Publications

increased thymic cell turnover under boron stress may bypass tlr3/4 pathway in african ostrich.	previous studies revealed that thymus is a targeted immune organ in malnutrition, and high-boron stress is harmful for immune organs. african ostrich is the living fossil of ancient birds and the food animals in modern life. there is no report about the effect of boron intake on thymus of ostrich. the purpose of present study was to evaluate the effect of excessive boron stress on ostrich thymus and the potential role of tlr3/4 signals in this process. histological analysis demonstrated that lon ...	2015	26053067
functional anatomy of the lacrimal gland in african black ostrich struthio camelus domesticus in the embryonic and postnatal period.	the aim of the present study was morphological and histochemical analysis of the lacrimalgland (lg) in african black ostrich struthio camelus domesticus in the embryonic and postnatalperiod. studies were conducted on 50 ostriches aged between the 28th day of incubation until7 months old. tissue sections were stained with haematoxylin and eosin, azan trichrome,periodic acid-schiff, alcian blue ph 2.5, aldehyde fuchsin and hale's dialysed iron. the lgin ostrich was classified as a tubulo-acinar ty ...	2015	26017903
improving the ostrich genome assembly using optical mapping data.	the ostrich (struthio camelus) is the tallest and heaviest living bird. ostrich meat is considered a healthy red meat, with an annual worldwide production ranging from 12,000 to 15,000 tons. as part of the avian phylogenomics project, we sequenced the ostrich genome for phylogenetic and comparative genomics analyses. the initial illumina-based assembly of this genome had a scaffold n50 of 3.59 mb and a total size of 1.23 gb. since longer scaffolds are critical for many genomic analyses, particul ...	2015	25969728
genotyping of clostridium perfringens isolated from healthy and diseased ostriches (struthio camelus).	clostridium perfringens is more prevalent type of clostridia genus isolated from the intestinal tract of ostrich (struthio camelus). necrotic enteritis (ne) is a potentially fatal gastrointestinal (gi) disease of poultry and other avian species, which produces marked destruction of intestinal lining in digestive tract caused by c. perfringens. pathogenicity and lesions are correlated with the toxins produced, thus toxin typing of the bacterium has diagnostic and epidemiological significance. the ...	2014	25954489
structure of struthiocalcin-1, an intramineral protein from struthio camelus eggshell, in two crystal forms.	biomineralization is the process by which living organisms produce minerals. one remarkable example is the formation of eggshells in birds. struthiocalcins present in the ostrich (struthio camellus) eggshell matrix act as biosensors of calcite growth during eggshell formation. here, the crystal structure of struthiocalcin-1 (sca-1) is reported in two different crystal forms. the structure is a compact single domain with an α/β fold characteristic of the c-type lectin family. in contrast to the r ...	2015	25849392
bacterial enteritis in ostrich (struthio camelus) chicks in the western cape province, south africa.	ostrich (struthio camelus) chicks less than 3 mo age are observed to experience a high mortality rate that is often associated with enteritis. this study was undertaken to investigate the infectious bacteria implicated in ostrich chick enteritis. postmortems were performed on 122 ostrich chicks aged from 1 d to 3 mo and intestinal samples were subjected to bacterial culture. bacterial isolates were typed by pcr and serotyping. escherichia coli (e. coli; 49%) was the most frequently isolated from ...	2015	25840967
craniocervical myology and functional morphology of the small-headed therizinosaurian theropods falcarius utahensis and nothronychus mckinleyi.	therizinosaurs represent a highly unusual clade of herbivorous theropods from the cretaceous of north america and asia. following descriptions of the basicrania of the north american therizinosaurs falcarius utahenisis and nothronychus mckinleyi, the craniocervical musculature in both taxa is reconstructed using tyrannosaurus, allosaurus, and some extant birds as models. these muscles are subdivided into functional groups as dorsiflexors, lateroflexors, and ventroflexors. lateroflexors and dorsi ...	2015	25706764
an identified antioxidant peptide obtained from ostrich (struthio camelus) egg white protein hydrolysate shows wound healing properties.	ostrich (struthio camelus) egg possesses a high amount of food proteins and thus plays an important role in nutrition.	2015	25697606
effect of boric acid supplementation of ostrich water on the expression of foxn1 in thymus.	foxn1 is essential for thymus development. the relationship between boric acid and thymus development, optimal dose of boric acid in ostrich diets, and the effects of boric acid on the expression of foxn1 were investigated in the present study. thirty healthy ostriches were randomly divided into six groups: group i, ii, iii, iv, v, vi, and supplemented with boric acid at the concentration of 0 mg/l, 40 mg/l, 80 mg/l, 160 mg/l, 320 mg/l, 640 mg/l, respectively. the histological changes in thymus ...	2015	25665795
three-dimensional anatomy of the ostrich (struthio camelus) knee joint.	the three-dimensional anatomy of the ostrich (struthio camelus) knee (femorotibial, femorofibular, and femoropatellar) joint has scarcely been studied, and could elucidate certain mechanobiological properties of sesamoid bones. the adult ostrich is unique in that it has double patellae, while another similar ratite bird, the emu, has none. understanding why these patellae form and what purpose they may serve is dually important for future studies on ratites as well as for understanding the mecha ...	2014	25551024
expression of prostaglandin synthesizing enzymes (cyclooxygenase 1 and cyclooxygenase 2) in the ovary of the ostrich (struthio camelus).	cyclooxygenase is the rate limiting enzyme in the production of prostaglandins. in birds two isoforms are present: cyclooxygenase 1 (cox-1) and cyclooxygenase 2 (cox-2). despite evidence implicating that cyclooxygenases and pgs are critical factors in female reproduction in birds, little is known about cox expression in the avian ovary. in birds, cyclooxygenases have been studied in very few species only. in this study we report on the expression of cox-1 and cox-2 in the ovary of the ostrich (s ...	2015	25528171
methane emission by adult ostriches (struthio camelus).	ostriches (struthio camelus) are herbivorous birds with a digestive physiology that shares several similarities with that of herbivorous mammals. previous reports, however, claimed a very low methane emission from ostriches, which would be clearly different from mammals. if this could be confirmed, ostrich meat would represent a very attractive alternative to ruminant-and generally mammalian-meat by representing a particularly low-emission agricultural form of production. we individually measure ...	2015	25446146
morphological features of herbst corpuscles in the oropharynx of the ostrich (struthio camelus) and emu (dromaius novaehollandiae).	the distribution of herbst corpuscles in the oropharynx of the ostrich and emu has recently been documented. however, although the morphology of these mechanoreceptors is well known in neognathous birds, little structural information is available on the herbst corpuscles of ratites. tissue sections from those regions of the oropharynx known to possess a high concentration of herbst corpuscles were sampled from ostrich and emu heads collected after slaughter and prepared for light and transmissio ...	2015	25382625
