Publications

new insights into the phylogeny of entamoeba species provided by analysis of four new small-subunit rrna genes.	sequences of small-subunit rrna genes have been obtained for four new isolates of entamoeba. phylogenetic analyses give new insights into the evolution of these organisms. a novel entamoeba from pigs in vietnam that produces uninucleate cysts proved to be unrelated to other uninucleated cyst-producing species. revival of the name entamoeba suis for this organism is proposed. instead of being related to entamoeba polecki, it shares a recent common ancestor with the non-encysting entamoeba gingiva ...	2006	16957127
biochemical and structural comparative study between bird and mammal pancreatic colipases.	three colipases were purified from pancreas of two birds (ostrich and turkey) and one mammal (dromedary). after acidic and/or heat treatment and precipitation by sulfate ammonium and then ethanol, cofactors were purified by sephadex g-50 gel filtration followed by ion-exchange chromatography first on mono s and then on mono q. one molecular form was obtained from each species with a molecular mass of approximately 10 kda. cofactors were not glycosylated. the n-terminal sequences of the three pur ...	2006	16957180
immunoreactivities to protein gene product 9.5, neurofilament protein and neuron specific enolase in nerves in the oviduct of the sexually immature ostrich, struthio camelus.	the present study investigated the distribution of nerves in the oviduct of the sexually immature ostrich. the presence of protein gene product 9.5, neurofilament protein and neuron specific enolase nerve fibres were demonstrated in the infundibulum, magnum, isthmus, shell gland and vagina. nerve fibres containing protein gene product 9.5, neuron specific enolase and neurofilament protein were particularly numerous in the tunica muscularis and intermuscular connective tissue areas of the shell g ...	2006	16958264
head injury caused by an ostrich: a rare entity.	human injuries caused by animals are not uncommon and have been reported in the literature on many occasions. most of the animals commonly involved are dogs, cats, cows, horses and camels. injuries are usually on the trunk or limbs and sometimes on the face. human injuries caused by an ostrich are rare and only three cases have been reported with severe ocular injury. to our knowledge, this is the first reported case of head injury caused by an ostrich in a child.	2006	16902344
shelf life of ostrich (struthio camelus) liver stored under different packaging conditions.	ostrich (struthio camelus) liver is an important edible meat by-product. however, it has a low commercial value, and it is underutilized. the present study was conducted to establish the shelf life of ostrich liver, stored at 2 +/- 1 degrees c for 18 days, under different packing conditions. fresh livers were sliced and packed under air exposure, vacuum, and modified atmosphere (ma: 80% co2 plus 20% n2). shelf-life evaluation was based on color, lipid and hemopigment oxidation, microbial counts, ...	2006	16924918
struthiopterolichus bicaudatus (gervais) (acari: pterolichidae): a feather mite pest of the ostrich in australia.		2006	16498841
haptoglobin, a hemoglobin-binding plasma protein, is present in bony fish and mammals but not in frog and chicken.	hemoglobin (hb) released from erythrocytes may cause oxidation of lipids and proteins. haptoglobin (hp), which occurs in the plasma of all mammals, binds free hb and inhibits its oxidative activity. it is not known whether this protective protein also exists in lower vertebrates. by analyzing available genomic sequences, we have found that bony fish, but not more primitive animals, have a gene coding for a protein homologous to mammalian hp. furthermore, we show that this protein is present in t ...	2006	16537503
isolation, cloning and sequencing of transferrins from red-eared turtle, african ostrich, and turkey.	transferrins form an important class of iron-binding proteins widely distributed in the physiological fluids of vertebrates and invertebrates. in vertebrates they are present mostly in serum as serotransferrins. in birds and reptiles transferrins are also found in eggs as ovotransferrins. however, until now only chicken and duck ovotransferrin sequences have been published. this paper presents data on the purification, biochemical analysis, cloning and sequencing of ovotransferrins from red-eare ...	2006	16631400
determination of the force necessary for the propagation of tears in ostrich and calf pericardium.	the durability of prosthetic heart valve leaflets made of biological materials is limited. a tear in the biomaterial accelerates their early failure, but microtearing of the collagen fibers may be responsible for their medium-term failure. we studied the force necessary to propagate tearing in two biomaterials: ostrich and calf pericardium. one hundred twenty samples of each tissue were tested in an elmendorf pendulum capable of measuring the force required to tear a tissue in which a predefined ...	2006	16637030
immunoreactivities to protein gene product 9.5, neurofilament protein and neuron specific enolase in the ovary of the sexually immature ostrich (struthio camelus).	the innervation of the ovary has been studied in various species of birds and mammals. despite the fact that the innervation of any organ is an essential factor in controlling its growth and function, no information is available on the distribution of nerve fibers in the ovary of the sexually immature ostrich. thus, the present study was undertaken to investigate the distribution of nerve fibers in the ovary of the sexually immature ostrich, using antibodies against neurofilament protein type m ...	2006	16639498
variance components for live weight, body measurements and reproductive traits of pair-mated ostrich females.	estimates of genetic parameters for reproductive traits, live weight and body measurements were obtained using data from a pair-mated ostrich flock at oudtshoorn in south africa. reproductive traits included total egg and chick production, along with hatchability percentage. live weight, chest circumference and tail circumferences were recorded at the commencement and cessation of breeding. heritability estimates (h(2)) were 0.23 for egg production, 0.20 for chick production, 0.10 for hatchabili ...	2006	16641025
violence, zero tolerance and the subversion of professional practice.	assaults on health care staff have been a fact of life since the earliest years of organised health services, but it is only in recent years that governments have begun to acknowledge the problem. assaults not only inflict physical and emotional injury, but undermine morale, create a climate of fear, and subvert the quality of care. they are also costly in terms of lost labour, compensation, and legal and procedural expenses. the response to violence in health care settings has thus far ranged f ...	2006	16696604
