharmacokinetics of clenbuterol in the ostrich.	the aim of this study was to investigate the pharmacokinetics of clenbuterol in the ostrich as no such data is available. clenbuterol (2 mg) was given as a single oral dose to nine ostriches. blood samples were collected over a period of 96 h after administration and urine for a period of 5 d. plasma and urine samples were frozen at -20 degrees c pending analysis. clenbuterol was quantified using a gas chromatograph-mass selective detector. the method for quantification of clenbuterol in plasma ...	1998	10435330
self-amplification of satellite dna in vitro.	we describe a pcr-like reaction in which genomic dna acts as a template as well as a primer. interaction between genomic tandem repeat units leads to self-amplification of satellite dna. this genomic self-priming pcr (gsp-pcr) allowed the rapid amplification of species-specific tandem repeats of horse, cattle, dolphin, and chicken. a novel specific satellite of ostrich with a repeat unit of 60 bp was isolated using this method.	1998	9729777
isolation and identification of birnaviruses from ostriches (struthio camelus).		1998	9501388
factors on farms in eastern australia associated with the development of tibiotarsal rotation in ostrich chicks.	to determine the incidence of tibiotarsal rotation (ttr) in ostrich chicks and to identify factors on farms associated with the development of ttr.	1998	9578781
the complete mitochondrial genome of rhea americana and early avian divergences.	the complete mitochondrial dna, mtdna, molecule of the greater rhea, rhea americana, was sequenced. the size of the molecule is 16,710 nucleotides. the organization of the molecule conforms with that described for the chicken and the ostrich. it has been shown previously that relative to other vertebrates the nadh3 gene of the ostrich has an insertion of one nucleotide in position 174 of the gene. the same observation was made in the rhea and in the newly sequenced nadh3 gene of the emu, dromaiu ...	1998	9608049
the location of z- and w-linked marker genes and sequence on the homomorphic sex chromosomes of the ostrich and the emu.	perhaps the most striking fact about early cenozoic avian history some 70 million years ago was the rapid radiation of large, flightless, ground-living birds. it has been suggested that, for a time, there was active competition between these large terrestrial birds and the early mammals. probably reflecting the above noted early start of ratitae of the infraclass eoaves, the presumptive sex chromosomes of their present day survivors, such as the emu and the ostrich, largely remained homomorphic. ...	1998	9539751
heart rate in developing ostrich embryos.		1998	9568316
ostrich intestinal glycohydrolases: distribution, purification and partial characterisation.	intestinal glycohydrolases are enzymes involved in assimilating carbohydrate for nutrition. the avian forms of these enzymes, in particular the maltase-glucoamylase complex (mg), are not well characterised. this study encompassed characterisation of these enzymes from ostrich intestines, and the first kinetic analysis of an avian mg. proteolytically solubilised mg from ileal brush border membrane vesicles was purified by sephadex g-200 gel filtration and tris-affinity-chromatography, while jejun ...	1998	9611776
rectal stricture in an ostrich (struthio camelus).	exploratory celiotomy of an 18-mo-old female ostrich (struthio camelus) with anorexia, lethargy, and constipation of 5 days' duration showed mesenteric volvulus and a focal narrowing of the rectum approximately 28 cm cranial to the cloaca. the prognosis was poor and the animal was euthanized. necropsy revealed a fibrinonecrotic proctitis and a 3-cm-long circumferential stricture of the rectum. histologically, the rectal wall at the stricture was deeply effaced by fibrovascular connective tissue ...	1998	9809611
intussusception in the small intestine of a farmed ostrich (struthio camelus) chick in botswana.		1998	9881438
urinary excretion of diethylstilbestrol in the ostrich.	stilboestrol tablets (20 x 1 mg) were given to 4 ostriches. urine was collected over a period of 8 days and stored frozen at-20 degrees c pending analysis. analyses were performed on a gas chromatograph-mass selective detector for the presence of parent compound and/or metabolites. diethylstilbestrol and its metabolite, dienestrol, were detected in urine; dienestrol only for 1 day but diethylstilbestrol for 8 days after administration. residue analysis for the use of diethylstilbestrol as growth ...	1998	9760398
impaction of the stomachs in farmed ostriches (struthio camelus) in botswana.	impaction of the proventriculus, gizzard, and sometimes intestines due to sand was confirmed at postmortem in 25 cases involving ostriches (struthio camelus). although there was no age predisposition, impaction was more common in juvenile over 3 mo old. clinical signs included sternal recumbency, outstretched neck, debility, and inability to stand. palpation of the impacted stomachs gave a gritty sensation. depletion of coronary fat was a consistent postmortem finding. the most common material c ...	1998	9777162
serum biochemical values of farmed ostrich (struthio camelus) in botswana.	reference biochemical values for serum analytes of 126 clinically normal farmed ostriches on one farm in botswana were established. these included sodium, potassium, chloride, total protein, albumin, urea, creatinine, uric acid, cholesterol, total bilirubin, conjugated bilirubin, glucose, triglyceride, calcium, phosphorus, manganese, copper, zinc, alkaline phosphatase, gamma glutamyl transferase and creatinine kinase. the values obtained in this study can be used as reference values.	1998	9809323
morphology of the distal tip of the upper mandible of the ostrich (struthio camelus) embryo during hatching.	1. the morphology of the distal part of the upper mandible in ostrich embryos was investigated using scanning electron microscopy just prior to and during hatching. 2. although a keel-like structure on the tip of the upper mandible superficially resembles an egg tooth it appears to play no role during hatching. 3. the distal tip of the upper mandible is covered by an amorphous layer, the right side of which disappears during the hatching process. this layer acts to protect the beak during the ru ...	1998	9800047
