| morphological observations on the fate of the lateral appendix in the embryonic olfactory organ of rana nigromaculata. | | 1946 | 20990828 |
| development of olfactory organ in rana nigromaculata. | | 1946 | 20990827 |
| [fluorescent substances of the pterin type in the skin or the eyes of the frog (rana nigromaculata) and their photochemical transformation]. | | 1953 | 13095436 |
| comparison of xenopus laevis and rana nigromaculata as test animals for the determination of pregnancy. | | 1953 | 13096903 |
| [inhibitory effect of pterins on the photochemical decomposition of riboflavin in rana nigromaculata skin]. | | 1954 | 13190825 |
| [localization of fluorescent pterin and flavin substances in the eye of frog rana nigromaculata]. | | 1958 | 13597220 |
| sequencing and analysis of the internal transcribed spacers (itss) and coding regions in the ecor i fragment of the ribosomal dna of the japanese pond frog rana nigromaculata. | the rdna of eukaryotic organisms is transcribed as the 40s-45s rrna precursor, and this precursor contains the following segments: 5' - ets - 18s rrna - its 1 - 5.8s rrna - its 2 - 28s rrna - 3'. in amphibians, the nucleotide sequences of the rrna precursor have been completely determined in only two species of xenopus. in the other amphibian species investigated so far, only the short nucleotide sequences of some rdna fragments have been reported. we obtained a genomic clone containing the rdna ... | 2004 | 15215676 |
| studies on amphibian yolk 1. the ultrastructure of the yolk platelet. | the yolk platelets of mature eggs and young embryonic cells of all amphibian species studied (rana pipiens, triturus pyrrhogaster, diemictylus viridescens, rana nigromaculata, and bufo vulgaris) have a superficial layer of fine particles or fibrils (ca. 50 a in diameter), a central main body with a crystalline lattice structure, and an enclosing membrane approximately 70 a in thickness. electron micrographs of the main body reveal hexagonal net (spacing ca. 70 a), square net (spacing ca. 80 a), ... | 1963 | 13962448 |
| [endocrine control of tail regeneration in tadpoles of rana nigromaculata hallowell]. | | 1964 | 14285105 |
| [a study on the karyotype, c-banding and ag-nors in rana nigromaculata]. | the chromosome samples of rana nigromaculata were prepared by peripheral blood lymphocyte cultured in vitro. karyotype, c-banding and silver-staining nucleolus organizer regions (ag-nors) were observed on chromosomes samples. the result showed that: (1) the chromosome number of rana nigromaculata is 26 (2n=26), i.e., 10 large and 16 small chromosomes, the large chromosomes are matched into 5 homologous pairs and small chromosomes are matched into 8 homologous pairs, and further indicates the kar ... | 2006 | 16735231 |
| [population genetic structure of pelophylax nigromaculata in chinese mainland based on mtdna control region sequences]. | molecular genetic data were used to investigate population genetic structure and differentiation of pelophylax nigromaculata (anura: ranidae). frogs were collected from 12 localities across chinese mainland. sample sizes of up to 10 frogs per population were assayed for mitochondrial control region sequence variation. the aligned 685 bp of the 5'cr include 111 variable sites. sixty-seven haplotypes were defined. most of the haplotypes are unique to local populations, only 7 of the 67 are shared ... | 2004 | 15651675 |
| two antimicrobial peptides from skin secretions of rana grahami. | two antimicrobial peptides manifested a broad spectrum of antimicrobial activity against various microorganisms have been isolated from skin secretions of rana grahami. these antimicrobial peptides were named grahamin 1 and grahamin 2. their primary structures are gllsgilgagknivcglsglc and gllsgilgagkhivcglsglc, respectively, determined by edman degradation and mass spectrometry. they are structurally related to nigrocins identified from skin secretions of the dark-spotted frog, rana nigromacula ... | 2006 | 16487561 |
| notes on a discrepancy in mitochondrial dna and allozyme differentiation in a pond frog rana nigromaculata. | analyses of complete 1143-base pair sequence of the mitochondrial cytochrome b gene demonstrated a sister relationship between japanese r. nigromaculata and korean r. plancyichosenica, but not with korean r. nigromaculata, while the allozyme data strongly supported the monophyly of the korean and japanese populations of r. nigromaculata. we surmise this discordance to be the result of the inheritance of introduced mtdna and the dilution of introduced nuclear dna in mixed lineages after past hybr ... | 2004 | 14745102 |
| toxic effects of 1-methyl-3-octylimidazolium bromide on the early embryonic development of the frog rana nigromaculata. | toxic effects of 1-methyl-3-octylimidazolium bromide ([c8mim]br) on the early embryonic development of the frog rana nigromaculata were evaluated. frog embryos in different developmental stages (early cleavage, early gastrula, or neural plate) were exposed to 0, 45, 63, or 88.2 mg/l of the ionic liquid [c8mim]br for 96 h. the 96-h median lethal concentration values at the early cleavage, early gastrula, and neural plate stages of development were 85.1, 43.4, and 42.4 mg/l, respectively. in embry ... | 2009 | 18082266 |
| [field investigation of sparganosis in frogs in huaxi area]. | frogs were caught from 4 towns in huaxi of guiyang and dissected. the collected spargana were used to infect young dogs for species identification. results showed that the wild frogs were identified as rana nigromaculata, and the infection rate was 16% (131/818) with an average intensity infection of 3.44 per frog, the tapeworm obtained from an infected dog was specified as spirometra mansoni. | 2009 | 19856517 |
| the effects of reactive oxygen species on amphibian aging. | to clarify the role of reactive oxygen species (ros) in the aging process of amphibians, antioxidant enzyme activity and indexes of ros damage were investigated biochemically using the livers of 3- and 10-year-old rana nigromaculata frog males and females. findings revealed no significant difference in survival rate between males and females. antioxidant enzyme activity displayed an age-related decline. superoxide dismutase (sod), catalase, and glutathione peroxidase (gpx) activity in 10-year-ol ... | 2005 | 15907765 |
| [the infection status of sparganum and gnathostoma in frogs of southern part of korea] | a survey on the infection status of sparganum and gnathostoma in frogs was carried out in 11 areas in gyeongsangnam-do and cheonlanam-do province, a southern part of korea. 1. among 626 frogs examined, 4 percent were infected with sparganum, but none with gnathostoma. the infection rates of sparganum were variable according to the areas. those from kimhae, sunchun, jinhae, sachun, kosung, keoje, and hadong were 16 %, 9.1 %, 9.1 %, 4.1 %, 2 %, 2 %, and 1.5 % respectively, but frogs from hapchun, ... | 1983 | 12902672 |
