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characterization of pituitary growth hormone and its receptor in the green iguana (iguana iguana).pituitary growth hormone (gh) has been studied in most vertebrate groups; however, only a few studies have been carried out in reptiles. little is known about pituitary hormones in the order squamata, to which the green iguana (gi) belongs. in this work, we characterized the hypophysis of iguana iguana morphologically. the somatotrophs (round cells of 7.6-10 μm containing 250- to 300-nm secretory granules where the gigh is stored) were found, by immunohistochemistry and in situ hybridization, ex ...201424769041
anti-inflammatory potential of zootherapeutics derived from animals used in brazilian traditional medicine.animals are used for the treatment of diseases caused by inflammatory processes, although few studies evaluate their potential for these purposes.201425026349
an appraisal of the use of an infrared digital monitoring system for long-term measurement of heart rate in reptilian embryos.measurement of heart rate (fh) in embryonic reptiles has previously imposed some degree of invasive treatment on the developing embryo. recently a non-invasive technique of fh detection from intact eggs was developed for commercial avian breeders and has since been used in biological research. this device uses infrared light, enabling it to detect heartbeats in very early embryos. however, infrared light is a source of heat and extended enclosure of an egg in the device is likely to affect tempe ...201526086361
the progressive onset of cholinergic and adrenergic control of heart rate during development in the green iguana, iguana iguana.the autonomic control of heart rate was studied throughout development in embryos of the green iguana, iguana iguana by applying receptor agonists and antagonists of the parasympathetic and sympathetic systems. acetylcholine (ach) slowed or stopped the heart and atropine antagonized the response to ach indicating the presence of muscarinic cholinoceptors on the heart of early embryos. however, atropine injections had no impact on heart rate until immediately before hatching, when it increased he ...201526071949
genetic evidence of hybridization between the endangered native species iguana delicatissima and the invasive iguana iguana (reptilia, iguanidae) in the lesser antilles: management implications.the worldwide increase of hybridization in different groups is thought to have become more important with the loss of isolating barriers and the introduction of invasive species. this phenomenon could result in the extinction of endemic species. this study aims at investigating the hybridization dynamics between the endemic and threatened lesser antillean iguana (iguana delicatissima) and the invasive common green iguana (iguana iguana) in the lesser antilles, as well as assessing the impact of ...201526046351
vascular patterns in iguanas and other squamates: blood vessels and sites of thermal exchange.squamates use the circulatory system to regulate body and head temperatures during both heating and cooling. the flexibility of this system, which possibly exceeds that of endotherms, offers a number of physiological mechanisms to gain or retain heat (e.g., increase peripheral blood flow and heart rate, cooling the head to prolong basking time for the body) as well as to shed heat (modulate peripheral blood flow, expose sites of thermal exchange). squamates also have the ability to establish and ...201526466378
mature erythrocytes of iguana iguana (squamata, iguanidae) possess functional mitochondria.electron microscopy analyses of iguana iguana blood preparations revealed the presence of mitochondria within erythrocytes with well-structured cristae. fluorescence microscopy analyses upon incubation with phalloidin-fitc, hoechst 33342 and mitochondrial transmembrane potential (δψm)-sensitive probe mitotracker red indicated that mitochondria i) widely occur in erythrocytes, ii) are polarized, and iii) seem to be preferentially confined at a "perinuclear" region, as confirmed by electron micros ...201526367118
variations of plasma protein electrophoresis in healthy captive green iguanas (iguana iguana).serum or plasma protein electrophoresis is used as a routine test for health assessment in veterinary medicine, but there are only a limited number of studies regarding clinical use of electrophoresis in reptile species.201525639702
