| implications of a consensus recognition site for phosphatidylcholine separate from the active site in cobra venom phospholipases a2. | a model structure of naja naja kaouthia cobra venom phospholipase a2 has been constructed by utilizing molecular modeling techniques. analysis of the model and available biochemical data reveal the presence in this enzyme of a putative recognition site for choline derivatives in loop 57-70 made up of residues trp-61, tyr-63, phe-64, and lys-65, together with glu-55. the magnitude and shape of the electrostatic potential in this binding site are approximately 80% similar to that in the mcpc603 an ... | 1992 | 1550815 |
| structural features of carbohydrate moieties in snake venom glycoproteins. | the structures of the carbohydrate moieties of glycoproteins in snake venoms are largely unknown. in the present study, we have analyzed venoms of several species of snakes as well as plasma and tissue glycoproteins from one species of cobra (naja naja kaouthia) by lectin affinity staining of western blots. the data demonstrate that glycoproteins in cobra venom invariably contain terminal alpha-galactosyl residues with negligible proportions of sialic acids. interestingly, however, terminal alph ... | 1992 | 1731789 |
| distinctive distribution of secretory phospholipases a₂ in the venoms of afro-asian cobras (subgenus: naja, afronaja, boulengerina and uraeus). | the protein abundances of phospholipases a₂ in cobra venom proteomes appear to vary among cobra species. to determine the unique distribution of snake venom phospholipases a₂ (svpla₂) in the cobras, the svpla₂ activities for 15 cobra species were examined with an acidimetric and a colorimetric assay, using egg yolk suspension and 4-nitro-3-octanoyloxy benzoic acid (noba) as the substrate. the colorimetric assay showed significant correlation between svpla₂ enzymatic activities with the svpla₂ pr ... | 2019 | 30769779 |
| use of hplc to demonstrate variation of venom toxin composition in the thailand cobra venoms naja naja kaouthia and naja naja siamensis. | the composition of the venoms of naja naja kaouthia and naja naja siamensis from different commercial sources has been investigated using both ion-exchange and reverse-phase high-pressure liquid chromatography (rp-hplc) in order to investigate variation in toxin contents. the venoms contained identical major toxin components, although in different relative concentrations. the venom collected separately from the left and right glands of individual snakes were virtually the same as judged by rp-hp ... | 1992 | 1595079 |
| three-finger proteins from snakes and humans acting on nicotinic receptors: old and new. | the first toxin to give rise to the three-finger protein (tfp) family was α-bungarotoxin (α-bgt) from bungarus multicinctus krait venom. α-bgt was crucial for research on nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nachrs), and in this review article we focus on present data for snake venom tfps and those of the ly6/upar family from mammalians (membrane-bound lynx1 and secreted slurp-1) interacting with nachrs. recently isolated from bungarus candidus venom, αδ-bungarotoxins differ from α-bgt: they bind ... | 2020 | 32648941 |
| antisnake venom activity of ethanolic seed extract of strychnos nux vomica linn. | the whole seed extract of s. nux vomica (in low doses) effectively neutralized daboia russelii venom induced lethal, haemorrhage, defibrinogenating, pla2 enzyme activity and naja kaouthia venom induced lethal, cardiotoxic, neurotoxic, pla2 enzyme activity. the seed extract potentiated polyvalent snake venom antiserum action in experimental animals. an active compound (snvnf) was isolated and purified by thin layer chromatography and silica gel column chromatography, which effectively antagonised ... | 2004 | 15233470 |
| malaysian cobra venom: a potential source of anti-cancer therapeutic agents. | cancer is a deadly disease and there is an urgent need for the development of effective and safe therapeutic agents to treat it. snake venom is a complex mixture of bioactive proteins that represents an attractive source of novel and naturally-derived anticancer agents. malaysia is one of the world's most biodiverse countries and is home to various venomous snake species, including cobras. naja kaouthia, naja sumatrana, and ophiophagus hannah are three of the most common cobra species in malaysi ... | 2019 | 30717096 |
| incidence of snakebites in 3 different geographic regions in thua thien hue province, central vietnam: green pit vipers and cobras cause the majority of bites. | the annual incidence of snakebites in vietnam is not known and only few publications about snakebite envenoming and medically relevant snakes can be found in english language literature. the present community-based surveys provide data on incidence of snakebites in three different geographic regions of thua thien hue (tt hue) province, central vietnam and snake species responsible for bites in this region. | 2018 | 30448540 |
| species-specific and geographical variation in venom composition of two major cobras in indian subcontinent: impact on polyvalent antivenom therapy. | while snakebite is a severe problem for several countries throughout the world the indian subcontinent has witnessed the highest global incidence of snakebite which represents an occupational health hazard. belonging to the family elapidae, the indian spectacled cobra (naja naja), is one of the members of the "big four" venomous snakes found throughout the indian subcontinent. indian monocled cobra naja kaouthia is prevalent in eastern and north-eastern india as well as in bangladesh, nepal, and ... | 2020 | 33127373 |