| studies on intestinal trematodes in korea: vi. on the metacercaria and the second intermediate host of fibricola seoulensis. | this study was carried out to confirm the infection source of the human case of fibricola seoulensis, and to reveal out a part of its life cycle in korea. also the morphological characteristics of the metacercaria were described. the results were summarized as follows: 1. rana nigromaculata and natrix tigrina lateralis were found to be infected naturally by the metacercariae(diplostomula) of f. seoulensis. the metacercarial capsule was round to elliptical in tissue of the intermediate hosts with ... | 1982 | 12902682 |
| endocrine-disrupting effects of nonylphenol, bisphenol a, and p,p'-dde on rana nigromaculata tadpoles. | | 2005 | 16402308 |
| expression and localization of cytochrome p450(11beta,aldo) mrna in the frog brain. | the present study is focused on biosynthesis of adrenal steroids in the frog brain. employing rt-pcr method using total rna from the adult rana nigromaculata brain, we isolated a 419-bp fragment of cdna encoding cytochrome p450(11beta,aldo), which catalyzes the final step of biosynthesis of the frog adrenal steroids, corticosterone and aldosterone. the deduced amino acid sequence of r. nigromaculata brain cytochrome p450(11beta,aldo) shared a high homology (88.8%) with that of r. catesbeiana adr ... | 2002 | 12231255 |
| adaptive significance of death feigning posture as a specialized inducible defence against gape-limited predators. | death feigning is fairly common in a number of taxa, but the adaptive significance of this behaviour is still unclear and has seldom been tested. to date, all proposed hypotheses have assumed that prey manage to escape predation by sending a death-mimicking signal, although death-feigning postures are markedly different from those of dead animals. moreover, the efficacy of this technique may largely depend on the foraging mode of the predator; death feigning seldom works with sit-and-wait predat ... | 2006 | 16769634 |
| the water-absorption region of ventral skin of several semiterrestrial and aquatic anuran amphibians identified by aquaporins. | regions of specialization for water absorption across the skin of bufonid and ranid anurans were identified by immunohistochemistry and western blot analysis, using antibodies raised against arginine vasotocin (avt)-stimulated aquaporins (aqps) that are specific to absorbing regions of hyla japonica. in bufo marinus, labeling for hyla urinary bladder-type aqp (aqp-h2), which is also localized in the urinary bladder, occurred in the ventral surface of the hindlimb, pelvic, and pectoral regions. a ... | 2010 | 20811008 |
| the development of the olfactory organ of kaloula borealis (barbour) as compared with that of rana nigromaculata hallowell. | | 1946 | 20998714 |
| survey of spirometra erinaceieuropaei spargana infection in the frog rana nigromaculata of the hunan province of china. | the prevalence of spargana infection in frogs (rana nigromaculata) was investigated in china's central hunan province, from march 2007 to october 2009. 59 of 292 (20.2%) wild-caught frogs were found to be infected with plerocercoids (spargana) of the genus spirometra. spargana were recovered from the skeletal muscle of the hind limb. the infection rate ranged from 4.5% to 27.4%, and the infection intensity was 1-15 spargana per frog. to identify the species identity of the collected spargana, a ... | 2010 | 20609520 |
| comparative morphology of the osteocyte lacunocanalicular system in various vertebrates. | osteocytes are embedded in the bone matrix, and they communicate with adjacent osteocytes, osteoblasts, and osteoclasts through the osteocyte lacunocanalicular system. osteocytes are believed to be essential for the maintenance of bone homeostasis because they regulate mechanical sensing and mineral metabolism in mammalian bones; however, osteocyte morphology in other vertebrates has not been well documented. we conducted a comparative study on the morphology of osteocytes and the lacunocanalicu ... | 2011 | 21499992 |
| development and characterization of 13 polymorphic microsatellite dna markers for the pond green frog (rana nigromaculata). | | 2010 | 20625211 |
| influence of transgenic rice expressing a fused cry1ab/1ac protein on frogs in paddy fields. | as genetic engineering in plants is increasingly used to control agricultural pests, it is important to determine whether such transgenic plants adversely affect non-target organisms within and around cultivated fields. the cry1ab/1ac fusion gene from bacillus thuringiensis (bt) has insecticidal activity and has been introduced into rice line minghui 63 (mh63). we evaluated the effect of transgenic cry1ab/1ac rice (huahui 1, hh1) on paddy frogs by comparing hh1 and mh63 rice paddies with and wit ... | 2014 | 25129148 |
| effects of arginine vasotocin and vasopressin receptor antagonists on na+ and cl- transport in the isolated skin of two frog species, hyla japonica and rana nigromaculata. | physiological function of arginine vasotocin (avt) and effect of receptor antagonists of vasopressin were electrophysiologically investigated on transepithelial transport of ions in the abdominal skin of hyla japonica and rana nigromaculata by means of the ussing chamber system. administrations of avt and forskolin (adenylate cyclase activator) in the serosal side of normal ringer's solution significantly increased transepithelial potential difference (pd) and short-circuit current (isc) account ... | 2008 | 18448104 |
| rampant historical mitochondrial genome introgression between two species of green pond frogs, pelophylax nigromaculatus and p. plancyi. | mitochondrial introgression may result in the mitochondrial genome of one species being replaced by that of another species without leaving any trace of past hybridization in its nuclear genome. such introgression can confuse the species genealogy estimates and lead to absurd inferences of species history. we used a phylogenetic approach to explore the potential mitochondrial genome introgression event(s) between two closely related green pond frog species, pelophylax nigromaculatus and p. planc ... | 2010 | 20587049 |
| first report of two balantidium species from the chinese giant salamander, andrias davidianus: balantidium sinensis nie 1935 and balantidium andianusis n. sp. | two ciliated protozoa, balantidium sinensis nie 1935 and balantidium andianusi n. sp., were isolated from the feces of a wild chinese giant salamander (andrias davidianus) captured from the mountainous area of shiyan, hubei province, central china in october 2006. it is the first report of balantidium species inhabiting cryptobranchoidea amphibians. the occurrence of b. sinensis in a. davidianus should be a new record because the type specimens were first discovered and named by nie in 1935 from ... | 2008 | 18043944 |
| phylogeography and demographic history of chinese black-spotted frog populations (pelophylax nigromaculata): evidence for independent refugia expansion and secondary contact. | pleistocene glaciations had considerable impact on phylogeographic patterns within and among closely related species of many vertebrates. compared to europe and north america, research on the phylogeography of vertebrates in east asia, particularly in china, remains limited. the black-spotted frog (pelophylax nigromaculata) is a widespread species in east asia. the wide distribution of this species in china makes it an ideal model for the study of palaeoclimatic effects on vertebrates in east as ... | 2008 | 18215328 |