molecular identification of food sources in triatomines in the brazilian northeast: roles of goats and rodents in chagas disease epidemiology.we used the gut contents of triatomines collected from rural areas of ceará state, northeastern brazil, to identify their putative hosts via vertebrate cytb gene sequencing. successful direct sequencing was obtained for 48% of insects, comprising 50 triatoma brasiliensis, 7 triatoma pseudomaculata, and 1 rhodnius nasutus. basic local alignment search tool (blast) procedure revealed that domestic animals, such as chickens (gallus gallus) and goats (capra hircus), are the main food source, includi ...201526350453
development of olfactory epithelium and associated structures in the green iguana, iguana iguana-light and scanning electron microscopic study.the ontogenesis of the nasal cavity has been described in many mammalian species. the situation is different with reptiles, despite the fact that they have become relatively common as pets. in this study we focused on the ontogenesis of the olfactory epithelium, as well as other types of epithelia in the nasal cavity of pre-hatched green iguanas (iguana iguana). collection of samples began from day 67 of incubation and continued every four days until hatching. microscopic examination revealed th ...201627920949
the complete mitochondrial genomes of the galápagos iguanas, amblyrhynchus cristatus and conolophus subcristatus.the galápagos iguanas are among the oldest vertebrate lineages on the galápagos archipelago, and the evolutionary history of this clade is of great interest to biologists. we describe here the complete mitochondrial genomes of the marine iguana, amblyrhynchus cristatus (genbank accession number: kt277937) and the land iguana conolophus subcristatus (genbank accession number: kt277936). the genomes contain 13 protein-coding genes, 22 transfer rnas, and two ribosomal rnas genes, as well as a contr ...201626357924
relationship between metabolic bone disease and bone mineral density measured by dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry in the green iguana (iguana iguana).the aim of our work was to study the feasibility of using dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry to obtain reference bone density values in relation to body weight, gender, and metabolic bone disease in the green iguana. the study was performed on 28 animals. the weight, age, and gender of each iguana were recorded. each lizard was carefully examined and radiographed to detect signs of metabolic bone disease. blood samples were collected from each animal to evaluate ca/p and total protein. all animals ...201615005355
textile foreign body in a green iguana (iguana iguana): diagnostic imaging for localisation.this case report includes different diagnostic imaging methods for localization of textile foreign bodies in reptiles and shows the limitations and advantages of these methods. a six-year-old, male, green iguana was presented to our clinic after ingesting a sock 5 days earlier. ultrasound, contrast x-ray, computed tomography and endoscopy were used to locate the foreign body before surgery. attempts to remove the sock endoscopically failed. the sock was surgically removed via celiotomy and enter ...201627821380
proximal duodenoileal anastomosis for treatment of small intestinal obstruction and volvulus in a green iguana (iguana iguana).case description a 13-year-old female green iguana (iguana iguana) was examined because of a 6-day history of vomiting, anorexia, and lethargy and a 4-day history of decreased fecal and urate output. clinical findings physical examination revealed a distended abdomen, signs of depression, pallor, tachycardia, harsh lung sounds, and vomiting. abdominal radiographs revealed gas distention of the stomach and small intestine with fluid lines evident on the lateral view. plasma biochemical analysis i ...201627767426
preliminary evaluation of spirotome® device for liver biopsy in green iguanas (iguana iguana): a pilot study.the aim of this study was to evaluate a large-core manual biopsy device (spirotome(®), medinvents, 3500 hasselt, belgium) for liver sampling and histologic diagnosis in green iguanas (iguana iguana). the study included eight green iguanas, and two ultrasound-guided biopsies were collected for each lizard, for 16 biopsies in total. the procedure was carried out under general anesthesia induced by intravenous injection of propofol (10 mg/kg) maintained with a mixture of 2.0% isoflurane and 0.8-1.2 ...201627468023
diagnosis and surgical management of malignant ovarian teratoma in a green iguana (iguana iguana).ovarian tumors in reptiles are uncommonly reported in the literature and for green iguanas previously reported cases include teratomas, one adenocarcinoma and one papillary cystadenocarcinoma. the present report is the first of a malignant ovarian teratoma in a green iguana. complete and detailed pathological features, differential diagnosis and surgical management of malignant ovarian teratoma are discussed in this paper.201627435282