experimental infection of ostriches with crimean-congo haemorrhagic fever virus.	following the occurrence of an outbreak of crimean-congo haemorrhagic fever (cchf) among workers at an ostrich abattoir in south africa in 1996, 9 susceptible young ostriches were infected subcutaneously with the virus in order to study the nature of the infection which they undergo. the ostriches developed viraemia which was demonstrable on days 1-4 following infection, with a maximum intensity of 4.0 log10 mouse intracerebral ld50/ml being recorded on day 2 in 1 of the birds. virus was detecta ...	1998	9825796
thiamin, riboflavin, and alpha-tocopherol content of exotic meats and loss due to gamma radiation.	changes in thiamin, riboflavin, and alpha-tocopherol concentrations due to gamma irradiation were followed in alligator, caiman, bison, and ostrich (exotic) meats. the proximate composition showed that the exotic meats generally had lower fat content than domestic animal meats and that the thiamin content of the reptiles was lower. the changes in the vitamins due to irradiation were similar to those previously observed for domestic species. the results indicate that the loss of vitamins in these ...	1998	9874349
microsporidiosis in a young ostrich (struthio camelus).	microsporidia are obligate, intracellular, protozoan parasites of a wide variety of vertebrates and invertebrates. confirmed reports of microsporidial infection of avian species are few (lovebirds, a parrot, and a group of budgerigar chicks). at slaughter, a 14-mo-old ostrich was found to have small intestinal serosal hemorrhages during postmortem inspection. histologic examination of the small intestine revealed a chronic lymphoplasmacytic to purulent enteritis with mucosal hyperplasia, muscula ...	1998	9876859
can any ostrich fly?: some new data on belief bias in syllogistic reasoning.	according to one version of the mental models theory (oakhill, j.v., johnson-laird, p.n., garnham, a., 1989. believability and syllogistic reasoning. cognition 31, 117-140) beliefs exert their influence on reasoning in three ways. first they can affect the interpretation of the premises, for example by conversion. second, they can curtail the search for alternative models of the premises, if an initial model supports a believable conclusion. third, they can act as a filter on any conclusion that ...	1998	9894404
ratite production as an agricultural enterprise.	the ratite industry remains in the market introduction stage of evolution; basic information on markets and production is limited. it is uncertain when, or perhaps whether, either the ostrich or emu industries will progress to the market growth stage. until significant expansion occurs, ratite operations are likely to be faced with low or even nonexistant profits. it is the authors' observation that the ostrich industry is making slow but significant progress toward introducing products into pot ...	1998	10098232
ratite reproduction.	the role of the veterinarian in ostrich production in the future will be to develop least-cost management programs. this article focuses on the ostrich as the only current commercially viable ratite species. managing a successful ranch involves disease prevention, genetic selection, environmental management, and nutrition.	1998	10098236
coccidia oocysts in the faeces of farmed ostrich (struthio camelus) chicks in botswana.	coccidia oocysts were demonstrated in the faeces of 53 (about 34%) of 156 apparently healthy ostrich chicks. young chicks had the highest proportion of infestation while those more than 9 weeks old had no oocysts at all in their faeces. these coccidia may be considered no pathogenic since the infected chicks grew normally without any evidence of diarrhoea.	1998	10192840
[case report. three ostriches (struthio camelus l., 1758), female, 18, 20 and 24 months old].		1998	9626741
ostrich microsatellite polymorphisms at the vias-os4, vias-os8, vias-os14, vias-os22, and vias-os29 loci.		1998	9745685
detection of newcastle disease virus-specific antibodies in ostrich sera by three serological methods.	sera from 211 ostriches were tested for the presence of newcastle disease virus (ndv)-specific antibodies by the virus neutralisation test, the haemagglutination inhibition (hi) test and a recently developed avian paramyxovirus serotype 1 (pmv-1) specific monoclonal antibody blocking elisa (b-elisa). the virus neutralisation test was used as the reference for the estimation of the sensitivity and specificity of the b-elisa and hi tests. of the 211 sera, 140 contained ndv-specific neutralising an ...	1998	9698626
growth rate of ostrich (struthio camelus) chicks under intensive management in botswana.	thirty-seven ostrich chicks raised artificially had their weights, lengths of metatarsus and heights measured weekly from hatching to the 16th week. despite weight loss during the first week due to utilization of egg yolk by the chicks, the chicks showed and exponential growth up to the twelfth week with an overall mean weekly weight gain of 1.3 kg. female chicks showed a superior mean weekly gain of 1.6 kg compared to 1.2 kg for males. the metatarsal length grew rapidly at a weekly rate of 2.5 ...	1998	9719849
evaluation of a competitive elisa for detection of antibodies against avian influenza virus nucleoprotein.	a competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (c-elisa) employing a baculovirus-expressed recombinant nucleoprotein and a monoclonal antibody was developed for the detection of antibodies to type a influenza virus nucleoprotein. the performance of the c-elisa was evaluated by testing 756 chickens, 1123 turkeys, 707 emus, and 1261 ostriches, for a total of 3847 serum samples. relative to the agar gel immunodiffusion (agid) test, the c-elisa had a sensitivity of 100% for all four species. the c- ...	1998	9777152
courtship behaviour of ostriches (struthio camelus) towards humans under farming conditions in britain.	1. the courtship behaviour of adult male and female ostriches was observed in the presence and absence of human beings. 2. courtship behaviours in both males and females were more prevalent in the presence of humans. 3. exposure to a human for a short period did not stimulate courtship behaviour in the period immediately after the human had withdrawn. 4. courtship behaviour towards humans may be important in the reproductive success of ostriches in a farming environment.	1998	9800029
