Publications

serum- and bone-mineral status of ostriches with tibiotarsal rotation.	tibiotarsal rotation in ostrich chicks is a serious problem that accounts for considerable financial loss to ostrich farmers. serum- and bone-mineral analyses of 20 ostrich chicks with tibiotarsal rotation were compared with serum- and bone-mineral analyses of eight normal ostrich chicks of comparable age, sex and body mass, and raised under identical conditions. the serum-zinc values were significantly higher and the bone-calcium and phosphorus values significantly lower in the affected group t ...	1994	7596572
[ostrich-like policy?].		1994	8023107
ultrastructure of ostrich (struthio camelus) spermatozoa. ii. scanning electron microscopy.	the three-dimensional structure and size of ostrich sperm is unknown. in this study, the morphology and dimensions of ostrich sperm were determined by scanning electron microscopy of semen samples obtained from sexually mature males during the breeding season. the results indicate that sperm cells of the ostrich are of the sauropsid type characteristic of non-passerine birds and, in general appearance, resemble those of the chicken, turkey, guinea fowl, budgerigar and tinamou. they differ from t ...	1994	7596577
cardiomyopathy in ostriches (struthio camelus) due to avocado (persea americana var. guatemalensis) intoxication.	nine out of 120 ostriches died from congestive heart failure within 96 h of ingesting avocado leaves and immature fruit in an avocado orchard containing hass and fuerte cultivars. foliage and immature fruit from both cultivars dosed to ostriches (n = 4) and domestic hens (n = 8) resulted in severe cardiomyopathy in all the ostriches. in the hens, which had received a lower dose, milder lesions occurred. macroscopically the intoxication in ostriches resulted in a severe anasarca of the neck and v ...	1994	7595917
preliminary studies of primary ostrich fibroblasts for the isolation of ratite viruses.	an ostrich egg at 21 days of development was used to propagate primary embryo cell cultures. primary cultures of skeletal muscle cells (for fibroblasts) were prepared by routine typsinization techniques. the ostrich embryo fibroblasts were tested for their ability to propagate stock avian viruses of infectious bronchitis virus, paramyxiovirus-1 (pmv-1), pmv-2, pmv-3, infectious bursal disease virus, quail bronchitis virus, avian reovirus, turkey coronavirus, and two ostrich-originating specimens ...	1994	7702522
avian pox in ostriches.	nodular cutaneous and diphtheric oral lesions, resembling avian pox were observed in 2 flocks of young ostrich chicks. typical eosinophilic intracytoplasmic inclusion bodies were seen in histological sections and a pox virus was isolated from the lesions. a commercial fowl pox vaccine was used to protect young ostriches in the field.	1994	7745588
a note on the musculature of the proximal part of the pelvic limb of the ostrich (struthio camelus).	ostriches (struthio camelus) (n=90) were dissected and the musculature of part of the proximal pelvic limb examined. graphical representation of these muscles are presented. it is evident that the anatomy of the hip and thigh of the ostrich is typically avian, but with only the m. iliofemoralis present. the m. iliotrochantericus medius is not found in ostriches, but both the m. iliofemoralis externus and m. iliofemoralis internus, as well as both parts of the m. flexor cruris lateralis and the m ...	1994	7745594
[the circadian rhythm of african ostriches (struthio camelus) in captivity].	one hundred and twenty ostriches, kept as domestic animals on a farm in israel were observed. three behaviour categories were recorded: standing/walking, sitting/lying and eating/drinking. the animals spent more than 60% of the day standing and walking; activities with a non-life preserving function. before we begin with the husbandry of ostriches in central europe the behaviour needs of the animals must be determined. only then can we assess whether the welfare of the animals is compatible with ...	1994	7802622
isolation and characterization of serum immunoglobulin classes of the ostrich (struthio camelus).	immunoglobulins were separated from ostrich sera by ammonium sulfate precipitation and ion-exchange chromatography. two classes of immunoglobulin could be identified, corresponding to igg and igm of other species, based on elution profiles from ion-exchange columns and molecular mass estimation on gel-filtration chromatography and sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (sds-page). on sds-page, the heavy chains of igg and igm were shown to have molecular masses of 67.5 kda and ...	1994	7832717
a serosurvey using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for antibodies against poultry pathogens in ostriches (struthio camelus) from zimbabwe.	horseradish peroxidase-conjugated goat anti-ostrich igg was raised and used in commercial enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kits to detect antibodies reactive with 11 poultry pathogens in sera from 149 ostriches from nine farms around zimbabwe. antibodies were detected to turkey rhinotracheitis virus (99%), newcastle disease virus (23%), avian reovirus (19%), infectious bursal disease virus (15%), avian encephalomyelitis virus (15%), mycoplasma gallisepticum and/or m. synoviae (11%), reticuloend ...	1994	7832718
favus in an ostrich.		1994	7879374
diversity of vertebrate class i alcohol dehydrogenase. mammalian and non-mammalian enzyme functions correlated through the structure of a ratite enzyme.	class i alcohol dehydrogenase has been characterized from ostrich liver in order to evaluate enzyme variability between two independent lines, mammalian forms of class i alcohol dehydrogenase as a group, and a sufficient number of the enzyme from the most recent animal class (aves, birds) as another. between the two enzyme groups, patterns are consistent and mutually similar. this indicates conserved metabolic and catalytic properties of class i alcohol dehydrogenase, suggesting its metabolic ro ...	1994	7925350
