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a morphological classification of sperm defects in the ostrich (struthio camelus).commercial ostrich farming is constrained by the absence of a formal animal recording and evaluation scheme as well as by current farming practices. artificial insemination may have an important role in overcoming these limitations, but requires a thorough knowledge of sperm morphology. although the morphological characteristics of normal ostrich sperm have been documented, little information is available on the incidence and structural peculiarities of defective sperm in this species. semen sme ...201425255781
the effect of dietary energy concentrations on production variables of ostrich chicks (struthio camelus var. domesticus).the effects of different dietary energy concentrations on ostrich production variables were examined in two separate trials. the first trial tracked changes in production variables from the pre-starter phase through the starter phase and grower phase. the second trial was based on the finisher phase per se. in both trials, the influence of dietary energy on feed intake, feed conversion ratio (fcr) and growth variables was investigated. additionally, basic abattoir weights were recorded, and meas ...201425266635
phenotypic and genetic variability for body weight of ostriches (struthio camelus).1. objective of the present study was to estimate heritability for hatch weight (hw), body weight at 90 (w90) and 180 (w180) d of age in brazilian ostriches. 2. the heritability estimates were obtained through the restricted maximum likelihood method for an animal model. least squares method was used to define possible fixed effects for consideration in the analysis model. 3. the estimates of heritability were 0.42 ± 0.05, 0.16 ± 0.04 and 0.24 ± 0.08 for hw, w90 and w180, respectively. 4. herita ...201425269694
comparative morphology of the species of libyostrongylus and codiostomum, parasites from ostriches, struthio camelus, with a identification key to the species.one of the most common problems in breeding of ostriches in captivity is the control of parasitic diseases. this work presents keys for the identification of adult nematodes and infective larvae by morphologic and morphometric characteristics. these keys will allow the scientific community to identify the species that infect the ostriches either based on the characteristics of the posterior end of the infective larvae found through a simple fecal exam or by observing the morphology and morphomet ...201625271447
predicting ejaculate quality and libido in male ostriches: effect of season and age.the success of artificial breeding program depends largely on the reproductive performance of males. male performance can vary with season and age impacting on quality and quantity of semen collected for artificial insemination purposes and therefore fertility of inseminated females. we examined variation in semen output and male libido of seven male ostriches (aged 2-5 years) over a period of 24 months. we collected ejaculates using a dummy female and measured semen characteristics (ejaculate v ...201425282554
effects of supplemental boron on growth performance and meat quality in african ostrich chicks.to investigate the effects of boron on growth performance and meat quality, 10-day-old africa ostrich chicks were randomly divided into 6 groups with 6 replicates in each group. for 80 days, birds in the treatments were fed the same basal diet but given different concentrations of boron-supplemented water. the highest final bw (33.4 ± 0.30 kg), adfi (376 ± 1.83 g), and adg (224 ± 1.01 g) appeared in the group receiving 160 mg/l boron (group 4). 160 mg/l boron also decreased drip loss (2.20 ± 0.5 ...201425363572
morphological features of herbst corpuscles in the oropharynx of the ostrich (struthio camelus) and emu (dromaius novaehollandiae).the distribution of herbst corpuscles in the oropharynx of the ostrich and emu has recently been documented. however, although the morphology of these mechanoreceptors is well known in neognathous birds, little structural information is available on the herbst corpuscles of ratites. tissue sections from those regions of the oropharynx known to possess a high concentration of herbst corpuscles were sampled from ostrich and emu heads collected after slaughter and prepared for light and transmissio ...201525382625
methane emission by adult ostriches (struthio camelus).ostriches (struthio camelus) are herbivorous birds with a digestive physiology that shares several similarities with that of herbivorous mammals. previous reports, however, claimed a very low methane emission from ostriches, which would be clearly different from mammals. if this could be confirmed, ostrich meat would represent a very attractive alternative to ruminant-and generally mammalian-meat by representing a particularly low-emission agricultural form of production. we individually measure ...201525446146
expression of prostaglandin synthesizing enzymes (cyclooxygenase 1 and cyclooxygenase 2) in the ovary of the ostrich (struthio camelus).cyclooxygenase is the rate limiting enzyme in the production of prostaglandins. in birds two isoforms are present: cyclooxygenase 1 (cox-1) and cyclooxygenase 2 (cox-2). despite evidence implicating that cyclooxygenases and pgs are critical factors in female reproduction in birds, little is known about cox expression in the avian ovary. in birds, cyclooxygenases have been studied in very few species only. in this study we report on the expression of cox-1 and cox-2 in the ovary of the ostrich (s ...201525528171
three-dimensional anatomy of the ostrich (struthio camelus) knee joint.the three-dimensional anatomy of the ostrich (struthio camelus) knee (femorotibial, femorofibular, and femoropatellar) joint has scarcely been studied, and could elucidate certain mechanobiological properties of sesamoid bones. the adult ostrich is unique in that it has double patellae, while another similar ratite bird, the emu, has none. understanding why these patellae form and what purpose they may serve is dually important for future studies on ratites as well as for understanding the mecha ...201425551024
effect of boric acid supplementation of ostrich water on the expression of foxn1 in thymus.foxn1 is essential for thymus development. the relationship between boric acid and thymus development, optimal dose of boric acid in ostrich diets, and the effects of boric acid on the expression of foxn1 were investigated in the present study. thirty healthy ostriches were randomly divided into six groups: group i, ii, iii, iv, v, vi, and supplemented with boric acid at the concentration of 0 mg/l, 40 mg/l, 80 mg/l, 160 mg/l, 320 mg/l, 640 mg/l, respectively. the histological changes in thymus ...201525665795
an identified antioxidant peptide obtained from ostrich (struthio camelus) egg white protein hydrolysate shows wound healing properties.ostrich (struthio camelus) egg possesses a high amount of food proteins and thus plays an important role in nutrition.201525697606
craniocervical myology and functional morphology of the small-headed therizinosaurian theropods falcarius utahensis and nothronychus mckinleyi.therizinosaurs represent a highly unusual clade of herbivorous theropods from the cretaceous of north america and asia. following descriptions of the basicrania of the north american therizinosaurs falcarius utahenisis and nothronychus mckinleyi, the craniocervical musculature in both taxa is reconstructed using tyrannosaurus, allosaurus, and some extant birds as models. these muscles are subdivided into functional groups as dorsiflexors, lateroflexors, and ventroflexors. lateroflexors and dorsi ...201525706764
