Publications
| Title | Abstract | Year Filter | PMID(sorted ascending) Filter |
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| isolation and cloning of a metalloproteinase from king cobra snake venom. | a 50 kda fibrinogenolytic protease, ohagin, from the venom of ophiophagus hannah was isolated by a combination of gel filtration, ion-exchange and heparin affinity chromatography. ohagin specifically degraded the alpha-chain of human fibrinogen and the proteolytic activity was completely abolished by edta, but not by pmsf, suggesting it is a metalloproteinase. it dose-dependently inhibited platelet aggregation induced by adp, tmva and stejnulxin. the full sequence of ohagin was deduced by cdna c ... | 2007 | 17337026 |
| molecular cloning of serine proteases from elapid snake venoms. | serine proteases are widely distributed in viperid snake venoms, but rare in elapid snake venoms. previously, we have identified a fibrinogenolytic enzyme termed ohs1 from the venom of ophiophagus hannah. the results indicated that ohs1 might be a serine protease, but there was no structural evidence previously. in the present study, the primary structure of ohs1 was determined by protein sequencing, in combination with rt-pcr and 5'-race methods. ohs1 precursor is composed of an 18-amino acid s ... | 2007 | 17408712 |
| molecular characterization of l-amino acid oxidase from king cobra venom. | an l-amino acid oxidase from ophiophagus hannah snake venom (oh-laao) was purified by successive gel filtration, ion-exchange and heparin chromatography. oh-laao did not induce platelet aggregation; however, it had potent inhibitory activity on platelet aggregation induced by adp and u46619, but showed no effect on platelet aggregation induced by thrombin, mucetin, ristocetin and stejnulxin. by rt-pcr and 5'-race methods, the complete oh-laao cdna was cloned from the venom gland total rna prepar ... | 2007 | 17543361 |
| beta-cardiotoxin: a new three-finger toxin from ophiophagus hannah (king cobra) venom with beta-blocker activity. | snake venoms have provided a number of novel ligands with therapeutic potential. we have constructed a partial cdna library from the mrna of ophiophagus hannah (king cobra) venom gland tissue and identified five new genes encoding proteins belonging to the three-finger toxin family of snake venom proteins. we have isolated and characterized one of these beta-sheet containing proteins with a mass of 7012.43 +/- 0.91 da from the venom. the protein was nonlethal up to a dose of 10 mg/kg when inject ... | 2007 | 17616557 |
| phospholipase a properties of several snake venom preparations. | the hydrolytic properties of the venoms of seven species of snakes,crotalus adamanteus, ancistrodon contortrix, naja naja, bothrops atrox, ophiophagus hannah, crotalus atrox andvipera russeli, were studied with purified lecithins and mixtures of lecithins of known fatty acid and class composition as substrates.the relative rates of hydrolysis of the fatty acids by the above venoms were studied by analysis of the products of the reaction at intervals during the course of the reaction. of the seve ... | 1966 | 17805626 |
| king cobra envenoming. | 2007 | 17845664 | |
| new and already known acanthocephalans from amphibians and reptiles in vietnam, with keys to species of pseudoacanthocephalus petrochenko, 1956 (echinorhynchidae) and sphaerechinorhynchus johnston and deland, 1929 (plagiorhynchidae). | adults of 2 new species in 2 orders of acanthocephalans obtained from the intestines of terrestrial amphibians and reptiles collected between 1998 and 2004 in vietnam are described here. pseudoacanthocephalus nguyenthileae n. sp. (palaeacnthocephala: echinorhynchidae) was collected from 5 species of terrestrial amphibians: (1) the common sunda toad bufo melanostictus schneider (bufonidae); (2) paa verucospinosa (bourret); (3) gunther's amoy frog rana guentheri boulenger; (4) taipei frog r. taipe ... | 2008 | 18372639 |
| cloning, characterization and phylogenetic analyses of members of three major venom families from a single specimen of walterinnesia aegyptia. | walterinnesia aegyptia is a monotypic elapid snake inhabiting in africa and mideast. although its envenoming is known to cause rapid deaths and paralysis, structural data of its venom proteins are rather limited. using gel filtration and reverse-phase hplc, phospholipases a(2) (plas), three-fingered toxins (3ftxs), and kunitz-type protease inhibitors (kins) were purified from the venom of a single specimen of this species caught in northern egypt. in addition, specific primers were designed and ... | 2008 | 18405934 |
| snake venom dipeptidyl peptidase iv: taxonomic distribution and quantitative variation. | the present study examined the taxonomic distribution of dipeptidyl peptidase iv (dpp iv) activity in venoms of 59 ophidian taxa, representing seven subfamilies of the families elapidae and viperidae. dpp iv activity is extremely variable at all taxonomic levels. it ranged from essentially none in laticaudine, hydrophiine, and some bungarine and elapine venoms, to 10.72 mumol 4-methoxy-beta-naphthylamine liberated per min per 200 mug venom, for ophiophagus hannah. intra- and interpopulational va ... | 2008 | 18440846 |
| isolation, expression and characterization of a novel dual serine protease inhibitor, oh-tci, from king cobra venom. | snake venom kunitz/bpti members are good tools for understanding of structure-functional relationship between serine proteases and their inhibitors. a novel dual kunitz/bpti serine proteinase inhibitor named oh-tci (trypsin- and chymotrypsin-dual inhibitor from ophiophagus hannah) was isolated from king cobra venom by three chromatographic steps of gel filtration, trypsin affinity and reverse phase hplc. oh-tci is composed of 58 amino acid residues with a molecular mass of 6339da. successful exp ... | 2008 | 18582511 |
| identification and characterization of novel reptile cathelicidins from elapid snakes. | three cdna sequences coding for elapid cathelicidins were cloned from constructed venom gland cdna libraries of naja atra, bungarus fasciatus and ophiophagus hannah. the open reading frames of the cloned elapid cathelicidins were all composed of 576bp and coded for 191 amino acid residue protein precursors. each of the deduced elapid cathelicidin has a 22 amino acid residue signal peptide, a conserved cathelin domain of 135 amino acid residues and a mature antimicrobial peptide of 34 amino acid ... | 2008 | 18620012 |