the presence of quill mites (gabucinia bicaudata) and lice (struthiolipeurus struthionis) in ostrich wing feathers.	quill mites (gabucinia bicaudata) and lice (struthiolipeurus struthionis) may infest ostrich feathers, resulting in skin damage, pruritus and excessive feather preening and loss. four different feather types (prime white, femina extra wide, femina class 1, and femina short; n = 10) were collected. the quill mites and lice were removed with fine forceps, studied using a photographic optical microscope and counted microscopically at x 100 magnification following collection by sedimentation. they w ...	2006	16700469
biochemical and mechanical behavior of ostrich pericardium as a new biomaterial.	we have performed a comparative analysis of glutaraldehyde-preserved ostrich pericardium, as a novel biomaterial, with bovine pericardium. the biochemical characteristics (histology, water content, amino acid composition, and collagen and elastin contents), mechanical properties, and in vivo calcification in a subcutaneous rat model were examined. ostrich pericardium is slightly thinner and shows a higher water content (70+/-2% vs. 62+/-2%) than bovine pericardium. additionally, ostrich pericard ...	2006	16701880
female-specific dna sequences in ostriches.	ostrich absence of heteromorphic sex chromosomes, unique sequences or markers located in the ostrich w-chromosome. random amplified polymorphic dna (rapd) fingerprinting was carried out to investigate the sex-specific dna sequence for sexing in ostrich. one hundred and forty random primers were used for random amplified polymorphic dna-polymerase chain reaction (rapd-pcr). one of these primers, opaj-13, produced a sex-specific band only found in tested females, which was isolated and constructed ...	2006	16714099
microbiological profiles, ph, and titratable acidity of chorizo and salchichón (two spanish dry fermented sausages) manufactured with ostrich, deer, or pork meat.	microbial counts, ph, and titratable acidity were determined in 102 spanish dry fermented sausages (chorizo and salchichón) made with ostrich, deer, or pork meat. average microbial counts (log cfu per gram) varied from 5.46 +/- 0.24 to 8.25 +/- 0.80 (total viable counts), from 4.79 +/- 0.36 to 7.99 +/- 0.20 (psychrotrophs), from 0.00 +/- 0.00 to 0.99 +/- 1.10 (undetectable values were assumed to be zero) (enterobacteriaceae), from 0.00 +/- 0.00 to 4.27 +/- 1.47 (enterococci), from 5.15 +/- 1.15 ...	2006	16715825
morphological and histological study of the ostrich (struthio camelus l.) liver and biliary system.	the peculiarity of the digestive system of the ostrich (struthio camelus l.), which is characterized by the continuous production of bile, led us to undertake macroscopical and histological studies of the liver and its biliary system, since very little bibliographic data exist on the subject. for this purpose we observed the organs of male and female ostriches 16-18 months of age, in situ, in order to describe their location, relationships and morphology. samples of the liver were processed for ...	2006	16736712
sensitive innervation of the copulatory organ in struthio camelus: comparison to the corresponding district in female proctodeum.	the aa. have studied the nerve component of male copulatory organ and ventral part of female proctodeum in the ostrich. this paper represents the concluding part of the plan of research that aimed to verify some data and hypothesis referred in previous observations. the innervation of the considered districts was always constituted by autonomic and sensitive somatic nerve components. the autonomic innervation was represented by isolated and grouped ganglion cells located along the course of nerv ...	2006	16736716
serological and virological studies of newcastle disease and avian influenza in slaughter-age ostriches (struthio camelus) in japan.	serum samples from 191 ostriches (struthio camelus) in japan were tested for antibodies to newcastle disease virus (ndv) and avian influenza virus (aiv). twenty-two (12%) contained ndv-specific neutralizing antibodies by a virus-neutralization (vn) test without vaccination. antibodies to aiv were not detected in the any sera by an agar gel precipitation test. seven serum samples that had vaccinated with live ndv by eye drop were all positive by the vn test at 1 month post vaccination. a haemaggl ...	2006	16757893
antibody responses in ostriches (struthio camelus) vaccinated with commercial live and killed newcastle disease vaccines.	three ostriches (struthio camelus) were immunized with commercially available live and killed newcastle disease (nd) vaccines for chickens and the antibody responses to the nd vaccines were evaluated by a virus-neutralization (vn) test. primary vaccination with the live vaccine, b1, by eye drop was followed with two shots of alum-precipitated killed vaccine via subcutaneous injection in the neck. as a final booster, another live vaccine, clone 30, was used by eye drop. a vn antibody titer, more ...	2006	16820723
a morphological and immunohistochemical study of healthy and atretic follicles in the ovary of the sexually immature ostrich (struthio camelus).	the morphology of healthy and atretic follicles in the ovary of the sexually immature ostrich was described in the present study. in addition, the distribution of the intermediate filaments desmin, vimentin and smooth muscle actin, in these ovarian follicles, was demonstrated. healthy and atretic primordial, pre-vitellogenic and vitellogenic follicles were present in the ovaries of the sexually immature ostrich. atresia occurred during all stages of follicular development. atretic primordial and ...	2006	16836590
proliferative response by the ostrich proventriculus in idiopathic gastric stasis: a case report.	in this report, the late clinical, necropsy, and histopathological findings of idiopathic gastric stasis in an ostrich are described, with special attention to the proventriculus. an ostrich with clinical signs of gastric stasis was brought to our clinic in a state of impending death that could not be reversed with emergency medical care. at necropsy, the koilin layer of the gizzard was uneven without ulcerations. the proventriculus was distended with food items without impaction and mucosal les ...	2006	16841759
the morphology of the efferent ducts of the testis of the ostrich, a primitive bird.	the efferent duct of the ostrich consists of two segments, the proximal efferent duct (ped) and the distal efferent duct (ded) that are continuous, as in some other birds. both segments of the duct possess an epithelium comprising non-ciliated and ciliated cells in varying proportions between the two segments. the non-ciliated cell (type i) of the ped contains a well-developed, subapical endocytic apparatus of apical tubules and endocytic vacuoles, a solitary, large, heterogeneous lipid droplet, ...	2006	16850342