bacterial enteritis in ostrich (struthio camelus) chicks in the western cape province, south africa.ostrich (struthio camelus) chicks less than 3 mo age are observed to experience a high mortality rate that is often associated with enteritis. this study was undertaken to investigate the infectious bacteria implicated in ostrich chick enteritis. postmortems were performed on 122 ostrich chicks aged from 1 d to 3 mo and intestinal samples were subjected to bacterial culture. bacterial isolates were typed by pcr and serotyping. escherichia coli (e. coli; 49%) was the most frequently isolated from ...201525840967
structure of struthiocalcin-1, an intramineral protein from struthio camelus eggshell, in two crystal forms.biomineralization is the process by which living organisms produce minerals. one remarkable example is the formation of eggshells in birds. struthiocalcins present in the ostrich (struthio camellus) eggshell matrix act as biosensors of calcite growth during eggshell formation. here, the crystal structure of struthiocalcin-1 (sca-1) is reported in two different crystal forms. the structure is a compact single domain with an α/β fold characteristic of the c-type lectin family. in contrast to the r ...201525849392
genotyping of clostridium perfringens isolated from healthy and diseased ostriches (struthio camelus).clostridium perfringens is more prevalent type of clostridia genus isolated from the intestinal tract of ostrich (struthio camelus). necrotic enteritis (ne) is a potentially fatal gastrointestinal (gi) disease of poultry and other avian species, which produces marked destruction of intestinal lining in digestive tract caused by c. perfringens. pathogenicity and lesions are correlated with the toxins produced, thus toxin typing of the bacterium has diagnostic and epidemiological significance. the ...201425954489
improving the ostrich genome assembly using optical mapping data.the ostrich (struthio camelus) is the tallest and heaviest living bird. ostrich meat is considered a healthy red meat, with an annual worldwide production ranging from 12,000 to 15,000 tons. as part of the avian phylogenomics project, we sequenced the ostrich genome for phylogenetic and comparative genomics analyses. the initial illumina-based assembly of this genome had a scaffold n50 of 3.59 mb and a total size of 1.23 gb. since longer scaffolds are critical for many genomic analyses, particul ...201525969728
functional anatomy of the lacrimal gland in african black ostrich struthio camelus domesticus in the embryonic and postnatal period.the aim of the present study was morphological and histochemical analysis of the lacrimalgland (lg) in african black ostrich struthio camelus domesticus in the embryonic and postnatalperiod. studies were conducted on 50 ostriches aged between the 28th day of incubation until7 months old. tissue sections were stained with haematoxylin and eosin, azan trichrome,periodic acid-schiff, alcian blue ph 2.5, aldehyde fuchsin and hale's dialysed iron. the lgin ostrich was classified as a tubulo-acinar ty ...201526017903
increased thymic cell turnover under boron stress may bypass tlr3/4 pathway in african ostrich.previous studies revealed that thymus is a targeted immune organ in malnutrition, and high-boron stress is harmful for immune organs. african ostrich is the living fossil of ancient birds and the food animals in modern life. there is no report about the effect of boron intake on thymus of ostrich. the purpose of present study was to evaluate the effect of excessive boron stress on ostrich thymus and the potential role of tlr3/4 signals in this process. histological analysis demonstrated that lon ...201526053067
musculoskeletal modelling of an ostrich (struthio camelus) pelvic limb: influence of limb orientation on muscular capacity during locomotion.we developed a three-dimensional, biomechanical computer model of the 36 major pelvic limb muscle groups in an ostrich (struthio camelus) to investigate muscle function in this, the largest of extant birds and model organism for many studies of locomotor mechanics, body size, anatomy and evolution. combined with experimental data, we use this model to test two main hypotheses. we first query whether ostriches use limb orientations (joint angles) that optimize the moment-generating capacities of ...201526082859
comparative methane emission by ratites: differences in food intake and digesta retention level out methane production.ratites differ in the anatomy of their digestive organs and their digesta excretion patterns. ostriches (struthio camelus) have large fermentation chambers and long digesta retention, emus (dromaius novaehollandiae) have a short gut and short retention times, and rheas (rhea americana) are intermediate. a recent study showed that ostriches produce as much methane (ch4) as expected for a similar-sized, non-ruminant mammalian herbivore. we hypothesized that emus and rheas produce less ch4 than ost ...201526123777
gastrointestinal nematodes in ostriches, struthio camelus, in different regions of the state of rio de janeiro, brazil.the ratite group is composed of ostriches, rheas, emus, cassowaries and kiwis. little research has been done on parasitism in these birds. the aim of this study was to determine the distribution of infections by gastrointestinal nematodes in ostriches in the state of rio de janeiro. for this, fecal samples were collected from 192 on 13 farms. from each sample, four grams of feces were used to determine the eggs per gram of feces (epg) count, by means of the mcmaster technique. part of the feces ...201726154957
the serine/threonine kinase 33 is present and expressed in palaeognath birds but has become a unitary pseudogene in neognaths about 100 million years ago.serine/threonine kinase 33 (stk33) has been shown to be conserved across all major vertebrate classes including reptiles, mammals, amphibians and fish, suggesting its importance within vertebrates. it has been shown to phosphorylate vimentin and might play a role in spermatogenesis and organ ontogenesis. in this study we analyzed the genomic locus and expression of stk33 in the class aves, using a combination of large scale next generation sequencing data analysis and traditional pcr.201526199010
effect of boric acid supplementation on the expression of bdnf in african ostrich chick brain.the degree of brain development can be expressed by the levels of brain brain-derived neurotrophic factor (bdnf). bdnf plays an irreplaceable role in the process of neuronal development, protection, and restoration. the aim of the present study was to evaluate the effects of boric acid supplementation in water on the ostrich chick neuronal development. one-day-old healthy animals were supplemented with boron in drinking water at various concentrations, and the potential effects of boric acid on ...201626226831
molecular cloning, expression and bioactivity of b cell activating factor (baff) in african ostrich.b cell activating factor (baff), which belongs to the tumor necrosis factor (tnf) family, is testified to play a critical role in b cell survival, proliferation, maturation and immunoglobulin secretion. in the present study, the cdna of open reading frame (orf) in african ostrich (struthio camelus) baff (designated osbaff) was cloned by reverse transcription-pcr (rt-pcr). the osbaff gene encodes a 288-amino acid protein containing a predicted transmembrane domain and a putative furin protease cl ...201526256697