| cytotoxicity and l-amino acid oxidase activity of animal venoms. | the cytotoxicity of animal venoms (snakes, insects and marine animals) was measured against snu-1 (stomach cancer cells) by dye uptake assay (mtt method). and also l-amino acid oxidase (aao) activity of the venoms was compared. among them, the venom fromophiophagus hannah (king cobra) showed a strong aao activity as well as a high potent cytotoxicity. cytotoxic protein having a aao was then partially purified by hplc-gpc and two fractions (fr. i and fr. ii) were collected. the ic(50) values of f ... | 1997 | 18975205 |
| new progress in snake mitochondrial gene rearrangement. | to further understand the evolution of snake mitochondrial genomes, the complete mitochondrial dna (mtdna) sequences were determined for representative species from two snake families: the many-banded krait, the banded krait, the chinese cobra, the king cobra, the hundred-pace viper, the short-tailed mamushi, and the chain viper. thirteen protein-coding genes, 22-23 trna genes, 2 rrna genes, and 2 control regions were identified in these mtdnas. duplication of the control region and translocatio ... | 2009 | 19479623 |
| structural and functional characterization of a novel homodimeric three-finger neurotoxin from the venom of ophiophagus hannah (king cobra). | snake venoms are a mixture of pharmacologically active proteins and polypeptides that have led to the development of molecular probes and therapeutic agents. here, we describe the structural and functional characterization of a novel neurotoxin, haditoxin, from the venom of ophiophagus hannah (king cobra). haditoxin exhibited novel pharmacology with antagonism toward muscle (alphabetagammadelta) and neuronal (alpha(7), alpha(3)beta(2), and alpha(4)beta(2)) nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nach ... | 2010 | 20071329 |
| antimicrobial and antibiofilm activity of cathelicidins and short, synthetic peptides against francisella. | francisella infects the lungs causing pneumonic tularemia. focusing on the lung's host defense, we have examined antimicrobial peptides as part of the innate immune response to francisella infection. interest in antimicrobial peptides, such as the cathelicidins, has grown due their potential therapeutic applications and the increasing problem of bacterial resistance to commonly used antibiotics. only one human cathelicidin, ll-37, has been characterized. helical cathelicidins have also been disc ... | 2010 | 20399752 |
| in-vitro and in-vivo antivenin activity of 2-[2-(5,5,8a-trimethyl-2-methylene-decahydro-naphthalen-1-yl)-ethylidene]-succinaldehyde against ophiophagus hannah venom. | curcuma zedoaroides a. chaveerach & t. tanee, locally known as wan-paya-ngoo-tua-mia, is commonly used in the north-eastern part of thailand as a 'snakebite antidote'. the aim of this study was to isolate the active compound from the rhizome of c. zedoaroides, to determine its structure and to assess its antagonistic activity in vitro and in vivo against king cobra venom. | 2010 | 20487206 |
| structure-function relationship of king cobra cathelicidin. | king cobra cathelicidin (oh-cath) is composed of 34 amino acid residues having strong antibacterial and very weak hemolytic activities as reported by us recently. oh-cath can be served as a valuable template to develop novel therapeutic drugs. in this study, oh-cath and six of its analogs were synthesized to explore their structure-function relationships based on their bactericidal and hemolytic activities. experimental results of oh-cath(3-34) and oh-cath(5-34) indicated that the n-terminal 4 a ... | 2010 | 20576537 |
| [sequencing and analysis of the complete mitochondrial genome of the king cobra, ophiophagus hannah (serpents: elapidae)]. | we obtained the complete mitochondrial genome of king cobra(genbank accession number: eu_921899) by ex taq-pcr, ta-cloning and primer-walking methods. this genome is very similar to other vertebrate, which is 17 267 bp in length and encodes 38 genes (including 13 protein-coding, 2 ribosomal rna and 23 transfer rna genes) and two long non-coding regions. the duplication of trna-ile gene forms a new mitochondrial gene rearrangement model. eight trna genes and one protein genes were transcribed fro ... | 2010 | 20650853 |
| loop 2 of ophiophagus hannah toxin b binds with neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors and enhances intracranial drug delivery. | three-finger snake neurotoxins have been widely investigated for their high binding affinities with nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nachrs), which are widely expressed in the central nervous system including the blood-brain barrier and thus mediate intracranial drug delivery. the loop 2 segments of three-finger snake neurotoxins are considered as the binding domain with nachrs, and thus, they may have the potential to enhance drug or drug delivery system intracranial transport. in the present ... | 2010 | 20964364 |
| antibacterial action of a heat-stable form of l-amino acid oxidase isolated from king cobra (ophiophagus hannah) venom. | the major l-amino acid oxidase (laao, ec 1.4.3.2) of king cobra (ophiophagus hannah) venom is known to be an unusual form of snake venom laao as it possesses unique structural features and unusual thermal stability. the antibacterial effects of king cobra venom laao were tested against several strains of clinical isolates including staphylococcus aureus, staphylococcus epidermidis, pseudomonas aeruginosa, klebsiella pneumoniae, and escherichia coli using broth microdilution assay. for comparison ... | 2010 | 21059402 |
| cloning and sequence analysis of an ophiophagus hannah cdna encoding a precursor of two natriuretic peptide domains. | the king cobra (ophiophagus hannah) is the largest venomous snake. despite the components are mainly neurotoxins, the venom contains several proteins affecting blood system. natriuretic peptide (np), one of the important components of snake venoms, could cause local vasodilatation and a promoted capillary permeability facilitating a rapid diffusion of other toxins into the prey tissues. due to the low abundance, it is hard to purify the snake venom nps. the cdna cloning of the nps become a usefu ... | 2011 | 21334357 |