effects of supplemental boron on growth performance and meat quality in african ostrich chicks.	to investigate the effects of boron on growth performance and meat quality, 10-day-old africa ostrich chicks were randomly divided into 6 groups with 6 replicates in each group. for 80 days, birds in the treatments were fed the same basal diet but given different concentrations of boron-supplemented water. the highest final bw (33.4 ± 0.30 kg), adfi (376 ± 1.83 g), and adg (224 ± 1.01 g) appeared in the group receiving 160 mg/l boron (group 4). 160 mg/l boron also decreased drip loss (2.20 ± 0.5 ...	2014	25363572
predicting ejaculate quality and libido in male ostriches: effect of season and age.	the success of artificial breeding program depends largely on the reproductive performance of males. male performance can vary with season and age impacting on quality and quantity of semen collected for artificial insemination purposes and therefore fertility of inseminated females. we examined variation in semen output and male libido of seven male ostriches (aged 2-5 years) over a period of 24 months. we collected ejaculates using a dummy female and measured semen characteristics (ejaculate v ...	2014	25282554
comparative morphology of the species of libyostrongylus and codiostomum, parasites from ostriches, struthio camelus, with a identification key to the species.	one of the most common problems in breeding of ostriches in captivity is the control of parasitic diseases. this work presents keys for the identification of adult nematodes and infective larvae by morphologic and morphometric characteristics. these keys will allow the scientific community to identify the species that infect the ostriches either based on the characteristics of the posterior end of the infective larvae found through a simple fecal exam or by observing the morphology and morphomet ...	2016	25271447
phenotypic and genetic variability for body weight of ostriches (struthio camelus).	1. objective of the present study was to estimate heritability for hatch weight (hw), body weight at 90 (w90) and 180 (w180) d of age in brazilian ostriches. 2. the heritability estimates were obtained through the restricted maximum likelihood method for an animal model. least squares method was used to define possible fixed effects for consideration in the analysis model. 3. the estimates of heritability were 0.42 ± 0.05, 0.16 ± 0.04 and 0.24 ± 0.08 for hw, w90 and w180, respectively. 4. herita ...	2014	25269694
the effect of dietary energy concentrations on production variables of ostrich chicks (struthio camelus var. domesticus).	the effects of different dietary energy concentrations on ostrich production variables were examined in two separate trials. the first trial tracked changes in production variables from the pre-starter phase through the starter phase and grower phase. the second trial was based on the finisher phase per se. in both trials, the influence of dietary energy on feed intake, feed conversion ratio (fcr) and growth variables was investigated. additionally, basic abattoir weights were recorded, and meas ...	2014	25266635
a morphological classification of sperm defects in the ostrich (struthio camelus).	commercial ostrich farming is constrained by the absence of a formal animal recording and evaluation scheme as well as by current farming practices. artificial insemination may have an important role in overcoming these limitations, but requires a thorough knowledge of sperm morphology. although the morphological characteristics of normal ostrich sperm have been documented, little information is available on the incidence and structural peculiarities of defective sperm in this species. semen sme ...	2014	25255781
natural infection of cryptosporidium muris in ostriches (struthio camelus).	a total of 303 fecal samples were collected from ostriches (struthio camelus) and 31 samples (10.2%) were cryptosporidium-positive upon microscopic analysis. the infection rate was 27.6% in ostriches aged 16-60 days, 1.2% in those aged 61-180 days, and 20.4% in those aged >10 years. the cryptosporidium-positive isolates were genotyped with a restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis and dna sequence analysis of the small subunit (ssu) rrna gene. the 22 isolates from ostriches aged >10 ye ...	2014	25178556
the growth response of ostrich (struthio camelus var. domesticus) chicks fed on diets with three different dietary protein and amino acid concentrations.	1. feeding costs are the largest expense in an ostrich production system, and protein is one of the more expensive components of the diet. this study evaluated the growth response of ostrich chicks on diets containing different concentrations of protein (amino acids). the diets were formulated to contain three concentrations of protein (one diet with 20% less protein than the conventional concentration, l; one diet with the conventional concentration of protein, m and one diet with 20% more prot ...	2014	25132424
molecular cloning, characterization and tissue distribution of two ostrich β-defensins: avbd2 and avbd7.	avian β-defensins (avbds) are a family of small antimicrobial peptides that play important roles in the innate immunity of birds. herein, we report on two new ostrich avbd genes, avbd2 and avbd7, which were isolated from the bone marrow of ostriches (struthio camelus). the coding regions of ostrich avbd2 and avbd7 comprised 195 bp and 201bp, which encoded 64 and 66 amino acids, respectively. homology analysis showed that ostrich avbd2 had the highest similarity (up to 86%) with the swan goose (a ...	2014	25127671
the staurotypus turtles and aves share the same origin of sex chromosomes but evolved different types of heterogametic sex determination.	reptiles have a wide diversity of sex-determining mechanisms and types of sex chromosomes. turtles exhibit temperature-dependent sex determination and genotypic sex determination, with male heterogametic (xx/xy) and female heterogametic (zz/zw) sex chromosomes. identification of sex chromosomes in many turtle species and their comparative genomic analysis are of great significance to understand the evolutionary processes of sex determination and sex chromosome differentiation in testudines. the ...	2014	25121779
characterization and phylogenetic analysis of a highly pathogenic avian influenza h5n1 virus isolated from diseased ostriches (struthio camelus) in the kingdom of saudi arabia.	during 2007, two outbreaks of avian influenza virus (aiv) in backyard and commercial ostrich flocks were first reported in the kingdom of saudi arabia (ksa). the infected ostriches suffered from depression, anorexia, and diarrhea and some exhibited sudden death. a rapid aiv-group antigen detection and real-time reverse-transcription pcr (rtrt-pcr) were initially performed on cloacal and tracheal swabs collected from diseased birds. pools from positive-tested swabs for each flock were utilized fo ...	2014	25055639
morphological studies on the harderian gland in the ostrich (struthio camelus domesticus) on the embryonic and post-natal period.	the present investigation was performed on 50 ostriches from 28th day of incubation until the 7th month of life. the morphological (morphometric, histological, histometric and histochemical) studies were conducted. tissue sections were stained with haematoxylin-eosin, methyl green-pyronin y, periodic acid-schiff, alcian blue ph 2.5, aldehyde fuchsin and hale's dialyzed iron studies. the harderian gland becomes macroscopically visible on the 28th day of incubation. it is situated in the ventronas ...	2015	24995381