centriole development and formation of the flagellum during spermiogenesis in the ostrich (struthio camelus).	the formation and development of the ostrich sperm tail follows the general pattern described for vertebrate sperm but differs in a number of important aspects when compared with other nonpasserine birds. midpiece formation is characterised by the development of a long (3 microns) distal centriole which determines the length of the midpiece. the distal centriole surrounds a pair of microtubules embedded in a core of dense material. a prominent annulus, which remains stationary during spermiogene ...	1994	7961137
an ostrich dinucleotide repeat polymorphism at the vias-os2 locus.		1994	7985858
ostrich fern poisoning--western canada and new york, 1994.		1994	7994286
evidence for cryptosporidial infection as a cause of prolapse of the phallus and cloaca in ostrich chicks (struthio camelus).	cloacas of male ostrich chicks that had suffered prolapse of the phallus and cloaca were compared with cloacas of normal ostrich chicks of both sexes from the same area. heavy infection of the cloacal and bursal tissue with cryptosporidium sp. was present in all the cases of prolapse, while no cryptosporidia were observed in the normal chicks. histopathological lesions as described in cryptosporidial infection in other species were present in the infected cloacas. these included loss of the micr ...	1994	7501359
the isolation and partial characterization of alpha 2-macroglobulin from the serum of the ostrich (struthio camelus.	1. alpha 2-macroglobulin (alpha 2m) activity is present in the serum of the ostrich, struthio camelus. the chromogenic synthetic peptide substrates bapna and atna were hydrolysed by trypsin and chymotrypsin, respectively, in the presence of ostrich serum and the alpha 2 m in ostrich serum protected trypsin from being inhibited by soybean trypsin inhibitor. ostrich alpha 2m proved to be a potent inhibitor of bovine pancreatic trypsin and chymotrypsin. 2. alpha 2m was purified to apparent homogene ...	1994	7511119
botulism in ostriches (struthio camelus).	an outbreak of botulism in ostriches (struthio camelus) is described. some birds became totally paralysed, and many developed paresis and ataxia. clostridium botulinum type c and its toxin were found in the remains of an ostrich carcass collected from the camp in which the birds were kept. toxin could not be demonstrated in the serum of affected ostriches. treatment with specific antitoxin resulted in total recovery of almost all the birds.	1994	18671084
factors affecting hatchability during commercial incubation of ostrich (struthio camelus) eggs.	1. a batch of 320 ostrich eggs from 9 different farms in zimbabwe were incubated in a single stage operation and the fate of each was recorded. 2. hatchability was only 37.2% and the result of high rates of infertility and contamination (22.2% and 22.8% respectively); it varied between eggs from different farms. 3. embryonic mortality was high at the start and end of incubation, a pattern similar to that of other domestic birds. 4. mortality of late stage embryos was related to percentage water ...	1995	7614026
from the centers for disease control and prevention. ostrich fern poisoning--new york and western canada, 1994.		1995	7884940
surgical repair of traumatically induced collapsing trachea in an ostrich.	a region of tracheal collapse was identified by endoscopy after surgical repair of a traumatic injury to the neck in an ostrich. during periods of excitation, the ostrich would become dyspneic and collapse. a tracheal split-ring prosthesis was placed surgically to support the collapsing trachea. this technique, which is frequently used in dogs, is applicable for use in birds with collapsing trachea.	1995	7591952
[behavior disorders in relation to food intake in african ostriches].	the behaviour of ostriches (struthio camelus) was observed. the most striking behaviour disorders was feather pecking. however, the animals showed four other behaviour patterns, which also must be qualified as behaviour disorders: pecking sand, pecking wire, pecking their own feathers and pecking into air, occurred in a random succession. this is a result of the nutrition, which differs from the natural feeding situation, as the animals are fed exclusively on pellets so that the food consumption ...	1995	7495416
granulomatous lesions caused by pseudomonas aeruginosa in the ostrich (struthio camelus).	granulomatous lesions were observed in imported ostriches aged 3 months. clinically, the birds showed lassitude, incoordination, and inappetence. at necropsy, yellowish white nodules often accompanied by a pseudodiphtheritic membrane were found in the oral, pharyngeal, tracheal and air sac mucosae, the lungs, oesophageal serosa, and abdominal peritoneum. histopathological examination revealed purulent granulomatous lesions containing central bacterial colonies with an outer shell and club format ...	1995	7560302
possible effect of microbial infection on yolk utilisation in ostrich chicks.		1995	7793024
spontaneous cataract resorption in an ostrich.		1995	7793032
proventricular-ventricular impaction in an ostrich chick.		1995	7728726
[the oxygen consumption of ostrich embryos during incubation].	this work deals with the oxygen consumption of ostrich chicks during incubation. brood eggs were incubated in a hermetic isolated acrylic-glass cylinder. reduction of oxygen content in the air surrounding the egg was measured using an oxygen-sensitive electrode. a sigmoid curve could be drawn during incubation, with the steepest phase being around day 26. maximum oxygen consumption was reached on day 36. it was slightly decreased until day 39, when the embryo switches to lung circulation, follow ...	1995	7600947
the false-positive polymerase chain reaction and the ostrich.		1995	7594694