a goose-type lysozyme from ostrich (struthio camelus) egg white: multiple roles of his101 in its enzymatic reaction.a goose-type lysozyme from ostrich egg white (oel) was produced by escherichia coli expression system, and the role of his101 of oel in the enzymatic reaction was investigated by nmr spectroscopy, thermal unfolding, and theoretical modeling of the enzymatic hydrolysis of hexa-n-acetylchitohexaose, (glcnac)6. although the binding of tri-n-acetylchitotriose, (glcnac)3, to oel perturbed several backbone resonances in the (1)h-(15)n hsqc spectrum, the chemical shift of the backbone resonance of his1 ...201626428437
localization of vascular endothelial growth factor and fibroblast growth factor 2 in the ovary of the ostrich (struthio camelus).vascular endothelial growth factor (vegf) and fibroblast growth factor 2 (fgf-2) play a paramount role in the regulation of normal and pathologic angiogenesis in the ovary of mammals. very little is known on the expression of these two growth factors in the avian ovary. the aim of this study was to determine for the first time the localization of vegf and fgf-2 in the ovary of the ostrich using immunohistochemical techniques to investigate the vascularization of the rapidly growing huge ostrich ...201626497821
validation experiments on finite element models of an ostrich (struthio camelus) cranium.the first finite element (fe) validation of a complete avian cranium was performed on an extant palaeognath, the ostrich (struthio camelus). ex-vivo strains were collected from the cranial bone and rhamphotheca. these experimental strains were then compared to convergence tested, specimen-specific finite element (fe) models. the fe models contained segmented cortical and trabecular bone, sutures and the keratinous rhamphotheca as identified from micro-ct scan data. each of these individual mater ...201526500813
endocardiosis and congestive heart failure in a captive ostrich (struthio camelus).a seven-year-old blue-necked male ostrich was found dead after a few days of illness. the animal was living in an open yard of 25 square meters along with three other females. they were given concentrate-rich ration with free access to green leaves and water. autopsy revealed cardiac enlargement due to left ventricular hypertrophy and right ventricular dilatation. the left aterioventricular valves were irregularly thickened and contracted. the lungs were engorged with blood and the liver had nut ...201326623324
osteological and soft-tissue evidence for pneumatization in the cervical column of the ostrich (struthio camelus) and observations on the vertebral columns of non-volant, semi-volant and semi-aquatic birds.postcranial skeletal pneumaticity (psp) is a condition most notably found in birds, but that is also present in other saurischian dinosaurs and pterosaurs. in birds, skeletal pneumatization occurs where bones are penetrated by pneumatic diverticula, membranous extensions that originate from air sacs that serve in the ventilation of the lung. key questions that remain to be addressed include further characterizing (1) the skeletal features that can be used to infer the presence/absence and extent ...201526649745
development of ostrich thrombocytes and monocyte-derived macrophages in culture and the control of toxoplasma gondii reproduction after macrophage activation.raising ostriches became an important economic activity after their products became commodities. the health of farm animals is of paramount importance, so assessing basic immunological responses is necessary to better understand health problems. we developed a method to obtain ostrich thrombocytes and macrophages. the thrombocytes died by apoptosis after 48 h in culture, and the macrophages expanded in size and increased the number of acidic compartments. macrophages were activated by chicken in ...201626794839
a retrospective necropsy study of the ostrich (struthio camelus) bursa of fabricius.a retrospective study of bursa of fabricius from 90 necropsied ostriches from florida farms was performed. eighty-five bursas showed lymphoid necrosis and/or depletion, and acute to chronic inflammation. rounded cytoplasmic inclusions were noted within bursal macrophages of 17 birds. ultrastructurally, these inclusions comprised arrays of icosahedral virions with a diameter of 60 to 65 nm, suggesting possibly reovirus or birnavirus. further work is needed to classify and determine the pathogenic ...199926911604
the tarsometatarsus of the ostrich struthio camelus: anatomy, bone densities, and structural mechanics.the ostrich struthio camelus reaches the highest speeds of any extant biped, and has been an extraordinary subject for studies of soft-tissue anatomy and dynamics of locomotion. an elongate tarsometatarsus in adult ostriches contributes to their speed. the internal osteology of the tarsometatarsus, and its mechanical response to forces of running, are potentially revealing about ostrich foot function.201627015416
classification of ostrich sperm characteristics.the success of assisted reproduction techniques is dependent on a sound foundation of understanding sperm characteristics to evaluate so as to improve semen processing. this study offers a descriptive basis for ostrich semen quality in terms of sperm function characteristics (sfc) that include motility, measured by computer assisted sperm analysis casa (sca(®)), viability (sybr14/pi) and membrane integrity (hypo-osmotic swelling test). relationships among these sfc's were explored and described ...201627039985
micro-focus x-ray tomography study of the microstructure and morphometry of the eggshell of ostriches (struthio camerus).in ostrich husbandry, economic losses have mainly been attributed to low hatchability of eggs, which has mostly been attributed to the structure of the eggshell. the main aim of this study was to investigate the morphology and the morphometry of the ostrich eggshell using micro-focus x-ray computer tomography and scanning electron microscopy. the mean weight and volume of the eggs were 1,312 ± 56se g and 1,333 ± 44se cm(3) , respectively. the mean thickness and the mean surface area of the eggsh ...201627097768
inferring muscle functional roles of the ostrich pelvic limb during walking and running using computer optimization.owing to their cursorial background, ostriches (struthio camelus) walk and run with high metabolic economy, can reach very fast running speeds and quickly execute cutting manoeuvres. these capabilities are believed to be a result of their ability to coordinate muscles to take advantage of specialized passive limb structures. this study aimed to infer the functional roles of ostrich pelvic limb muscles during gait. existing gait data were combined with a newly developed musculoskeletal model to g ...201627146688
multiple igh isotypes including igd, subclasses of igm, and igy are expressed in the common ancestors of modern birds.although evolutionarily just as ancient as igm, it has been thought for many years that igd is not present in birds. based on the recently sequenced genomes of 48 bird species as well as high-throughput transcriptome sequencing of immune-related tissues, we demonstrate in this work that the ostrich (struthio camelus) possesses a functional δ gene that encodes a membrane-bound igd h chain with seven ch domains. furthermore, δ sequences were clearly identified in many other bird species, demonstra ...201627183632