[case report: libyostrongylus douglassii-associated proventriculitis in ostriches in germany].	cases of libyostrongylus douglassii-associated proventriculitis in an adult female ostrich and two ostrich chicks occurring on two farms in different federal states of germany are described. the adult bird was recently bought and kept under quarantaine conditions without contact to other animals of the herd. without developing clinical signs of illness, the animal died. at necropsy, typical lesions of wireworm infection were found. the lining of the stomach had a moth-eaten appearance. massive a ...	2006	16856612
experimental verification of the crucial roles of glu73 in the catalytic activity and structural stability of goose type lysozyme.	the roles of glu(73), which has been proposed to be a catalytic residue of goose type (g-type) lysozyme based on x-ray structural studies, were investigated by means of its replacement with gln, asp, and ala using ostrich egg-white lysozyme (oel) as a model. no remarkable differences in secondary structure or substrate binding ability were observed between the wild type and glu(73)-mutated proteins, as evaluated by circular dichroism (cd) spectroscopy and chitin-coated celite chromatography. sub ...	2006	16877771
biological studies and molecular characterization of a cryptosporidium isolate from ostriches (struthio camelus).	there are many reports of cryptosporidial infection in ostriches, but none with molecular characterization of the isolates. a study was undertaken for the characterization of a brazilian cryptosporidium sp. ostrich isolate by using molecular phylogenetic analysis of fragments of the 18s ribosomal dna, heat-shock protein (hsp) 70 coding gene, and actin coding gene. biological studies were accomplished by the experimental inoculation of chickens via oral or intratracheal routes with fresh ostrich ...	2006	16884009
the ostrich syndrome in american pharmacy.		2006	16397304
amino acid sequences and phosphorylation sites of emu and rhea eggshell c-type lectin-like proteins.	avian calcified eggshell layers contain in their organic matrix one or two c-type lectin-like proteins. previously characterized eggshell proteins of this family are chicken ovocleidin-17 (oc-17), goose ansocalcin and ostrich struthiocalcins 1 and 2 (sca-1, sca-2). in this report we present the amino acid sequences of two emu (dromaius novaehollandiae) (dromaiocalcin-1 and -2; dca-1, dca-2) and of two rhea (rhea americana) (rheacalcin-1 and -2; rca-1, rca-2) c-type lectin-like eggshell proteins, ...	2006	16403478
the ostrich strategy towards affective issues in alexithymic patients with fibromyalgia.		2006	16426801
ecology and epidemiology of avian influenza in ostriches.	avian influenza is important because of its potential devastating effect on poultry health and trade. the ostrich industry of south africa has not escaped the consequences of control and export restrictions resulting from notifiable virus infections. ostrich farmers first observed a syndrome of green urine in the early and mid 1980s. an h7n1 subtype, causing high mortality in young ostriches but with a low pathogenicity index for chickens, was first isolated in 1991. the first highly pathogenic ...	2006	16447494
phylogenetic analyses of genes from south african lpai viruses isolated in 2004 from wild aquatic birds suggests introduction by eurasian migrants.	in 2004, south africa experienced its first recorded outbreak of a highly pathogenic notifiable avian influenza (hpnai) viral strain of the h5n2 subtype in ostriches in the eastern cape province. the traditional ostrich-farming areas in the western cape province report almost yearly outbreaks of low pathogenicity avian influenza (lpai) in ostriches, which is attributed to introduction by wild birds and certain climatic patterns. during the winter of 2004, lpai h3n8, h4n8, h5n2 and h5n1 avian inf ...	2006	16447511
ecology and molecular epidemiology of h9n2 avian influenza viruses isolated in israel during 2000-2004 epizootic.	the first two isolates of h9n2 influenza virus were picked up from turkey and chicken hosts in may 2000, but the actual epizootic of the low pathogenicity avian influenza (lpai) h9n2 virus started in december 2001, following a 1.5-year period of silence, during which the h10n7 and h6n3 influenza viruses were isolated sporadically. the outbreak of the h9n2 influenza began in northern israel, from where the epizootic spread all over the country. damage was relatively limited because of the widespr ...	2006	16447512
occurrence of libyostrongylus sp. (nematoda) in ostriches (struthio camelus linnaeus, 1758) from the north region of the state of rio de janeiro, brazil.	domestic production of ostrich in brazil started in the beginning of the last decade, but its sanitary state has not been reported. libyostrongylus sp. is an ostrich specific nematode whose parasitism can severely affect the birds. thus, libyostrongylus spp. larvae were identified in commercial ostriches in the north region of the state of rio de janeiro, brazil. the epg was determined and fecal cultivation was performed. the eggs presented typical characteristics of strongylid and were present ...	2006	16448757
distribution of neurotrophin and trk receptor-like immunoreactivity in the adrenal gland of birds.	the occurrence and localization of neurotrophins and their specific trk receptor-like proteins in the adrenal gland of chicken, duck and ostrich were examined by immunohistochemical methods. in all species studied ngf-, trk a- and trk c-like immunoreactivity was observed in neurons and fibers of adrenal ganglia. thin trk a- and trk c-like immunoreactive fibers were also observed among chromaffin cells. nt-3-like immunoreactivity was detected in chromaffin cells as revealed by the double immunola ...	2006	16456836
molecular cloning and characterization of preproopiomelanocortin (prepomc) cdna from the ostrich (struthio camelus).	to date proopiomelanocortin (pomc), the precursor protein for melanotropin (msh), adrenocorticotropin (acth), lipotropins (lph), and beta-endorphin (beta-end) in the pituitary gland, has been studied extensively over a wide spectrum of vertebrate classes. a paucity of information exists, however, with regard to pomc in the avian class, where to date pomc from only one species, the domestic chicken, appears to have been fully characterized. in the present study, we report the use of three clones ...	2006	16457826
identification of three novel ostricacins: an update on the phylogenetic perspective of beta-defensins.	three new beta-defensins, ostricacins-2, 3 and 4 (osp-2, 3 and 4), have been successfully purified and characterised from ostrich heterophils in addition to ostricacin-1 (osp-1). these peptides are composed of 36-42 amino acids with a molecular weight range of 4.70-4.98 kda. in vitro, osp-1, 3 and 4 were active against escherichia coli o157:h7 and staphylococcus aureus 1056 mrsa, whilst osp-2 was active against bacterial strains plus the yeast candida albicans 3153a. minimal inhibitory concentra ...	2006	16459058