| low levels of lead exposure induce oxidative damage and dna damage in the testes of the frog rana nigromaculata. | we have investigated the chronic effects of low concentrations of lead (pb) on oxidative damage and dna damage in testes of the frog rana nigromaculata. sixty adult male frogs were randomly divided into six groups of ten. based on the levels of the integrated wastewater discharge standard (gb 8978-1996) of china, five groups (ii-vi) were treated by epidermal absorption with a pbno(3) solution at concentrations of 0.1, 0.2, 0.4, 0.8, 1.6 mg/l, respectively. the first group (i), which served as a ... | 2009 | 18766441 |
| [scanning electron microscope observation of plerocercoid from rana nigromaculata in guizhou province]. | five integral and active plerocercoids collected from naturally infected frogs were fixed by glutaraldehyde-osmic acid, dehydrated in graded series of ethanol, dried via vacuum freeze and coated with carbon gold. they were then observed by scanning electron microscopy. the results showed that the anterior and posterior ends of the plerocercoids were slightly swell and without segmentation. annular furrows ran irregularly along the body surface. the anterior end was drawn inside and had a deep do ... | 2012 | 23484277 |
| [effects of omphalia lapidescens and praziquantel on the infectivity and ultrastructure of spirometra erinacei plerocercoids]. | to study the effects of omphalia lapidescens and praziquantel on the infectivity and ultrastructure of spironetra erinacei plerocercoids. | 2015 | 26080526 |
| levels of sparganum infections and phylogenetic analysis of the tapeworm spirometra erinaceieuropaei sparganum in wild frogs from henan province in central china. | sparganosis is a serious food-borne parasitic zoonosis caused by infection with spirometra spargana. the prevalence of sparganum infection in wild frogs (rana nigromaculata, r. limmochari, r. temporaria and bufo gargarizans) was investigated in henan province of central china during 2008-2012. of 3482 caught wild frogs, 565 (16.23%) were found to be infected with plerocercoids (spargana) of the genus spirometra. spargana were found in 14.85% (320/2155) of r. nigromaculata, 20.82% (233/1119) of r ... | 2015 | 26017331 |
| [effect of physicochemical factors on infectivity of spirometra mansoni plerocercoid]. | to observe the effect of different physicochemical factors on the infectivity of spirometra mansoni plerocercoids. | 2011 | 24830200 |
| discovery of larval gnathostoma nipponicum in frogs and snakes from jeju-do (province), republic of korea. | a survey was performed to find out the intermediate hosts of gnathostoma nipponicum in jeju-do (province), the republic of korea. in august 2009 and 2010, a total of 82 tadpoles, 23 black-spotted pond frogs (rana nigromaculata), 7 tiger keelback snakes (rhabdophis tigrinus tigrinus), 6 red-tongue viper snakes (agkistrodon ussuriensis), and 2 cat snakes (elaphe dione) were collected in jeju-do and examined by the pepsin-hcl digestion method. total 5 gnathostome larvae were detected in 3 (50%) of ... | 2011 | 22355217 |
| effects of light intensity on activity in four sympatric anuran tadpoles. | though light conditions are known to affect the development and anti-predation strategies of several aquatic species, relatively little is known about how different species react to light, or how light can affect these species during different points in their life-cycle. in this study, we used four sympatric anuran tadpoles (bufo gargarizans, b. melanostictus, pelophylax nigromaculatus and microhyla fissipes) as animal system to examine species-specific activities of the underdoing different lig ... | 2014 | 25017754 |
| bisphenol a alternatives bisphenol s and bisphenol f interfere with thyroid hormone signaling pathway in vitro and in vivo. | the wide use of the alternatives to bisphenol a (bpa) has raised concerns about their potential toxicities. considering the disrupting activity of bpa on thyroid hormone (th) signaling, we investigated whether bisphenol s (bps) and bisphenol f (bpf), two leading alternatives, could interfere with th signaling pathway using a series of assays in vitro and in vivo. in the fluorescence competitive binding assay, we found bps and bpf, like bpa, bound to th receptors (trα and trβ), with the binding p ... | 2017 | 29146198 |
| limited polymorphism of the functional mhc class ii b gene in the black-spotted frog (pelophylax nigromaculatus) identified by locus-specific genotyping. | amphibians can be more vulnerable to environmental changes and diseases than other species because of their complex life cycle and physiological requirements. therefore, understanding the adaptation of amphibians to environmental changes is crucial for their conservation. major histocompatibility complex (mhc) presents an excellent tool for the investigation of adaptive variations and the assessment of adaptive potential because it can be under strong diversifying selection. here, we isolated th ... | 2017 | 29238521 |
| tetrabromoethylcyclohexane affects gonadal differentiation and development in the frog pelophylax nigromaculatus. | tetrabromoethylcyclohexane (tbech), an additive brominated flame retardant, has been shown to have an androgenic activity in vitro. in the present study, we aimed to investigate the effects of tbech on gonadal differentiation and development in the frog pelophylax nigromaculatus, an amphibian species sensitive to androgenic chemicals, and to assess the androgenic activity of tbech in vivo. p. nigromaculatus tadpoles were exposed to tbech (1, 10, 100nm) from gosner stage 24 to complete metamorpho ... | 2017 | 28917944 |
| pathogenic elizabethkingia miricola infection in cultured black-spotted frogs, china, 2016. | multiregional outbreaks of meningitis-like disease caused by elizabethkingia miricola were confirmed in black-spotted frog farms in china in 2016. whole-genome sequencing revealed that this amphibian e. miricola strain is closely related to human clinical isolates. our findings indicate that e. miricola can be epizootic and may pose a threat to humans. | 2017 | 29148374 |
| morphology, ultrastructure and molecular characterisation of spiroxys japonica morishita, 1926 (spirurida: gnathostomatidae) from pelophylax nigromaculatus (hallowell) (amphibia: ranidae). | gnathostomatid nematodes identified morphologically as spiroxys japonica morishita, 1926 were collected from the dark-spotted frog pelophylax nigromaculatus (hallowell) (amphibia: ranidae) in china. light and scanning electron microscopy were used to study the morphology of this species in detail. previously unreported morphological features are revealed and others corrected. in addition, adult nematodes of s. japonica collected from p. nigromaculatus and spiroxys hanzaki hasegawa, miyata & doi, ... | 2014 | 24318748 |