xromm analysis of rib kinematics during lung ventilation in the green iguana, iguana iguana.the three-dimensional rotations of ribs during breathing are typically described as bucket-handle rotation about a dorsoventrally oriented axis, pump-handle rotation about a mediolateral axis, and caliper rotation about a rostrocaudal axis. in amniotes with double-headed ribs, rib motion is constrained primarily to one degree-of-freedom (dof) rotation about an axis connecting the two rib articulations. however, in squamata, the ribs are single headed and the hemispherical costovertebral joints p ...201626596531
morphometrics and molecular analysis of ozolaimus linstowi n. sp. (oxyuroidea: pharyngodonidae) from the green lizard iguana iguana.ozolaimus linstowi n. sp. is described from the large intestine of iguana iguana linnaeus, 1758 from mexico. the present species can be easily distinguished from o. megatyphlon and o. cirratus by the presence of a long and slender pharynx not divided into sections, more similar to the remaining two species, o. monhystera and o. ctenosauri. ozolaimus linstowi n. sp. can be differentiated from o. monhystera by the shorter spicule length and smaller body size of both males and females. males of o. ...201625744633
nematodes associated with iguana iguana (linnaeus, 1758) (squamata, iguanidae) in semi-arid areas of northeastern brazil.nematodes were analyzed in iguana iguana, a large lizard iguanidae that is widely distributed throughout the americas. the aims of the study were investigate the helminths associated with the lizard, i. iguana in semi-arid areas of northeastern brazil and analyze the parasitological indices (prevalence, and mean intensity of infection). a total of 18 specimens of i. iguana were examined (8 males and 10 females). the overall prevalence of infection was 66.6% (12/18), while in males, it was 75% (6 ...201627683813
comparative genomics of campylobacter iguaniorum to unravel genetic regions associated with reptilian hosts.campylobacter iguaniorum is most closely related to the species c fetus, c hyointestinalis, and c lanienae reptiles, chelonians and lizards in particular, appear to be a primary reservoir of this campylobacter species. here we report the genome comparison of c iguaniorum strain 1485e, isolated from a bearded dragon (pogona vitticeps), and strain 2463d, isolated from a green iguana (iguana iguana), with the genomes of closely related taxa, in particular with reptile-associated c fetus subsp. test ...201627604878
gastrointestinal studies in the green iguana: technique and reference values.five healthy green iguana (iguana iguana) were used to determine appropriate technique and normal transit times for gastrointestinal contrast studies and to describe normal radiographic anatomy. the animals were maintained at 27-29 degrees c. there was rapid transit through a u shaped stomach, with a median gastric emptying time of 8 h, and median small intestinal transit and small intestine emptying times of 4 h and 16 h respectively. median large colon transit and emptying times were 15 h and ...201611768518
imaging diagnosis-follicular torsion in a green iguana (iguana iguana) with involvment of the left adrenal gland. 201612174997
rates of oxygen uptake increase independently of changes in heart rate in late stages of development and at hatching in the green iguana, iguana iguana.oxygen consumption (vo2), heart rate (fh), heart mass (mh) and body mass (mb) were measured during embryonic incubation and in hatchlings of green iguana (iguana iguana). mean fh and vo2 were unvarying in early stage embryos. vo2 increased exponentially during the later stages of embryonic development, doubling by the end of incubation, while fh was constant, resulting in a 2.7-fold increase in oxygen pulse. compared to late stage embryos, the mean inactive level of vo2 in hatchlings was 1.7 fol ...201728011410
characterization of nannizziopsis guarroi with genomic and proteomic analysis in three lizard species.fungal infections in captive as well as in free-living reptiles caused by emerging obligate pathogenic fungi appear with increasing frequency and give occasion to establish new and fast methods for routine diagnostics. the so-called yellow fungus disease is one of the most important and common fungal dermatomycoses in central bearded dragons (pogona vitticeps) and green iguanas (iguana iguana) and is caused by nannizziopsis guarroi. the aim of this study was to prove reliability in identificatio ...201729420823