crooked beak in a 14-month-old ostrich (struthio camelus) hen.		2006	17458338
egg storage period and weight effects on hatchability of ostrich (struthio camelus) eggs.	we studied the affects of storage period and egg weight on the hatchability of 314 ostrich (struthio camelus) eggs. eggs were stored at 20 degrees c and 65% rh before incubation at the poultry research, teaching and extension center at texas a&m university (college station, tx). eggs were classed by storage period (< or = 5, > 5 < or = 10, > 10 < or = 15, or > 15 < 24 d) and egg weight (< or = 1,450, > 1,450 < or = 1,650, or > 1,650 g) to determine the influence of storage period and egg weight ...	2005	16479949
the ostrich (struthio camelus) blastoderm and embryo development following storage of eggs at various temperatures.	1. the gross morphology of blastoderms in fresh unstored ostrich eggs and in eggs subjected to different regimen of storage and incubation was studied. then the effects of storage duration of eggs (1, 2 and 3 weeks) and storage temperature (15, 20 and 25 degrees c) on blastoderm and embryo development were investigated.2. only incubation following overnight storage at 18 degrees c advanced blastoderm development (1.5-fold increase in diameter) to a stage comparable to hypoblast. 3. storage of eg ...	2005	16428106
severe ocular trauma caused by an ostrich.		2005	15665372
enzymatic properties of rhea lysozyme.	rhea lysozyme was analyzed for its enzymatic properties both lytic and oligomer activities to reveal the structural and functional relationships of goose type lysozyme. rhea lysozyme had the highest lytic activity at ph 6, followed by ostrich and goose at ph 5.5-6, whereas the optimum of cassowary was at ph 5. ph profile was correlated to the net charge of each molecule surface. on the other hand, the ph optimum for oligomer substrate was found to be ph 4, indicating the mechanism of rhea cataly ...	2005	15665474
differential effects of detergents, fatty acids, cations and heating on ostrich skeletal muscle 20s proteasome.	the 20s proteasome, the catalytic core of the 26s proteasome, has previously been isolated, purified and partially characterised from ostrich skeletal muscle (thomas, a.r., oosthuizen, v., naude, r.j., muramoto, k. 2002. biol. chem. 383, 1267-1270). due to the apparent latency of the 20s proteasome purified from various sources, this study focuses on further characterising the ostrich enzyme in terms of the effects of selected detergents, fatty acids and cations, as well as heating at 60 degrees ...	2005	15694581
novel solution structure of porcine beta-microseminoprotein.	a number of beta-microseminoproteins (msps) have been identified from different species. msps are all non-glycosylated and disulfide bond-rich, but show a relatively low level of conservation. although all cys residues are conserved, our previous study showed that the disulfide bond pairings differ in porcine and ostrich msps. despite the variety of biological functions that have been suggested for msps, their real function is still poorly understood. furthermore, no 3d structure has been report ...	2005	15701518
cloning and expression of ostrich trypsinogen: an avian trypsin with a highly sensitive autolysis site.	one of ostrich (struthio camelus) trypsinogen genes was cloned from pancreatic cdna. its amino acid sequence compared to known trypsin sequences from other species shows high identity and suggests that it is a member of the phylogenetically anionic trypsinogen i subfamily. after cytoplasmic over expression in escherichia coli and renaturation, the activation properties of ostrich trypsinogen were studied and compared to those of human trypsinogen 1 (also called as human cationic trypsinogen). os ...	2005	15752690
identification and quantitation of species in complex dna mixtures by real-time polymerase chain reaction.	six taqman real-time polymerase chain reaction (pcr) systems using minor groove binding (mgb) probes have been developed for the detection quantitation of bovine, porcine, lamb, chicken, turkey, and ostrich dna in complex samples. species-specific amplification was achieved by combining only two fluorogenic probes and 10 oligonucleotide primers targeting mitochondrial sequences, decreasing the cost of the assay significantly. the limits of detection ranged from 0.03 to 0.80 pg of template dna. a ...	2005	15766713
seroprevalence of toxoplasma gondii in farm-reared ostriches and wild game species from zimbabwe.	one hundred and seventy one serum samples from 10 game species from zimbabwe were tested for igg antibodies to toxoplasma gondii infection using the modified agglutination test (mat). significantly higher seroprevalences were found in the felidae (panthera leo) (92% of 26), bovidae (tragelaphus species) (55.9% of 34) and farm-reared struthionidae (struthio camelus) (48% of 50) compared to the other groups tested. among the bovidae, the nyala (tragelaphus angasii) had the highest seroprevalence o ...	2005	15777687
intrathoracic haemangiosarcoma in an ostrich (struthio camelus).		2005	15789651
identification and molecular epidemiology of campylobacter coli isolates from human gastroenteritis, food, and animal sources by amplified fragment length polymorphism analysis and penner serotyping.	campylobacter coli is an infrequently studied but important food-borne pathogen with a wide natural distribution. we investigated its molecular epidemiology by use of amplified fragment length polymorphism (aflp)-based genotyping and penner serotyping. serotype reference strains and 177 danish isolates of diverse origin identified by routine phenotyping as c. coli were examined. molecular tools identified some 12% of field isolates as campylobacter jejuni, emphasizing the need for improved ident ...	2005	15812025
fibrino-necrotic typhlitis caused by escherichia fergusonii in ostriches (struthio camelus).	two adult ostriches developed anorexia, prostration, and severe hemorrhagic diarrhea, dying 24 hr after the onset of clinical signs. on postmortem examination, the cecal mucosa showed locally extensive areas of hemorrhages and fibrino-necrotic typhlitis with a white-yellowish material covering the mucosal surface. multiple serosal petequial hemorrhages and fibrinous peritonitis were present. histologic examination revealed an intense mononuclear infiltration in the lamina propria and submucosa o ...	2005	15839434
[animal welfare aspects regarding the raising of breeding ostriches in germany].	the commercial housing of african ostriches in germany for the breed and meat production still represents a disputed topic under the criterion of the animal's welfare. above all critics state that the frequently wet-cold weather in germany impairs the well-being and health of the animals. so far however there are just a few scientifically documented data about requirements for housing conditions of ostriches in central europe and thus hardly answers whether housing in germany is possible under t ...	2005	15847067