description of an outbreak of highly pathogenic avian influenza in domestic ostriches (struthio camelus) in south africa in 2011.in 2011, the commercial ostrich production industry of south africa experienced an outbreak of highly pathogenic avian influenza (hpai), subtype h5n2. surveillance using antibody and antigen detection revealed 42 infected farms with a between-farm prevalence in the affected area of 16%. the outbreak was controlled using depopulation of infected farms, resulting in the direct loss of 10% of the country's domestic ostrich population. various factors in the ostrich production system were observed t ...201627237385
ostrich ( struthio camelus ) infected with h5n8 highly pathogenic avian influenza virus in south korea in 2014.highly pathogenic avian influenza (hpai) virus of the h5n8 subtype was isolated from a young ostrich in south korea in march 2014. clinical signs characterized by anorexia, depression, and signs of nervousness were observed. the isolated a/ostrich/korea/h829/2014 (h5n8) virus had a cleavage site motif containing multiple basic amino acids, typical of hpai virus. the phylogenetic tree of the hemagglutinin gene of the h5 hpai virus showed that this ostrich h5n8 virus belongs to clade 2.3.4.4 virus ...201627309301
morphological, densitometric and mechanical properties of pelvic limb bones in 14-month-old female ostriches (struthio camelus).limited information on physiological characteristic of bones in ostrich skeleton are available, even though bone weaknesses in ostriches are commonplace. thus, the aim of this study was to evaluate morphological, densitometric, and mechanical properties of pelvic limb long bones (femur, tibia, and tarsometatarsus) in 14-month-old female ostriches (struthio camelus var. domesticus). after the slaughter procedure, all bones were isolated, cleaned of soft tissues, and bone weight and length were de ...201627333973
conjunctival mucinous adenocarcinoma in an ostrich (struthio camelus).a 2-year-old male ostrich (struthio camelus) presented with a rapidly growing soft tissue mass protruding from the ventromedial aspect of the right eye (od). the initial physical examination revealed a soft tissue mass attached to the medial inferior conjunctiva. the mass was excised with cryosurgery, and the conjunctival tissue margins were treated with cryoablation. histopathological examination diagnosed granulomatous inflammation associated with scattered acid-fast bacteria. the ostrich reco ...201727362604
risk factors and molecular typing of toxoplasma gondii isolated from ostriches (struthio camelus) from a brazilian slaughterhouse.toxoplasma gondii has a worldwide distribution with different genotypes reported in animals and humans. the parasite is of great importance to food production and public health, highlighted by the high diversity of hosts, i.e. ostriches. this study aimed to determine the prevalence of t. gondii infection in ostriches from a brazilian slaughterhouse, the genotype, and the associated risk factors. t. gondii antibodies were detected in 38/344 (11.05%) serum samples using the modified agglutination ...201627369578
visual pigments in a palaeognath bird, the emu dromaius novaehollandiae: implications for spectral sensitivity and the origin of ultraviolet vision.a comprehensive description of the spectral characteristics of retinal photoreceptors in palaeognaths is lacking. moreover, controversy exists with respect to the spectral sensitivity of the short-wavelength-sensitive-1 (sws1) opsin-based visual pigment expressed in one type of single cone: previous microspectrophotometric (msp) measurements in the ostrich (struthio camelus) suggested a violet-sensitive (vs) sws1 pigment, but all palaeognath sws1 opsin sequences obtained to date (including the o ...201627383819
acoustic input impedance of the avian inner ear measured in ostrich (struthio camelus).in both mammals and birds, the mechanical behavior of the middle ear structures is affected by the mechanical impedance of the inner ear. in this study, the aim was to quantify the acoustic impedance of the avian inner ear in the ostrich, which allows us to determine the effect on columellar vibrations and middle ear power flow in future studies. to determine the inner ear impedance, vibrations of the columella were measured for both the quasi-static and acoustic stimulus frequencies. in the fre ...201627473506
respiratory pores on ostrich struthio camelus (aves: struthionidae) eggshells.respiratory pores are essential for the survival of the embryo within the eggshell. distribution patterns of such pores on ostrich (struthio camelus) eggshells show remarkable variations in bird group. eggshells preserved in the museum of new zealand have long, superficial, winding grooves and ridges, with pores distributed densely in the bottom of grooves. both the grooves and ridges that separate them are twisted. by contrast, the surfaces of eggs from farmed ostriches are mostly smooth, with ...201727526124
effect of climate region and stocking density on ostrich (struthio camelus) productive performances.the effects of three climates (hot and dry, mild and humid and alpine) and three flock densities (<100, 100-300 and >300 m2) on ostrich reproductive and productive traits were studied. data were compared with the benchmark target sets by the world ostrich association (ostrich benchmark performance targets. version 2, may, 2008) for reproductive qualifications of ostrich. no significant difference was observed on egg production, weight, fertility, hatchability and day-old chicks weight among the ...201727641731
proteins from the past.some fragments of ancient protein are less prone to degradation because they bind strongly to the surfaces of minerals.201627668514
protein sequences bound to mineral surfaces persist into deep time.proteins persist longer in the fossil record than dna, but the longevity, survival mechanisms and substrates remain contested. here, we demonstrate the role of mineral binding in preserving the protein sequence in ostrich (struthionidae) eggshell, including from the palaeontological sites of laetoli (3.8 ma) and olduvai gorge (1.3 ma) in tanzania. by tracking protein diagenesis back in time we find consistent patterns of preservation, demonstrating authenticity of the surviving sequences. molecu ...201627668515
evaluation of the sedative effects of diazepam, midazolam, and xylazine after intranasal administration in juvenile ostriches ( struthio camelus ).the sedative effects of diazepam, midazolam, and xylazine after intranasal administration were evaluated in 72 (36 male and 36 female) juvenile healthy ostriches ( struthio camelus ), weighing 50-61 kg and aged 4-5 months. the birds were randomly divided into 3 groups (n = 24), then each group was further subdivided to 4 subgroups (n = 6). for each drug, 4 different doses were chosen and the total calculated dose was equally administered into either naris of the individual bird. the appropriate ...201627736233
preferred gait and walk-run transition speeds in ostriches measured using gps-imu sensors.the ostrich (struthio camelus) is widely appreciated as a fast and agile bipedal athlete, and is a useful comparative bipedal model for human locomotion. here, we used gps-imu sensors to measure naturally selected gait dynamics of ostriches roaming freely over a wide range of speeds in an open field and developed a quantitative method for distinguishing walking and running using accelerometry. we compared freely selected gait-speed distributions with previous laboratory measures of gait dynamics ...201627802152