cutaneous iridophoroma in a green iguana ‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬(iguana iguana)‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬.an 11-year-old intact male green iguana (iguana iguana) was referred for treatment of a probable iridophoroma based on previous cytopathology. a periocular mass was present near the right medial canthus. computed tomography did not show any sign of metastasis. clinicopathologic abnormalities included lymphopenia and hyperproteinemia. cytologic and histologic evaluations of the mass were consistent with iridophoroma. complete surgical excision of the mass was not possible without removal of the o ...201728815678
isolation of burkholderia pseudomallei from a pet green iguana, belgium.we isolated burkholderia pseudomallei, the causative agent of melioidosis, from liver granulomas of a pet green iguana (iguana iguana) in belgium. this case highlights a risk for imported green iguanas acting as a reservoir for introduction of this high-threat, zoonotic pathogen into nonendemic regions.201830457548
bite force and cranial bone strain in four species of lizards.in vivo bone strain data provide direct evidence of strain patterns in the cranium during biting. compared with those in mammals, in vivo bone strains in lizard skulls are poorly documented. this paper presents strain data from the skulls of anolis equestris, gekko gecko, iguana iguana and salvator merianae during transducer biting. analysis of variance was used to investigate effects of bite force, bite point, diet, cranial morphology and cranial kinesis on strain magnitude. within individuals, ...201830352826
structural aspects and physiological implications of the hemoglobin of green iguana (iguana iguana). 201830171953
the axial anatomy of monitor lizards (varanidae).because the musculoskeletal anatomy of the trunk is the framework for the behaviors of locomotion, ventilation, and body support in lepidosaurs, comparative study of trunk anatomy in this group is critical for unraveling the selective pressures leading to extant diversity in axial form and function among vertebrates. this work uses gross dissection and computed tomography to describe the muscular and skeletal anatomy of the trunk of varanid lizards (varanidae, anguimorpha). gross muscle dissecti ...201830079494
correction: gross and histologic evaluation of effects of photobiomodulation, silver sulfadiazine, and a topical antimicrobial product on experimentally induced full-thickness skin wounds in green iguanas (iguana iguana). 201829688791
gross and histologic evaluation of effects of photobiomodulation, silver sulfadiazine, and a topical antimicrobial product on experimentally induced full-thickness skin wounds in green iguanas (iguana iguana).objective to assess effects of photobiomodulation, silver sulfadiazine, and a topical antimicrobial product for the treatment of experimentally induced full-thickness skin wounds in green iguanas (iguana iguana). animals 16 healthy subadult green iguanas. procedures iguanas were anesthetized, and three 5-mm cutaneous biopsy specimens were obtained from each iguana (day 0). iguanas were randomly assigned to 2 treatment groups, each of which had a control treatment. wounds in the topical treatment ...201829583044
treatment of cryptosporidiosis in captive green iguanas (iguana iguana).there are no standard guidelines for the treatment of cryptosporidiosis in reptiles. the aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of two cryptosporidiosis therapies in captive green iguanas. eight green iguanas aged 2-6 years, including 6 (1 ♂ and 5 ♀) animals with chronic diarrhea, received treatment for cryptosporidiosis. the presence of cryptosporidium sp. oocysts was determined in 8 iguanas (100%), isospora sp. oocysts were detected in 3 animals (37.5%), and oxyuridae eggs were observe ...201829559143
pharmacokinetics of ceftiofur crystalline free acid sterile suspension in green iguanas ( iguana iguana) after single intramuscular administration.the objective of this study was to establish the pharmacokinetic parameters of ceftiofur crystalline free acid (ccfa) for a single intramuscular injection in green iguanas ( iguana iguana). six green iguanas received an injection of 5 mg/kg ccfa into the triceps muscle. using high-performance liquid chromatography, concentrations of ceftiofur free acid equivalents in plasma samples collected at predetermined time points were evaluated up to 21 days following drug administration. noncompartmental ...201829517463