| identification and evaluation of agents isolated from traditionally used herbs against ophiophagus hannah venom. | the aim of this study was firstly to identify active molecules in herbs, that are traditionally used for the treatment of snake bite, such as curcuma antinaia, curcuma contravenenum, andrographis paniculata, and tanacetum parthenium; secondly to test similar structurally related molecules and finally to prepare and evaluate an efficient formulation against ophiophagus hannah venom intoxification. three labdane based compounds, including labdane dialdehyde, labdane lactone, and labdane trialdehyd ... | 2012 | 22460424 |
| efficacy of oh-cath30 and its analogs against drug-resistant bacteria in vitro and in mouse models. | antimicrobial peptides (amps) have been considered alternatives to conventional antibiotics for drug-resistant bacterial infections. however, their comparatively high toxicity toward eukaryotic cells and poor efficacy in vivo hamper their clinical application. oh-cath30, a novel cathelicidin peptide deduced from the king cobra, possesses potent antibacterial activity in vitro. the objective of this study is to evaluate the efficacy of oh-cath30 and its analog oh-cm6 against drug-resistant bacter ... | 2012 | 22491685 |
| molecular cloning and characterization of a complement-depleting factor from king cobra, ophiophagus hannah. | cobra venom factor (cvf) is an anti-complement factor existing in cobra venom. cvf proteins have been purified from the venoms of naja haje, naja siamensis, naja atra, naja kaouthia, naja naja, naja melanoleuca and austrelaps superbus, but only three full-length cdna sequences of cvf are available. in the present work, a cobra venom factor termed ovf was purified from the crude venom of ophiophagus hannah by successive gel filtration, ion-exchange and heparin affinity chromatography steps. the p ... | 2012 | 22561424 |
| cross neutralization of afro-asian cobra and asian krait venoms by a thai polyvalent snake antivenom (neuro polyvalent snake antivenom). | snake envenomation is a serious public health threat in the rural areas of asian and african countries. to date, the only proven treatment for snake envenomation is antivenom therapy. cross-neutralization of heterologous venoms by antivenom raised against venoms of closely related species has been reported. the present study examined the cross neutralizing potential of a newly developed polyvalent antivenom, termed neuro polyvalent snake antivenom (npav). npav was produced by immunization agains ... | 2012 | 22679522 |
| hemostatic interference of indian king cobra (ophiophagus hannah) venom. comparison with three other snake venoms of the subcontinent. | unlike naja naja, bungarus caeruleus, echis carinatus, and daboia/vipera russellii venoms, ophiophagus hannah venom is medically ignored in the indian subcontinent. being the biggest poisonous snake, o. hannah has been presumed to inject several lethal doses of venom in a single bite. lack of therapeutic antivenom to o. hannah bite in india makes any attempt to save the victim a difficult exercise. this study was initiated to compare o. hannah venom with the above said venoms for possible interf ... | 2012 | 22817464 |
| cross neutralisation of southeast asian cobra and krait venoms by indian polyvalent antivenoms. | cross neutralisation of venoms by antivenom raised against closely-related species has been well documented. the spectrum of paraspecific protection of antivenom raised against asiatic naja and bungarus (krait) venoms, however, has not been fully investigated. in this study, we examined the cross neutralisation of venoms from common southeast asian cobras and kraits by two widely used polyvalent antivenoms produced in india: vins polyvalent antivenom (vpav) and bharat polyvalent antivenom (bpav) ... | 2012 | 23062608 |
| new host and locality records of snake intestinal nematode kalicephalus spp in indonesia. | to observe three species of kalicephalus found in three species of snake (ophiophagus hannah, ptyas mucosus, and naja sputatrix) during research on capture snake for trading in java and snake biodiversity in kalimantan islands. | 2011 | 23569740 |
| functional proteomic approach to discover geographic variations of king cobra venoms from southeast asia and china. | this study deciphers the geographic variations of king cobra (ophiophagus hannah) venom using functional proteomics. pooled samples of king cobra venom (abbreviated as ohv) were obtained from indonesia, malaysia, thailand, and two provinces of china, namely guangxi and hainan. using two animal models to test and compare the lethal effects, we found that the chinese ohvs were more fatal to mice, while the southeast asian ohvs were more fatal to lizards (eutropis multifasciata). various phospholip ... | 2013 | 23796489 |
| antiproliferative activity of king cobra (ophiophagus hannah) venom l-amino acid oxidase. | king cobra (ophiophagus hannah) venom l-amino acid oxidase (laao), a heat-stable enzyme, is an extremely potent antiproliferative agent against cancer cells when compared with laao isolated from other snake venoms. king cobra venom laao was shown to exhibit very strong antiproliferative activities against mcf-7 (human breast adenocarcinoma) and a549 (human lung adenocarcinoma) cells, with an ic50 value of 0.04±0.00 and 0.05±0.00 μg/ml, respectively, after 72-hr treatment. in comparison, its cyto ... | 2014 | 24118879 |
| the king cobra genome reveals dynamic gene evolution and adaptation in the snake venom system. | snakes are limbless predators, and many species use venom to help overpower relatively large, agile prey. snake venoms are complex protein mixtures encoded by several multilocus gene families that function synergistically to cause incapacitation. to examine venom evolution, we sequenced and interrogated the genome of a venomous snake, the king cobra (ophiophagus hannah), and compared it, together with our unique transcriptome, microrna, and proteome datasets from this species, with data from oth ... | 2013 | 24297900 |
| the burmese python genome reveals the molecular basis for extreme adaptation in snakes. | snakes possess many extreme morphological and physiological adaptations. identification of the molecular basis of these traits can provide novel understanding for vertebrate biology and medicine. here, we study snake biology using the genome sequence of the burmese python (python molurus bivittatus), a model of extreme physiological and metabolic adaptation. we compare the python and king cobra genomes along with genomic samples from other snakes and perform transcriptome analysis to gain insigh ... | 2013 | 24297902 |