role of his101 in the protein folding/unfolding of a goose-type lysozyme from ostrich (struthio camelus) egg white.to understand the role of his101 in protein structure stabilization of goose-type (g-type) lysozyme, we conducted thermal unfolding/refolding experiments using native g-type lysozyme from ostrich egg white (noel), the recombinant g-type lysozyme (roel), and the mutant lysozyme, in which his101 is mutated to alanine (h101a-oel). thermal stability on lytic activity and in-gel refolding experiments provided similar profiles for all three oels. circular dichroism (cd) spectroscopy was used to determ ...201627826810
ostrich (struthio camelus) embryonic development from 7 to 42 days of incubation.1. hatching success of ostrich eggs is poor (50-60% of fertile eggs). the current study was designed to identify the timing of key stages in the development of the ostrich embryo. 2. growth of both embryo and wing length during 42 d of incubation was comparable and approximately linear, with a more or less weekly doubling in size up to 35 d of incubation. 3. the embryo eye size increased more rapidly than beak length and reached a maximum of ~16.2 mm by 28 d of incubation, whereas beak length in ...201727845558
phalangeal joints kinematics during ostrich (struthio camelus) locomotion.the ostrich is a highly cursorial bipedal land animal with a permanently elevated metatarsophalangeal joint supported by only two toes. although locomotor kinematics in walking and running ostriches have been examined, these studies have been largely limited to above the metatarsophalangeal joint. in this study, kinematic data of all major toe joints were collected from gaits with double support (slow walking) to running during stance period in a semi-natural setup with two selected cooperative ...201728097064
full genomic characterization of a lentogenic newcastle disease virus isolated from farm-reared ostriches (struthio camelus) in northwest china.to our knowledge, our study is the first to report the whole-genome sequence of an ostrich-origin newcastle disease virus (ndv) isolate, abbreviated as ostrich/sx-01/06. phylogenetic analysis revealed that this isolate belongs to the subgenotype c in class ii. the identification of the complete genome will provide useful information regarding ostrich diseases, especially ndv.201728183763
libyostrongylus douglassii (strongylida: trichostrongylidae) in ostrich (struthio camelus) farms from colombia.ostrich farming is an important livestock industry in different world regions with a diverse offer of products and services. in colombia, as in other countries, this market led the importation of animals from countries like canada, united states of america and south africa for breeding objectives. with the animals, specific pathogens for these ratites could be introduced. libyostrongylus spp. is a strongylid nematode with worldwide distribution, which can induce a severe disease and mortality in ...201728215868
functional anatomy of the lacrimal gland in african black ostrich <i>struthio camelus domesticus</i> in the embryonic and postnatal period.the aim of the present study was morphological and histochemical analysis of the lacrimalgland (lg) in african black ostrich struthio camelus domesticus in the embryonic and postnatalperiod. studies were conducted on 50 ostriches aged between the 28th day of incubation until7 months old. tissue sections were stained with haematoxylin and eosin, azan trichrome,periodic acid-schiff, alcian blue ph 2.5, aldehyde fuchsin and hale's dialysed iron. the lgin ostrich was classified as a tubulo-acinar ty ...201528235256
ancient dna reveals late pleistocene existence of ostriches in indian sub-continent.ancient dna (adna) analysis of extinct ratite species is of considerable interest as it provides important insights into their origin, evolution, paleogeographical distribution and vicariant speciation in congruence with continental drift theory. in this study, dna hotspots were detected in fossilized eggshell fragments of ratites (dated ≥25000 years b.p. by radiocarbon dating) using confocal laser scanning microscopy (clsm). dna was isolated from five eggshell fragments and a 43 base pair (bp) ...201728273082
bony pits in the ostrich (struthio camelus) and emu (dromaius novaehollandiae) bill tip.a specialized region of the bill tip characterized by a complex arrangement of mechanoreceptors and referred to as a bill tip organ, has been identified in numerous avians. a bill tip organ was initially inferred in kiwi species by the presence of numerous, bony pits in the rostrum of the bill, and later confirmed histologically. this study enumerates and compares the number and distribution of pits present in the bill tip in the ostrich and emu. the heads from 10 ostrich and 5 emu were prepared ...201728296166
developing a female-only flock for artificial insemination purposes in ostriches: progress and future directions.the development of a flock of females that can produce eggs and maintain egg production rate without the presence of males is a prerogative for a viable artificial insemination protocol in ostriches. over six consecutive breeding seasons (may-december, 2009-2014), we recorded the egg production performance of 40 single-penned (art) south african black ostrich females (2-9 years of age), and compared these records with the egg production of 162 pair-mated females of comparable age from the breedi ...201728330767
developmental morphology study on the stomach of african ostrich chicks.this study investigates the developmental morphology changes on the proventriculus and gizzard of african ostrich chicks using gross anatomy, and light and transmission electronic microscopy. the body weight; the weight of the proventriculus and gizzard; the thickness of simple tubular glands, muscularis mucosae, compound tubular glands, and muscular layer of the proventriculus; and the thickness of the gizzard glands and muscularis mucosae were measured on postnatal d one, 45, 90, and 334. unde ...201728339939
midazolam/butorphanol/ketamine and the clinically effective dose of isoflurane anesthesia of ostriches (struthio camelus). 200128404343
a fossil protein chimera; difficulties in discriminating dinosaur peptide sequences from modern cross-contamination.a decade ago, reports that organic-rich soft tissue survived from dinosaur fossils were apparently supported by proteomics-derived sequence information of exceptionally well-preserved bone. this initial claim to the sequencing of endogenous collagen peptides from an approximately 68 myrtyrannosaurus rexfossil was highly controversial, largely on the grounds of potential contamination from either bacterial biofilms or from laboratory practice. in a subsequent study, collagen peptide sequences fro ...201728566488
distribution and developmental changes of ghrelin-immunopositive cells in the pancreas of african ostrich chicks (struthio camelus).ghrelin, the endogenous ligand for the growth hormone secretagogue receptor (ghs-r), is produced by multiple cell types and affects feeding behavior, metabolic regulation, and energy balance. in the mammalian pancreas, the types of endocrine cells that are immunoreactive to ghrelin vary. however, little was known about its distribution and developmental changes in the pancreas of african ostrich chicks (struthio camelus). in the present study, the distribution, morphological characteristics, and ...201728595319
adsorption behavior and mechanism of sca-1 on a calcite surface: a molecular dynamics study.the crystallization mechanism for natural mineral, especially the role of biological molecules in biomineralization, is still under debate. protein adsorption on material surfaces plays a key role in biomineralization. in this article, molecular dynamics (md) simulations were performed to systematically investigate the adsorption behavior of struthio camelus eggshell protein struthiocalcin-1 (sca-1) on the calcite (104) surface with several different starting orientations in an explicit water en ...201728666388