development of loop-mediated isothermal amplification (lamp) assay for rapid and sensitive identification of ostrich meat.	animal species identification is one of the primary duties of official food control. since ostrich meat is difficult to be differentiated macroscopically from beef, therefore new analytical methods are needed. to enforce labeling regulations for the authentication of ostrich meat, it might be of importance to develop and evaluate a rapid and reliable assay. in the present study, a loop-mediated isothermal amplification (lamp) assay based on the cytochrome b gene of the mitochondrial dna of the s ...	2014	24963709
reference genes for quantitative gene expression studies in multiple avian species.	quantitative real-time pcr (qpcr) rapidly and reliably quantifies gene expression levels across different experimental conditions. selection of suitable reference genes is essential for meaningful normalization and thus correct interpretation of data. in recent years, an increasing number of avian species other than the chicken has been investigated molecularly, highlighting the need for an experimentally validated pan-avian primer set for reference genes. here we report testing a set for 14 can ...	2014	24926893
harderian gland in canadian ostrich (struthio camelus): a morphological and histochemical study.	heads of ten healthy adult ostrich obtained from slaughter house were the constituted materials of the study. the harderian gland (hg) was dissected out, and all of the gross morphometrical parameters including length, width and thickness as well as weight of left and right glands were recorded. tissue sections were stained, using haematoxylin and eosin, masson trichrome, periodic acid-schiff and alcian blue (ph 2.5) techniques. in ostrich, hg was an orbital organ located ventromedially around t ...	2015	24895087
systematization, description, and territory of the caudal cerebral artery in surface of the brain of the ostrich (struthio camelus).	brain specimens from 30 ostriches were injected with red-dyed latex via the internal carotid arteries, and the caudal cerebral arteries and their branches were systematically described. on the right side, the caudal cerebral artery was double-, triple-, quadruple-, and single-branched in 73.5%, 23.3%, 3.3%, and 3.3% of cases, respectively; on the left side, it was double-, triple-, quadruple-, and single-branched in 76.7%, 20%, 3.3%, and 3.3% of cases, respectively. the dorsal tectal mesencephal ...	2014	24890607
effects of pretransport handling stress on physiological and behavioral response of ostriches.	ostrich (struthio camelus) production is a relatively young industry and there has been little research on ostrich welfare during pretransport handling and the transportation process. a heavy body with a high center of gravity makes ostriches' handling and transportation problems different from other livestock. the main objective of this study was to investigate the effects of the pretransport holding time duration on ostrich behavior and physiological responses. a second objective was to identi ...	2014	24795306
comparative distribution and arrangement of herbst corpuscles in the oropharynx of the ostrich (struthio camelus) and emu (dromaius novaehollandiae).	herbst corpuscles are widely distributed throughout the oropharynx of the ostrich and emu in contrast to the general situation in birds. knowledge of the comparative distribution of herbst corpuscles in the oropharynx of these two commercially important ratite species may assist in a better understanding of their feeding habits. tissue sections representing all parts of the oropharynx of five ostrich and five emu heads collected after slaughter were prepared for light microscopy, the herbst corp ...	2014	24782341
embryonic development in the ostrich (struthio camelus) during the first 7 days of artificial incubation.	1. early development of ostrich embryos was investigated in relation to time of egg collection and genotype. 2. a total of 321 ostrich eggs were collected during the 2008 and 2009 breeding seasons and the development of the embryo for up to the first 168 h of incubation was described and analysed. a sample of the incubated eggs was weighed and opened daily to investigate developmental changes. 3. in fresh eggs, the blastoderm contained a round, translucent dark area pellucida (ap) in the centre, ...	2014	24735472
a repeated-measures analysis of the effects of soft tissues on wrist range of motion in the extant phylogenetic bracket of dinosaurs: implications for the functional origins of an automatic wrist folding mechanism in crocodilia.	a recent study hypothesized that avian-like wrist folding in quadrupedal dinosaurs could have aided their distinctive style of locomotion with semi-pronated and therefore medially facing palms. however, soft tissues that automatically guide avian wrist folding rarely fossilize, and automatic wrist folding of unknown function in extant crocodilians has not been used to test this hypothesis. therefore, an investigation of the relative contributions of soft tissues to wrist range of motion (rom) in ...	2014	24664936
mycobacteriosis in ostriches (struthio camelus) due to infection with mycobacterium bovis and mycobacterium avium complex.	avian tuberculosis rarely affects ratites compared to other bird species and is typically caused by mycobacterium avium species. this study describes the pathological and microbiological findings in three adult ostriches with mycobacteriosis, in one of which mycobacterium bovis was isolated from the lesions. post mortem examinations on ostriches from two different zoological collections in ireland revealed multifocal caseous granulomas affecting the spleen and liver in all cases, with additional ...	2013	24597127
characterization of avian poxvirus in anna's hummingbird (calypte anna) in california, usa.	avian poxvirus (genus avipoxvirus, family poxviridae) is an enveloped double-stranded dna virus that may be transmitted to birds by arthropod vectors or mucosal membrane contact with infectious particles. we characterized the infection in anna's hummingbird (calypte anna; n = 5 birds, n = 9 lesions) by conducting diagnostic tests on skin lesions that were visually similar to avian poxvirus lesions in other bird species. skin lesions were single or multiple, dry and firm, pink to yellow, with sca ...	2013	24502725
lipid and protein stability and sensory evaluation of ostrich (struthio camelus) droëwors with the addition of rooibos tea extract (aspalathus linearis) as a natural antioxidant.	the effect of rooibos tea extract (rbte 0%, 0.25%, 0.50%, 1.00%) as a natural antioxidant on the lipid and protein stability of ostrich droëwors (traditional south african dried sausage) after a 15 day drying period was investigated. the lipid stability of the droëwors increased with 0.25% rbte having lower tbars. the protein stability of the droëwors did not differ (p≥0.05) between treatments. the heme-iron content did not differ (p≥0.05) between the treatments and increased from day 0 to day 1 ...	2014	24334052
occurrence of antibodies to toxoplasma gondii in rheas (rhea americana) and ostriches (struthio camelus) from farms of different brazilian regions.	this study aimed to verify the occurrence of antibodies against toxoplasma gondii in rheas (rhea americana) and ostriches (struthio camelus) commercially breeding in brazil. blood samples from 20 rheas and 46 ostriches (young and adults) were serologically tested using a technique known as modified agglutination test (mat) at an initial titration of 1:16 for ostriches and 1:25 for rheas. antibodies against t. gondii were found in 50% (10/20) of the rheas, with titers ranging from 1:25 to 1:6,400 ...	2013	24142180