| comparative analysis of the venom proteome of four important malaysian snake species. | naja kaouthia, ophiophagus hannah, bungarus fasciatus and calloselasma rhodostoma are four venomous snakes indigenous to malaysia. in the present study, their proteomic profile by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2-de) have been separated and compared. | 2014 | 24593956 |
| therapeutic potential of the antimicrobial peptide oh-cath30 for antibiotic-resistant pseudomonas aeruginosa keratitis. | the therapeutic potential of antimicrobial peptides (amps) has been evaluated in many infectious diseases. however, the topical application of amps for ocular bacterial infection has not been well investigated. the amp oh-cath30, which was identified in the king cobra, exhibits potent antimicrobial activity. in this study, we investigated the therapeutic potential of oh-cath30 for pseudomonas aeruginosa keratitis. ten isolates of p. aeruginosa from individuals with keratitis were susceptible to ... | 2014 | 24637683 |
| king cobra (ophiophagus hannah) venom l-amino acid oxidase induces apoptosis in pc-3 cells and suppresses pc-3 solid tumor growth in a tumor xenograft mouse model. | king cobra (ophiophagus hannah) venom l-amino acid oxidase (oh-laao), a heat stable enzyme, has been shown to exhibit very potent anti-proliferative activity against human breast and lung tumorigenic cells but not in their non-tumorigenic counterparts. we further examine its in vitro and in vivo anti-tumor activity in a human prostate adenocarcinoma (pc-3) model. oh-laao demonstrated potent cytotoxicity against pc-3 cells with ic50 of 0.05 µg/ml after 72 h incubation in vitro. it induced apoptos ... | 2014 | 24782648 |
| cross-reactivity and neutralization of indian king cobra (ophiophagus hannah) venom by polyvalent and monovalent antivenoms. | the venom of the largest venomous snake, the king cobra (ophiophagus hannah), is still out of league for the production of therapeutic polyvalent antivenom nor it is characterized immunologically in the indian subcontinent. in the present study, the king cobra venom is comparatively studied for the cross-reactivity/reactivity and toxicity neutralization by the locally available equine therapeutic polyvalent bsv and vb antivenoms, and monovalent antivenom (oh-igg) prepared in rabbit. none of the ... | 2014 | 24815989 |
| ophiophagus hannah venom: proteome, components bound by naja kaouthia antivenin and neutralization by n. kaouthia neurotoxin-specific human scfv. | venomous snakebites are an important health problem in tropical and subtropical countries. king cobra (ophiophagus hannah) is the largest venomous snake found in south and southeast asia. in this study, the o. hannah venom proteome and the venom components cross-reactive to n. kaouthia monospecific antivenin were studied. o. hannah venom consisted of 14 different protein families, including three finger toxins, phospholipases, cysteine-rich secretory proteins, cobra venom factor, muscarinic toxi ... | 2014 | 24828754 |
| a new peptide (ruviprase) purified from the venom of daboia russelii russelii shows potent anticoagulant activity via non-enzymatic inhibition of thrombin and factor xa. | compounds showing dual inhibition of thrombin and factor xa (fxa) are the subject of great interest owing to their broader specificity for effective anticoagulation therapy against cardiovascular disorders. this is the first report on the functional characterization and assessment of therapeutic potential of a 4423.6 da inhibitory peptide (ruviprase) purified from daboia russelii russelii venom. the secondary structure of ruviprase is composed of α-helices (61.9%) and random coils (38.1%). the p ... | 2014 | 25038567 |
| endogenous hepadnaviruses, bornaviruses and circoviruses in snakes. | we report the discovery of endogenous viral elements (eves) from hepadnaviridae, bornaviridae and circoviridae in the speckled rattlesnake, crotalus mitchellii, the first viperid snake for which a draft whole genome sequence assembly is available. analysis of the draft assembly reveals genome fragments from the three virus families were inserted into the genome of this snake over the past 50 myr. cross-species pcr screening of orthologous loci and computational scanning of the python and king co ... | 2014 | 25080342 |
| synchronization and an application of a novel fractional order king cobra chaotic system. | in this paper, we design a new three dimensional king cobra face shaped fractional order chaotic system. the multi-scale synchronization scheme of two fractional order chaotic systems is described. the necessary conditions for the multi-scale synchronization of two identical fractional order king cobra chaotic systems are derived through feedback control. a new cryptosystem is proposed for an image encryption and decryption by using synchronized fractional order king cobra chaotic systems with t ... | 2014 | 25273185 |
| establishing a leaf proteome reference map for ginkgo biloba provides insight into potential ethnobotanical uses. | although ginkgo (maidenhair tree, ginkgo biloba l.) is an ancient medicinal and ornamental tree, there has not previously been any systematic proteomic study of the leaves. herein we describe results from the initial study identifying abundant ginkgo leaf proteins and present a gel reference map. proteins were isolated from fully developed mature leaves in biological triplicate and analyzed by two-dimensional electrophoresis plus tandem mass spectrometry. using this approach, we were able to rep ... | 2014 | 25365400 |
| molecular mechanism of cell death induced by king cobra (ophiophagus hannah) venom l-amino acid oxidase. | snake venom laaos have been reported to exhibit a wide range of pharmacological activities, including cytotoxic, edema-inducing, platelet aggregation-inducing/platelet aggregation-inhibiting, bactericidal and antiviral activities. a heat-stable form of l-amino acid oxidase isolated from king cobra (ophiophagus hannah) venom (oh-laao) has been shown to exhibit very potent cytotoxicity against human tumorigenic cells but not in their non-tumorigenic counterparts, and the cytotoxicity was due to th ... | 2015 | 25615711 |