development of microsatellite markers for parentage typing of chicks in the ostrich struthio camelus.		1998	9532764
viruses and virus-like particles identified in ostrich gut contents.	samples of either gut content from ostriches showing symptoms of enteritis, or allantoic fluid of eggs inoculated with ostrich isolates, were examined for the presence of viral agents by direct negative-contrast electron microscopy. only a few virus types could be identified with certainty, namely a circovirus (1 sample), a coronavirus (1 sample), a member of either the toga- or bunyaviridae (1 sample), enterovirus (16 samples) and paramyxovirus (26 samples). a large number of samples contained ...	1998	9850509
research note: a comparison of metabolisable energy values of lucerne and barley between young and mature ostriches.	apparent and true metabolisable energy (me) values, corrected for zero nitrogen retention, of lucerne and barley were compared in balance studies between young (six months old, 50 to 60 kg bw) and mature (30 months old, 110 to 120 kg bw) ostriches. birds were housed in individual metabolism crates and excreta collection were performed over a five day period after an adaptation period of seven days. apparent metabolisable energy, corrected for zero nitrogen retention, (amen) of 9.17 +/- 0.251 mj/ ...	1998	9638307
lack of protection against oxidative modification of ldl by avian hdl.	human and murine high density lipoprotein (hdl) has previously been shown to decrease the accumulation of lipid peroxides on low density lipoprotein (ldl) under oxidising conditions. several lines of evidence, including the ineffectiveness of hdl from paraoxonase knockout mice, suggest that paraoxonase (pon1) located on hdl is responsible for its protective effect against lipid peroxidation. in this report we compare the effect of hdl from chicken, turkey and ostrich with human hdl on lipid pero ...	1998	9642147
feeding and vigilance behaviour of breeding ostriches (struthio camelus) in a farming environment in britain.	1. vigilance and feeding behaviour of male and female adult breeding ostriches were recorded to determine feeding and scanning bout lengths, a time budget and the pattern of vigilance immediately after food was provided. 2. males were more vigilant and fed for shorter periods than females immediately after concentrate food was delivered but not throughout the whole day. 3. most interscan periods of males were below 40 s with a maximum of 90 s compared with most interscan periods of females lasti ...	1998	9649867
fatty acid composition and cholesterol content of different ostrich muscles.	six different muscles from the left legs of 19 african black ostriches were analysed for cholesterol content and fatty acid composition. cholesterol content differed (p < 0.05) from 56.61 mg/100 g in the m. femorotibialis medius to 71.12 mg/100 g in the m. iliofemoralis. although the percentage of individual fatty acids differed (p < 0.05) between muscles, and variation were found within muscles, the percentage of total saturated, monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids were relatively c ...	1998	22060629
effect of chemical and physical dry-curing parameters on cathepsins b, h and l from ostrich muscle.	the effects of curing agents (nacl, nitrate, ascorbic acid and glucose) and processing parameters (ph, temperature and cooking temperatures) on cathepsins b, h and l activities were investigated. nacl, nitrate, ascorbic acid and glucose exhibited different influences on ostrich cathepsin b, b+l and h activities. in the range 20-60gl(-1), nacl inhibited cathepsin b+l and h activities. all three cysteine proteinase activities were inhibited by up to 8g ascorbic acid l(-1). with the exception of ca ...	1998	22060956
ostrich meat: physico-chemical characteristics and comparison with turkey and bovine meat.	in several european countries ostrich breeding has now become quite common. in italy this has also given rise to the need for regulations for the slaughtering of ratites. the present work studies and compares the physico-chemical characteristics of the meat from the thigh of the ostrich with the same anatomical cuts of turkey and bovine. the ostrich meat muscle of the thigh was imported vacuum packed from israel and france, the muscles considered were m. flexor cruris and m. iliofibularis. the t ...	1998	22063069
cholesterol content and fatty acid composition of ostrich meat as influenced by subspecies.	two muscles, the m. gastrocnemius and m. iliofibularis, were excised from the left legs of six red neck (struthio camelus massaicus) and six blue neck (struthio camelus australis) ostriches and analysed for lipid and cholesterol content and fatty acid composition. total lipid (1.43 g 100g ) and cholesterol content (65.63 mg 100g ) did not differ (ps> 0.05) in any muscle between subspecies. although the percentage of some individual fatty acids differed (p < 0.05), the total percentage of satura ...	1998	22061157
refrigerated shelf life of vacuum-packaged, previously frozen ostrich meat.	previously frozen ostrich meat was evaluated over 28 days to determine the refrigerated shelf life. intact steaks and ground meat from three ostrich carcasses were vacuum-packaged, frozen to -40°c for 5 days, and stored in a 0°c walk-in cooler. instrumental analysis of cie lab* values indicated that ostrich meat was very dark in color, initially and over time. microbial growth stayed slightly below 1.0 × 10(7) cfu/g for up to 21 days of refrigerated storage. sensorially evaluated color showed ...	1999	22062576
a retrospective necropsy study of the ostrich (struthio camelus) bursa of fabricius.	a retrospective study of bursa of fabricius from 90 necropsied ostriches from florida farms was performed. eighty-five bursas showed lymphoid necrosis and/or depletion, and acute to chronic inflammation. rounded cytoplasmic inclusions were noted within bursal macrophages of 17 birds. ultrastructurally, these inclusions comprised arrays of icosahedral virions with a diameter of 60 to 65 nm, suggesting possibly reovirus or birnavirus. further work is needed to classify and determine the pathogenic ...	1999	26911604