dynamics of fluorescence dequenching of ostrich-quenched fluorescein biotin: a multifunctional quantitative assay for biotin.	we describe a simple and rapid quantitative assay for biotin and biotin conjugates. the assay is based on the kinetic analysis of the enhancement of fluorescence of streptavidin/fluorescein biotin complexes in the presence of biotin. the kinetic response of fluorescence enhancement is proportional to the concentration of biotin. standard calibration curves based on the kinetic response are obtained and detection limits of approximately 10(-9)m are established. because the assay is amenable for u ...	2005	15913533
extracellular matrix of ostrich articular cartilage.	the composition and organization of the extracellular matrix of ostrich articular cartilage was investigated, using samples from the proximal and distal surfaces of the tarsometatarsus. for morphological analysis, sections were stained with toluidine blue and analyzed by polarized light microscopy. for biochemical analysis, extracellular matrix components were extracted with 4 m guanidinium chloride, fractionated on deae-sephacel and analyzed by sds-page. glycosaminoglycans were analyzed by elec ...	2005	15954467
osteoinductivity of partially purified native ostrich (struthio camelus) bone morphogenetic protein: comparison with mammalian species.	bone morphogenetic proteins (bmps) are members of the tgf-beta superfamily. they are capable of inducing ectopic bone formation. until now, the main interest has been focused on mammalian osteoinductive bmps, and there are no reports of native bmp extracts of birds. in this study, we isolated and characterized native bmps of ostrich (struthio camelus) and compared them with identically isolated native bovine (cow) and reindeer bmps with regard to bmp pattern and osteoinductive capacity. the ostr ...	2005	16005022
bacteriological evaluation of commercial canine and feline raw diets.	twenty-five commercial raw diets for dogs and cats were evaluated bacteriologically. coliforms were present in all diets, ranging from 3.5 x 10(3) to 9.4 x 10(6) cfu/g (mean 8.9 x 10(5); standard deviation 1.9 x 10(6)). escherichia coli was identified in 15/25 (64%) diets; however, e. coli o157 was not detected. salmonella spp. were detected in 5/25 (20%) diets; 1 each of beef-, lamb-, quail-, chicken-, and ostrich-based diets. sporeforming bacteria were identified from 4/25 (16%) samples on dir ...	2005	16048011
carbonic anhydrase inhibitors. inhibition of red blood cell ostrich (struthio camelus) carbonic anhydrase with a series of aromatic and heterocyclic sulfonamides.	the purification of red blood cell carbonic anhydrase (ca, ec 4.2.1.1) from ostrich (scca) blood is reported, as well as an inhibition study of this enzyme with a series of aromatic and heterocylic sulfonamides. the ostrich enzyme showed a high activity, comparable to that of the human isozyme ii, with kcat, of 1.2 x 10(6) s(-1) and kcat/km of 1.8 x 10(7) m(-1)s(-1), and an inhibition profile quite different from that of the human red blood cell cytosolic isozymes hca i and ii. scca has generall ...	2005	16206834
autonomic and sensitive somatic innervation of the ostrich elbow and knee joints articular capsule.	the present research was carried out on the fibrous layer of the ostrich's elbow and knee joints articular capsule, employing opportunely modified gold chloride ruffini's method, to study the autonomic and sensitive somatic nerve components. the distribution of both nerve components followed frequently the vascular networks. the autonomic innervation was represented by isolated or grouped ganglion cells, frequently placed along the course of nerve trunks, close to the epineurium or located withi ...	2005	16277161
identification of three novel mycoplasma species from ostriches in south africa.	mycoplasmas have been implicated in certain clinical syndromes in ostriches and are associated with upper respiratory tract infections. as these infections result in production losses, they are of considerable economic importance to the south african ostrich industry. although poultry mycoplasmas have been shown to infect ostriches, the existence of unique ostrich-specific mycoplasmas has been suggested. in this study, mycoplasmas were isolated from ostriches in the klein karoo, central karoo an ...	2005	16280203
morphological features of the luminal surface of the magnum in the sexually immature ostrich (struthio camelus).	summary observations were made, using scanning electron microscopy, of the surface features of the magnum in the immature ostrich during periods of ovarian inactivity, activity and regression. in birds with inactive ovaries the luminal surface of the magnum was lined with non-ciliated cells, which were densely covered by microvilli. in contrast, the magnum in birds with active ovaries was composed of ciliated and non-ciliated cells. the distribution of ciliated cells was not uniform, with clumps ...	2005	16288605
first report of a field outbreak of the oriental eye-fluke, philophthalmus gralli (mathis & leger 1910), in commercially reared ostriches (struthio camelus) in zimbabwe.	a total of 17 commercially reared ostriches (struthio camelus) from msengi farm, chinhoyi, zimbabwe, observed with swollen eyes, severe conjunctivitis and constant lacrimation accompanied by a purulent exudate, were restrained for further clinical examination. some of the birds were semi-blind with severe loss of body condition. when examined, tiny organisms were observed attached to the nictitating membranes and the conjuctival sacs of both eyes. the organisms were identified as philophthalmus ...	2005	16300188
effects of freezing-thawing on dna integrity of boar spermatozoa assessed by the neutral comet assay.	a modified version of the neutral comet assay was employed to evaluate the effect of the freezing-thawing process on boar-sperm dna integrity. the sperm-rich fractions were collected from four mature boars and frozen into aluminium tubes and straws after extension in lactose-hen egg yolk-glycerol extender (lactose-hey-g) or an extender containing lactose, lyophilized lipoprotein fractions extracted from ostrich egg yolk and glycerol (lactose-lpfo-g). the semen samples were also frozen in a stand ...	2005	16324079
mechanical resistance of a new biomaterial, ostrich pericardium, and a new method of joining tissues combining suturing and a biological adhesive.	we studied the mechanical behavior in response to tensile stress of samples of ostrich pericardium bonded with a cyanoacrylate glue or sewn with a rectangular, overlapping suture that was subsequently sealed with the same bioadhesive. seventy-two trials were performed in three series of 24 samples each: series ag, glued with an overlap of 1 cm2; series asg, sewn with a rectangular, overlapping suture and sealed; and series ac, control samples that were left intact. the mean stress at rupture in ...	2005	15490469