[a myologic dissection of the leg and foot of the ostrich (struthio camelus)].	a 7-month-old female ostrich (struthio camelus) was studied. on the left leg, muscles of the shank and foot were dissected and the right leg was frozen and cut into slices for topographical examination. some muscles and skeleton measurements were also noted. no trace was found of the following muscles: m. plantaris, m. extensor hallucis longus, m. extensor hallucis brevis, m. flexor hallucis brevis, m. adductor d. ii, m. abductor d. ii, m. flexor phalangis secundi d. iii and m. adductor d. iv. s ...	1995	8588704
the hatching sequence of ostrich (struthio camelus) embryos with notes on development as observed by candling.	1. the hatching sequence of the ostrich (struthio camelus) was determined by observing embryos during candling, those in the process of hatching and in dead-in-shell eggs. 2. candling showed that there was a progressive increase in dark shadowing within the egg but fine details were not easily seen. nevertheless candling is considered to be an important method of assessing development of ostrich eggs during incubation. 3. the ostrich embryo adopts a hatching position and follows a hatching seque ...	1995	7614027
blood meal sources of glossina pallidipes and g. longipennis (diptera: glossinidae) in nguruman, southwest kenya.	in total, 1,952 glossina pallidipes austen and 1,098 g. longipennis corti adults were collected in forest and savanna habitat in nguruman, southwestern kenya, by ng2g traps during the dry season of 1992. of these, 339 individuals (11.1%) had blood meals, of which 155 (45.7%) were identified by direct enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. the most frequent blood meal source was bushbuck, followed by ostrich, elephant, buffalo, and warthog. few meals were taken from cattle. the findings of frequent b ...	1995	7616534
tourniquet-induced hypertension in an ostrich.	surgery was performed on a 3-year-old 110-kg male ostrich (struthio camelus) to remove a sequestrum from the dorsal aspect of the left tarsometatarsal bone. a pneumatic tourniquet was positioned proximal to the surgical site and inflated to 600 mm of hg. systolic blood pressure increased 35% over 105 minutes while the tourniquet was inflated. systolic blood pressure decreased 31.5% within 30 seconds after removal of the tourniquet pressure. recovery from anesthesia and surgery was routine. the t ...	1995	7628940
ostrich anaesthesia: xylazine premedication followed by alphaxalone/alphadolone and isoflurane.		1995	7646383
ostrich trypsinogen: purification, kinetic properties and characterization of the pancreatic enzyme.	trypsinogen is a serine protease zymogen (ec.3.4.21.4) which has proved to be of key significance in a family of about 20 structurally and functionally related pancreatic digestive enzymes. this study was an endeavour to isolate, purify and characterize a stable form of ostrich trypsinogen, which has thus far not yet been accomplished. trypsinogen (anionic) was isolated and purified by alkaline extraction of pancreatic acetone powder, followed by toyopearl deae 650m, hydroxylapatite and lbti-sep ...	1995	7648428
ostrich pepsinogens i and ii: purification, activation and chemical and immunochemical characterization of the enzymes from the proventriculus.	pepsins are a series of gastric proteases secreted as inactive precursors (pepsinogens) which are active at acidic ph. the aim of this study was to purify ostrich pepsin(ogen)s and to compare their biochemical and immunological characteristics with those of pepsin(ogen)s of mammalian and avian origin. ostrich pepsinogens were purified by ammonium sulphate fractionation, toyopearl super q-650s chromatography and rechromatography, and hydroxylapatite chromatography of a ph 8.0 mucosal extract. pep ...	1995	7671140
stepfamilies. an "ostrich" concept in nursing education.	little attention has been given to the concept of stepfamilies in nursing literature. however, nurse educators can help their students to assist natural parents and stepparents create a more supportive and loving environment for themselves and their biological children and their stepchildren. the author identifies key issues that nurse educators need to teach student nurses related to stepfamilies based on research and a review of the literature, offering interventions that include material reso ...	1995	8700393
ostrich pepsins i and ii: a kinetic and thermodynamic investigation.		1995	8581825
chemical immobilisation of red-necked ostriches (struthio camelus) under field conditions.	sixteen red-necked ostriches (struthio camelus camelus) were darted under field conditions to immobilise them. combinations of etorphine hydrochloride with either medetomidine or ketamine were used on 13 birds; xylazine hydrochloride and metomidate alone were used, respectively, on one and two birds. the times to recumbency and recovery were recorded and compared. the principal complications encountered during the anaesthetic procedure were myopathy due to over exertion and respiratory collapse. ...	1995	7747388
incidence of campylobacters in the intestine of avian species in alabama.	avian species necropsied at the c. s. roberts veterinary diagnostic laboratory, auburn, alabama, from december 1993 until may 1994 were examined for the incidence of intestinal campylobacters. ninety-one intestinal swabs, representing 66 separate cases and 17 different avian species, were collected and placed into cary-blair transport medium. selective enrichment and culture media were used for initial isolation of campylobacter spp. presumptive colonies were identified as campylobacter spp. by ...	1995	7794175
ingestion of metal objects by ostriches (struthio camelus).		1995	8533252
sperm-storage tubules in the vagina of the ostrich (struthio camelus).	sperm-storage tubules have been described in a number of species of birds. the presence of these tubules in the rhea has been mentioned, but no description of these structures in ratites is available. the purpose of this study was to determine the presence and morphology of sperm-storage tubules in the vagina of the ostrich. the study was performed with the use of conventional light- and electron-microscopic techniques. sperm-storage tubules were located in a 200-mm-wide band of the vagina adjac ...	1995	8628573