straussenhaltung in deutschland / straussenfleisch aus namibia--ein fallbeispiel. [ostrich husbandry in germany / ostrich meat from namibia - a case study].	within the european union, academic professions themselves are expected to reach a comparable level of professionalism, a fact that veterinary medicine as well should not ignore. at present, a working group is developing a concept of a teaching module for the socrates programme "education in veterinary public health (vph)", enabling the students by "case studies" to be induced to an integrated approach of tackling problems. in an attempt to demonstrate the didactic procedure, a study of ostrich ...	1999	10337057
culicoides spp. (diptera: ceratopogonidae) associated with farmed ostriches (struthio camelus) in botswana.		1999	10401721
surgical removal of ventricular foreign bodies from an adult ostrich (struthio camelus).		1999	10619611
the isolation and partial characterization of precursor forms of ostrich carboxypeptidase.	ostrich carboxypeptidases a and b were recently purified and characterized. the aim of this study was to isolate and purify, and partially characterize in terms of molecular weight, pi, amino acid composition and n-terminal sequencing, the precursor forms of carboxypeptidases from the ostrich pancreas. inhibition studies with soybean trypsin inhibitor and activation studies with three proteases (bovine trypsin, bovine chymotrypsin and porcine elastase) were performed on crude ostrich acetone pow ...	1999	10216965
mycobacterial infection in an ostrich.		1999	10812400
comparative blood coagulation studies in the ostrich.	blood coagulation of the ostrich was compared to that of mammalian (man and sheep), avian (chicken) and reptilian (puff adder) systems. the international normalised ratio (inr), partial thromboplastin time (ptt), thrombin time and fibrin degradation were determined, as well as the various coagulation factors in venous ostrich plasma, using human physiological substrates. thromboplastin was isolated from fresh brain tissue with the exception of the reptile for which lung tissue was used. the leve ...	1999	10614993
[vaccination of ostriches (struthio camelus, linnaeus, 1758) against newcastle disease: evidence for vaccine compatibility and seroconversion after vaccinations using the hemagglutination inhibition and virus neutralization tests].	newcastle disease (nd) remains to be the worldwide most important infectious disease of poultry. this epizootic is in germany and many other countries a notifiable disease. prophylactic vaccination is the major tool for the control of nd in poultry and other birds. eighty-three ostriches (struthio camelus) which were kept on farms in germany were checked for the presence of ndv-specific antibodies. some of these birds are said to be vaccinated against newcastle disease. only some of these ostric ...	1999	10085579
the histidine-rich protamine from ostrich and tinamou sperm. a link between reptile and bird protamines.	we have characterized for the first time the proteins of two different species of palaeognathous birds, struthio camelus australis (ostrich) and nothoprocta perdicaria sanborni (chilean tinamou). similar to what had been previously reported in neognaths, the electrophoretic mobility, amino acid composition, and primary structure of the main protamine (p-ii) component of these two species of birds are similar. however, in contrast to neognathous birds, the protamines from paleognaths display a hi ...	1999	9890896
evidence of sperm storage in the female ostrich.	to determine the length of time following mating that fertile eggs can be laid by an ostrich (struthio camelus).	1999	10590789
production of a rabbit anti-cockatiel immunoglobulin g and characterization of its cross-reactivities with immunoglobulin g of other psittacine species.	the purpose of this work was to produce rabbit anti-cockatiel immunoglobulin g (igg) and compare its cross-reactivity with sera from eight other psittacine birds: quaker parakeet, budgerigar, green-wing macaw, blue-fronted amazon parrot, eclectus parrot, african grey parrot, patagonian conure, moluccan cockatoo. cockatiel igg did not bind to protein a or g; therefore, these proteins could not be used in column chromatography to isolate the igg. a combination of serum igg precipitation by ammoniu ...	1999	10216759
development of body temperature regulation in ostrich chicks.	information in the literature indicates that young ostrich chicks, despite being precocial, are poor thermoregulators and may take between 8 and 12 weeks to develop efficient homeothermy. we measured the body temperatures (tb) of young ostrich chicks (1 to 10 d) at ambient temperatures between 13 degrees and 28 degrees c under controlled conditions in the laboratory and under typical farm-rearing conditions to assess their ability to thermoregulate. even 1-d-old ostriches could maintain a tb abo ...	1999	10579413
ostrich eggshell as a bone substitute: a preliminary report of its biological behaviour in animals--a possibility in facial reconstructive surgery.	the aim of this study was to assess the biological behaviour of an implant of ostrich eggshell in various animal models of facial bone reconstruction. the implant was first bioassayed in a rat muscle pouch (n=10), and then tested as an interpositional graft in rat (n=10) and rabbit (n=5) cranial defects. it was finally used as an onlay graft on rabbit mandibles (n=5). animals were killed after two months in the bioassay, three months in the interpositional model, and six months in the onlay mode ...	1999	10687909
the identification of a sex-specific dna marker in the ostrich using a random amplified polymorphic dna (rapd) assay.	pcr-based techniques described to date for sex diagnosis in birds are not useful in ratites. we report here the identification of a w-linked marker in the ostrich (struthio camelus) which allows gender diagnosis in chicks or juvenile birds. dna from 10 females and 11 males was used to prepare two pools for each sex. two-hundred different 10-mer primers of arbitrary sequence were used to screen those pools using a random amplified polymorphic dna (rapd) assay. one primer (d 10) generated a female ...	1999	10327659
selected hematologic values of farmed ostriches (struthio camelus) in botswana.		1999	10424657