the lesser antillean iguana (iguana delicatissima) on st. eustatius: genetically depauperate and threatened by ongoing hybridization.the lesser antillean iguana (iguana delicatissima) is an endangered species threatened by habitat loss and hybridization with non-native green iguanas (iguana iguana). iguana delicatissima has been extirpated on several islands, and the green iguana has invaded most islands with extant populations. information is essential to protect this species from extinction. we collected data on 293 iguanas including 17 juveniles from st. eustasius, one of the few remaining i. delicatissima strongholds. gen ...201829471487
the autonomic control of upright posture tachycardia in the arboreal lizard iguana iguana.in terrestrial environments, upright spatial orientation can dramatically influence animals' hemodynamics. generally, large and elongated species are particularly sensitive to such influence due to the greater extent of their vascular beds being verticalized, favoring the establishment of blood columns in their bodies along with caudal blood pooling, and thus jeopardizing blood circulation through a cascade effect of reductions in venous return, cardiac filling, stroke volume, cardiac output, an ...201829992754
vertebrates as a bactericidal agent.in brazil, although a large number of animals are used in traditional medicine (at least 354 species), information about their biological activities is scarce. in this context, the objective of this study was to evaluate the bactericidal potential of zootherapeutic by-products from animals used in brazilian traditional medicine and discuss the ecological and cultural consequences of such practices. the species analyzed were: tupinambis merianae (skin), iguana iguana (skin and body fat), crotalus ...201829922961
a story of nasal horns: two new subspecies of iguana laurenti, 1768 (squamata, iguanidae) in saint lucia, st vincent amp; the grenadines, and grenada (southern lesser antilles).the lesser antilles, in the eastern caribbean, were long considered to have only two species in the genus iguana laurenti 1768: the lesser antillean iguana iguana delicatissima, which is endemic to parts of the lesser antilles, and the common green iguana iguana iguana, which also occurs throughout central and south america. no subspecies are currently recognised. however, herpetologists and reptile collectors have pointed out strong physical differences between some of the island populations of ...201931717144
use of rodent sedation tests to evaluate midazolam and flumazenil in green iguanas (iguana iguana).this study aimed to evaluate the applicability of rodent behavioral tests to assess the effects of midazolam and flumazenil in green iguanas. four tests commonly used to assess sedation in rodents-the open field test, forced swim test, behavioral scale, and traction test-were conducted in 10 juveniles iguanas. the animals received midazolam (2 mg/kg im) or 0.9% nacl (0.4 ml/kg im), and the tests were conducted between 0 and 300 min thereafter. to verify the effects of midazolam and flumazenil, t ...201931645234
a description of the male of geckobiella donnae paredes-león, klompen et pérez, 2012 (acari: pterygosomatidae) from captive iguanas in honduras.mites of the family pterygosomatidae are usually infesting lizards, geckos and iguanas. in this family, the genus geckobiella hirst, 1917 comprises 12 species including geckobiella donnae paredes-león, klompen et pérez, 2012. we collected 48 mites of g.donnae from 10 captive iguanas ctenosaura bakeri stejneger (reptilia: iguanidae) out of 23 examined individuals (prevalence 43% ) in iguana research and breeding station on isla de utila, islas de la bahía, honduras on 1 september 2014. males of g ...201930919825
the electrocardiogram of vertebrates: evolutionary changes from ectothermy to endothermy.the electrocardiogram (ecg) reveals that heart chamber activation and repolarization are much faster in mammals and birds compared to ectothermic vertebrates of similar size. temperature, however, affects electrophysiology of the heart and most data from ectotherms are determined at body temperatures lower than those of mammals and birds. the present manuscript is a review of the effects of temperature on intervals in the ecg of ectothermic and endothermic vertebrates rather than a hypothesis-te ...201930243548
zoonotic and public health implications of campylobacter species and squamates (lizards, snakes and amphisbaenians).campylobacter spp. is one of the most widespread infectious diseases of veterinary and public health significance. globally, the incidence of campylobacteriosis has increased over the last decade in both developing and developed countries. squamates (lizards, snakes and amphisbaenians) are a potential reservoir and source of transmission of campylobacteriosis to humans. this systematic review examined studies from the last 20 years that have reported squamate-associated human campylobacteriosis. ...202032998205