finite-element modelling of mechanobiological factors influencing sesamoid tissue morphology in the patellar tendon of an ostrich.the appearance and shape of sesamoid bones within a tendon or ligament wrapping around a joint are understood to be influenced by both genetic and epigenetic factors. ostriches (struthio camelus) possess two sesamoid patellae (kneecaps), one of which (the distal patella) is unique to their lineage, making them a good model for investigating sesamoid tissue development and evolution. here we used finite-element modelling to test the hypothesis that specific mechanical cues in the ostrich patellar ...201728680670
effects of boron supplementation on expression of hsp70 in the spleen of african ostrich.increased synthesis of heat shock protein 70 (hsp70) occurs in prokaryotes and eukaryotes in response to physiological, environmental, and chemical exposures, thus allowing the cell survival from fatal conditions. hsp70 cytoprotective properties may be clarified by its anti-apoptotic function. boron has been reported to play an essential role in various organ developments and metabolisms. however, it is not known if boron is also able to modulate the hsp70. in the present study, the actions of b ...201728730576
radiographic anatomy of the metatarsophalangeal joint and digits of the ostrich (struthio camelus).the aim of this study was to develop a detailed and accessible set of reference images of the normal radiographic anatomy of the digits of the ostrich (struthio camelus), with emphasis on the metatarsophalangeal joint and its arthrography. the distal excised pelvic limbs of 10 normal ostriches of different ages (ranging from 10 to 365 days of age) obtained from an abattoir were radiographed, and 2 arthrograms were performed. to illustrate the normal radiographic anatomy of the tarsometatarsal bo ...201728891699
biochemical characterization of a novel antioxidant and angiotensin i-converting enzyme inhibitory peptide from struthio camelus egg white protein hydrolysis.a peptide from ostrich (struthio camelus) egg white protein hydrolysate (oewph) was purified, characterized, and its antioxidant and enzyme inhibitory properties were evaluated. the oewph was prepared using pepsin and pancreatin, and then fractionated using reversed-phase high performance liquid chromatography. the antioxidant activity of the wg-9 peptide was investigated based on its scavenging capacity for 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (dpph) radical, 2,20-azinobis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-su ...201628911587
toxoplasma gondii and neospora caninum in farm-reared ostriches (struthio camelus) in china.the parasites toxoplasma gondii (t. gondii) and neospora caninum (n. caninum) are globally distributed; they infect warm-blooded animals, including many avian species. the aim of this study was to evaluate the presence of these parasites in ostriches from central china. in total, 402 ostrich (struthio camelus) samples (293 hearts, 77 brains, and 32 serum) from slaughterhouses of the henan province and hebei province were collected. the heart juice (n = 283) and serum samples (n = 32) were tested ...201729020952
macroscopic and microscopic analyses in flexor tendons of the tarsometatarso-phalangeal joint of ostrich (struthio camelus) foot with energy storage and shock absorption.flexor tendons function as energy storage and shock absorption structures in the tarsometatarso-phalangeal joint (tmtpj) of ostrich feet during high-speed and heavy-load locomotion. in this study, mechanisms underlying the energy storage and shock absorption of three flexor tendons of the third toe were studied using histology and scanning electron microscopy (sem). macroscopic and microscopic structures of the flexor tendons in different positions of tmtpj were analyzed. histological slices sho ...201829148083
quasi-static and dynamic motions of the columellar footplate in ostrich (struthio camelus) measured ex vivo.the nature of the movement of the columellar footplate (cfp) in birds is still a matter of ongoing debate. some sources claim that rocking motion is dominant, while others propose a largely piston-like motion. in this study, motions of the cfp are experimentally investigated in the ostrich using a post-mortem approach. for quasi-static loads, micro-ct scans of ostrich heads were made under positive and negative middle-ear pressures of 1 kpa. for dynamic loads, laser doppler vibrometry was used t ...201829154211
the effect of dietary energy and protein levels on body weight, size, and microflora of ostrich chicks.the aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of different dietary energy and protein supplements on performance, weekly body sizes or body frame size, and microbiota of ostrich chicks during 2-9 weeks of age. two metabolic energy levels of 2400 and 2600 kcal/kg live weight and three protein levels of 20, 22, and 24% were used. a total of 36 ostrich chickens (struthio camelus) of the blue and black african breed were used. body weight, 12 body measurements (i.e., circumference of the head, ne ...201729177729
localization of thrombospondin-1 and its receptor cd36 in the ovary of the ostrich (struthio camelus).angiogenesis, the formation of new blood vessels from pre-existing vasculature, plays a decisive role for the rapid growth of avian follicles. compared to mammals, few data on the angiogenesis in the avian ovary are available. however, whereas several pro-angiogenic factors in the avian ovary have been recently studied in detail, little information is available on the localization of anti-angiogenic factors. the aim of this study was to determine the localization and possible function of the ant ...201729205453
measuring the gut microbiome in birds: comparison of faecal and cloacal sampling.the gut microbiomes of birds and other animals are increasingly being studied in ecological and evolutionary contexts. numerous studies on birds and reptiles have made inferences about gut microbiota using cloacal sampling; however, it is not known whether the bacterial community of the cloaca provides an accurate representation of the gut microbiome. we examined the accuracy with which cloacal swabs and faecal samples measure the microbiota in three different parts of the gastrointestinal tract ...201729205893
distribution and morphology of ghrelin immunostained cells in the adrenal gland of the african ostrich.ghrelin is the endogenous ligand for the growth hormone secretagogue receptor. we investigated the distribution and morphological characteristics of ghrelin-immunopositive (ghrelin-ip) cells in the african ostrich adrenal gland. we found that the adrenal gland of the african ostrich consisted of three parts: capsule, inter-renal tissue and chromaffin cells. the inter-renal tissue and chromaffin cells interdigitated irregularly. the inter-renal tissue consisted of a peripheral zone and a central ...201729215919
lipid profile and quality indices of ostrich meat and giblets.in this study, the lipid profile of 5 different edible tissues (leg, thigh, heart, gizzard, and liver) of ostrich was analyzed. ostrich edible tissues presented a low fat content (<5 g/100 g wet basis). gizzard and heart revealed the highest amounts of total cholesterol (1.77 and 1.47 mg/g wet basis, respectively), differing significantly from all other tissues (which averaged 0.95 mg/g wet basis). the main tocochromanol in all tissues was α-tocopherol (10.3 μg/g wet basis in heart and an averag ...201729253211