unusual manifestation of tuberculosis in an ostrich (struthio camelus).		1999	10638801
forssman penta- and tetraglycosylceramide are xenoantigens of ostrich kidney and liver.	the heterophile antigens galalpha1-->3gal and n-glycolylneuraminic acid are the major obstacle to grafting mammal organs, especially from pig, to man. lack of expression of these common xenoantigens by birds has raised interest in ostrich as a potential organ donor for xenotransplantation. glycosphingolipids of ostrich liver and kidney were investigated for their carbohydrate determinants. both organs were found similar in their glycolipid composition with three major species, mono-, di-, and pe ...	1999	10460829
experimental infection of vaccinated slaughter ostriches in a natural, open-air feedlot facility with virulent newcastle disease virus.	the presence of virulent newcastle disease virus (ndv) since the 1993-94 epidemic in southern africa holds major implications for the export of ostrich products from this region. a challenge experiment with this field strain was conducted in open-air feedlot facilities under strict biosecurity measures. the experiment was designed to follow vaccination and preslaughter quarantine regulations currently enforced in south african export ostrich facilities in order to determine the viremia period an ...	1999	10494412
factors affecting ostrich egg hatchability.	ostrich eggs often have low hatchability (hatch) rates because they do not lose sufficient weight during incubation. because egg size, eggshell porosity and thickness (thick), and length of preincubation egg storage are known to affect egg weight loss during incubation (ewl) and hatch of chicken eggs, these factors were examined using ostrich eggs. the effects of eggshell porosity (number of large pores per cm2 of shell; lp); and thick on ewl and hatch were assessed by categorizing the eggs as h ...	1999	10515354
comparison of metabolisable energy values of different foodstuffs determined in ostriches and poultry.	apparent (amen) and true (tmen) metabolisable energy values, corrected for nitrogen retention, of wheat bran, saltbush (atriplex nummularia), common reed (phragmites australis), lupins, soyabean oil cake meal (sbocm), sunflower oil cake meal (sfocm) and fishmeal were compared in 7 successive trials using 12 mature south african black ostriches and 10 adult australorp cockerels per ingredient. tmen values of 11.91, 7.09, 8.67, 14.61, 13.44, 10.79 and 15.13 mj/kg for wheat bran, saltbush, common r ...	1999	10579407
male-driven evolution among eoaves? a test of the replicative division hypothesis in a heterogametic female (zw) system.	because avian females are heterogametic, the reverse of mammals, avian sex chromosomes undergo significantly different patterns and numbers of dna replications than do those in mammals. this makes the w (female-specific) and the z chromosomes an excellent model system for the study of the replicative division hypothesis, which purports that dna substitution rate is determined by the number of germline replications. the sex-specific chromosome in birds (the w) is predicted to change at the slowes ...	1999	10594176
limb deformities of farmed ostrich (struthio camelus) chicks in botswana.	limb deformities were detected in 135 out of 885 ostrich chicks, giving a prevalence of 15.3%. tibiotarsal rotation affected 73% of the chicks with limb deformities, whereas rolled toes accounted for 36%. the right leg was more often affected than the left leg. the incidence of limb deformities was highest in 2- to 3-week-old ostrich chicks. the incidence of limb deformities was highest at the beginning of the breeding season and lowest towards the end, when it was relatively warmer. the mean se ...	1999	10599135
molecular identification of encephalitozoon hellem in an ostrich.	microsporidia are obligate, intracellular, eukaryotic parasites found in a wide variety of vertebrate and invertebrate hosts. scientific literature contains a small number of reports of these parasites in psittacine hosts, and recently microsporidiosis was reported in the first nonpsittacine host, an ostrich. dna was extracted from formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded ostrich tissues, and a portion of the small subunit ribosomal rna gene was sequenced to identify the microsporidian species. the org ...	1999	10611995
an anatomical study of the respiratory air sacs in ostriches.	an accurate description of the number, location and relative position of the air sacs and their diverticula in the ostrich is essential for a better understanding of the pathogenesis of air sacculitis in this bird. the air sacs were studied in ten ostriches of varying ages by latex or silicone casting of the respiratory tract and dissection. results revealed that the air sacs of the ostrich conform to the general pattern in birds. cervical, lateral and medial clavicular, cranial and caudal thora ...	1999	10689704
effects of fusarium mycotoxins on levels of serotonin, melatonin, and 5-hydroxytryptophan in pineal cell cultures.	analysis of melatonin (mel) in pineal cell cultures by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay showed its concentration was increased by fusaric acid (fa), a mycotoxin produced by fusarium species and associated with toxic duck and ostrich feeds. subsequent cell culture studies demonstrated the precursors of mel, 5-hydroxytryptophan (5htp) and serotonin (5ht), were also affected by fa as well as other fusarium mycotoxins. herein we describe a technique for the analysis of 5htp and 5ht in pineal cell c ...	1999	10721085
assessing the cretaceous superordinal divergence times within birds and placental mammals by using whole mitochondrial protein sequences and an extended statistical framework.	using the set of all vertebrate mtdna protein sequences published as of may 1998, plus unpublished examples for elephant and birds, we examined divergence times in placentalia and aves. using a parsimony-based test, we identified a subset of slower evolutionary rate placental sequences that do not appear to violate the clock assumption. analyzing just these sequences decreases support for marsupionta and the carnivore + perissodactyl group but increases support for armadillo diverging earlier th ...	1999	12078636