ostrich slaughter and fabrication: 1. slaughter yields of carcasses and effects of electrical stimulation on post-mortem ph.	a commercial ostrich slaughter protocol was developed. ostriches (n = 7 males and n = 7 females) averaged 95.54 kg live weight and yielded 55.91-kg carcasses. by-product yields were measured. the most significant by-products by weight were full viscera (8.29 kg), hide (6.71 kg), full gizzard and crop (5.80 kg), and abdominal fat (4.11 kg). sex had no effect on slaughter yields. post-mortem temperature declines were measured on five separate muscles and showed that chilling for 24 h was sufficien ...	1995	8559734
mycotic rhinitis in an ostrich.	a 2-year-old female ostrich had become gradually emaciated over a 4-month period and subsequently died. gross necropsy revealed a granulomatous mass filling the right nasal passageways. microscopically, the mass contained numerous thin, regular-diameter, septate, branching fungal hyphae consistent with aspergillus sp. and foreign plant material. this appears to be the first report of a mycotic granuloma limited to the nasal cavities of an ostrich or any other ratite species.	1995	7794183
[the african ostrich--a "useful animal" in germany?].	farming of the ostrich--a non domesticated species--cannot be done species-conforming; it is even a cruelty to the animals. keeping in captivity leads to a steady rank order stress; the biology of their reproduction is heavily impaired and their typical moving requirements can only be poorly satisfied. the specific habit of food intake cannot be performed accordingly, and the early deprivation, caused by the absence of parents during the weanling period, creates extremely abnormal behaviour. sum ...	1996	8721328
[ostrich farming from the perspective of veterinarians].	the present paper is an attempt to relate the etiology of 54 cases with diseased/deceased ostriches to criterions of keeping, feeding, climate and infectious diseases. despite the fact that some of the damages diagnosed seem to be avoidable the criterions of the law for the prevention of cruelty to animals are not to be fulfilled since the adverse climatic circumstances in germany.	1996	8721329
time budget and colour preferences (with specific reference to feeding) of ostrich (struthio camelus) chicks in captivity.	1. time budget analysis of the typical behaviours of young ostrich chicks showed that chicks spent over 50% of their time foraging and walking. 2. food presented in bowls was largely ignored whereas food scattered on the floor was readily taken. 3. a colour preference test showed that green was the preferred colour.	1996	8842461
husbandry practices as related to infectious and parasitic diseases of farmed ratites.	over the past decade, there has been a world-wide increase in the number of farm-raised ratites. the focus of ostrich production remains in south africa, but other countries are initiating production of this bird in addition to the emu and rhea. ostriches, emus and rheas are being produced commercially outside their native habitat, resulting in new and unique disease presentations. the authors describe bacterial, viral and parasitic diseases which are emerging in production settings. biosecurity ...	1996	8924717
eggshell conductance and other functional qualities of ostrich eggs.	eggshell conductance was measured and eggshell conductance constants were calculated for eggs from ostriches. in addition, egg water, yolk, albumen, shell, and total solids were measured in an effort to determine the maternal investment of ostrich eggs. the results of the study suggest that the optimal incubator humidity for ostrich eggs is less than 25% to allow a 15% loss of initial egg mass during the 45-d incubation period. this low humidity does not preclude increasing humidity during the a ...	1996	8933594
repeatability and phenotypic correlations for body weight and reproduction in commercial ostrich breeding pairs.	1. reproduction is an important aspect of ostrich farming, where income is mainly derived from hides and meat. no estimates of repeatability or phenotypic correlations for reproduction and body weight are currently available for commercial ostriches. 2. means, standard deviations, repeatability coefficients and phenotypic correlations for and among reproductive traits and body weight were computed for the average yearly production of 42 to 67 mixed age ostrich breeding pairs maintained on the kl ...	1996	9034585
ostrich (struthio camelus) carboxypeptidase b: purification, kinetic properties and characterization of the pancreatic enzyme.	carboxypeptidase b has been isolated from numerous mammalian and invertebrate species. in contrast, very little is known about carboxypeptidases of avian origin. to provide information for a comparative study, we have undertaken an investigation of the kinetic and physical properties of ostrich carboxypeptidase b. carboxypeptidase b from the pancreas of the ostrich was purified by water extraction of acetone powder and aminobenzylsuccinic acid affinity and hydroxylapatite chromatography. the eff ...	1996	8697097
estimation of the weight and body condition of ostriches (struthio camelus) from body measurements.	the body dimensions and weights of over 100 ostriches were analysed to investigate which body measurements provided the best estimators of bodyweight. the data were divided between growing and adult birds (below and above two years old) for regression analyses. the residual standard deviation of weight was 0.117 for growing birds, using tibiotarsal length and abdominal girth as predictors. the analogous figure for adults was 0.078 using back length and abdominal girth. an assessment of body cond ...	1996	8883337