| purification, molecular cloning, and antimicrobial activity of peptides from the skin secretion of the black-spotted frog, rana nigromaculata. | antimicrobial peptides from a wide range of amphibian species, especially frogs of the genus rana, have been characterised and are potential therapeutic agents. here we describe the isolation, purification, and structural and biological characterisation of three novel antimicrobial peptides from the skin secretions of the black spotted frog, rana nigromaculata, from northeastern china. the peptides were identified as belonging to two known families: the temporin, which was first identified in r. ... | 2013 | 23632907 |
| the prevalence of helminth parasites in pelophylax nigromaculatus (anura: ranidae) from shanghai, china. | parasites are ubiquitous members of biotic communities. to investigate the infective status of helminth parasites in pelophylax nigromaculatus from shanghai, 90 frogs were collected from july 2013 to july 2014 and examined for the presence of internal parasites. of these, 86.67% (78/90) of frogs were infected with parasites, the total helminth intensity within infected frogs ranged from 1 to 367, and the mean intensity was 28.49. the infection rates and intensities were 78.89% and 22.89 for trem ... | 2016 | 27787210 |
| immune responsiveness to phytohemagglutinin displays species but not sex differences in three anuran species. | phytohemagglutinin (pha)-induced skin swelling response is widely used as a rough surrogate of integrative cell-mediated and innate immunity across multiple vertebrate taxa due to its simplification and feasibility. however, little is known whether there are sex and interspecific differences of immune responsiveness to pha in ectotherms, especially for anurans. therefore, we studied sex and species differences of pha response in three anurans, asiatic toads (bufo gargarizans), dark-spotted frogs ... | 2017 | 28480133 |
| different morphologic formation patterns of dark patches in the black-spotted frog (pelophylax nigromaculata) and the asiatic toad (bufo gargarizans). | the black-spotted frog (pelophylax nigromaculata) and asiatic toad (bufo gargarizans), two relatively distantly related species, live in different habitats with different adaptive dark patches. to explain the formation of dark patches, the distribution patterns of melanin granules were examined with light microscopy and transmission electron microscopy. melanin granules were produced and gathered into the "cap" structures on top of the nuclei in most epidermal cells. the "cap" structures may pla ... | 2017 | 26858001 |
| the influence of low-dose cadmium on the laryngeal microstructure and ultrastructure of pelophylax nigromaculata. | cadmium (cd) is one of the common heavy metals dispersed throughout the modern environment that disrupts the development of aquatic organisms. amphibians appear to be particularly vulnerable to this heavy metal contaminant since their eggs and aquatic larvae live in aquatic habitats and have permeable skin. during this critical sensitive period, amphibians live primarily in the water and are thus susceptible to the effects of environmental pollutants in water. pelophylax nigromaculata completes ... | 2016 | 27225008 |
| functional analysis of the upstream regulatory region of chicken mir-17-92 cluster. | mir-17-92 cluster plays important roles in cell proliferation, differentiation, apoptosis, animal development and tumorigenesis. the transcriptional regulation of mir-17-92 cluster has been extensively studied in mammals, but not in birds. to date, avian mir-17-92 cluster genomic structure has not been fully determined. the promoter location and sequence of mir-17-92 cluster have not been determined, due to the existence of a genomic gap sequence upstream of mir-17-92 cluster in all the birds wh ... | 2016 | 27531611 |
| characterisation of acid-soluble and pepsin-solubilised collagen from frog (rana nigromaculata) skin. | as the first vertebrates connecting water and land, frogs must have evolved certain specialisations. to find the difference among the collagens from amphibian, fish and mammal animals, acid-soluble collagen (asc) and pepsin-solubilised collagen (psc) from frog skin were isolated and characterised. the yield of psc (19.59%, dry weight) was higher than that of asc (1.83%, dry weight). the hydroxyproline-to-protein ratio of frog skin was 8.37%, which was higher than that of carp skin asc (7.83%) bu ... | 2017 | 28363646 |
| occurrence and tissue distribution of novel perfluoroether carboxylic and sulfonic acids and legacy per/polyfluoroalkyl substances in black-spotted frog (pelophylax nigromaculatus). | research on perfluoroalkyl substances (pfass) continues to grow. however, very little is known about these substances in amphibians. here we report for the first time on the occurrence, tissue distribution, and bioaccumulation of two novel pfass, chlorinated polyfluorinated ether sulfonic acid (6:2 cl-pfesa) and hexafluoropropylene oxide trimer acid (hfpo-ta), in the black-spotted frog (pelophylax nigromaculatus) from china. frogs from cities with large-scale fluorochemical industries had signif ... | 0 | 29310433 |
| the complete mitochondrial genome sequence of the dark-spotted frog pelophylax nigromaculatus (amphibia, anura, ranidae). | the dark-spotted frog (pelophylax nigromaculatus) belongs to ranidae. this species is known from the russian far east, central, northern and north-eastern china, the democratic people's republic of korea, the republic of korea, and japan. in this study, the complete mitochondrial genome of p. nigromaculatus was sequenced. the mitogenome was 17 567 bp in length, consisting of 13 protein-coding genes, 22 transfer rna (trna) genes, 2 ribosomal rna (rrna) genes, and a non-coding control region. as i ... | 2017 | 26710999 |
| allocation trade-off under climate warming in experimental amphibian populations. | climate change could either directly or indirectly cause population declines via altered temperature, rainfall regimes, food availability or phenological responses. however few studies have focused on allocation trade-offs between growth and reproduction under marginal resources, such as food scarce that may be caused by climate warming. such critical changes may have an unpredicted impact on amphibian life-history parameters and even population dynamics. here, we report an allocation strategy o ... | 2015 | 26500832 |
| atrazine triggers the extrinsic apoptosis pathway in lymphocytes of the frog pelophylax nigromaculata in vivo. | atrazine (atr) is extensively used worldwide as an herbicide, with a global ecological influence. the widespread distribution of herbicides may be one of the possible reasons for the decline in the global amphibian population. the acute toxicity and potential toxicological mechanisms of atr on the immune system of frogs are not well-understood. in this study, pelophylax nigromaculata was used as an experimental carrier and exposed to 0, 1, 10, 100, and 1000 μg/l atr solutions for 14 days, result ... | 2015 | 26382550 |
| a screening assay for thyroid hormone signaling disruption based on thyroid hormone-response gene expression analysis in the frog pelophylax nigromaculatus. | amphibian metamorphosis provides a wonderful model to study the thyroid hormone (th) signaling disrupting activity of environmental chemicals, with xenopus laevis as the most commonly used species. this study aimed to establish a rapid and sensitive screening assay based on th-response gene expression analysis using pelophylax nigromaculatus, a native frog species distributed widely in east asia, especially in china. to achieve this, five candidate th-response genes that were sensitive to t3 ind ... | 2015 | 26257357 |