when does an ostrich become a bird? the role of typicality in early word comprehension.	which objects and animals are children willing to accept as referents for words they know? to answer this question, the authors assessed early word comprehension using the preferential looking task. children were shown 2 stimuli side by side (a target and a distractor) and heard the target stimulus named. the target stimulus was either a typical or an atypical exemplar of the named category. it was predicted that children first connect typical examples with the target name and broaden the extens ...	1999	10442875
haematological and immunological variables in a domesticated and wild subspecies of ostrich (struthio camelus).	1. domesticated ostriches have been selected rigorously for productive traits with little concern for immunological responses, in contrast to wild ostriches. 2. we hypothesised that the immunological responses of wild and domesticated ostriches would differ. total leucocyte counts, differential counts, heterophil: lymphocyte ratios, phagocytic activity, lysosome levels and anti-sheep red blood cell (srbc) antibody titres (total, igg, igm) were compared between domesticated (n=3) and wild (n=3) o ...	1999	10670672
[the case of acaridosis in african ostrich (struthio camelus) breeding].	the aim of the study was to determine a reason for failing health eondition and deaths among the ostriches in the newly-established breeding farm situated within the boundaries of toruń voivodship. both initial observations and examinations of three alive and two dead birds presupposed an appearance of ectoparasitical disease. the autopsies were performed and the specimens for bacteriological and parasitological studies were subsequently obtained. the ectoparasitically-directed studies were the ...	1999	16886464
the processing and characterization of animal-derived bone to yield materials with biomedical applications: part 1: modifiable porous implants from bovine condyle cancellous bone and characterization of bone materials as a function of processing.	a study on the development of a process to form materials suitable for biomedical xenograft implants from bovine cancellous bone is presented. bone cubes cut from the condyle portion of bovine femurs sourced from abattoir waste were subjected to a defatting and subsequent deproteination procedure to produce shape-modifiable materials in which the biocompatible mineral calcium hydroxycarbonate apatite component was preserved in the original osseous architecture of the bovine bone. optimum defatti ...	2000	15348008
[maintenance of african ostriches (struthio carnelus) under hessian climatic conditions--analysis of metereological data for the application of bml's expert recommendations of 1996].	a report is given on an analysis of meteorological data on five locations in the region of hessia in order to apply the bml's expert recommendation concerning ostrich farming. according to this recommendation black ice, very strong frost and continuous rain should not make it necessary to keep the animals in pens longer than 3 days or more often than 10 days per month. otherwise a dry paddock must be provided. it was investigated whether and how often the above mentioned weather conditions excee ...	2000	10954999
purification and characterization of ostrich prothrombin.	the work focused on the penultimate enzyme, prothrombin, in the coagulation cascade. prothrombin was purified and characterized from ostrich plasma. the results obtained contribute to a better understanding of blood coagulation in the ostrich and the evolution of prothrombin and the coagulation cascade. prothrombin was purified from ostrich plasma by barium chloride precipitation, ammonium sulfate fractionation, and deae-cellulose and cu(2+)-chelate sepharose chromatography. ostrich prothrombin ...	2000	11137455
[review of the production of ostrich meat].	ostrich meat was originally considered to be a by-product of the leather industry. ostrich farming focused on the production of good quality hides and was mainly based on experience. since a few years there has been a move from hide production to meat production; however, little is known about ostrich meat production which has consequences for legislation. there is insufficient knowledge about the factors influencing muscle growth. the strong growth of ostrich meat production in the eu member st ...	2000	10822827
zygomycotic proventriculitis and ventriculitis in ostriches (struthio camelus) with impaction.	three young ostriches (struthio camelus), aged 4 months, were found to have zygomycotic proventriculitis and ventriculitis associated with impaction. clinical signs were anorexia, chronic weight loss, weakness and lethargy followed by scant faeces for seven days. proventriculi and ventriculi from birds were full of masses of hay, grass, leaves and other fibrous materials in combination with sand, gravel and plastic. erosions and haemorrhagic ulcers of varying number and severity were present in ...	2000	10840569
the amino acid sequence of pancreatic alpha-amylase from the ostrich, struthio camelus.	the amino-acid sequence of alpha-amylase isolated from the pancreas of the ostrich, struthio camelus was determined. the alpha-amylase (opa) consisted of 497 amino acid residues with pyroglutamic acid at the n-terminus and no oligosaccharide. amino acid identity between opa and chicken, porcine and human pancreatic alpha-amylases individually, was found to be 88, 82 and 86%, respectively.	2000	11281265
ultrastructural characteristics of ostrich eggshell: outer shell membrane and the calcified layers.	the ultrastructure of the eggshell of the domestic hen has been well researched and structural studies of other avian species, such as the ostrich, often base their interpretation of egg shell structure on that of the chicken. in the ostrich, lowered hatchability and hatching trauma may be due to shell ultrastructural abnormalities. in the present study the ultrastructure of the calcified portion, and the outer shell membrane (osm), of domesticated ostrich eggshells was investigated using standa ...	2000	11030359