ultrastructural organization of avian stratum corneum lipids as the basis for facultative cutaneous waterproofing.	the ultrastructure of naked neck epidermis from the ostrich (struthio camelus) and ventral apterium from watered, and water-deprived, zebra finches (taeniopygia [poephila] guttata castanotis) is presented. the form and distribution of the fully differentiated products of the lipid-enriched multigranular bodies are compared in biopsies post-fixed with osmium tetroxide or ruthenium tetroxide. the fine structure of ostrich epidermis suggests it is a relatively poor barrier to cutaneous water loss ( ...	1996	8568904
pox in ostrich chicks.		1996	8660190
ratites (ostrich, emu) as potential heart donors for humans: immunologic considerations.		1996	8623271
what is your diagnosis? intussusception in an ostrich.		1996	8707669
causes of losses including a borna disease paralytic syndrome affecting young ostriches of one breeding organization over a five-year period (1989-1993).	necropsy records and causes of mortality of ostriches up to 3 months old over a 5-year period (1989-1993) are presented. the data relate to one ostrich enterprise that comprises 10 breeding flocks, five rearing farms, and one hatchery. causes of mortality are classified into nine major categories. the annual mortality percentages of all hatched ostriches over the 5-year period were 61%, 58%, 30%, 29%, and 16.6%, and the most significant cause of death was a paresis syndrome that accounted for 20 ...	1996	8713043
some blood chemical, electrolyte and mineral values from young ostriches.	haematocrit, plasma osmolality and plasma calcium, inorganic phosphorus and magnesium concentrations were measured in 10 healthy ostrich chicks at 2-weekly intervals between 8 and 26 weeks of age. plasma sodium, potassium and zinc concentrations were measured in an additional 50 chicks between 2 and 6 months of age. with the exception of calcium, blood constituents did not change significantly with age. overall, haematocrit was lower and phosphorus and magnesium were slightly higher than previou ...	1996	9120851
mortality in near-term ostrich embryos during artificial incubation.	1. the ostrich industry in south africa (and elsewhere) experiences a high rate of embryo mortality during artificial incubation of eggs. most of this mortality takes place in the last l0-l4 d of incubation. 2. we carried out post-mortem examinations on 111 embryos that died within this period to assess the causes of this mortality. 3. malpositioning and severe oedema were the predominant symptoms of dead-in shell embryos with 55% being malpositioned and 41% showing severe oedema. of these, 22 e ...	1996	8833529
microbial spoilage of ostrich (struthio camelus) eggs.	1. the incidence of microbial spoilage was investigated in three batches of ostrich eggs, one from africa and two from europe. 2. 18% to 21% of eggs in each batch were contaminated with bacteria and fungi, with the latter being found more often in eggs which contained more advanced embryos. 3. although infertility and prolonged storage reduced hatchability, the high incidence of microbial contamination in ostrich eggs is deemed to be a significant problem. 4. improving nest hygiene is considered ...	1996	8842475
purification and characterization of ostrich pancreatic secretory trypsin inhibitor.	ostrich pancreatic secretory trypsin inhibitor was isolated and purified using acid extraction, salt fractionation. sp-sephadex c-50 and qae-sephadex a-25 chromatography and rp-hplc. the amino acid sequence of ostrich psti showed it is a single peptide chain containing 69 amino acid residues with the highest homology between ostrich and chicken psti. the molecular weight, as determined by electronspray mass spectrometry and from amino acid sequence data, is 7650 da. the isoelectric point of ostr ...	1996	8872536
serosurvey for cowdria ruminantium, coxiella burnetii, and spotted fever group rickettsiae in ostriches (struthio camelus) from zimbabwe.	sera from 216 ostriches on nine farms around zimbabwe were examined by indirect fluorescent antibody (ifa) testing for the presence of antibodies reactive with cowdria ruminantium, coxiella burnetii, and rickettsia africae, a spotted fever group rickettsia. although no reactive antibodies could be detected to c. ruminantium or c. burnetii, 51/216 (35%) sera reacted with r. africae. the seroprevalence in ostriches from the south of zimbabwe was significantly higher than in birds from the north (p ...	1996	8790897
plasma thyroxine concentrations in farmed ostriches in relation to age, body weight, and growth hormone.	thyroid hormones are of interest in ostriches because, in common with other ratites, ostriches are believed to have evolved through neoteny, a process which, in amphibia, is related to thyroid function. farmed ostriches show marked differences in growth rates, a problem which also could be related to abnormal thyroid function. in adult farmed ostriches (more than 3 years old), mean plasma thyroxine concentration was 1.8 nmol middle dot liter-1 (range 0.2 to 6.5 nmol middle dot liter-1). this is ...	1996	8812401
[alcohol measurement in traffic accidents: how long will the ostrich strategy last?].		1996	8755155
high mortality in ostrich eggs and hatchlings due to egg-washing.		1996	8786614
development of a method for the identification, using the polymerase chain reaction, of aspergillus fumigatus isolated from ostriches.	to develop a method for identifying dna of aspergillus fumigatus from ostriches, using the polymerase chain reaction (pcr). a fumigatus is the principal causative agent of avian aspergillosis.	1996	8894006
macroscopic blood supply to the hypophysis and hypothalamus of the ostrich (struthio camelus).	the branching pattern of the aa. carotes internae and the macroscopic blood supply to the hypophysis and hypothalamus of the ostrich were studied on ten dissected acrylic vascular-injected heads and ten corrosion preparations of acrylic vascular casts of the head. the a. carotis cerebralis was found to be the only source of blood supply to the hypophysis and hypothalamus. the neurohypophysis was supplied by the caudal hypophyseal and infundibular arteries. the pars distalis was supplied by porta ...	1996	8917862