| low concentrations of dihydrotestosterone induce female-to-male sex reversal in the frog pelophylax nigromaculatus. | previous studies have demonstrated that some amphibian species can be sex-reversed by high concentrations of androgens. little attention has focused on the effects of androgenic endocrine-disrupting chemicals (edcs) on amphibians. the present study aimed to investigate the effects of lower concentrations of the androgenic edc 5α-dihydrotestosterone (dht) on gonadal differentiation and development in pelophylax nigromaculatus, a true frog distributed widely in east asia. tadpoles at gosner stage ... | 2015 | 26226837 |
| temperature-induced shifts in hibernation behavior in experimental amphibian populations. | phenological shifts are primary responses of species to recent climate change. such changes might lead to temporal mismatches in food webs and exacerbate species vulnerability. yet insights into this phenomenon through experimental approaches are still scarce, especially in amphibians, which are particularly sensitive to changing thermal environments. here, under controlled warming conditions, we report a critical, but poorly studied, life-cycle stage (i.e., hibernation) in frogs inhabiting subt ... | 2015 | 26100247 |
| dynamics of testis-ova in a wild population of japanese pond frogs, rana nigromaculata. | although many studies have reported the occurrence of testis-ova in wild frog populations, the origin and trigger of testis-ova differentiation/development remain unclear. a high frequency of testis-ova has been previously reported for wild populations of the japanese pond frog, rana nigromaculata (cf. iwasawa and asai, '59). in the present study, we aimed to clarify the dynamics of testis-ova in this frog species, including the origin and artificial induction of testis-ova. testis-ova were obse ... | 2015 | 25678474 |
| low concentrations of 17β-trenbolone induce female-to-male reversal and mortality in the frog pelophylax nigromaculatus. | trenbolone, as a growth promoter in animal agriculture, has become an environmental androgen in surface water. here, we aimed to reveal the effects of 17β-trenbolone on survival, growth, and gonadal differentiation in the frog pelophylax nigromaculatus, which is widespread in east asia and undergoing population decline. p. nigromaculatus tadpoles were exposed to 17β-trenbolone (0.1, 1, 10 μg/l) from gosner stage 24/25 to complete metamorphosis. we found that 17β-trenbolone resulted in significan ... | 2015 | 25484320 |
| amylin-like immunoreactivity in pancreatic x cells of the black-spotted frog rana (pelophylax) nigromaculata. | tin this study, we investigated the presence of ovoid or ellipsoidal amylin-immunoreactive cells of the pancreatic islets of the black-spotted frog rana (pelophylax) nigromaculata. using double immunofluorescent staining, all amylin-immunoreactive cells were shown to be immuno-negative for insulin, glucagon, and somatostatin, and they were often observed in peripheral regions of clusters of insulin-immunoreactive cells. under immunoelectron microscopy, amylin-immunoreactive signals were detected ... | 2014 | 25458814 |
| molecular characterization and mrna expression of ribosomal protein l8 in rana nigromaculata during development and under exposure to hormones. | like xenopus laevis, some species of the rana genus are also used to study endocrine disrupting chemicals (edcs). although ribosomal protein l8 (rpl8) is the most-used reference gene for analyzing gene expression by quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction in rana, its suitability as the reference gene has never been validated in any species of the rana genus. we characterized rpl8 cdna in rana nigromaculata, a promising native species in east asia for assaying endocrine disr ... | 2014 | 25458689 |
| molecular characterization and developmental expression patterns of thyroid hormone receptors (trs) and their responsiveness to tr agonist and antagonist in rana nigromaculata. | considering some advantages of rana nigromaculata as an experimental species, we propose that this species, like xenopus laevis, could be used to assay thyroid hormone (th) signaling disrupting actions. to validate the utilizability of r. nigromaculata, we investigated the responsiveness of r. nigromaculata to a th receptor (tr) agonist (t3) and antagonist (amiodarone) by analyzing expression, based on characterizing tr cdna and developmental expression patterns. with high levels of identity wit ... | 2014 | 25288553 |
| redescription of protoopalina pingi nie, 1935 inhabiting the recta of hylarana guentheri and pelophylax nigromaculatus in china. | a redescription of protoopalina pingi nie, 1935 is presented in this paper to complete nie's description at both light and scanning electron microscope levels. these organisms were collected from the recta of the frogs hylarana guentheri boulenger, 1882 and pelophylax nigromaculatus hallowell, 1861 from jialing river, sichuan province and honghu lake, hubei province, respectively, in china. this is the first record of its occurrence in h. guentheri and p. nigromaculatus. the body of p. pingi is ... | 2014 | 25208482 |
| spontaneous tyrosinase mutations identified in albinos of three wild frog species. | the present study reports spontaneous tyrosinase gene mutations identified in oculocutaneous albinos of three japanese wild frog species, pelophylax nigromaculatus, glandirana rugosa and fejervarya kawamurai. this represents the first molecular analyses of albinic phenotypes in frogs. albinos of p. nigromaculatus collected from two different populations were found to suffer from frameshift mutations. these mutations were caused by the insertion of a thymine residue within each of exons 1 and 4, ... | 2017 | 28674275 |
| enantioselective bioaccumulation, tissue distribution, and toxic effects of myclobutanil enantiomers in pelophylax nigromaculatus tadpole. | research on the enantioselective behavior of chiral pesticides on amphibians has received growing attention, because amphibians are experiencing a population decline and amphibian metamorphosis shares many similarities with human fetal development. in this study, the enantioselective behavior of myclobutanil on pelophylax nigromaculatus tadpole was studied. the antioxidant enzyme (sod, gst) activities and malondialdehyde (mda) content were investigated to assess the different toxic effects when ... | 2017 | 28291946 |
| comparative transcriptome analyses reveal the genetic basis underlying the immune function of three amphibians' skin. | skin as the first barrier against external invasions plays an essential role for the survival of amphibians on land. understanding the genetic basis of skin function is significant in revealing the mechanisms underlying immunity of amphibians. in this study, we de novo sequenced and comparatively analyzed skin transcriptomes from three different amphibian species, andrias davidianus, bufo gargarizans, and rana nigromaculata hallowell. functional classification of unigenes in each amphibian showe ... | 2017 | 29267366 |