analysis of the moment arms and kinematics of ostrich (struthio camelus) double patellar sesamoids.the patella ("kneecap") is a biomechanically important feature of the tendinous insertion of the knee extensor muscles, able to alter the moment arm lengths between its input and output tendons, and so modify the mechanical advantage of the knee extensor muscle. however, patellar gearing function is little-explored outside of humans, and the patella is often simplified or ignored in biomechanical models. here, we investigate patellar gearing and kinematics in the ostrich-frequently used as an an ...201729356388
characterization of avian influenza h9n2 viruses isolated from ostriches (struthio camelus).h9n2 subtype avian influenza viruses (aivs) have been isolated from various species of wild birds and domestic poultry in the world, and occasionally transmitted to humans. although h9n2 aivs are seldom isolated from ostriches, seven such strains were isolated from sick ostriches in china between 2013 and 2014. sequence analysis showed several amino acid changes relating to viral adaptation in mammals were identified. the phylogenetic analyses indicated that these isolates were quadruple reassor ...201829396439
phalangeal joints kinematics in ostrich (struthio camelus) locomotion on sand.in ostriches, the toes are the only body parts that contact loose sand surfaces. thus, toe interphalangeal joint motions may play vital biomechanical roles. however, there is little research on ostrich phalangeal joint movements while walking or running on sand. the results from the three-dimensional motion track analysis system simi motion show that gait pattern has no significant effect on the key indicators (angles at touch-down, mid-stance, lift-off and range of motion) of the toe joint angl ...201829489844
boron affects the development of the kidney through modulation of apoptosis, antioxidant capacity, and nrf2 pathway in the african ostrich chicks.the nuclear-related factor 2 (nrf2) pathway is the most important mechanism in antioxidant capacity, which regulates the cell's redox homeostasis. in addition, nrf2 pathway also can inhibit cell apoptosis. the mechanism of boron actions on various organs is well documented. but, it is not known whether boron can also regulate the nrf2 pathway in the kidneys. therefore, in this research, the actions of boron on the kidneys of ostrich chicks, especially the antioxidant effects, have been studied. ...201829536335
sex-related differences of bone properties of pelvic limb and bone metabolism indices in 14-month-old ostriches (struthio camelus).1. sex-related differences of long pelvic limb bones and serum bone metabolism indices were evaluated in 14-month-old female (n = 7) and male (n = 7) ostriches of similar body weights. 2. densitometric parameters of femur, tibia and tarsometatarsus were determined using quantitative computed tomography (volumetric bone mineral density, calcium hydroxyapatite density and mean volumetric bone mineral density) and dual energy x-ray absorptiometry (bone mineral density and bone mineral content) meth ...201829553805
morphology of the extraocular muscles (m. bulbi) in the pre-hatchling and post-hatchling african black ostriches (struthio camelus domesticus l., 1758) (aves: struthioniformes).the aim of the study was to describe the morphology and the development of the extraocular muscles (eoms) in the pre-hatchling and post-hatchling african black ostrich. the study involved 50 birds aged between 28 days and 3 years. the eoms were analyzed morphologically with respect to the location and length of the straight and oblique muscles and the third eyelid muscles, the length and breadth of their tendons as well as the distance and shape of the muscle tendon insertions at the corneal lim ...201829575917
first record of the nematode libyostrongylus dentatus hoberg, lloyd & omar, 1995 (trichostrongylidae) in ostriches (struthio camelus linnaeus, 1758) (struthionidae) outside the americas.libyostrongylus douglassii, libyostrongylus dentatus and libyostrongylus magnus are nematodes that infect ostriches. the first species has been identified in ostriches from africa, europe, americas and oceania. although the natural range of ostriches is africa, l. dentatus was first described in birds from the usa and later identified in brazil, where co-infections with l. douglassii have been commonly reported. libyostrongylus magnus is known from the original description only. there are a few ...201829653600
ostrich specific semen diluent and sperm motility characteristics during in vitro storage.the dilution of semen is a very important initial process for semen processing and evaluation, storage and preservation in vitro and efficient artificial insemination. the aim of the study was to evaluate the effect of two synthetic diluents (os1 and os2) on ostrich sperm motility parameters during in vitro storage. formulation of os1 was based on macro minerals (na, k, p, ca, mg) and os2 on the further addition of micro minerals (se and zn), based on mineral concentration determined in the ostr ...201829653828
mineral profiling of ostrich (struthio camelus) seminal plasma and its relationship with semen traits and collection day.successful assisted reproduction techniques, with specific focus on in vitro semen storage for artificial insemination, are dependent on certain key elements which includes the biochemical profiling of semen. the objective of this study was to complete an ostrich seminal plasma (sp) evaluation by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (icp-ms) among seven males at different daily intervals (day 1, 3, 7, 11, 15, 19, 21, 23, 25, 26, 27, 28) for a period of 28 days during spring (august to se ...201829653829
tibiofibular junction of the south african ostrich (struthio camelus australis).the tibiofibular junction of the south african ostrich (struthio camelus australis) consists of the ligg. tibiofibularia caudale, craniale proximale and distale, obliquum, and interosseum. the motion range of the fibula, respective to the tibiotarsus, averaged 35°. this junction is, however, not freely mobile as there is a resting position from which the fibula can be pronated an average of 14° (counterclockwise motion of the right fibula from the proximal view) and supinated an average of 21°. ...199629852602
differentiation of the acrosomal complex in ostrich (struthio camelus) spermatids.the acrosomal complex of ostrich sperm consists of a small, cone-shaped acrosome and a slender, cylindrical perforatorium housed within a deep endonuclear canal. the perforatorium is almost exclusively endonuclear in location and is only covered by the acrosome at its point of origin in the apical subacrosomal space. the development of the acrosome is generally similar to that described in other non-passerine birds. small proacrosomal granules (vesicles) emanating from the golgi apparatus coales ...199629852609
cruciate ligaments of the avian knee: insight into a complex system.the avian cruciate ligaments were examined in gallus domesticus, anas platyrhynchos, meleagris gallopavo, and struthio camelus australis. the ligaments proved to be deviated around the intercondylar groove (cranial cruciate) and around the medial femoral condyle (caudal cruciate). four functionally different fiber groups could be differentiated: fibers taut only in maximal extension, fibers taut only in maximal flexion, fibers taut in ranges from an intermediate position to an extreme position, ...199229865604