| ophidascaris wangi sp. n. and o. najae (gedoelst, 1916) (ascaridida: ascaridoidea) from snakes in china. | ophidascaris wangi sp. n. collected from the king rat snake elaphe carinata (günther) (serpentes: colubridae) in china is described using both light and scanning electron microscopy. the new species differs from its congeners in the presence of narrow lateral alae originating a short distance posterior to the base of the ventrolateral lips, its relatively long oesophagus (3.57-4.54 mm long, representing 6.6-7.6% of body length), its short spicules (1.89-2.14 mm long, representing 3.9-4.3% of bod ... | 2014 | 25651700 |
| hepatozoon and theileria species detected in ticks collected from mammals and snakes in thailand. | we report the detection of hepatozoon and theileria in 103 ticks from mammals and snakes in thailand. by using a genus-specific 18s rrna pcr, hepatozoon and theileria spp. were detected in 8% and 18%, respectively, of ticks (n=79) removed from mammals. of the ticks removed from snakes (n=24), 96% were infected with hepatozoon spp., but none were infected with theileria. phylogenetic analysis revealed that hepatozoon spp. detected from dermacentor astrosignatus and dermacentor auratus ticks from ... | 2015 | 25736475 |
| venom proteomics of indonesian king cobra, ophiophagus hannah: integrating top-down and bottom-up approaches. | we report on the first application of top-down mass spectrometry in snake venomics. de novo sequence tags generated by, and prosight lite supported analysis of, combined collisional based dissotiations (cid and hcd) recorded in a hybrid ltq orbitrap instrument in data-dependent mode identified a number of proteins from different toxin families, namely, 11 three-finger toxins (7-7.9 kda), a kunitz-type inhibitor (6.3 kda), ohanin (11.9 kda), a novel phospholipase a2 molecule (13.8 kda), and the c ... | 2015 | 25896403 |
| oxidative stress-induced methemoglobinemia is the silent killer during snakebite: a novel and strategic neutralization by melatonin. | oxidative stress-induced methemoglobinemia remained an untouched area in venom pharmacology till date. this study for the first time explored the potential of animal venoms to oxidize hemoglobin to methemoglobin. in in vitro whole-blood assay, methemoglobin forming ability of venoms varied as naja naja > ophiophagus hannah > echis carinatus > daboia russellii > apis mellifera > mesobuthus tamulus > hippasa partita. being highly potential, n. naja venom was further studied to observe methemoglobi ... | 2015 | 26103459 |
| snake venoms are integrated systems, but abundant venom proteins evolve more rapidly. | while many studies have shown that extracellular proteins evolve rapidly, how selection acts on them remains poorly understood. we used snake venoms to understand the interaction between ecology, expression level, and evolutionary rate in secreted protein systems. venomous snakes employ well-integrated systems of proteins and organic constituents to immobilize prey. venoms are generally optimized to subdue preferred prey more effectively than non-prey, and many venom protein families manifest po ... | 2015 | 26315097 |
| venom-gland transcriptome and venom proteome of the malaysian king cobra (ophiophagus hannah). | the king cobra (ophiophagus hannah) is widely distributed throughout many parts of asia. this study aims to investigate the complexity of malaysian ophiophagus hannah (moh) venom for a better understanding of king cobra venom variation and its envenoming pathophysiology. the venom gland transcriptome was investigated using the illumina hiseq™ platform, while the venom proteome was profiled by 1d-sds-page-nano-esi-lcms/ms. | 2015 | 26358635 |
| a distinct functional site in ω-neurotoxins: novel antagonists of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors from snake venom. | snake venom α-neurotoxins from the three-finger toxin (3ftx) family are competitive antagonists with nanomolar affinity and high selectivity for nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nachr). here, we report the characterization of a new group of competitive nachr antagonists: ω-neurotoxins. although they belong to the 3ftx family, the characteristic functional residues of α-neurotoxins are not conserved. we evaluated the subtype specificity and structure-function relationships of oh9-1, an ω-neurot ... | 2015 | 26448325 |
| molecular barcoding of venomous snakes and species-specific multiplex pcr assay to identify snake groups for which antivenom is available in thailand. | dna barcodes of mitochondrial coi and cytb genes were constructed from 54 specimens of 16 species for species identification. intra- and interspecific sequence divergence of the coi gene (10 times) was greater than that of the cytb gene (4 times), which suggests that the former gene may be a better marker than the latter for species delimitation in snakes. the coi barcode cut-off scores differed by more than 3% between most species, and the minimum interspecific divergence was greater than the m ... | 2015 | 26535713 |
| venom peptides cathelicidin and lycotoxin cause strong inhibition of escherichia coli atp synthase. | venom peptides are known to have strong antimicrobial activity and anticancer properties. king cobra cathelicidin or oh-cath (kf-34), banded krait cathelicidin (bf-30), wolf spider lycotoxin i (il-25), and wolf spider lycotoxin ii (ke-27) venom peptides were found to strongly inhibit escherichia coli membrane bound f1fo atp synthase. the potent inhibition of wild-type e. coli in comparison to the partial inhibition of null e. coli by kf-34, bf-30, il-25, or ke-27 clearly links the bactericidal p ... | 2016 | 26930579 |
| genomic structure and expression of immunoglobulins in squamata. | the squamata order represents a major evolutionary reptile lineage, yet the structure and expression of immunoglobulins in this order has been scarcely studied in detail. from the genome sequences of four squamata species (gekko japonicus, ophisaurus gracilis, pogona vitticeps and ophiophagus hannah) and rna-seq datasets from 18 other squamata species, we identified the immunoglobulins present in these animals as well as the tissues in which they are found. all squamata have at least three immun ... | 2016 | 26998711 |