| effects of α-cypermethrin enantiomers on the growth, biochemical parameters and bioaccumulation in rana nigromaculata tadpoles of the anuran amphibians. | populations of many amphibian species are declining worldwide in part because of pesticide contamination. as a surface water contaminant, α-cypermethrin may have severe ecological impacts on amphibians. here, we examined the acute toxicity of α-cypermethrin enantiomers to dark-spotted frog rana nigromaculata tadpoles at 24, 48, 72 and 96h, finding that the tadpoles were indeed sensitive to α-cypermethrin. the (s)-(1r, 3r)-enantiomer was approximately 29 times more toxic than the (r)-(1s, 3s)-ena ... | 2017 | 28208115 |
| endocrine-disrupting effects and reproductive toxicity of low dose mclr on male frogs (rana nigromaculata) in vivo. | toxic cyanobacterial blooms are potential global threats to aquatic ecosystems and human health. the world health organization has set a provisional guideline limit of 1 μg/l microcystin-lr (mclr) in freshwater. however, mclr concentrations in several water bodies have exceeded this level. despite this recommended human safety standard, mclr-induced endocrine-disrupting effects and reproductive toxicity on male frog (rana nigromaculata) were demonstrated in this study. results showed that sperm ... | 2014 | 24971790 |
| pathogen richness and abundance predict patterns of adaptive major histocompatibility complex variation in insular amphibians. | the identification of the factors responsible for genetic variation and differentiation at adaptive loci can provide important insights into the evolutionary process and is crucial for the effective management of threatened species. we studied the impact of environmental viral richness and abundance on functional diversity and differentiation of the mhc class ia locus in populations of the black-spotted pond frog (pelophylax nigromaculatus), an iucn-listed species, on 24 land-bridge islands of t ... | 2017 | 28734069 |
| chronic effects of environmentally-relevant concentrations of lead in pelophylax nigromaculata tadpoles: threshold dose and adverse effects. | lead (pb) is a common heavy metal in the natural environment, but its concentration has been increasing alongside widespread industrial and agricultural development in china. the dark-spotted frog pelophylax (formerly rana) nigromaculata (anura: ranidae) is distributed across east asia and inhabits anthropogenic habitats such as farmland. here, p. nigromaculata tadpoles (gosner stage 19-46) were exposed to pb at different concentrations (0, 40, 80, 160, 320, 640 and 1280µg/l) and pb-induced surv ... | 2014 | 24726944 |
| novel vasotocin-regulated aquaporins expressed in the ventral skin of semiaquatic anuran amphibians: evolution of cutaneous water-absorbing mechanisms. | until now, it was believed that only one form of arginine vasotocin (avt)-regulated aquaporin (aqp) existed to control water absorption from the ventral skin of semiaquatic anuran amphibians, eg, aqp-rj3(a) in rana japonica. in the present study, we have identified a novel form of ventral skin-type aqp, aqp-rj3b, in r. japonica by cdna cloning. the oocyte swelling assay confirmed that aqp-rj3b can facilitate water permeability. both aqp-rj3a and aqp-rj3b were expressed abundantly in the ventral ... | 2014 | 24654785 |
| population size and time since island isolation determine genetic diversity loss in insular frog populations. | understanding the factors that contribute to loss of genetic diversity in fragmented populations is crucial for conservation measurements. land-bridge archipelagoes offer ideal model systems for identifying the long-term effects of these factors on genetic variations in wild populations. in this study, we used nine microsatellite markers to quantify genetic diversity and differentiation of 810 pond frogs (pelophylax nigromaculatus) from 24 islands of the zhoushan archipelago and three sites on n ... | 2014 | 24351057 |
| molecular characterization of the major histocompatibility complex class ia gene in the black-spotted frog, pelophylax nigromaculata. | the genes of the major histocompatibility complex (mhc) are attractive candidates for investigating the link between adaptive variation and individual fitness. we improved rapid amplification of cdna ends to obtain the whole coding sequence of the mhc class ia gene of the black-spotted frog (pelophylax nigromaculata), the most common amphibian in china. we also used genome walking to characterize the partial introns adjacent to exon 3 of the mhc ia gene. based on the sequences obtained, we desig ... | 2013 | 23835916 |
| oxidative damage and apoptosis induced by microcystin-lr in the liver of rana nigromaculata in vivo. | microcystins (mcs) are hepatotoxins with potent inhibitor activity of protein phosphatases pp1 and pp2a. the present study shows that mc-lr can induce severe oxidative damage and apoptosis in the livers of frogs (rana nigromaculata) exposed to 1μg/l mc-lr for 7 and 14d in vivo. ultrastructural observation showed the apoptotic morphology of perinuclear chromatin margination and swollen mitochondria, indicating that mc-lr can significantly damage frog liver. reactive oxygen species (ros) productio ... | 2013 | 23747548 |
| different expression profiles of bioactive peptides in pelophylax nigromaculatus from distinct regions. | amphibian skin is an abundant repository of bioactive peptides, important components of the defensive system. the variability of the bioactive peptide repertoires of individual species remains unclear. in this study, dark-spotted frogs were collected from kunming in yunnan province, china and guiyang in guizhou province, china to determine whether the bioactive peptides in amphibian skin differ between the two regions. eight antimicrobial peptides and an antioxidant peptide were identified by sc ... | 2013 | 23649276 |
| mitochondrial and endoplasmic reticulum pathways involved in microcystin-lr-induced apoptosis of the testes of male frog (rana nigromaculata) in vivo. | previous studies have shown that toxins produced by toxic cyanobacterial blooms are hazardous materials. in the present study, 1 μg/l microcystin-lr (mc-lr) was observed to induce apoptosis in the testes of male rana nigromaculata via the mitochondrial and endoplasmic reticulum (er) pathways at exposure times ranging from 7 d to 14 d. the results showed that reactive oxygen species production and malondialdehyde content were positively correlated with exposure time. antioxidant enzyme contents, ... | 2013 | 23548922 |
| phenolic antioxidant 2,6-di-tert-butyl-p-cresol (vitamin e synthetic analogue) does not inhibit 1,1'-dimetyl-4,4'-bipyridium dichloride (paraquat)-induced structural chromosomal damage in cultured leukocytes of the dark-spotted-frog pelophylax (rana) nigromaculatus. | pro-oxidative effect of phenolic antioxidant (vitamin e) in combination with the initiators on human low-density lipoprotein is known. recently i reported that oxidative stress induced by vitamin e in combination with the herbicide paraquat enhances structural chromosomal damage in cultured anuran leukocytes. in the present study, the phenolic antioxidant vitamin e-synthetic-analogue 2,6-di-tert-butyl-p-cresol (bht) in combination with paraquat was found to enhance structural chromosomal damage ... | 2012 | 23121328 |