serologic survey of slaughter-age ostriches (struthio camelus) for antibodies to selected avian pathogens.	serum samples from 163 slaughter-age ostriches (struthio camelus) in ohio and indiana were tested for antibodies to avian influenza virus (aiv), newcastle disease virus (ndv), paramyxovirus (pmv) 2, pmv3, pmv7, infectious bursal disease virus (ibdv), bordetella avium, mycoplasma synoviae, mycoplasma gallisepticum, ornithobacterium rhinotracheale, salmonella pullorum, salmonella gallinarum, and salmonella typhimurium. one ostrich had antibodies to aiv h5n9, 57% of the ostriches had antibodies to ...	2000	11195659
entamoeba sp. (sarcomastigophora: endamoebidae) from ostriches (struthio camelus) (aves: struthionidae).	the first case of entamoeba of the 1-nucleate mature cyst group in birds is described. trophozoites and cysts of entamoeba have been found in ostriches (struthio camelus) from farms located all over spain. the cysts are large (13.47microm mean diameter); they possess one nucleus when mature, with a large endosome and peripheral chromatine arranged in small granules; chromatoid bodies, when present, are large and elongated. trophozoites are large (19. 88microm mean diameter), with a clear differe ...	2000	10962154
the surface features of the epithelial lining of the ducts of the epididymis of the ostrich (struthio camelus).	the luminal appearance of the various ducts of the epididymis of the ostrich was studied by scanning electron microscopy in tissues fixed by immersion in glutaraldehyde. the ductal types were similar to those previously described for some other species of birds. numerous short microvilli, as well as a single cilium, projected from the apical surface of the rete testis cell. the ciliated cells of the efferent ductules projected tufts of cilia into the ductal lumen, while the non-ciliated cells bo ...	2000	10932389
ostrich diseases.	scientific knowledge of ostrich diseases is incomplete and very fragmented, with specific details on technical aspects of diagnostic and/or screening tests completely absent in most cases. salmonella typhimurium is common in multispecies collections and causes mortality in chicks younger than three months on commercial farms, but is rarely found in chicks older than six months, or slaughter birds of twelve to fourteen months in southern africa. campylobacter jejuni and chlamydia psittaci are occ ...	2000	10935285
hatching success of ostrich eggs in relation to setting, turning and angle of rotation.	1. three trials were designed to study the effects of axis of setting, turning frequency and axis and angle of rotation on the hatching success of ostrich eggs. the joint effects of axis of setting and angle of rotation were investigated in a fourth trial. 2. the hatchability of fertile ostrich eggs artificially incubated in electronic incubators (turned through 60 degrees hourly) was improved substantially in eggs set in horizontal positions for 2 or 3 weeks and vertically for the rest of the t ...	2000	10821522
carbonic anhydrase in the utero-vaginal junction of immature and mature ostriches.	1. sperm storage tubules in the ostrich start to develop at an early stage of oviductal growth. concurrently, membrane-bound carbonic anhydrase was found in the cells of the storage tubules. 2. in mature ostriches the utero-vaginal junction averaged 11.5+/-2.1 cm in length and primary mucosal folds were extremely long and slender. membrane-bound carbonic anhydrase was present in the cells of the sperm storage tubules. in the non-ciliated cells of the surface epithelium both membrane-bound and cy ...	2000	10890224
ground ostrich: a comparison with ground beef.		2000	10670402
newcastle disease and avian influenza a virus in wild waterfowl in south africa.	in an intensive ostrich farming area in south africa with a history of ostrich influenza outbreaks, we conducted a survey of avian influenza virus (aiv) and newcastle disease virus (ndv) in wild aquatic birds. during late autumn and winter 1998, the time of year when outbreaks in ostriches typically start to occur, 262 aquatic birds comprising 14 species were sampled and tested for both virus infections. from eight samples, aiv, serotype h10n9, could be isolated. all isolates were apathogenic as ...	2000	11007015
the true metabolisable energy content of canola oilcake meal and full-fat canola seed for ostriches (struthio camelus).	1. the true metabolisable energy (tme) of canola oilcake and full-fat canola seed was determined for ostriches to broaden our knowledge of canola as a potential protein and energy source for ostriches. 2. both test materials were diluted with a basal diet, fed to ostriches and tme-values estimated by multiple regression analysis. 3. the tme values for canola oilcake meal and full-fat canola seed for ostriches were respectively 13.76 mj kg(-1) and 22.5 mj kg(-1). 4. the tme values obtained for th ...	2000	10890217
identification of ostrich and chicken cholecystokinin cdna and intestinal peptides.	the cdnas encoding the preprohormones of the regulatory peptides cholecystokinin (cck) and the related gastrin have been identified in a number of vertebrate species. however, from birds only chicken preprogastrin is known. in the present study preprocck cdna was identified in two species of birds, ostrich and chicken. in addition, the molecular forms of the bioactive peptides expressed in the small intestine were characterized. both preproccks contain mono basic processing sites for the product ...	2000	11072120
a novel pentaglycosylceramide in ostrich liver, iv4-beta-gal-nlc4cer, with terminal gal(beta1-4)gal, a xenoepitope recognized by human natural antibodies.	thin layer chromatograms of ostrich liver neutral glycosphingolipids were immunostained with human sera. in addition to the expected staining of the forssman pentaglycosylceramide by some sera, more polar and less abundant unknown glycolipids could be stained. among them, the shortest carbohydrate chain glycolipid was purified and structurally characterized by mass spectrometry, proton nmr and methylation analysis. it was a novel pentaglycosylceramide of the neolactoseries terminated with the ga ...	2000	10988247