sex-related differences of morphometric, densitometric, and geometric parameters of tibia and tarsometatarsal bone in 14-month-old ostriches (struthio camelus).	the aim of the current study was to investigate basic morphometric, geometric, and densitometric parameters of tibia and tarsometatarsus in 14-mo-old male and female ostriches, and interrelationships between these parameters. the study was conducted on 20 tibiae and 20 tarsometatarsal bones of the left pelvic limb derived from 20 healthy 14-mo-old ostriches (struthio camelus): 10 males and 10 females. the following parameters were determined using peripheral quantitative computed tomography: bon ...	2013	24135601
morphological development of testes in ostrich (struthio camelus) embryo.	although the histological structure of ostrich testis has been studied, very little information is currently available on the embryonic development of this organ. the aim of this study was to determine the sequence of the histological changes in diverse components of the testis in ostrich embryo from embryonic day (e) 20 to e42. the main findings were categorized into four histological features, i.e., development of sex cords, interstitial tissue and rete ducts, and the appearance of defective s ...	2014	24127229
inter-vertebral flexibility of the ostrich neck: implications for estimating sauropod neck flexibility.	the flexibility and posture of the neck in sauropod dinosaurs has long been contentious. improved constraints on sauropod neck function will have major implications for what we know of their foraging strategies, ecology and overall biology. several hypotheses have been proposed, based primarily on osteological data, suggesting different degrees of neck flexibility. this study attempts to assess the effects of reconstructed soft tissues on sauropod neck flexibility through systematic removal of m ...	2013	23967284
an immunohistochemical study of somatostatin in the stomach and the small intestine of the african ostrich (struthio camelus).	the aim of the present study was to clarify the distribution and relative frequencies of somatostatin (sst)-producing cells in the stomach and the small intestine of the ostrich by using immunohistochemistry. the results indicated that somatostatin-immunoreactive (sst-ir) cells were distributed in mucosal layers of the proventriculus, duodenum, jejunum and ileum. however, no immunoreactivity was observed in the gizzard. sst-ir cells were found at the lower part of glandular lobule in the provent ...	2013	23928218
expression of somatostatin and cdna cloning in the thymus of the african ostrich.	the thymus in addition to being a central lymphoid organ is also an endocrine organ which produces various neuropeptides that influence the function of this gland. somatostatin is a neuropeptide that was isolated initially in the hypothalamus and which inhibits the release of growth hormone. the distribution of somatostatin-producing cells and the sequence of somatostatin have been determined in many species. in the present study, we investigated the expression of somatostatin in the thymus of t ...	2014	23915476
an immunohistochemical study of the presence and distribution of neuronal and glial markers in simple testicular cysts in the ostrich (struthio camelus).	simple testicular cysts are rare in birds and mammals. however, the condition has recently been reported in the ostrich (struthio camelus), an economically important farmed bird. the innervation of normal and cryptorchid testes, unlike the simple testicular cysts of birds and mammals, has received considerable attention. this study, therefore, immunohistochemically demonstrates the presence and the general distribution pattern of neuronal and glial markers in the simple intratesticular cyst, and ...	2013	23898577
rapid separation and characterisation of triacylglycerols in ostrich oil by ultra performance liquid chromatography coupled with quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry.	the triacylglycerol (tag) composition of ostrich oil (struthio camelus) was determined by non-aqueous reversed-phase ultra-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. using a column with 150 mm in length, the tags were separated efficiently with acetonitrile/2-propanol gradient at flow rate of 0.2 ml/min for 20 min. detection is performed by positive apci mass spectrometry, accurate mass measurements (<3 ppm) and definite elemental composition for molecular ions and fragment ions were o ...	2013	23870933
[structural organization of anterior corneal epithelium of the african ostrich eye].	this investigation was aimed at the histological study of anterior corneal epithelium (ace) of adult male ostrich struthio camelus linnaeus, 1758 (struthioniformes). the total thickness of ace was equal to 48.5+/-1.1 microm. the geometry of epithelial cells was investigated. the basal cells had columnar shape; their average height was equal to 21.4+/-1.8 microm, average width - to 5.94+/-0,45 microm, configuration index was 3.84+/-0,50. the intermediate cells were predominantly ellipsoidal in sh ...	2013	23805612
molecular evaluation of a new highly sensitive aryl hydrocarbon receptor in ostriches.	a 1,000-fold difference has been reported in dioxin sensitivity between avian species. this difference is because the 2 amino acids in the type 1 aryl hydrocarbon receptor (ahr1), at positions 325 and 381, correspond to leu324 and ser380 in chickens. the chicken had been reported to be the only avian species to possess a sensitive form of ahr1. this is the first study to reveal that the ostrich (struthio camelus), a nonchicken species, also has a pair of amino acids (ile-325 and ser-381) that sh ...	2013	23776281
de novo sequence analysis of cytochrome p450 1-3 genes expressed in ostrich liver with highest expression of cyp2g19.	the cytochrome p450 (cyp) 1-3 families are involved in xenobiotic metabolism, and are expressed primarily in the liver. ostriches (struthio camelus) are members of palaeognathae with the earliest divergence from other bird lineages. an understanding of genes coding for ostrich xenobiotic metabolizing enzyme contributes to knowledge regarding the xenobiotic metabolisms of other palaeognathae birds. we investigated cyp1-3 genes expressed in female ostrich liver using a next-generation sequencer. w ...	2013	23732888
serological investigation of highly pathogenic avian influenza h5n2 in ostriches (struthio camelus).	an ostrich farm of 929 birds that tested polymerase chain reaction-positive for highly pathogenic avian influenza h5n2 in a single sample was designated for culling, despite no evidence of sero-conversion as assessed by haemagglutination inhibition (hi) tests. a month later and immediately prior to culling, all birds were bled and tested with an idexx avian influenza virus (aiv) nucleoprotein (np)-specific enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) and a high sero-prevalence was detected. to addr ...	2013	23607480
the effect of feeding rations with different ratios of concentrate to alfalfa hay on blood hematological and biochemical parameters of farmed ostriches (struthio camelus).	a two-month trial was conducted to investigate the effects of pelleting rations with 70:30, 65:35, and 60:40 concentrate to high-quality roughage (alfalfa hay) ratios on hematological and biochemical parameters of ostriches. a total of 18 seven-month-old male ostrich chicks, initially weighing an average of 60-70 kg, were distributed into three different outdoor paddocks at a stocking density of six birds per paddock. in the morning, blood collection was made from the wing vein after about 12 h ...	2013	23575919