| snake c-type lectin-like proteins inhibit nicotinic acetylcholine receptors. | venoms of viperid snakes affect mostly hemostasis, while c-type lectin-like proteins (ctlps), one of the main components of viperid venoms, act as anticoagulants, procoagulants, or agonists/antagonists of platelet activation. however, we have shown earlier that ctlps from the saw-scaled viper echis multisquamatus, called emunarecins em1 and em2, were able to inhibit nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nachrs) in neurons of a pond snail (lymnaea stagnalis). here we analysed the structure of the em ... | 2020 | 33024544 |
| genome-wide snp analysis of siamese cobra (naja kaouthia) reveals the molecular basis of transitions between z and w sex chromosomes and supports the presence of an ancestral super-sex chromosome in amniotes. | elucidation of the process of sex chromosome differentiation is necessary to understand the dynamics of evolutionary mechanisms in organisms. the w sex chromosome of the siamese cobra (naja kaouthia) contains a large number of repeats and shares amniote sex chromosomal linkages. diversity arrays technology provides an effective approach to identify sex-specific loci that are epoch-making, to understand the dynamics of molecular transitions between the z and w sex chromosomes in a snake lineage. ... | 2020 | 33002626 |
| comparative analysis of naja kaouthia venom from north-east india and bangladesh and its cross reactivity with indian polyvalent antivenoms. | naja kaouthia is one of the most prevalent medically important snakes of north east india and bangladesh responsible for most of the bite cases. in this study, an attempt was made to decipher venom variation of naja kaouthia venom from north east india and bangladesh. using multidimensional methods including reverse phase hplc, sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (1d-page) and two-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2d-page), the quantitative differences in venom composition h ... | 2019 | 30953661 |
| an in vitro potency assay using nicotinic acetylcholine receptor binding works well with antivenoms against bungarus candidus and naja naja. | in order to facilitate/expedite the production of effective and affordable snake antivenoms, a novel in vitro potency assay was previously developed. the assay is based on an antiserum's ability to bind to postsynaptic neurotoxin (psnt) and thereby inhibit the psnt binding to the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nachr). the assay was shown to work well with antiserum against thai naja kaouthia which produces predominantly the lethal psnts. in this work, the assay is demonstrated to work well wi ... | 2018 | 29946111 |
| whole snake venoms: cytotoxic, anti-metastatic and antiangiogenic properties. | currently, biological and organic substances are screened in order to find a new generation of therapeutics active against cancer. previous research has identified promising candidate peptides in snake venom. in this study, venoms from different snake species (naja annulifera, naja kaouthia, ophiophagus hannah and echis carinatus) were screened for potential anti-cancer properties using pancreatic tumour cells as the assay system. the cells were incubated with venom and then subjected to the fol ... | 2018 | 29763628 |
| an in vitro α-neurotoxin-nachr binding assay correlates with lethality and in vivo neutralization of a large number of elapid neurotoxic snake venoms from four continents. | the aim of this study was to develop an in vitro assay for use in place of in vivo assays of snake venom lethality and antivenom neutralizing potency. a novel in vitro assay has been developed based on the binding of post-synaptically acting α-neurotoxins to nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nachr), and the ability of antivenoms to prevent this binding. the assay gave high correlation in previous studies with the in vivo murine lethality tests (median lethal dose, ld50), and the neutralization o ... | 2020 | 32857757 |
| clinical importance of the mandalay spitting cobra (naja mandalayensis) in upper myanmar - bites, envenoming and ophthalmia. | examination of 18 cobras brought to three hospitals in the mandalay region by patients bitten or spat at by them distinguished 3 monocled cobras (naja kaouthia) and 15 mandalay spitting cobras (n. mandalayensis), based on their morphological characteristics. we confirm and extend the known distributions and habitats of both n. mandalayensis and n. kaouthia in upper myanmar. clinical symptoms of local and systemic envenoming by n. mandalayensis are described for the first time. these included loc ... | 2020 | 32504626 |
| naja kaouthia venom protein, nk-crisp, upregulates inflammatory gene expression in human macrophages. | cysteine-rich secretory proteins (crisp) are widespread in snake venoms and known to target ion channels. more recently, crisps have been shown to mediate inflammatory responses. involvement of potential receptor in crisp-induced inflammatory reactions, however, remains unknown. a crisp protein named as nk-crisp, was isolated from the venom of naja kaouthia. the molecular mass of the purified protein was found to be ~25 kda and the primary sequence was determined by maldi tof-tof. the involvemen ... | 2020 | 32470580 |
| clinical features, bacteriology, and antibiotic treatment among patients with presumed naja bites in vietnam. | clinical and bacteriological features of cobra (naja) bites are still relatively unknown in vietnam. this study aimed to characterize the clinical and bacteriological characteristics of local wounds in patients with presumed naja spp bite, as well as their antibiotic treatment. | 2020 | 32335010 |
| diversity of pbi-ddei satellite dna in snakes correlates with rapid independent evolution and different functional roles. | to better understand pbi-ddei satellite dna located in the centromeric region of python, molecular evolution analysis was conducted on 40 snake species. a ladder-like pattern of dna bands with repetition of the 194-210 bp monomer was observed in 15 species using pcr. molecular cloning was performed to obtain 97 at-rich monomer sequences. phylogenetic and network analyses showed three pbi-ddei subfamilies with sequences grouped in species-specific clusters, suggesting rapid evolution. slow evolut ... | 2019 | 31664097 |