| mapping proteoforms and protein complexes from king cobra venom using both denaturing and native top-down proteomics. | characterizing whole proteins by top-down proteomics avoids a step of inference encountered in the dominant bottom-up methodology when peptides are assembled computationally into proteins for identification. the direct interrogation of whole proteins and protein complexes from the venom of ophiophagus hannah (king cobra) provides a sharply clarified view of toxin sequence variation, transit peptide cleavage sites and post-translational modifications (ptms) likely critical for venom lethality. a ... | 2016 | 27178327 |
| cross-neutralisation of in vitro neurotoxicity of asian and australian snake neurotoxins and venoms by different antivenoms. | there is limited information on the cross-neutralisation of neurotoxic venoms with antivenoms. cross-neutralisation of the in vitro neurotoxicity of four asian and four australian snake venoms, four post-synaptic neurotoxins (α-bungarotoxin, α-elapitoxin-nk2a, α-elapitoxin-ppr1 and α-scutoxin; 100 nm) and one pre-synaptic neurotoxin (taipoxin; 100 nm) was studied with five antivenoms: thai cobra antivenom (tcav), death adder antivenom (daav), thai neuro polyvalent antivenom (tnpav), indian polyv ... | 2016 | 27763543 |
| snake genome sequencing: results and future prospects. | snake genome sequencing is in its infancy-very much behind the progress made in sequencing the genomes of humans, model organisms and pathogens relevant to biomedical research, and agricultural species. we provide here an overview of some of the snake genome projects in progress, and discuss the biological findings, with special emphasis on toxinology, from the small number of draft snake genomes already published. we discuss the future of snake genomics, pointing out that new sequencing technol ... | 2016 | 27916957 |
| synthetic peptide antigens derived from long-chain alpha-neurotoxins: immunogenicity effect against elapid venoms. | three-finger toxins (3ftxs), especially α-neurotoxins, are the most poorly neutralized elapid snake toxins by current antivenoms. in this work, the conserved structural similarity and motif arrangements of long-chain α-neurotoxins led us to design peptides with consensus sequences. eight long-chain α-neurotoxins (also known as type ii) were used to generate a consensus sequence from which two peptides were chemically synthesized, lcp1 and lcp2. rabbit sera raised against them were able to genera ... | 2017 | 28010961 |
| synergistic antibacterial effect of co-administering adipose-derived mesenchymal stromal cells and ophiophagus hannah l-amino acid oxidase in a mouse model of methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus-infected wounds. | mesenchymal stromal cells (mscs) and ophiophagus hannah l-amino acid oxidase (oh-laao) have been reported to exhibit antimicrobial activity against methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus (mrsa). published data have indicated that synergistic antibacterial effects could be achieved by co-administration of two or more antimicrobial agents. however, this hypothesis has not been proven in a cell- and protein-based combination. in this study, we investigate if co-administration of adipose-derive ... | 2017 | 28114965 |
| how the cobra got its flesh-eating venom: cytotoxicity as a defensive innovation and its co-evolution with hooding, aposematic marking, and spitting. | the cytotoxicity of the venom of 25 species of old world elapid snake was tested and compared with the morphological and behavioural adaptations of hooding and spitting. we determined that, contrary to previous assumptions, the venoms of spitting species are not consistently more cytotoxic than those of closely related non-spitting species. while this correlation between spitting and non-spitting was found among african cobras, it was not present among asian cobras. on the other hand, a consiste ... | 2017 | 28335411 |
| peptide fraction poh2 exerts antiadipogenic activity through inhibition of c/ebp-αand ppar-γexpression in 3t3-l1 adipocytes. | many studies have comprehensively examined the venom ofophiophagus hannahsnake. its venom comprises different compounds exhibiting a wide range of pharmacological activities. in this investigation, four peptide fractions (pfs), ranging from 3 kda to 10 kda, isolated from the vietnamese snake venom ofo. hannahwere separated by hplc and investigated for their inhibitory activity on adipogenesis in 3t3-l1 adipocytes. the most effective pf was then further purified, generating two peptides, poh1 and ... | 2017 | 28424783 |
| analysis of the efficacy of taiwanese freeze-dried neurotoxic antivenom against naja kaouthia, naja siamensis and ophiophagus hannah through proteomics and animal model approaches. | in southeast asia, envenoming resulting from cobra snakebites is an important public health issue in many regions, and antivenom therapy is the standard treatment for the snakebite. because these cobras share a close evolutionary history, the amino acid sequences of major venom components in different snakes are very similar. therefore, either monovalent or polyvalent antivenoms may offer paraspecific protection against envenomation of humans by several different snakes. in taiwan, a bivalent an ... | 2017 | 29244815 |
| transcriptomics-guided bottom-up and top-down venomics of neonate and adult specimens of the arboreal rear-fanged brown treesnake, boiga irregularis, from guam. | the brown treesnake (boiga irregularis) is an arboreal, nocturnal, rear-fanged venomous snake native to northern and eastern regions of australia, papua new guinea and the solomon islands. it was inadvertently introduced onto the island of guam during the late 1940's to early 1950's, and it has caused massive declines and extirpations of the native bird, lizard, and mammal populations. in the current study, we report the characterization of the venom proteome of an adult and a neonate b. irregul ... | 2018 | 29292096 |
| marine leech anticoagulant diversity and evolution. | leeches (annelida: hirudinea) possess powerful salivary anticoagulants and, accordingly, are frequently employed in modern, authoritative medicine. members of the almost exclusively marine family piscicolidae account for 20% of leech species diversity, and they feed on host groups (e.g., sharks) not encountered by their freshwater and terrestrial counterparts. moreover, some species of ozobranchidae feed on endangered marine turtles and have been implicated as potential vectors for the tumor-ass ... | 2018 | 29505345 |