microanatomical study of testis in juvenile ostrich (struthio camelus).	the majority of investigations on the testis, as the main organ of male reproductive system, have been performed in mammalian species, with few studies on bird species. thus, the structure of the ostrich testis remains largely unknown. the aim of this study was to investigate the microanatomical characteristics of the testis in five juvenile ostriches. a stereological study was performed according to the delesse principle. the mean volume fraction of the seminiferous tubules was 0.569, and the m ...	2013	23558799
gastrointestinal parasites in greater rheas (rhea americana) and lesser rheas (rhea pennata) from argentina.	few data exist on the parasites of ratites, especially from regions within their natural range. it is only recently that extensive studies on the parasites of ostriches (struthio camelus) have been published, mainly from european countries where commercial farming has expanded. two species of ratites are native in south america: the lesser rhea also known as darwin's rhea (rhea pennata) and the greater rhea (rhea americana). both species are considered near threatened by the iucn and are include ...	2012	23305970
growth curves for ostriches (struthio camelus) in a brazilian population.	the objective of this study was to fit growth curves using nonlinear and linear functions to describe the growth of ostriches in a brazilian population. the data set consisted of 112 animals with bw measurements from hatching to 383 d of age. two nonlinear growth functions (gompertz and logistic) and a third-order polynomial function were applied. the parameters for the models were estimated using the least-squares method and gauss-newton algorithm. the goodness-of-fit of the models was assessed ...	2013	23243259
mechanical and energetic scaling relationships of running gait through ontogeny in the ostrich (struthio camelus).	it is unclear whether small animals, with their high stride frequency and crouched posture, or large animals, with more tendinous limbs, are more reliant on storage and return of elastic energy during locomotion. the ostrich has a limb structure that appears to be adapted for high-speed running with long tendons and short muscle fibres. here we investigate biomechanics of ostrich gait through growth and, with consideration of anatomical data, identify scaling relationships with increasing body s ...	2013	23155079
prevalence and molecular characterization of cryptosporidium in ostriches (struthio camelus) on a farm in central vietnam.	this study was performed to determine the prevalence and molecular characterization of cryptosporidium in ostriches on a farm in khanh hoa province, central vietnam. a total of 464 ostrich fecal samples were examined cryptosporidium oocysts using the modified ziehl-neelsen staining method, and 110 (overall prevalence 23.7%) were identified as positive by microscopy. prevalence of cryptosporidium in animals of <45 days, 45-60 days, 61-90 days, 91 days-12 months and >12 months was 23.5% (16/68), 3 ...	2013	23142549
characterisation of tetra-nucleotide microsatellite loci in the ostrich (struthio camelus).	1. eleven polymorphic tetra-nucleotide microsatellite loci were identified in the ostrich (struthio camelus) using a selective enrichment protocol. 2. the average number of alleles observed was 6·6 with an average heterozygosity of 0·4. 3. the population was found to be in hardy-weinberg equilibrium and two of the loci had a greater than 95% probability of having null alleles. 4. these microsatellite loci will add to the existing pool of markers available for the ostrich and help to facilitate a ...	2012	23130580
pancreatic atrophy due to zinc toxicosis in two african ostriches (struthio camelus).	two of three captive adult african ostriches exhibited inappetance and weakness. in spite of treatment, the two birds were euthanized because of lack of clinical improvement. postmortem examination demonstrated exocrine pancreatic degeneration, necrosis, and atrophy. grossly, one ostrich had a markedly diminished pancreatic mass. histologically, there was massive pancreatic acinar (exocrine) atrophy, marked interstitial fibrosis, and tubular complex formation in one animal, and the second ostric ...	2011	22946410
evidence of a true pharyngeal tonsil in birds: a novel lymphoid organ in dromaius novaehollandiae and struthio camelus (palaeognathae).		2012	22909013
prosopis farcta beans increase hdl cholesterol and decrease ldl cholesterol in ostriches (struthio camelus).	ten blue-neck male ostriches (struthio camelus) were fed prosopis farcta beans throughout a 30-day experiment. blood samples were collected from ostriches on days 0 and 30 to measure levels of high-density lipoprotein (hdl) cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein (ldl) cholesterol, triglyceride, total serum protein, albumin, globulin, cholesterol, calcium, inorganic phosphorus, the activity of aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, and γ-glutamyl transferase (γ-gt). from days 0 to 30 ...	2013	22843283
follicular ovarian torsion in an ostrich (struthio camelus).		2012	22838960
distribution and morphology of ghrelin-immunopositive cells in the cerebellum of the african ostrich.	ghrelin, the endogenous ligand for the growth hormone secretagogue receptor, has been found in the cerebellum of many vertebrates and in the gastrointestinal tract of african ostrich chicks, but little is known about its distribution in the cerebellum of the african ostrich. in the present study, the distribution and morphological characteristics of ghrelin-producing cells in the cerebellum of the african ostrich were investigated using immunohistochemistry. the results indicate that the cerebel ...	2012	22795873
determination of reference values for intraocular pressure and schirmer tear test in clinically normal ostriches (struthio camelus).	the purpose of this study was to establish normal physiologic reference values for intraocular pressure (iop) and schirmer tear test (stt) results in clinically normal ostriches (struthio camelus). twenty ostriches of both sexes, 10 juveniles (1.5-2 yr of age) and 10 adults, were included in this study. complete ophthalmic examination was performed prior to this investigation. stt was performed by inserting a standard sterile stt strip over the ventral lid margin into the ventral conjunctival sa ...	2012	22779224
what prevents struthio camelus and dromaius novaehollandiae (palaeognathae) from choking? a novel anatomical mechanism in ratites, the linguo-laryngeal apparatus.	the avian glottis channels air from the oropharynx to the trachea and is situated on an elevated structure, the laryngeal mound. it is imperative that the glottis be protected and closed during swallowing, which in mammals is achieved by covering the glottis with the epiglottis, as well as by adduction of the arytenoid cartilages. an epiglottis, however, is reportedly absent in birds. ratites such as struthio camelus and dromaius novaehollandiae possess a very wide glottis in comparison to other ...	2012	22650266
a test of the validity of range of motion studies of fossil archosaur elbow mobility using repeated-measures analysis and the extant phylogenetic bracket.	recent studies have presented range of motion (rom) data in degrees for dinosaur forelimb joints, usually via physical manipulation of one individual. using these data, researchers have inferred limb orientations, postures, gaits, ecological functions and even phylogenetic trends within clades. however, important areas of concern remain unaddressed; for example, how does rom at a forelimb joint change after soft tissues are lost in archosaurs? and are fossil rom methodologies amenable to reprodu ...	2012	22623191