complete amino acid sequences of follitropin and lutropin in the ostrich, struthio camelus.	we determined the complete amino acid sequences of two pituitary gonadotropins, follitropin and lutropin in the ostrich, thereby providing the first information on the structure of avian follitropin. ostrich follitropin and lutropin both consist of two subunits: a common alpha-subunit and a hormone-specific beta-subunit. the alpha-subunit is composed of 96 amino acid residues and has 70-80% sequence identity with the alpha-subunits of most vertebrates. the ostrich follitropin beta-subunit consis ...	1996	8925835
comparative effects of diverse vertebrate gonadotropins on estradiol-17 beta formation in vitro in an immature rat sertoli cell bioassay.	the biopotencies of pituitary gonadotropins (gths) from various vertebrate classes were examined in an in vitro rat sertoli cell bioassay which was previously established for mammalian follicle-stimulating hormones (fshs). potencies of the gonadotropins were determined by incubation of sertoli cells obtained from 10-day-old rats, with increasing doses of gths, which resulted in dose-related and parallel estradiol-17 beta formation converted from added 19-hydroxy-androstenedione. in general, mamm ...	1996	8930616
isolation of paramyxovirus serotype 7 from ostriches (struthio camelus).	paramyxovirus serotype 7 (pmv-7) was isolated from pooled intestinal contents of two 5-month-old ostriches (struthio camelus). the pathogenicity of the virus was comparable with lentogenic strains of newcastle disease virus (pmv-1) in chicken and chicken embryo pathogenicity tests. the relationship of the virus to the observed pathology of proliferative nonsuppurative enteritis is unknown; the campylobacter jejuni isolated was presumably the primary pathogen. to our knowledge, this is the first ...	1996	8980831
post-mortem ph decline in different ostrich muscles.	post-mortem glycolysis, as described by muscle ph decline, was investigated in several ostrich muscles. while the gastrocnemius pars interna, femorotibialis medius, iliotibialis lateralis and iliofemoralis showed the normal descending ph decline pattern, the ambiens as well as the iliofibularis showed a very rapid ph decline until 2 hr post mortem whereafter ph increased.	1996	22060688
production of salami from ostrich meat with strains of lactobacillus sake, lactobacillus curvatus and micrococcus sp.	the aim of this study was to produce italian-type salami from ostrich meat using different combinations of lactobacillus sake, lactobacillus curvatus and micrococcus sp., and to compare the sensory characteristics of these products to that of salami produced with glucono-delta-lactone (gdl). meat inoculated with starter cultures was fermented for four days (20-22 °c, 97-99% rh) and ripened for a further 11 days (16-18 °c, 40-60% rh). cell counts of lactic acid bacteria and micrococci, and change ...	1996	22060827
differentiation of the acrosomal complex in ostrich (struthio camelus) spermatids.	the acrosomal complex of ostrich sperm consists of a small, cone-shaped acrosome and a slender, cylindrical perforatorium housed within a deep endonuclear canal. the perforatorium is almost exclusively endonuclear in location and is only covered by the acrosome at its point of origin in the apical subacrosomal space. the development of the acrosome is generally similar to that described in other non-passerine birds. small proacrosomal granules (vesicles) emanating from the golgi apparatus coales ...	1996	29852609
tibiofibular junction of the south african ostrich (struthio camelus australis).	the tibiofibular junction of the south african ostrich (struthio camelus australis) consists of the ligg. tibiofibularia caudale, craniale proximale and distale, obliquum, and interosseum. the motion range of the fibula, respective to the tibiotarsus, averaged 35°. this junction is, however, not freely mobile as there is a resting position from which the fibula can be pronated an average of 14° (counterclockwise motion of the right fibula from the proximal view) and supinated an average of 21°. ...	1996	29852602
the effects of ca ions, egta and storage time on myofibrillar protein degradation, levels of ca(2+)-dependent proteases and cathepsins b, h, l and d of ostrich skeletal muscle.	the effect of ca ions and ethylene glycol-bis(ß-aminoethyl ether)-n,n,n',n'-tetraacetic acid (egta) on myofibrillar protein degradation showed that when ostrich iliotibialis lateralis muscle was incubated with 10 mm egta at 2-4 °c for 24 hr, the activity of extracted cathepsin h was unchanged compared with a buffer-incubated sample. ca(++) had no effect on extracted cathepsin h activity, while that of ca(2+)-dependent protease (cdp) decreased significantly (p < 0.05). ca(2+)-treatment enhanced p ...	1997	22061674
optimisation of calcium-dependent protease and cathepsin d assays in ostrich muscle and the effect of chemical and physical dry-curing parameters.	the best conditions for the assay of cathepsin d and ca(2+)-dependent pro tease (cdp) activity in ostrich muscle was established in order to have a simple, rapid and reliable method for its determination. measurements of a(280nm) of tca-soluble peptides and amino acid digests of casein and haemoglobin were used for measuring proteolytic activity in muscle extracts. the best conditions for the reliable determination of cathepsin d activity were found to be the incubation of an enzyme extract for ...	1997	22062742
comparison of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and haemagglutination inhibition test for the detection of antibodies against newcastle disease virus in ostriches (struthio camelus).	reactivity of ostrich sera to newcastle disease virus (ndv) by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) and haemagglutination inhibition (hi) test were compared. ten-month old ostriches seronegative by both tests were vaccinated with an oil-based ndv vaccine on days 0 and 11. significant levels of reactive antibodies were first detected on day 11 by elisa (sample/positive ratio > 0.2 in 11/20 birds; 55%) and hi (titre > 1/8 in 10/20 birds; 50%). at the end of the experiment (day 37) all birds h ...	1997	18483912