| inhibition of snake venom induced sterile inflammation and pla2 activity by titanium dioxide nanoparticles in experimental animals. | sterile inflammation (si) is an essential process in response to snakebite and injury. the venom induced pathophysiological response to sterile inflammation results into many harmful and deleterious effects that ultimately leads to death. the available treatment for snakebite is antiserum which does not provide enough protection against venom-induced pathophysiological changes like haemorrhage, necrosis, nephrotoxicity and often develop hypersensitive reactions. in order to overcome these hindra ... | 2019 | 31371738 |
| proteomics of naja kaouthia venom from north east india and assessment of indian polyvalent antivenom by third generation antivenomics. | in the present study, venom composition, toxic effects, and immunological characteristics of naja kaouthia venom from north east india has been studied. using rp-hplc, venom components were separated and proteins in the fractions were identified using esi-lc ms/ms. proteins identified belong to 9 different snake venom protein families. three finger toxins and pla2 were the most abundant protein families detected by mass spectrometry analysis. the other minor proteins families identified in the v ... | 2019 | 31344496 |
| electro-physiology of coupling model and its impact on naja kaouthia venom treated sciatic nerves of toad. | demyelination in peripheral nerves causes dysfunction of slowing down and stoppage of nerve impulses causing many neurological diseases, such as chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy, guillain-barre syndrome, etc. this paper aims to develop a recovery model having interaction of a demyelinated nerve with a normal myelinated nerve. we validated the model by coupling between peripheral nerve of toad (demyelinated with naja kaouthia venom) and a normal nerve of toad. an increase in both ... | 2018 | 29752233 |
| dynamics of telomere length in captive siamese cobra (naja kaouthia) related to age and sex. | telomeres comprise tandem repeated dna sequences that protect the ends of chromosomes from deterioration or fusion with neighboring chromosomes, and their lengths might vary with sex and age. here, age- and sex-related telomere lengths in male and female captive siamese cobras (naja kaouthia) were investigated using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction based on cross-sectional data. a negative correlation was shown between telomere length and body size in males but not in females. ag ... | 2019 | 31236227 |
| the survey of internal parasites of consumed - siamese cobra (naja kaouthia) in thailand. | in asia and africa, snake meat and organs are commonly prepared for consumption as traditional medicine or aphrodisiac regardless of the awareness of zoonotic diseases. parasitic zoonosis can be contracted from the consumption of raw reptile and amphibian meat. therefore to study this further, forty wild-caught siamese cobras (naja kaouthia) which were supplied to exotic restaurants in thailand were randomized for fecal and blood examination as well as necropsy to dissect for the presence of par ... | 2017 | 31014849 |
| recurrent neurotoxic envenoming of cobra bite. | recurrent systemic envenomation in patients who sustained viper bites, and who previously responded to antivenom, is well described in the literature. however, cases of recurrent neurotoxic envenoming after antivenom treatment are rarely reported. we present three patients who were envenomed by a cobra (naja kaouthia or n. siamensis) and experienced recurrent neurotoxic envenomation after they initially responded to antivenom treatments. these three patients, aged 13, 35 and 65 years, were consu ... | 2019 | 31129162 |
| chromosome map of the siamese cobra: did partial synteny of sex chromosomes in the amniote represent "a hypothetical ancestral super-sex chromosome" or random distribution? | unlike the chromosome constitution of most snakes (2n=36), the cobra karyotype shows a diploid chromosome number of 38 with a highly heterochromatic w chromosome and a large morphologically different chromosome 2. to investigate the process of sex chromosome differentiation and evolution between cobras, most snakes, and other amniotes, we constructed a chromosome map of the siamese cobra (naja kaouthia) with 43 bacterial artificial chromosomes (bacs) derived from the chicken and zebra finch libr ... | 2018 | 30558533 |
| human monoclonal scfvs that neutralize fribrinogenolytic activity of kaouthiagin, a zinc-metalloproteinase in cobra (naja kaouthia) venom. | snake venom-metalloproteinases (svmps) are the primary factors that disturb hemostasis and cause hemorrhage in the venomous snake bitten subjects. kaouthiagin is a unique svmp that binds and cleaves von willebrand factor (vwf) at a specific peptide bond leading to inhibition of platelet aggregation, which enhances the hemorrhage. kaouthiagin is a low abundant venom component of thai cobra (naja kaouthia); thus, most horse-derived antivenins used for cobra bite treatment do not contain adequate a ... | 2018 | 30513883 |
| proteomics analysis to compare the venom composition between naja naja and naja kaouthia from the same geographical location of eastern india: correlation with pathophysiology of envenomation and immunological cross-reactivity towards commercial polyantivenom. | cobra bite is frequently reported across the indian subcontinent and is associated with a high rate of death and morbidity. in eastern india (ei) naja naja and naja kaouthia are reported to be the two most abundant species of cobra. | 2018 | 30345852 |