prediction of the chemical composition of freeze dried ostrich meat with near infrared reflectance spectroscopy.	near infrared reflectance spectroscopy (nirs) was used to predict the chemical composition of freeze-dried ostrich meat samples. tenderloin (m. ambiens), big drum (m. iliofibularis) and fan fillet (m. gastrocnemius) samples (n=160) were included in the study. samples were minced, freeze-dried and analysed according to standard laboratory procedures for ash, dry matter (dm), crude protein (cp) and fat content. samples were scanned (1100-2500 nm) and partial least-square regression (plsr) was used ...	2005	22062816
the effect of feed withdrawal during lairage on meat quality characteristics in ostriches.	commercially reared ostriches (n=84) were randomly allocated to one of two groups. the first group (stressed: n=38) was deprived of food for a period of 2.5 days prior to slaughter, to simulate the stress experienced by slaughter ostriches held in holding pens (lairage) at a commercial ostrich abattoir over a weekend. the second group (control: n=46) was fed normally until 24 h prior to slaughter. initial live weight as well as hot and cold drumstick weight were independent (p>0.05) of treatment ...	2005	22063142
the effect of dietary fish oil rich in n-3 fatty acids on the organoleptic, fatty acid and physicochemical characteristics of ostrich meat.	the effect of different levels of unrefined fish oil in the diet on ostrich musculus iliofibularis was evaluated in a completely randomised experimental design, where a supplementary energy rich feed, containing 6.7% fish oil, was fed at four different levels over a 7-month period. an increase in the amount of fish oil consumed was found to have had no significant effect on the sensory characteristics of ostrich meat, although there was a tendency towards an increase in fishiness, for both aroma ...	2005	22063279
the roles of the proteasome, and cathepsins b, l, h and d, in ostrich meat tenderisation.	as very little research has been conducted on ostrich meat tenderisation, this study aims at investigating the roles of the proteasome and cathepsins b, l, h, and d in the tenderisation process. the enzyme activities in meat from eight ostriches during a 12-day ageing period and the corresponding physical characteristics (e.g. ph, shear force) and myofibril patterns were determined. after 12 days, substantial high remaining activities were found, especially of the proteasome, thus implicating th ...	2004	22061124
use of bacteriocin-producing starter cultures of lactobacillus plantarum and lactobacillus curvatus in production of ostrich meat salami.	ostrich meat salami was produced by using lactobacillus plantarum strain 423 and lactobacillus curvatus strain df126. the strains produce the bacteriocins plantaricin 423 and curvacin df126, respectively. the specific activity of plantaricin 423 in mrs broth at 30 °c increased as the ph decreased from 6.5 to 3.5, but activity subsequently decreased. the activity of curvacin df126 increased under the same conditions, but remained stable for the duration of the growth cycle. maximum curvacin df126 ...	2004	22060880
citrus pulp as an ingredient in ostrich diet: effects on meat quality.	the purpose of this trial was to study the effects of citrus pulp inclusion in ostrich diets on meat quality, evaluated on iliofibularis and gastrocnemius muscles. m. iliofibularis had a lower ultimate ph (p<0.05) and was lighter in colour (p<0.05) than m. gastrocnemius. the latter had higher moisture (p<0.05) and lower crude protein contents (p<0.05) as compared to m. iliofibularis. m. gastrocnemius had a lower proportion of c14:0 (p<0.05), c16:0 (p<0.05) and c16:1 (p<0.05) and a higher percent ...	2004	22062236
bacteriologic findings in ostrich (struthio camelus) eggs from farms with reproductive failures.	from january 2001 to december 2002, 543 ostrich eggs were submitted for bacteriologic investigation. the eggs were laid by 387 domesticated ostriches that suffered fertility disorders and that came from 44 farms located in different areas of northern and central italy. microbiologic investigations showed bacterial isolation in 105 (19.3%) of 543 eggs examined, with a high prevalence of enterobacteria from albumen and yolk. in only a few cases did bacterial isolation result from yolk or albumen a ...	2004	15530000
2004 presidential address: the sheep, the ostrich, the ant, diabetes, and the tragedy of the common.		2004	15562228
prevalence of libyostrongylus douglassii in commercially reared ostriches in the highveld region of zimbabwe.	a total of 435 freshly dropped faecal samples were collected from 11 randomly selected ostrich farms during september and november 2002 to determine the prevalence of libyostrongylus douglassii (ostrich wireworm) in the highveld region of zimbabwe. samples, which consisted of 339 samples from breeder birds and 96 samples from pre-slaughter grower birds were screened for nematode eggs using the modified mcmaster technique before being individually cultured in an incubator at 28 degrees c. culture ...	2004	15575991
yolk sac utilization in ostrich (struthio camelus) chicks.	the mass of residual yolk sac expressed as a percentage of initial mass of the egg from which the chick hatched decreased sharply in the first 2 days post-hatching. a gradual reduction occurred between 3 and 10 days after which a sharp decline was noted between 11 and 13 days post-hatching. the highest number of chicks with unabsorbed yolk sac was noted on day 5 post-hatching followed by days 6 and 7. chick mortality followed the same pattern. the dynamics, causes and clinical consequences of yo ...	2004	15580775
effects of dietary supplementation with polyunsaturated fatty acids and antioxidants on biochemical characteristics of boar semen.	the aim of this study was to investigate the effect of providing a supplement containing polyunsaturated fatty acids and antioxidants (prosperm) on the biochemical characteristics of boar semen. two sexually mature boars were fed a standard diet with prosperm (250 g daily) for a 24-week period. ejaculates collected prior to supplementation were used as the control. semen quality and biochemical parameters were analyzed. the dietary supplementation enhanced sperm characteristics, including the pe ...	2004	15592586
effect of breeder age and breeding season on egg production and incubation in farmed ostriches.	(1) this research was carried out to investigate changes in egg production and hatchability as influenced by age and breeding season of 10 trios (two females, one male) of ostrich (struthio camellus) during 1998 to 2002. (2) breeding season affected number of eggs laid per female per season, average egg weight, length of laying period and clutch sequence. (3) the number of eggs laid per female per season was 25 in the first breeding season and 57 by the fifth breeding season. the laying period l ...	2004	15623218