retention of solutes and different-sized particles in the digestive tract of the ostrich (struthio camelus massaicus), and a comparison with mammals and reptiles.	ostriches (struthio camelus) achieve digesta retention times, digesta particle size reduction and digestibilities equal to similar-sized herbivorous mammals, in contrast to some other avian herbivores. the sequence of digestive processes in their gastrointestinal tract, however, is still unexplored. using two groups of four ostriches (mean body mass 75.1 ± 17.3 kg) kept on fresh alfalfa, we tested the effect of two intake levels (17 and 42 g dry matter kg(-0.75)d(-1)) on the mean retention time ...	2012	22609929
the composition of egg yolk absorbed by fasted ostrich (struthio camelus l.) chicks from 1 to 7 days posthatching and for ostrich (struthio camelus l.) chicks from 1 to 16 days posthatching on a prestarter broiler diet.	this study was performed to obtain information on yolk utilization in fasted and fed ostrich chicks posthatching. the fasted trial lasted for 7 d, whereas the fed trial continued for 16 d. fasted ostrich chicks showed a decrease of 31.3 g of bw, with yolk weight decreasing by 28.9 g daily after hatching. yolk weight comprised 28% of 1-d-old ostrich chick bw and decreased to 12% at 7 d of age. only 44.4% of the fasted ostrich chick yolk was assimilated over the trial period. crude protein content ...	2012	22582291
a search for genetic markers associated with egg production in the ostrich (struthio camelus).	the aim of the current study was to search for genetic markers, microsatellite loci associated with laying performance in ostriches. the material consisted of two groups of ostrich hens characterized by high or low laying performance (over 75 and less than 25 eggs per season, respectively). the investigation covered 30 microsatellite loci characteristic for the ostrich (the cau group) and led to identification of significant differences in allele and genotype frequencies between the two groups o ...	2012	22544574
analysis of immunoglobulin transcripts in the ostrich struthio camelus, a primitive avian species.	previous studies on the immunoglobulin (ig) genes in avian species are limited (mainly to galliformes and anseriformes) but have revealed several interesting features, including the absence of the igd and igκ encoding genes, inversion of the iga encoding gene and the use of gene conversion as the primary mechanism to generate an antibody repertoire. to better understand the ig genes and their evolutionary development in birds, we analyzed the ig genes in the ostrich (struthio camelus), which is ...	2012	22479606
the ostrich (struthio camelus) ejaculate--effects of the method of collection, male age, month of the season, and daily frequency.	1. over three breeding seasons on a farm in poland, semen was collected from 11 ostriches using the dummy and the teaser method to study the effects of the method of collection, male age, month in the breeding season, and daily collection frequency on ejaculate characteristics. 2. a total of 259 ejaculates were collected, with an average volume of 1·28 ± 0·6 (±sem) ml. sperm concentration was 3·34 ± 0·08 × 10(9)/ml, the total number of spermatozoa 4·32 ± 0·22 × 10(9), and motility 4·56 ± 0·04. 3 ...	2012	22404814
macro-microscopic study on the toepad of ostrich (struthio camelus).	the ostrich foot has four toepads, two on the 3rd digit, one on the 4th digit and one at metatarso-phalangeal joint. previous studies have not detailed the histo-morphological structure of these toepads. in this study, we have described the macroscopic and microscopic structures of the toepad of ostrich (struthio camelus). numerous papillae with different direction, length and thickness have been observed grossly on the ventral surface of each toepad. histological examinations have revealed that ...	2012	22382528
computational modelling of locomotor muscle moment arms in the basal dinosaur lesothosaurus diagnosticus: assessing convergence between birds and basal ornithischians.	ornithischia (the 'bird-hipped' dinosaurs) encompasses bipedal, facultative quadrupedal and quadrupedal taxa. primitive ornithischians were small bipeds, but large body size and obligate quadrupedality evolved independently in all major ornithischian lineages. numerous pelvic and hind limb features distinguish ornithischians from the majority of other non-avian dinosaurs. however, some of these features, notably a retroverted pubis and elongate iliac preacetabular process, appeared convergently ...	2012	22211275
The ostrich middle ear for developing an ideal ossicular replacement prosthesis.	The aim of the study was to investigate the validity of the avian middle ear model for researching the tympanoplasty mechanics. We studied the morphological details, acoustic transmission and quasi-static behavior of the ostrich tympano-ossicular system. The stained specimens of the ostrich middle ear were examined under a light microscope. The sound transfer function and quasi-static performance of the ostrich middle ear were evaluated using laser Doppler vibrometry. The application of pressure ...	2012	22210477
First description of group A rotavirus from fecal samples of ostriches (Struthio camelus).	This study investigated the occurrence of rotavirus infections in ostriches (Struthio camelus) reared in Northern Paraná, Brazil. Fecal (n=66) and serum (n=182) samples from nine farms located in four different cities were analyzed by silver stained-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (ss-PAGE), RT-PCR assay, virus isolation, and counterimmunoelectroosmophoresis (CIE). Rotavirus group A seropositivity occurred in 5.49% (10/182) of serum samples of ostriches originated from two farms. Only 9.09% ( ...	2011	22209018
database independent proteomics analysis of the ostrich and human proteome.	mass spectrometry (ms)-based proteome analysis relies heavily on the presence of complete protein databases. such a strategy is extremely powerful, albeit not adequate in the analysis of unpredicted postgenome events, such as posttranslational modifications, which exponentially increase the search space. therefore, it is of interest to explore "database-free" approaches. here, we sampled the ostrich and human proteomes with a method facilitating de novo sequencing, utilizing the protease lys-n i ...	2011	22198768
Laying, egg and hatchability characteristics in ostrich (Struthio camelus) at different age.	The experimental material comprised 7 ostrich families (7 males and 14 females) of which five families were at the age of 7 and two at the age of 5 years. In the course of the entire reproductive season, the following parameters were analysed: length of the laying period, mean laying rate, number of eggs laid by one female, proportion ofhatching eggs, egg weight and shape, egg weight lost during incubation, egg fertilisation, percentage of dead embryos and unhatched chicks, hatchability from fer ...	2011	22195471
Pre-hatch lung development in the ostrich.	We studied development of the ostrich lung using light microscopy as well as electron microscopy techniques. At E24, the lung comprised a few epithelial tubes, interspersed with abundant mesenchyme with scattered profiles of incipient blood vessels. Between E24 and E39, the epithelial thickness was reduced by 90% from 13.5±0.41µm to 1.33±0.014µm (mean±SD, respectively). Atria were evident at E32, and by E35, the first portions of the blood-gas barrier (BGB) measuring 3.41±1.12µm were encountered ...	2011	22138612