purification and characterization of proteasome from ostrich liver.	the proteasome (ec 3.4.99.46) is a high molecular mass (approximately 700 kda) multisubunit enzyme complex which is the focus of worldwide research in order to identify the structure, mechanism of action and specificity of the complex. the purpose of the present study was to investigate the tryptic, chymotryptic and peptidylglutamyl-peptide hydrolysing (pgph) activities of ostrich liver proteasome. the proteasome was purified from ostrich liver by employing ammonium sulphate fractionation, follo ...	1997	9363639
outbreak of salmonella give in the province of quebec.	salmonellosis due to salmonella give involving cows, a goat, and an ostrich over a 6-month period was investigated. cases were found in 4 different regions. antimicrobial susceptibility patterns, phagetyping, and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis analyses confirmed that all isolates belonged to the same clone. a common source of infection was suspected.	1997	9426945
use of rabbits in ostrich rearing.		1997	9234558
prevalent diseases of ostrich chicks farmed in canada.	in canada, ostriches are now slaughtered for their meat and hides. the mortality rate in ostrich farming is highest in chick units. an increased chick survival rate impacts positively on production and profit. this paper will focus on common health disorders that affect chick production costs. these are discussed under the following categories: digestive, orthopedic, respiratory, and integumentary disorders. methods for elimination or reduction of these mortality factors are also discussed.	1997	9220131
acute clostridial hepatitis in an ostrich.		1997	9211246
hypophosphataemic rickets and nephrocalcinosis in ostrich chicks brooded and reared on limestone sand.		1997	9178485
isolation and identification of adenoviruses from ostriches (struthio camelus).		1997	9141225
diagnosis of proliferative enteritis in frozen and formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissues from a hamster, horse, deer and ostrich using a lawsonia intracellularis-specific multiplex pcr assay.	proliferative enteritis (pe) is an enteric disease that has been reported in a variety of animals. it is caused by an obligate intracellular bacterium identified in swine as lawsonia intracellularis. the organism can be detected ante-mortem in swine with pe using molecular diagnostic methods. the disease can be diagnosed post-mortem in all species by gross examination of tissues and special histologic staining procedures. in this study we extracted total dna from frozen or formalin-fixed, paraff ...	1997	9050170
drug metabolizing enzymes in the ostrich (struthio camelus): comparison with the chicken and the rat.	the activities of selected hepatic and renal drug-metabolizing enzymes of the ostrich, chicken and rats were compared. the concentration of glutathione in the liver and kidneys of the avian species was significantly lower than in the rat. the activity of ostrich hepatic glutathione s-transferase was 2-fold higher than that of the chicken and the rat and the renal glutathione s-transferase of the ostrich was 10 times higher than that of the rat. the activity of ostrich hepatic udp-glucuronyl tran ...	1997	9080672
strains of actinobacillus spp. from diseases of animals and ostriches in zimbabwe.	among the actinobacillus spp. only a. lignieresii represents a homogenous and well studied taxon. however, haemolytic and non-haemolytic strains of a. equuli and a. suis are also isolated from a wide range of diseases in a variety of hosts. these isolates often pose problems in definitive identification. consequently, several studies have been published, emphasizing the need for detailed studies to reclassify various members of this genus and also to assess their disease significance. we isolate ...	1997	9467174
monitoring the health and productivity of farmed ostrich flocks.		1997	9293341
nuclear morphogenesis and the role of the manchette during spermiogenesis in the ostrich (struthio camelus).	nuclear condensation during spermiogenesis in the ostrich follows the basic pattern established in other vertebrates. the fine granular nuclear substance of early spermatids is gradually replaced by numbers of coarse dense granules which appear to arise by aggregation of smaller dispersed elements of the chromatin. the granules increase in size and eventually coalesce to form the compact homogenous mass of chromatin typical of the mature sperm. in ostrich spermatids, however, the aggregation of ...	1997	9183679
purification and partial characterization of an ostrich alpha 1-antichymotrypsin-like serum inhibitor.	alpha 1-antichymotrypsin, a member of the serpins, is the predominant plasma inhibitor of neutrophil cathepsin g. the aim of this study was to purify ostrich alpha 1-antichymotrypsin and to compare its biochemical properties with those of other species. ostrich alpha 1-antichymotrypsin was purified from serum by ammonium sulphate fractionation, qae-sephadex c-50 and phenyl-toyopearl chromatography. n-terminal sequence, amino acid composition, molecular mass, isoelectric point and reaction with c ...	1997	9363637
experimental infection of vaccinated slaughter ostriches with virulent newcastle disease virus.	a virulent newcastle disease virus (ndv) isolate from an outbreak in commercial poultry, with virulence indices of mdt = 47-48 h; ivpi = 2,17 and icpi = 1,8; was used to inoculate 10x vaccinated (standard poultry vaccines) as well as 10x unvaccinated slaughter ostriches via intratracheal, ocular and nasal routes, in a controlled environment. all unvaccinated ostriches developed clinical signs (mainly respiratory); two of them died while the other eight recovered. no vaccinated ostriches develope ...	1997	9467177