an outbreak of necrotic enteritis in the ostrich farm in korea.	an acute disease with high mortality occurred in the ostrich farm and characterized by depression, severe diarrhea and sternal recumbency. four dead ostriches of the farm were submitted to the national veterinary research & quarantine service, and diagnosed as necrotic enteritis. in the gross and histopathological examination, extensive diffuse fibrinonecrotic enteritis was found in the small intestine, especially jejunum. clostridium perfringens was isolated from a pure culture from the duodenu ...	2004	15644620
immunohistochemical localization of the progesterone and oestrogen receptors in the shell gland of sexually immature ostriches (struthio camelus) with active or inactive ovaries.	the immunohistochemical localization of progesterone and oestrogen receptors was studied in the shell gland of the immature ostrich (struthio camelus) during periods of ovarian activity and inactivity. in birds with active ovaries moderate to strong immunostaining for the progesterone receptor was observed in the surface epithelium and tubular glands. in contrast faint progesterone receptor immunostaining was observed in the surface epithelium of the shell gland in ostriches with inactive ovarie ...	2004	14659731
ostrich (struthio camelus) eggshell matrix contains two different c-type lectin-like proteins. isolation, amino acid sequence, and posttranslational modifications.	in contrast to chicken and goose, the ostrich calcified eggshell layer matrix contained two different c-type lectin-like proteins as major components. these proteins, named struthiocalcin-1 (sca-1) and struthiocalcin-2 (sca-2), were isolated and their amino acid sequence was determined. sca-1 clearly was the ortholog of goose eggshell ansocalcin. its amino acid sequence had the same length as that of ansocalcin (132 aa) and showed 65% sequence identity with the goose eggshell protein compared to ...	2004	14726203
the primary structure of a novel goose-type lysozyme from rhea egg white.	g-type lysozyme is a hydrolytic enzyme sharing a similar tertiary structure with plant chitinase. to discover the relation of function and structure, we analyzed the primary structure of new g-type lysozyme. the complete 185 amino acid residues of lysozyme from rhea egg white were sequenced using the peptides hydrolyzed by trypsin, v8 protease, and cyanogen bromide. rhea lysozyme had sequence similarity to ostrich, cassowary, goose, and black swan, with 93%, 90%, 83%, and 82%, respectively. the ...	2004	14745179
l-o-caffeoylhomoserine from matteuccia struthiopteris.	a caffeic acid derivative was isolated from matteuccia struthiopteris (ostrich fern) as a major radical scavenger. the compound consisted of caffeic acid and l-homoserine. nmr and ms analysis revealed the structure as l-o-caffeoylhomoserine.	2004	14759535
histochemical and morphometrical characterization and distribution of fibre types in four muscles of ostrich (struthio camelus).	a staining procedure used for simultaneously determining three different fibre types in single sections bovine, porcine or ovine skeletal muscle was modified for use with ostrich skeletal muscle. the muscle fibres of gastrocnemius pars externa, tibialis cranialis caput tibiale, tibialis cranialis caput femorale and fibularis longus tendo caudalis were studied. the histochemical results revealed the presence of three types of fibre only in the gastrocnemius pars externa muscle: fast-twitch glycol ...	2004	15352876
avian antimicrobial peptides: the defense role of beta-defensins.	avian antimicrobial peptides, classified as beta-defensins, have been identified from bloods of chicken, turkey, and ostrich; epithelial cells of chicken and turkey; and king penguin stomach contents. beta-defensins are a family of antimicrobial peptides characterized by six cysteine residues forming beta-defensin motifs that are also found in bovine, ovine, pig, and human. these peptides are active against a wide range of microorganisms including gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria, fungi, ...	2004	15381059
identification of the major proteins of the organic matrix of emu (dromaius novaehollandiae) and rhea (rhea americana) eggshell calcified layer.	1. the eggshell is a composite consisting of 95% calcite and an organic matrix. 2. while many proteins of the chicken eggshell matrix have already been identified, little is known about the matrix of other birds. 3. isolation of the emu and rhea eggshell matrix and analysis of its major constituents showed that the predominant components were c-type lectin-like proteins related to those of ostrich, chicken and goose. 4. serum albumin, vitelline membrane outer layer protein i (vmo-i) and the turp ...	2004	15484722
effects of periodate and chondroitin 4-sulfate on proteoglycan stabilization of ostrich pericardium. inhibition of calcification in subcutaneous implants in rats.	chemical modification of biological materials used in the manufacture of cardiac valves tends to reduce the relatively high degree of biodegradation and calcification of the implanted bioprostheses. the most widely used treatment to reduce biodegradability of the valves is glutaraldehyde fixation. however, this treatment is potentially toxic and induces tissue calcification. in order to minimize these undesirable effects, we have analyzed the effect of a pre-fixation of endogenous proteoglycans ...	2004	15020108
anatomical description of the muscles of the pelvic limb in the ostrich (struthio camelus).	dissections of 12 formalin-fixed ostriches were performed to give anatomical descriptions of the muscles and tendons of the pelvic, femoral, tibiotarsal, tarsometatarsal and digital regions. in the pelvic limb of the ostrich, 36 muscles can be determined. the ostrich lacks those muscles to the first and second toes (with exception of the m. flexor hallucis longus), which can be found in birds with four toes. the mm. iliotrochantericus medius, plantaris, extensor proprius digiti iv and adductor d ...	2004	15027951
fine structure of the retinal pigment epithelium, bruch's membrane and choriocapillaris in the ostrich (struthio camelus).	the fine structure of the retinal pigment epithelium (rpe), bruch's membrane and choriocapillaris in the ostrich (struthio camelus) was investigated by using light microscopy and transmission electron microscopy. in this species, the rpe consisted of a single layer of low columnar cells. the epithelial cells were joined laterally by two type junctions, zonulae occludentes and zonulae adherentes located in the midregion of the cells. these cells displayed numerous deep basal infoldings and thick ...	2004	15027961
severe ocular trauma caused by an ostrich.		2004	15031193