| toxic effects of microcystin-lr on the reproductive system of male rana nigromaculata in vitro. | this study aims to demonstrate that microcystin-lr (mc-lr) has toxic effects on the reproductive system of male rana nigromaculata in vitro. r. nigromaculata were treated with 0, 0.1, 1, 10, and 100 nmol/l of mc-lr for 6 h. results show that exposure to 1 nmol/l to 100 nmol/l of mc-lr decreased sperm motility and number of sperm cells and increased the sperm abnormality rate, whose values were significantly different from those of the control (p<0.01). moreover, the same dosage of mc-lr increase ... | 2013 | 23084047 |
| isolation of microsatellite markers for pelophylax nigromaculata and a tentative application in detecting interspecific introgression. | twenty-seven microsatellite markers were obtained from the black-spotted frog, pelophylax nigromaculata,using the fiasco (fast isolation by aflp of sequences containing repeats) protocol. genotyping of 60 individuals showed that the number of alleles ranged from 4 to 25 with an average of 12.78 alleles per locus. the observed and expected heterozygosities ranged from 0.137 to 0.956 and 0.594 to 0.948, with averages of 0.531 and 0.809, respectively. many of these loci were successfully cross-ampl ... | 2012 | 22967873 |
| distributional change and epidemic introgression in overlapping areas of japanese pond frog species over 30 years. | pelophylax nigromaculatus, p. porosus porosus, and p. p. brevipoda are three pond frog species distributed in japan. their distributions overlap at two basins in central japan (p. nigromaculatus and p. p. porosus in the matsumoto basin, and p. nigromaculatus and p. p. brevipoda in the ina basin), and hybrid descendants have been found in these areas. to clarify the distribution areas and hybrid zones of the frogs, and to understand the mode of introgressive hybridization and its impact on the fr ... | 2012 | 22639804 |
| syntopic frogs reveal different patterns of interaction with the landscape: a comparative landscape genetic study of pelophylax nigromaculatus and fejervarya limnocharis from central china. | amphibians are often considered excellent environmental indicator species. natural and man-made landscape features are known to form effective genetic barriers to amphibian populations; however, amphibians with different characteristics may have different species-landscape interaction patterns. we conducted a comparative landscape genetic analysis of two closely related syntopic frog species from central china, pelophylax nigromaculatus (pn) and fejervarya limnocharis (fl). these two species dif ... | 2017 | 29187969 |
| balantidium honghuensis n. sp. (ciliophora: trichostomatidae) from the rectum of rana nigromaculata and r. limnocharis from honghu lake, china. | a new trichostome ciliate, balantidium honghuensis n. sp., was isolated from the recta of rana nigromaculata and r. limnocharis during parasite surveys in honghu lake, hubei province, central china in summer of 2010 and 2011. its detailed morphometric characters based on lm and sem studies were described herein. the organism is oval in shape and thickly ciliated. the vestibulum is "v" shaped and occupies about 1/3 to 2/5 of the body length. the vestibular and nearby regions possess strong periph ... | 2013 | 24039285 |
| characterization and genomic analysis of a ranavirus associated with cultured black-spotted pond frogs (rana nigromaculata) tadpoles mortalities in china. | ranaviruses are globally emerging pathogens causing mass mortality in both farmed and wild populations. in this study, we confirmed that a novel ranavirus was related to mass die-offs of black-spotted pond frogs (rana nigromaculata) in sichuan province, china. histological examination revealed marked degeneration or necrosis in parenchymatous organs, and intracytoplasmic inclusions can be observed in the liver and intestine cells. the virus was isolated from diseased tadpoles (tentatively named ... | 2020 | 32145046 |
| the influence of long-term cadmium exposure on phonotaxis in male pelophylax nigromaculata. | cadmium (cd) is a common industrial and agricultural heavy metal found in the natural environment that disrupts the endocrine systems of vertebrates. amphibians are particularly vulnerable to endocrine disruptors because of their aquatic habitats and permeable skin. endocrine disruptors are known to negatively affect amphibian acoustic behavior, but whether and how the ubiquitous pollutant cd impacts this crucial amphibian signaling system remains unknown. male black-spotted frogs (pelophylax ni ... | 2015 | 25192651 |
| immunohistochemical distribution of glucagon-like peptide 1 in the digestive system of different aquatic vertebrates. | the distribution of glucagon-like peptide 1 (glp-1)-positive cells in digestive tracts and pancreases of aquatic vertebrates was investigated by immunohistochemical staining method. the results suggested that glp-1-positive cells were distributed in the columnar mucous epithelium and tubular glands of lamina propria in the digestive system. however, glp-1-positive cells were also found in subepithelial lamina propria of the mucosae and muscularis in each segment of the digestive tract of rana ni ... | 2020 | 31571240 |
| tissue-specific accumulation, sexual difference, and maternal transfer of chlorinated paraffins in black-spotted frogs. | the restriction on usage of short-chain chlorinated paraffins (sccps) under stockholm convention may promote the production and application of medium chain chlorinated paraffins (mccps) and long chain chlorinated paraffins (lccps) as substitutes. this study focused on the tissue-specific exposure to sccps, mccps, and lccps in black-spotted frog, a prevalent amphibian species in the yangtze river delta, china. the total cp concentrations in frog liver, muscle, and egg samples ranged of 35-1200, 6 ... | 2019 | 30977643 |
| [effects of environmental factors on the distribution of amphibians in agricultural landscape]. | we analyzed the relationship between the distribution of amphibians and the environmental variables at the habitat level and landscape level in fengqiu county of henan province, a typical region of the lower reaches of the yellow river, with the support of geographic information system (gis) and r software. at the habitat level, dissolved oxygen (do), conductivity (cond), turbidity (turb), nh3-n, pond-interior vegetation cover (veginterior), emergent vegetation cover (emer), pond-edge vegetation ... | 2019 | 30907553 |
| amphibian (rana nigromaculata)exposed to cyproconazole: changes in growth index, behavioral endpoints, antioxidant biomarkers, thyroid and gonad development. | pesticides are a major cause of reduction in the global population of amphibians. this study investigates the effect of varying concentrations of cyproconazole (1 and 10 mg/l) on rana nigromaculata during a chronic 90 days exposure period. high levels of cyproconazole (10 mg/l) induced declined body weight, short snout-vent length, slow metamorphic development and abnormal behavioral endpoints in r. nigromaculata tadpoles. tadpoles exposed to 10 mg/l did not survive beyond 42 days. abnormal beha ... | 2019 | 30639745 |