detection of antibodies to newcastle disease virus in ostriches (struthio camelus) by an indirect elisa.	a two-graph receiver operating characteristic analysis, performed on the hemagglutination-inhibition (hi) and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) test results of a newcastle disease virus (ndv)-positive and ndv-negative control group of ostrich sera, proved that the elisa was superior to the hi in both sensitivity and specificity. comparison of results of the two assays performed on a panel of simulated positive sera ranging from very weak to very strong showed that the elisa was at least ...	1997	9454920
the mtdna sequence of the ostrich and the divergence between paleognathous and neognathous birds.	the complete mitochondrial dna (mtdna) molecule of the ostrich, struthio camelus, was sequenced. the size of the molecule is 16,591 nucleotides. since the ostrich represents the paleognathous birds, comparison with the mtdna of the neognathous chicken, the only avian species reported so far in databases, made it possible to identify common and, probably, general avian mtdna characteristics. relative to other vertebrates, the avian nadh6 and trna-glu genes are positioned upstream of the control r ...	1997	9214748
a comparative study between mature ostriches (struthio camelus) and adult cockerels with respect to true and apparent metabolisable energy values for maize, barley, oats and triticale.	1. in three successive trials with cockerels and mature ostrich males the apparent and true metabolisable energy values, corrected for nitrogen retention (amen and tmen) were determined by a balance method for malting barley, oats, triticale and yellow maize. all these ingredients were used as sole dietary components with the exception of triticale for ostriches which was diluted with 440 g/kg lucerne meal. the balance trial lasted for 5 d after an adaption period of 7 d for ostriches, and 3 d a ...	1997	9088620
animal health risks associated with ostrich products.	five diseases recorded in ostriches are regarded as posing a potential animal health threat to meat-importing countries. newcastle disease causes an atypically low mortality in ostriches: infected birds display typical nervous symptoms but no pathognomonic lesions which could be detected during post-mortem inspection. the vaccination of feedlot birds and a thorough ante-mortem examination are regarded as necessary precautions to ensure virus carriers are not among those animals destined for slau ...	1997	9329111
comparison of the 16s ribosomal dna sequences from the intracellular agents of proliferative enteritis in a hamster, deer, and ostrich with the sequence of a porcine isolate of lawsonia intracellularis.	proliferative enteritis is an enteric disease that affects a variety of animals. the causative agent in swine has been determined to be an obligate intracellular bacterium, lawsonia intracellularis, related to the sulfate-reducing bacterium desulfovibrio desulfuricans. the intracellular agents found in the lesions of different animal species are antigenically similar. in addition, strains from the pig, ferret, and hamster have been shown to be genetically similar. in this study we performed a pa ...	1997	9226893
public health risks of ostrich and crocodile meat.	this paper discusses the infectious agents and chemical substances potentially capable of contaminating the meat of ostriches and crocodiles and which thus pose a danger to human handlers and consumers. for ostrich meat, there is no danger from crimean-congo haemorrhagic fever or spongiform encephalopathy. contamination of ostrich meat with salmonellae, chlamydia, pasteurellae, mycobacteria and erysipelas might be possible, but has never been reported. no parasites are known which could be trans ...	1997	9501374
feeding and pecking behaviour in ostrich (struthio camelus) chicks in captivity.	1. three sets of experiments were performed on two batches of ostrich chicks to investigate the factors affecting the pecking and feeding behaviour of grouped individuals. 2. chicks showed no significant alteration of their feeding behaviour in response to raising pen walls in the rearing facility from 30 to 60 cm. 3. further analysis on a different set of birds revealed consistent short term individual differences in the frequency of feeding and non-feeding pecks. 4. there were significant pen ...	1997	9158888
effects of hemolysis on serum chemistry analytes in ratites.	since hemolysis has been a common problem in submitted ratite serum samples, a study was performed to determine interference by hemolysates. nine chemistry analytes including glucose, total protein, albumin, creatine kinase (ck), gamma-glutamyl transferase (ggt), aspartate aminotransferase (as7), calcium (ca), phosphorus, and uric acid were evaluated on a wet reagent analyzer (ciba corning express 550) and on a dry slide reagent analyzer (vettest 8008). in emus, increasing hemoglobin concentrati ...	1997	12658578
a comparative study between mature ostriches (struthio camelus) and adult cockerels with regard to the true and apparent digestibilities of amino acids.	1. a study was conducted to compare apparent and true digestibility of amino acids in a high protein experimental diet between young ostriches (7 months of age) and cockerels. 2. a mean value for true digestibility of amino acids (taad) of 0.837 +/- 0.0073 (range 0.780 to 0.862) was derived for ostriches, compared with a mean value of 0.795 +/- 0.0258 (range 0.723 to 0.825) for cockerels. 3. true retention of dietary protein was 0.646 +/- 0.0114 and 0.609 +/- 0.0643 for ostriches and cockerels r ...	1997	9280361
serum biochemical values of farmed ostrich (struthio camelus) in botswana.	reference biochemical values for serum analytes of 126 clinically normal farmed ostriches on one farm in botswana were established. these included sodium, potassium, chloride, total protein, albumin, urea, creatinine, uric acid, cholesterol, total bilirubin, conjugated bilirubin, glucose, triglyceride, calcium, phosphorus, manganese, copper, zinc, alkaline phosphatase, gamma glutamyl transferase and creatinine kinase. the values obtained in this study can be used as reference values.	1998	9809323