aspergillus fumigatus infection in an ostrich (struthio camelus).	an 11-month-old female ostrich (struthio camelus) had become gradually emaciated over a 2-week period and subsequently died. necropsy revealed white to green mold growth on the walls of caseous thickened air sac membranes and multiple white necrotic foci in the lungs and liver. histologically, the multiple exudative, necrotic and granulomatous lesions were compatible with mycotic infection in the air sacs and lungs, and hyphae positively reacted with a monoclonal antibody (mab-wf-af-1) to asperg ...	2004	15031551
the use of comet assay to assess dna integrity of boar spermatozoa following liquid preservation at 5 degrees c and 16 degrees c.	the comet assay, under neutral conditions, allows the assessment of dna integrity influenced by sperm ageing, which is manifested in dna double-strand breaks. here, we attempted to use a modified neutral comet assay test (single-cell gel electrophoresis), to our knowledge for the first time, to assess dna integrity of boar spermatozoa during liquid storage for 96 h at 5 degrees c and 16 degrees c. in this comet assay protocol we used 2% beta-mercaptoethanol prior to the lysis procedure, to aid i ...	2004	15046401
incubation temperature for ostrich (struthio camelus) eggs.	the impact of incubation temperature on egg weight loss, embryonic mortality, incubation period, hatchability, and chick weight in 394 ostrich (struthio camelus) eggs was studied. eggs were obtained from 3 farms in texas. three incubation temperatures (36.5, 37.0, or 37.5 degrees c) with relative humidity ranging from 20 to 30% were used. results showed that incubation of fertile eggs at 36.5 degrees c increased hatchability and incubation period in comparison with other treatments. the incidenc ...	2004	15049504
extinct ostrich eggshell (aves: struthionidae) from the pliocene chiwondo beds, malawi: implications for the potential biostratigraphic correlation of african neogene deposits.		2004	15066381
pharmacokinetics of enrofloxacin after single intravenous and intramuscular administration in young domestic ostrich (struthio camelus).		2004	15096111
resistance to tearing of calf and ostrich pericardium: influence of the type of suture material and the direction of the suture line.	the tearing of the valve leaflet of a cardiac bioprosthesis can cause early failure of this device, which is employed to replace a diseased native valve. this report involves the study of the behavior of 312 tissue samples (152 of calf pericardium and 160 of ostrich pericardium) treated with glutaraldehyde and subsequently subjected to tear testing. the samples were cut in the two principal directions: longitudinally, or root to apex, and transversely. they included a series of control samples t ...	2004	15116401
the fine structure of the harderian gland in the ostrich (struthio camelus).	the harderian gland of the ostrich (struthio camelus) is a tubuloalveolar gland containing holocrine secreting epithelial cells. the gland epithelium is composed of two different cell types, which can be classified as type i and type ii. these cells contain dense secretory vesicles in their cytoplasm and they are connected laterally with desmosomes. at the basal site of these cells, myoepithelial cells are present. plasma cells are observed in the subepithelial region of the gland. in the interl ...	2004	15144280
paraoxonase-1 inhibits oxidised ldl-induced mcp-1 production by endothelial cells.	the upregulation of endothelial cell mcp-1 production by ox-ldl is a major initiating event in atherogenesis. hdl and pon1 retard the oxidation of ldl and therefore may retard endothelial cell mcp-1 production. the endothelial cell line eahy926 was incubated with ox-ldl in the presence and absence of hdl and pon1 and the production of mcp-1 was measured by elisa. human hdl and pon1 significantly inhibited the in vitro oxidation of ldl and completely prevented the ox-ldl induced increase in mcp-1 ...	2004	15144891
entamoeba struthionis n.sp. (sarcomastigophora: endamoebidae) from ostriches (struthio camelus).	in the present work we identify the species of entamoeba from ostriches (struthio camelus). the complete sequence of the small subunit ribosomal rna gene from this organism has been compared with those published for other species of the genus and clear differences have been found. these results confirm previous data which showed differences on parasite morphology and class of host with the other entamoeba species. taking all these data together, it can be concluded that the organism from ostrich ...	2004	15154597
reference serum protein and lipoprotein fractions of ostriches (struthio camelus) in turkey.	the aim of this study was to determine for reference purposes the values of serum albumin, alpha 1-globulin, alpha 2-globulin, beta-globulin, gamma-globulin, and alpha-lipoprotein (high density lipoprotein), pre-beta-lipoprotein (very low density lipoprotein) and beta-lipoprotein (low density lipoprotein) fractions of normal ostriches (struthio camelus) in turkey. five male and five female ostriches, 18 months old, were used. all the ostriches were fed on a diet that contained 15.14% crude prote ...	2004	15185578
traumatic oesophageal perforation in a male ostrich (struthio camelus australis).		2004	15198319
four-legged ostrich (struthio camelus) chick.		2004	15214526
a granulomatous conjunctivitis associated with morexella phenylpyruvica in an ostrich (struthio camelus).	the aim of study was to evaluate a case of granulomatous conjunctivitis, clinically and pathologically, in the right eye of a 2-year-old, female ostrich. a mass measuring 5 cm x 3 cm x 4 cm was removed surgically from the eye of the ostrich. morexella phenylpyruvica was recovered from the mass. on histopathological examination, hyperplasia or squamous metaplasia in some area of conjunctival palpebra, and a granulomatous inflammation in the submucosa were observed. the lesion was described as a g ...	2004	15276987
gait selection in the ostrich: mechanical and metabolic characteristics of walking and running with and without an aerial phase.	it has been argued that minimization of metabolic-energy costs is a primary determinant of gait selection in terrestrial animals. this view is based predominantly on data from humans and horses, which have been shown to choose the most economical gait (walking, running, galloping) for any given speed. it is not certain whether a minimization of metabolic costs is associated with the selection of other prevalent forms of terrestrial gaits, such as grounded running (a widespread gait in birds). us ...	2004	15293864
ostrich nutrition: a review from a zimbabwean perspective.	the ostrich is an important animal in many livestock industries and, in the developing world, the export of meat and skins is a valuable source of foreign currency. as the successful growth and reproductive performance of ostriches depends on good nutrition it is extremely important to provide the correct diet. some researchers have incorrectly assumed that poultry diets are useful for ostriches, but the vitamin and mineral requirements of these birds are unique and their diets should never be s ...	2004	15861899