nicotiana glauca poisoning in ostriches (struthio camelus).	putative nicotiana glauca (wild tobacco) poisoning was diagnosed in a flock of ostriches near oudtshoorn, south africa. post mortem examinations (n = 7) were performed on ostriches (struthio camelus) that had died. suspicious leaf remnants (weighing 80-770 g), packed in a layer on top of other plant material, were carefully separated from the proventricular content and submitted for chemical determination of anabasine, the major toxic principle contained by this plant. a standard solid phase ext ...	2011	22135925
Situation of Serum Antibodies against Newcastle Disease Virus in Slaughter-Age Ostriches after Vaccination Campaign in Japan.	A total of 516 slaughter-age ostrich sera were collected in Japan during 2006-2009. Sixty-one of five hundred and sixteen were positive by virus neutralization (VN) test and the titer of most positive samples was low level. Within the 61 positive sera, 35 sera were collected from unvaccinated ostriches. This result implies that these ostriches might have been infected naturally with low-virulent Newcastle disease virus (NDV). Within the 455 negative samples, 125 samples were from vaccinated ostr ...	2011	22075709
Ostrich - A new avian host of Riemerella columbina.		2012	22074857
influence of oxygen exclusion and temperature on pathogenic bacteria levels and sensory characteristics of packed ostrich steaks throughout refrigerated storage.	ostrich steaks (290) were obtained from iliofibularis muscles. for microbiological and ph determinations, samples were inoculated with listeria monocytogenes nctc 11994 (80 steaks) or escherichia coli atcc 12806 (80), then air- or vacuum-packed and stored at either 4±1°c or 10±1°c. analyses were carried out on days 0, 3, 6 and 9 of storage. for sensory evaluation, samples (130) were air- or vacuum-packed and stored at 4±1°c or at 10±1°c. sensory attributes (odour, colour, drip loss, texture and ...	2007	22064287
dynamic viscoelastic characterisation of ostrich-meat yor (thai sausage) following pressure, temperature and holding time regimes.	ostrich-meat yor (thai sausage) was pressurized at 200, 400 and 600mpa, with 40 and 50°c for 40 or 60min, subsequently, the products were assessed by stress control rheometry. two types of viscoelastic measurement were made. the first was an oscillatory analysis performed at a frequency range of 0.01-10hz using a stress of 30pa. secondly, creep and recovery testing was performed with an initial load of 30pa for 300s, unloaded recovery 900s. finally, the products were subjected to sensory evaluat ...	2009	22064278
physical meat quality characteristics of hot-deboned ostrich (struthio camelus var. domesticus) muscularis gastrocnemius, pars interna during post-mortem aging.	there is a risk of shortening and toughening with hot-deboning of muscles. however, with refrigerated aging this phenomenon may be negated. vacuum-packed hot and cold-deboned ostrich muscularis gastrocnemius, pars interna were stored for 21 d at 4°c to investigate the effects of hot-deboning on quality characteristics of ostrich meat during refrigerated storage. muscle ph did not differ (p>0.05) between hot and cold-deboned muscles during storage. hot-deboning caused (p<0.0001) more purge in the ...	2007	22064036
lipolysis, proteolysis, physicochemical and sensory characteristics of different types of spanish ostrich salchichon.	the objective of this study was to compare three different types of salchichon: made of ostrich meat, made of ostrich meat and lean pork, and made of ostrich meat and pork belly, from physicochemical and sensory viewpoints. to evaluate the intensity of lipolysis and proteolysis produced during the ripening process, the profile and content of free fatty acids, the degree of rancidity, the non-protein, water-soluble and aminoacidic nitrogen content were determined. in addition, the composition of ...	2007	22064031
muscle ph and temperature changes in hot- and cold-deboned ostrich (struthio camelus var. domesticus) muscularis gastrocnemius, pars interna and muscularis iliofibularis during the first 23h post-mortem.	cold-shortening is the response when muscles are exposed to temperatures below 10°c with a ph>6.20. the course of ph within hot-deboned and intact ostrich m. gastrocnemius, pars interna and m. iliofibularis were followed for the first 23-24h post-mortem to investigate the changes in ph as well as to determine the point of minimum ph for ostrich muscles post-mortem. the hot-deboned muscles took longer to reach the point of minimum ph than the intact muscles. there was no significant (p=0.4508) di ...	2007	22063668
stunning and slaughter of ostriches.	a study of the commercial stunning and slaughter of 783 ostriches in a republic of south african abattoir revealed that a simple ostrich handling system, combined with a leg clamp applied during stunning current flow and operated by experienced ostrich slaughtermen, resulted in a humane, efficient slaughter process. it was estimated that an electrical stunning current in excess of 400 milliamps at 50 hz ac, applied to the head only, would prevent recovery in more than 90% of the ostriches, when ...	2002	22063642
quality characteristics of low fat ostrich meat patties formulated with either pork lard or modified corn starch, soya isolate and water.	a trained taste panel could not distinguish (p>0.05) between ostrich meat patties containing either 10% pork lard or 10% of a modified starch/protein isolate (fat replacer) mixture. the panel could distinguish between the types of ostrich muscle/meat cuts used with a significant (p<0.05) number preferring ostrich patties made from meat containing a higher collagen content (±3% vs <1%). the chemical analysis of the patties showed that within the meat classes (class fillet-de-membraned, class a-ve ...	2003	22063450
the effect of dietary fish oil rich in n-3 fatty acids on the organoleptic, fatty acid and physicochemical characteristics of ostrich meat.	the effect of different levels of unrefined fish oil in the diet on ostrich musculus iliofibularis was evaluated in a completely randomised experimental design, where a supplementary energy rich feed, containing 6.7% fish oil, was fed at four different levels over a 7-month period. an increase in the amount of fish oil consumed was found to have had no significant effect on the sensory characteristics of ostrich meat, although there was a tendency towards an increase in fishiness, for both aroma ...	2005	22063279
the yield and nutritional value of meat from african ungulates, camelidae, rodents, ratites and reptiles.	the current knowledge of the yield and nutritional (proximate and fatty acid) composition of meat derived from african ungulates, camelidae, rodents, ratites and reptiles is reviewed. although most of the species discussed give low cholesterol levels consistent with their low meat lipid contents, the tegu lizard gives a very low level (18.2mg/100g tissue). the fatty acid profiles of the various species all have low saturated fatty acids and high polyunsaturated fatty acids resulting in favourabl ...	2008	22063174
the effect of feed withdrawal during lairage on meat quality characteristics in ostriches.	commercially reared ostriches (n=84) were randomly allocated to one of two groups. the first group (stressed: n=38) was deprived of food for a period of 2.5 days prior to slaughter, to simulate the stress experienced by slaughter ostriches held in holding pens (lairage) at a commercial ostrich abattoir over a weekend. the second group (control: n=46) was fed normally until 24 h prior to slaughter. initial live weight as well as hot and cold drumstick weight were independent (p>0.05) of treatment ...	2005	22063142