detection and quantification of antibodies to newcastle disease virus in ostrich and rhea sera using a liquid phase blocking enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.	a liquid phase blocking elisa (lpb-elisa) was adapted for the detection and quantification of antibodies to newcastle disease virus. sera from vaccinated and unvaccinated commercial flocks of ostriches (struthio camelus) and rheas (rhea americana) were tested. the purified and nonpurified virus used as the antigen and the capture and detector antibodies were prepared and standardized for this purpose. the hemagglutination-inhibition (hi) test was regarded as the reference method. the cutoff poin ...	2000	11063502
enterocin 012, a bacteriocin produced by enterococcus gallinarum isolated from the intestinal tract of ostrich.	enterococcus gallinarum strain 012, isolated from the duodenum of ostrich, produced enterocin 012 which is active against ent. faecalis, lactobacillus acidophilus, lact. sake, listeria innocua, propionibacterium acidipropionici, propionibacterium sp., clostridium perfringens, pseudomonas aeruginosa and salmonella typhimurium. one of the four pathogenic strains of escherichia coli isolated from the intestinal tract of ostrich was inhibited by enterocin 012. no antimicrobial activity was recorded ...	2000	10736005
prevalence of antibodies to toxoplasma gondii in ostriches (struthio camelus).	serum samples from 973 ostriches (struthio camelus) in canada were examined for antibodies to toxoplasma gondii by the modified agglutination test incorporating mercaptoethanol and formalin-fixed whole tachyzoites. twenty-eight (2.9%) of the 973 birds were found to be seropositive for antibodies to t. gondii at titers of 1:25 in 15 birds, 1:50 in 12 birds, and 1:500 in 1 bird. this is the first record of t. gondii exposure in ostriches, and it supports the hypothesis that all avian species are s ...	2000	10864266
fracture healing after stabilization with intramedullary xenograft cortical bone pins: a study in pigeons.	to investigate the effectiveness of intramedullary xenograft cortical bone pins compared with stainless steel kirschner wire for the repair of a standardized avian humeral fracture.	2000	10871225
antibody responses to la sota strain vaccines of newcastle disease virus in ostriches (struthio camelus) as detected by enzyme-link ed immunosorbent assay.	because of the fact that south africa is a newcastle disease virus (ndv)-endemic country, major concerns exist that the export of ostrich meat could transmit velogenic strains of this disease. the ability to transmit the virus could be reduced by effective vaccination of south african ostriches. in this study, two vaccination trials were conducted to assess serum antibody production in response to vaccination with la sota strain ndv vaccines. to this end, a commercially available chicken anti-nd ...	2000	10879920
lymphoid leukosis in an ostrich (struthio camelus).		2000	10883860
differentiation of the species ostrich (struthio camelus) and emu (dromaius novaehollandiae) by polymerase chain reaction using an ostrich-specific primer pair.	through polymerase chain reaction a zone of the gene for the cytochrome b of ostrich (struthio camelus) mitochondrial dna was amplified using a primer pair which permits to identify the ostrich and differentiate it from the emu (dromaius novaehollandiae), thus giving different size fragment; in the ostrich of about 543 bp and in the emu of about 229 bp. this has been obtained without adopting other techniques such as, e.g., the fragment digestion by means of suitable restriction enzymes or singl ...	2000	22061765
processing and nutritional characteristics of value added ostrich products.	two types of processed products, chopped hams (0.15% and 0.30% phosphate on final yield) and viennas (27 and 32% fat extension) were manufactured from ostrich fan fillets (m. iliofibularis) to determine the suitability of ostrich meat for processing purposes. cooking losses differed significantly (p<0.10) between the two types of ham-like products (0.15% phosphate=1.59 and 0.30% phosphate=0.78%), indicating that an increase in phosphate addition reduced cooking loss. cooking losses did not diffe ...	2000	22061092
highly pathogenic avian influenza (h7n1) in ostriches (struthio camelus).	the clinical, virological and pathological findings observed in a natural outbreak of highly pathogenic avian influenza in intensively farmed ostriches (struthio camelus) are reported. clinical signs characterized by anorexia, depression, nervous and enteric signs were observed in young birds, which resulted in death of 30% of the affected birds. virus isolation performed in accordance with the guidelines listed in european union directive 92/40/eec yielded an influenza a virus of the h7n1 subty ...	2000	19184863
newcastle disease in ostriches (struthio camelus) - a review.	newcastle disease (nd) in ostriches was first reported in zoo birds in the 1950s. an outbreak of nd in commercial ostriches in israel was reported in 1989, but of more significance were the nd infections of ostriches in southern africa during the 1990s as a result of assumed spread from commercial domestic fowl. the latter outbreaks were of particular concern due to the boom in international trade in ostriches and their products at that time. nd virus appeared to spread only slowly through affec ...	2000	19184794
polymyxin e-1 (colistin sulphate) (neuro-)intoxication in young ostriches ( struthio camelus spp.).	colistin (polymyxin e) is a cyclic polypeptide with a potent bactericidal action against most gramnegative bacilli. when used parenterally, polymyxins should be given with great care as they have a very small safety range, and easily induce neurotoxicity and nephrotoxicity. a dose of 39.5mg/kg body weight colistin sulphate injected subcutaneously induced rapid (within 1 to 3 h) mortality in young ostriches. clinical signs of apathy, lethargy and hypotonia indicative of neurotoxicity of the compo ...	2000	19184856
assessment of the pathogenicity of an emu-origin influenza a h5 virus in ostriches (struthio camelus).	ostriches were inoculated with a laboratory-derived highly pathogenic avian influenza (hpai) virus of emu origin, a/emu/tx/39924/93 (h5n2) clone c1b. the aim of this study was to evaluate the pathogenicity of this isolate for ostriches and assess the ability of routine virological and serological tests to detect infection. avian influenza virus (aiv) was isolated from cloacal and tracheal swabs from 2 to 12 days post-infection. aiv was also isolated from brain, thymus, eyelid, spleen, ovary/test ...	2001	19184878