venomics of the duvernoy's gland secretion of the false coral snake rhinobothryum bovallii (andersson, 1916) and assessment of venom lethality towards synapsid and diapsid animal models.the duvernoy's gland secretory proteome of the false coral snake rhinobothryum bovallii (costa rica), unveiled applying bottom-up venomics, comprises a handful of toxins belonging to only three protein families, three-finger toxin (3ftx), cysteine-rich secretory protein (crisp), and snake venom metalloprotease (piii-svmp). except for small differences in the relative abundance of the piii-svmps, which may be due to individual variability, no evidence of geographic variability or ontogenetic chan ...202032598980
the effects of premature tooth extraction and damage on replacement timing in the green iguana.reptiles with continuous tooth replacement, or polyphyodonty, replace their teeth in predictable, well-timed waves in alternating tooth positions around the mouth. this process is thought to occur irrespective of tooth wear or breakage. in this study, we aimed to determine if damage to teeth and premature tooth extraction affects tooth replacement timing long-term in juvenile green iguanas (iguana iguana). first, we examined normal tooth development histologically using a brdu pulse-chase analys ...202032974642
nasal melanophoroma in a captive green iguana (iguana iguana).green iguanas are arboreal lizards, common as pet animals and in captivity. knowledge of neoplasms in iguanas is scarce, and a challenge to their prevention, treatment, and prognosis. a captive green iguana showed a pigmented nasal exophytic neoplasm. tumor cells were spindle-shaped to epithelioid with a variable amount of dark-brown or black granular melanin within the cytoplasm, and also presented cytoplasmic positivity for melan-a and s100. transmission electron microscopy evidenced intracyto ...202032823162
painted black: iguana melanoderma (reptilia, squamata, iguanidae) a new melanistic endemic species from saba and montserrat islands (lesser antilles).the lesser antilles, in the eastern caribbean, is inhabited by three iguana species: the lesser antillean iguanaiguana delicatissima, which is endemic to the northernmost islands of the lesser antilles, the introduced common iguana from south america, iguana iguana iguana, represented also by the two newly described endemic subspecies iguana iguana sanctaluciae from saint lucia and iguana iguana insularis from saint vincent and the grenadines, and grenada, and the introduced iguana rhinolopha fr ...202032336922
effects of brodifacoum and diphacinone exposure on four species of reptiles: tissue residue levels and survivorship.anticoagulant rodenticides are used worldwide to control pest rodent species. however, the risks posed to non-target reptiles have not been well characterized. in this study, 46 giant ameivas (ameiva ameiva), 39 boa constrictors (boa constrictor), 33 wood turtles (rhinoclemmys pulcherrima), and 47 green iguanas (iguana iguana) were orally dosed with one of two levels of either diphacinone or brodifacoum anticoagulant in propylene glycol solutions. dosages were derived using daily food intake (df ...202031858711
validation of an enzyme immunoassay for the quantification of testosterone in green iguana males (iguana iguana).the endocrinological study by immunological methods allows elucidating mechanisms of response to environmental challenges and reproductive regulatory mechanisms in animals. however, it is often overlooked that immunological assays for the detection and quantification of steroid hormones require prior validation tests. in this study, the efficacy of a commercial enzyme immunoassays (eia) was evaluated for the quantification of plasma testosterone (t) in males from a population of green iguanas (i ...202031809722
first report of co-invasion by the reptile nematode ozolaimus megatyphlon (nematoda: pharyngodonidae) with invasive green iguanas (iguana iguana) in the asia-pacific.co-invasion of naïve ecosystems by non-native parasites is a serious threat to global biodiversity, though such events are difficult to detect early in the invasion process. green iguanas (iguana iguana) are an emerging invasive species and have colonised several countries in the asia-pacific. a survey was undertaken to determine whether parasites of the green iguana had co-invaded naïve ecosystems with their introduced host.202031748867
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