| king cobra peptide oh-cath30 as a potential candidate drug through clinic drug-resistant isolates. | cationic antimicrobial peptides (amps) are considered as important candidate therapeutic agents, which exert potent microbicidal properties against bacteria, fungi and some viruses. based on our previous findings king cobra cathelicidin (oh-cath) is a 34-amino acid peptide that exerts strong antibacterial and weak hemolytic activity. the aim of this research is to evaluate the efficacy of both oh-cath30 and its analog d-oh-cath30 against clinical isolates comparing with routinely utilized antibi ... | 2018 | 29515090 |
| whole snake venoms: cytotoxic, anti-metastatic and antiangiogenic properties. | currently, biological and organic substances are screened in order to find a new generation of therapeutics active against cancer. previous research has identified promising candidate peptides in snake venom. in this study, venoms from different snake species (naja annulifera, naja kaouthia, ophiophagus hannah and echis carinatus) were screened for potential anti-cancer properties using pancreatic tumour cells as the assay system. the cells were incubated with venom and then subjected to the fol ... | 2018 | 29763628 |
| proteomic characterization of six taiwanese snake venoms: identification of species-specific proteins and development of a siscapa-mrm assay for cobra venom factors. | deinagkistrodon acutus, trimeresurus stejnegeri, protobothrops mucrosquamatus, daboia russelii siamensis, bungarus multicinctus and naja atra are the six medically important venomous snake species in taiwan. in this study, we characterized and compared their venom protein profiles using proteomic approaches. the major snake venom proteins were identified by gelc-ms/ms and the total venom proteome was characterized by in-solution digestion coupled with lc-ms/ms. a total of 27-52 proteins, categor ... | 2018 | 29929037 |
| using dynamic brownian bridge movement models to identify home range size and movement patterns in king cobras. | home range estimators are a critical component for understanding animal spatial ecology. the choice of home range estimator in spatial ecology studies can significantly influence management and conservation actions, as different methods lead to vastly different interpretations of movement patterns, habitat selection, as well as home range requirements. reptile studies in particular have struggled to reach a consensus on the appropriate home range estimators to use, and species with cryptic behav ... | 2018 | 30226846 |
| surgical taming of petroclival meningiomas: king cobra of all skull base tumors. | 2020 | 30232995 | |
| carboxymethyl chitosan nanoparticles loaded with bioactive peptide oh-cath30 benefit nonscar wound healing. | nonscar wound healing is a desirable treatment for cutaneous wounds worldwide. peptide oh-cath30 (oh30) from king cobra can selectively regulate the innate immunity and create an anti-inflammatory micro-environment which might benefit nonscar wound healing. | 2018 | 30310280 |
| proteomic characterization of two medically important malaysian snake venoms, calloselasma rhodostoma (malayan pit viper) and ophiophagus hannah (king cobra). | calloselasma rhodostoma (cr) and ophiophagus hannah (oh) are two medically important snakes found in malaysia. while some studies have described the biological properties of these venoms, feeding and environmental conditions also influence the concentration and distribution of snake venom toxins, resulting in variations in venom composition. therefore, a combined proteomic approach using shotgun and gel filtration chromatography, analyzed by tandem mass spectrometry, was used to examine the comp ... | 2018 | 30373186 |
| treatment of cryptosporidium serpentis infection in a king cobra ( ophiophagus hannah) with paromomycin. | feces collected from a wild-caught, young adult king cobra ( ophiophagus hannah) were repeatedly positive for cryptosporidium on both direct immunofluorescent antibody (dfa) and polymerase chain reaction (pcr), and sequencing identified the organism as cryptosporidium serpentis. infection was subclinical, as the snake was in good body condition and active, and readily consumed dead rats that were scented with snake skin. a course of paromomycin, inserted in feeder rats, was initiated at 360 mg/k ... | 2018 | 30592920 |
| next-generation sequencing analysis reveals high bacterial diversity in wild venomous and non-venomous snakes from india. | the oral cavities of snakes are replete with various types of bacterial flora. culture-dependent studies suggest that some of the bacterial species are responsible for secondary bacterial infection associated with snakebite. a complete profile of the ophidian oral bacterial community has been unreported until now. therefore, in the present study, we determined the complete bacterial compositions in the oral cavity of some snakes from india. | 2018 | 30598660 |
| malaysian cobra venom: a potential source of anti-cancer therapeutic agents. | cancer is a deadly disease and there is an urgent need for the development of effective and safe therapeutic agents to treat it. snake venom is a complex mixture of bioactive proteins that represents an attractive source of novel and naturally-derived anticancer agents. malaysia is one of the world's most biodiverse countries and is home to various venomous snake species, including cobras. naja kaouthia, naja sumatrana, and ophiophagus hannah are three of the most common cobra species in malaysi ... | 2019 | 30717096 |
| identification of a α-helical molten globule intermediate and structural characterization of β-cardiotoxin, an all β-sheet protein isolated from the venom of ophiophagus hannah (king cobra). | β-cardiotoxin is a novel member of the snake venom three-finger toxin (3ftx) family. this is the first exogenous protein to antagonize β-adrenergic receptors and thereby causing reduction in heart rates (bradycardia) when administered into animals, unlike the conventional cardiotoxins as reported earlier. 3ftxs are stable all β-sheet peptides with 60-80 amino acid residues. here, we describe the three-dimensional crystal structure of β-cardiotoxin together with the identification of a molten glo ... | 2019 | 30891862 |