the effect of night transportation on the heart rate and skin temperature of ostriches during real transportation.	literature has identified a number of stressors that have negative impacts on the welfare of ostriches during transportation. in order to maintain or improve the welfare of animals it is important to minimise or eliminate the impact of such stressors. literature suggested that ostrich welfare during transit might be improved by using darkened vehicles. a preliminary study was carried out which measured the response of ostrich heart rate and skin temperature (indicators of stress) to transportati ...	2003	22063116
ostrich meat: physico-chemical characteristics and comparison with turkey and bovine meat.	in several european countries ostrich breeding has now become quite common. in italy this has also given rise to the need for regulations for the slaughtering of ratites. the present work studies and compares the physico-chemical characteristics of the meat from the thigh of the ostrich with the same anatomical cuts of turkey and bovine. the ostrich meat muscle of the thigh was imported vacuum packed from israel and france, the muscles considered were m. flexor cruris and m. iliofibularis. the t ...	1998	22063069
fatty acid profile, cholesterol content and tenderness of ostrich meat as influenced by age at slaughter and muscle type.	ten blue neck ostriches were used to study the effect of age at slaughter (10-11 and 14-15 months) and muscle on fatty acid profile, cholesterol content and texture of meat. fatty acid profile of ostrich meat was significantly affected by age at slaughter (p<0.001) and muscles (p<0.001). different age at slaughter (10-11 vs. 14-15 months) produced an increase of p/s ratio (p<0.001), total saturated (p<0.05) and monounsaturated (p<0.001) fatty acids. the highest percentage of saturated and monoun ...	2003	22063017
prediction of the chemical composition of freeze dried ostrich meat with near infrared reflectance spectroscopy.	near infrared reflectance spectroscopy (nirs) was used to predict the chemical composition of freeze-dried ostrich meat samples. tenderloin (m. ambiens), big drum (m. iliofibularis) and fan fillet (m. gastrocnemius) samples (n=160) were included in the study. samples were minced, freeze-dried and analysed according to standard laboratory procedures for ash, dry matter (dm), crude protein (cp) and fat content. samples were scanned (1100-2500 nm) and partial least-square regression (plsr) was used ...	2005	22062816
physical and sensory meat quality of south african black ostriches (struthio camelus var. domesticus), zimbabwean blue ostriches (struthio camelus australis) and their hybrid.	meat derived from three genotypes of ostrich, resulting from breeding south african black (black) ostriches and zimbabwean blue (blue) ostriches as well as their hybrid, was analysed for physical and sensory quality. ostriches of a commercially standard slaughter age of 14 months, raised under the same environment were used. the ph(24) was the highest in the pure blue genotype and therefore meat from this genotype was the darkest and the percentage drip loss and cooking loss the lowest. when com ...	2008	22062765
optimisation of calcium-dependent protease and cathepsin d assays in ostrich muscle and the effect of chemical and physical dry-curing parameters.	the best conditions for the assay of cathepsin d and ca(2+)-dependent pro tease (cdp) activity in ostrich muscle was established in order to have a simple, rapid and reliable method for its determination. measurements of a(280nm) of tca-soluble peptides and amino acid digests of casein and haemoglobin were used for measuring proteolytic activity in muscle extracts. the best conditions for the reliable determination of cathepsin d activity were found to be the incubation of an enzyme extract for ...	1997	22062742
refrigerated shelf life of vacuum-packaged, previously frozen ostrich meat.	previously frozen ostrich meat was evaluated over 28 days to determine the refrigerated shelf life. intact steaks and ground meat from three ostrich carcasses were vacuum-packaged, frozen to -40°c for 5 days, and stored in a 0°c walk-in cooler. instrumental analysis of cie lab* values indicated that ostrich meat was very dark in color, initially and over time. microbial growth stayed slightly below 1.0 × 10(7) cfu/g for up to 21 days of refrigerated storage. sensorially evaluated color showed ...	1999	22062576
effects of packaging atmospheres on shelf-life quality of ground ostrich meat.	fresh ground ostrich meat was packaged under high oxygen (o2), high nitrogen (n2), vacuum (vac) and ambient air (air) atmospheres, stored at 4±1°c and displayed under 1700±100lux of fluorescent lighting for 9 days. the meat was evaluated for changes in typical shelf-life characteristics consisting of ph, color properties (cie l(), a(), b(*), and total color difference, ?e), oxidative changes (thiobarbituric acid value and hexanal content) and bacterial counts (total viable cell, coliform, lact ...	2006	22062490
effects of temperature, oxygen exclusion, and storage on the microbial loads and ph of packed ostrich steaks.	ostrich steaks (96) were packed (air or vacuum) and stored at 4°c or 10°c. microbiological loads (total viable counts - tvc, psychrotrophic, enterobacteriaceae, lactic acid bacteria - lab, pseudomonas and fluorescent pseudomonas) and ph values were determined at 0, 3, 6 and 9 days. high counts (8.0-10.2 log(10)cfu tvc/g) were observed at day 9, possibly as a consequence of the initial high microbial load (range 4.9-5.4 log(10)cfu tvc/g) and ph (average 6.7). temperature and sampling day signific ...	2006	22062489
quality characteristics of ostrich (struthio camelus) burgers.	quality characteristics and storage stability of three types of burgers prepared with ostrich meat (alone or mixed with pork or beef meat) were evaluated. burger evaluation was based on chemical, microbiological, textural, colour, sensory and oxidation characteristics. all of the assayed formulas showed acceptable general quality scores in the sensory evaluation, but the burgers formulated with 100% ostrich meat or mixing ostrich and beef meat had the highest scores. only tba values and redness ...	2006	22062301
citrus pulp as an ingredient in ostrich diet: effects on meat quality.	the purpose of this trial was to study the effects of citrus pulp inclusion in ostrich diets on meat quality, evaluated on iliofibularis and gastrocnemius muscles. m. iliofibularis had a lower ultimate ph (p<0.05) and was lighter in colour (p<0.05) than m. gastrocnemius. the latter had higher moisture (p<0.05) and lower crude protein contents (p<0.05) as compared to m. iliofibularis. m. gastrocnemius had a lower proportion of c14:0 (p<0.05), c16:0 (p<0.05) and c16:1 (p<0.05) and a higher percent ...	2004	22062236
effect of packaging conditions on shelf-life of ostrich steaks.	this study was conducted to establish the shelf-life of ostrich steaks stored in four different packaging types: (i) air exposure, (ii) vacuum, and two different modified atmospheres packages (iii) map: 80% co(2)+20% n(2,) and (iv) map+co: 30% co(2)+69.8% argon+0.2% co. shelf-life evaluation was based on colour, lipid and hemopigments oxidation, microbial counts and sensory assessment of odour and colour. samples stored under air exposure showed the highest lipid and hemopigments oxidation rate. ...	2008	22062104