the use of ostrich eggs for in ovo research: making preclinical imaging research affordable and available.in ovo studies are a valuable option in preclinical research, but imaging studies are severely limited by the costs of dedicated equipment needed for small-sized eggs. we sought to verify the feasibility of using larger, ostrich, eggs (struthio camelus) for imaging on the pet/ct scanners used for routine clinical investigations. methods: ostrich eggs were incubated until shortly before hatching, prepared for intravitelline venous injection of contrast medium or radiotracer, and imaged using nati ...201829934406
highly deleterious variations in cox1, cytb, scg5, fk2, prl and pgf genes are the potential adaptation of the immigrated african ostrich population.because of variable inconvenient living conditions in some places around the world, it is difficult to collect reliable physiological data for ostriches. therefore, this study aims to provide a comprehensive in silico insight for the nature of polymorphism of important genetic loci that are related to physiological and reproductive traits. sixty-nine mature ostriches ranging over half of iraq were screened. six exonic genetic loci, including cytochrome c oxidase i (cox1), cytochrome b (cytb), se ...201829960146
the effect of extensive human presence at an early age on stress responses and reactivity of juvenile ostriches towards humans.the effect of extensive human presence and regular gentle handling performed at an early age (0⁻3 months old) on stress responses and reactivity of juvenile ostriches towards humans was investigated. a total of 416 ostrich chicks over two years were exposed to one of three treatments for three months after hatching; namely, human presence 1 (hp1, n = 144): extensive/prolonged human presence with physical contact (touch, stroking), gentle human voice, and visual stimuli; human presence 2 (hp2, n ...201830301126
systematization, description, and territory of the middle cerebral, rostral, and cerebroethmoidal arteries on the surface of the brain of the ostrich (struthio camelus).thirty ostrich specimens were injected with red-dyed latex via the internal carotid arteries (aa.) the middle cerebral and cerebroethmoidal arteries and their branches were systematized. the middle cerebral artery (a.) was always a single large vessel. on the right side, it had two, three, or one developed medial hemispheric branches in 46.6%, 26.7%, and 26.7% of cases, respectively. on the left side, one (36.7%), two (33.3%), and three (30%) developed medial hemispheric branches were observed. ...201930378772
sperm macrocephaly syndrome in the ostrich struthio camelus: morphological characteristics and implications for motility.sperm macrocephaly syndrome (sms) is characterised by a high percentage of spermatozoa with enlarged heads and multiple tails, and is related to infertility. although this multiple sperm defect has been described in other mammalian species, little is known about this anomaly in birds. morphological examination of semen from nine south african black ostriches (struthio camelus var. domesticus) involved in an ai trial revealed the variable presence of spermatozoa with large heads and multiple tail ...201930458919
feather and skin development of ostriches struthio camelus.information on feather and skin growth is important for the development of mathematical optimisation nutritional models for ostriches. ostriches (n = 65) were subjected to a four-stage formulated growth diet programme (pre-starter, starter, grower and finisher), with declining protein and energy content. nine birds were weighed, stunned, exsanguinated, defeathered, skinned and eviscerated at 1, 54, 84, 104, 115, 132 and 287 days of age. feathers from four pre-selected locations on the body were ...201830551704
retrospective study of mortality in captive struthioniformes in a french zoo (1974-2015).the husbandry and medical records, and necropsy reports, of 1,002 captive struthioniformes that died at the réserve africaine de sigean (france) from 1974 to 2015 were examined. the goal of this study was to determine the most common causes of mortality in ostriches ( struthio camelus), emus ( dromaius novaehollandiae), and american rheas ( rhea americana), in order to highlight common causes of mortality, as well as the influence of age, gender, and rearing methods on mortality. the most preval ...201830592921
major shifts in gut microbiota during development and its relationship to growth in ostriches.the development of gut microbiota during ontogeny is emerging as an important process influencing physiology, immunity and fitness in vertebrates. however, knowledge of how bacteria colonize the juvenile gut, how this is influenced by changes in the diversity of gut bacteria and to what extent this influences host fitness, particularly in nonmodel organisms, is lacking. here we used 16s rrna gene sequencing to describe the successional development of the faecal microbiome in ostriches (struthio ...201930916826
effects of water supplementation of an organic acid-trace mineral complex on production and slaughter parameters, intestinal histomorphology, and macronutrient digestibility in growing ostriches.an experiment was conducted to study the effect of water supplementation of organic acid-chelated trace minerals (otm) on production traits, carcass characteristics, intestinal histomorphology, and nutrient digestibility in african ostrich chicks from 8 to 12 mo of age. a total of 20 growing ostriches, with almost similar body weight (73.4 to 75.8 kg), were individually distributed in outdoor paddocks of ≈ 24 m2 and were randomly allocated into 1 of the following 4 treatments: (1) control/basal ...201930995297
first report of libyostrongylus douglassii (strongylida: trichostrongylidae) in ostriches (struthio camelus) from mexico.nematodes of the libyostrongylus genus are hematophagous parasites found under the ostrich's proventriculus membrane: they are frequent and can cause 50% of mortality in chicks and occasionally death in adults. with the aim of determining the presence of the libyostrongylus genus in two private collections, one located in ayapango, state of mexico and the other in amacuzac, morelos, a total of 27 fecal samples were collected between august and december of 2016. samples were analyzed using the fl ...201831014804
fem analysis in excellent cushion characteristic of ostrich (struthio camelus) toe pads.african ostrich (struthio camelus) is the largest and fastest extent bipedal animal. the ostrich mainly relies on the 3rd toe to support the entire body under high-speed motion. the short and severe impact concentrated on the limited area would produce tremendous momentary internal stress and strain, which may contribute to the phalanges disloaction, soft tissue damage and the like. the vibration and excessive negative acceleration caused by the ground reaction force also affect the stability of ...201931116736
extensive human presence and regular gentle handling improve growth, survival and immune competence in ostrich chicks.a total of 416 day-old ostrich chicks were randomly allocated to one of the three different husbandry practices for 3 months after hatch; hp1 (extensive human presence with gentle human voice, visual and gentle physical stimuli), hp2 (similar to hp1 but without physical stimuli) and s (human presence limited to supply of feed and water). chick weight (kg) was measured at 6 and 12 weeks of age, while mortalities were recorded daily to calculate the survival rate. finally, chicks' antibody respons ...202031296055
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