| unique structure (construction and configuration) and evolution of the array of small serum protein genes of protobothrops flavoviridis snake. | the nucleotide sequence of protobothrops flavoviridis (pf) 30534 bp genome segment which contains genes encoding small serum proteins (ssps) was deciphered. the genome segment contained five ssp genes (pfssps), pfssp-4, pfssp-5, pfssp-1, pfssp-2, and pfssp-3 in this order and had characteristic configuration and constructions of the particular nucleotide sequences inserted. comparison between the configurations of the inserted chicken repeat-1 (cr1) fragments of p. flavoviridis and ophiophagus h ... | 2019 | 31213576 |
| orphan three-finger toxins bind at tissue factor-factor viia interface to inhibit factor x activation: identification of functional site by docking. | three-finger toxins (3ftxs) contribute to toxicity of venomous snakes belonging to the family elapidae. currently, functions of a considerable proportion of 3ftxs are still unknown. here, we describe the function of orphan group i 3ftxs consisting of four members. we also identified a new member of this group by sequencing a transcript isolated from naja naja venom. this transcript, named najalexin, is identical to that previously described 3ftx from naja atra venom gland, and shared high sequen ... | 2018 | 31249954 |
| variation in the protein composition and biological activity of king cobra (ophiophagus hannah) venoms. | the biochemical properties and biological activities of the venom from three individual ophiophagus hannah (king cobra) specimens was compared. the toxicity against mice, the cytotoxicity against five cell lines, and the antioxidant activity were measured. the kv2 venom showed a higher cytotoxicity than the kv6 and the non-cytotoxic kv9 venoms. comparative analysis of the o. hannah venom proteins was performed after 2-dimensional (2-d) denaturing gel electrophoresis and reverse phase high perfor ... | 2019 | 31278531 |
| genome-wide mining of microsatellites in king cobra (ophiophagus hannah) and cross-species development of tetranucleotide ssr markers in chinese cobra (naja atra). | the complete genome sequence provides the opportunity for genome-wide and coding region analysis of ssrs in the king cobra and for cross-species identification of microsatellite markers in the chinese cobra. in the ophiophagus hannah genome, tetranucleotide repeats (38.03%) were the most abundant category, followed by dinucleotides (23.03%), pentanucleotides (13.07%), mononucleotides (11.78%), trinucleotides (11.49%) and hexanucleotides (2.6%). twenty predominant motifs in the o. hannah genome w ... | 2019 | 31502192 |
| a taxon-specific and high-throughput method for measuring ligand binding to nicotinic acetylcholine receptors. | the binding of compounds to nicotinic acetylcholine receptors is of great interest in biomedical research. however, progress in this area is hampered by the lack of a high-throughput, cost-effective, and taxonomically flexible platform. current methods are low-throughput, consume large quantities of sample, or are taxonomically limited in which targets can be tested. we describe a novel assay which utilizes a label-free bio-layer interferometry technology, in combination with adapted mimotope pe ... | 2019 | 31623073 |
| geographical variations in king cobra (ophiophagus hannah) venom from thailand, malaysia, indonesia and china: on venom lethality, antivenom immunoreactivity and in vivo neutralization. | the wide distribution of king cobra (ophiophagus hannah), a medically important venomous snake in asia could be associated with geographical variation in the toxicity and antigenicity of the venom. this study investigated the lethality of king cobra venoms (kcv) from four geographical locales (malaysia, thailand, indonesia, china), and the immunological binding as well as in vivo neutralization activities of three antivenom products (thai ophiophagus hannah monovalent antivenom, ohmav; indonesia ... | 2020 | 31862461 |
| interspecific and intraspecific venom enzymatic variation among cobras (naja sp. and ophiophagus hannah). | the genera ophiophagus and naja comprise part of a clade of snakes referred to as cobras, dangerously venomous front-fanged snakes in the family elapidae responsible for significant human mortality and morbidity throughout asia and africa. we evaluated venom enzyme variation for eleven cobra species and three n. kaouthia populations using sds-page venom fingerprinting and numerous enzyme assays. acetylcholinesterase and pla2 activities were the most variable between species, and pla2 activity wa ... | 2020 | 32194156 |
| an appetite for destruction: detecting prey-selective binding of α-neurotoxins in the venom of afro-asian elapids. | prey-selective venoms and toxins have been documented across only a few species of snakes. the lack of research in this area has been due to the absence of suitably flexible testing platforms. in order to test more species for prey specificity of their venom, we used an innovative taxonomically flexible, high-throughput biolayer interferometry approach to ascertain the relative binding of 29 α-neurotoxic venoms from african and asian elapid representatives (26 naja spp., aspidelaps scutatus, ela ... | 2020 | 32210072 |
| supposed snake specialist consumes monitor lizards: diet and trophic implications of king cobra feeding ecology. | 2020 | 32320484 | |
| suppression of cardiomyocyte functions by β-ctx isolated from the thai king cobra (ophiophagus hannah) venom via an alternative method. | beta-cardiotoxin (β-ctx), the three-finger toxin isolated from king cobra (ophiophagus hannah) venom, possesses β-blocker activity as indicated by its negative chronotropy and its binding property to both β-1 and β-2 adrenergic receptors and has been proposed as a novel β-blocker candidate. previously, β-ctx was isolated and purified by fplc. here, we present an alternative method to purify this toxin. in addition, we tested its cytotoxicity against different mammalian muscle cell types and dete ... | 2020 | 32742278 |
| no room to roam: king cobras reduce movement in agriculture. | studying animal movement provides insights into how animals react to land-use changes. as agriculture expands, we can use animal movement to examine how animals change their behaviour in response. recent reviews show a tendency for mammalian species to reduce movements in response to increased human landscape modification, but reptile movements have not been as extensively studied. | 2020 | 32774861 |