| anti-predator defences of a bombardier beetle: is bombing essential for successful escape from frogs? | some animals, such as the bombardier beetles (coleoptera: carabidae: brachinini), have evolved chemical defences against predators. when attacked, bombardier beetles can discharge noxious chemicals at temperatures of approximately 100 °c from the tip of their abdomens, "bombing" their attackers. although many studies to date have investigated how bombardier beetles discharge defensive chemicals against predators, relatively little research has examined how predators modify their attacks on bomba ... | 2018 | 30533294 |
| enantioselective toxic effects of cyproconazole enantiomers against rana nigromaculata. | the environmental contaminant, especially pesticides, threatened the amphibian population. in this assay, the enantioselective behavior of cyproconazole on rana nigromaculata was studied. we found lc50 (lethal concentration causing 50% mortality) of 4-enantiomers was nearly twice as 3-enantiomers in 96 h acute toxicity test. besides, the significant considerable variation of oxidative stress and ldh (lactic dehydrogenase) induced by the four enantiomers indicated that cyproconazole could enantio ... | 2018 | 30408870 |
| lipid accumulation responses in the liver of rana nigromaculata induced by perfluorooctanoic acid (pfoa). | perfluorooctanoic acid (pfoa) is a perfluorinated compound that is widely distributed, is persistent in the environment, and has a low-level chronic exposure effect on human health. the aim of this study was to investigate the peroxisome proliferator activated receptors γ (pparγ) and the sterol regulatory element-binding protein 2 (srebp2) signaling pathways in regulating the lipid damage response to pfoa in the livers of amphibians. male and female frogs (rana nigromaculata) were exposed to 0, ... | 2019 | 30292973 |
| differences in reproductive toxicity of tbbpa and tcbpa exposure in male rana nigromaculata. | tetrabromobisphenol a (tbbpa) and tetrachlorobisphenol a (tcbpa) are persistent toxic environmental pollutants that cause severe reproductive toxicity in animals. the goal of this study was to compare the reproductive toxic effects of tbbpa and tcbpa on male rana nigromaculata and to expound on the mechanisms leading to these effects. healthy adult frogs were exposed to 0, 0.001, 0.01, 0.1, and 1 mg/l of tbbpa and tcbpa for 14 days. sperm numbers were counted by erythrometry. sperm mobility and ... | 2018 | 30199813 |
| gonadal differentiation and its sensitivity to androgens during development of pelophylax nigromaculatus. | our previous observations proposed pelophylax nigromaculatus as a model species for studying the masculinizing effects of androgenic edcs in amphibians. to better develop this model species, we studied the process of the gonadal differentiation/development and the sensitive stage to androgens. we found that the earliest sexual dimorphism in gonads at morphological and histological levels occurred at stages 38-40 and stage 36 respectively. further examination of molecular markers for testicular a ... | 2018 | 30056249 |
| fv3-like ranavirus infection outbreak in black-spotted pond frogs (rana nigromaculata) in china. | in april 2016, an outbreak emerged in a cultured population of black-spotted pond frog tadpoles in shuangliu county, china, whereas tadpoles were suffering from substantial mortality (90%). principal clinical signs of diseased tadpoles were comprised haemorrhage on their body surface, swollen abdomen with yellow ascites, congestion and swelling of the liver. the diseased tadpole's homogenates tissue were inoculated into epithelioma papulosum cyprini (epc) cells at 25 °c for 4 days which caused t ... | 2018 | 29986839 |
| [prey selection by tiger frog larvae (hoplobatrachus chinensis) of two sympatric anuran species' tadpoles]. | we examined the prey selection and behavioral responses of tiger frog hoplobatrachus chinensis larvae exposed to unpalatable and palatable sympatric prey tadpoles, bufo melanostictus and pelophylax nigromaculatus. we found that after a short exposure to the toxic toad tadpoles b. melanostictus, predators may learn to decrease going after unpalatable prey, subsequently it seems they may express short-term behavioral memory in order to avoid the toxic prey. in general, h. chinensis showed no prefe ... | 2013 | 23775997 |
| a full evaluation of chiral phenylpyrazole pesticide flufiprole and the metabolites to non-target organism in paddy field. | pesticides applied to paddy fields may pose considerable danger to non-target aquatic organisms and further threaten human health. flufiprole is a pesticide used in rice fields; considering the widespread existence of rice-fish-farming ecosystems, the acute toxicities of flufiprole enantiomers and its six metabolites (fipronil, flufiprole sulfide, flufiprole sulfone, detrifluoromethylsulfinyl flufiprole, desulfinyl flufiprole, and flufiprole amide) to four common aquatic organisms in rice fields ... | 2020 | 32434115 |
| measurements of three-dimensional refractive index tomography and membrane deformability of live erythrocytes from pelophylax nigromaculatus. | unlike mammalian erythrocytes, amphibian erythrocytes have distinct morphological features including large cell sizes and the presence of nuclei. the sizes of the cytoplasm and nuclei of erythrocytes vary significantly over different species, their environments, or pathophysiology, which makes hematological studies important for investigating amphibian species. here, we present a label-free three-dimensional optical quantification of individual amphibian erythrocytes from frogs pelophylax nigrom ... | 2018 | 29907826 |
| comparison of triadimefon and its metabolite on acute toxicity and chronic effects during the early development of rana nigromaculata tadpoles. | pesticides are one of major causes for amphibian population declines and the behavior of pesticide metabolite products to amphibians has become a rising concern. in this study, the acute toxicity and the chronic effects of triadimefon and triadimenol (the metabolite of triadimefon) on rana. nigromaculata were investigated. in the acute assay, significant differences were observed in antioxidant enzyme activities and malondialdehyde levels between the triadimefon and triadimenol. the 96 h-acute t ... | 2018 | 29554609 |
| diversity of antimicrobial peptides in three partially sympatric frog species in northeast asia and implications for evolution. | antimicrobial peptides (amps) are evolutionarily ancient molecules that play an essential role in innate immunity across taxa from invertebrates to vertebrates. the evolution system of amp system has not been well explained in the literature. in this study, we cloned and sequenced amp transcriptomes of three frog species, namely rana dybowskii, rana amurensis, and pelophylax nigromaculatus, which are partially sympatric in northeast asia, but show different habitat preferences. we found that eac ... | 2020 | 32024145 |
| comparative morphology of the lungs and skin of two anura, pelophylax nigromaculatus and bufo gargarizans. | the lungs and skin are important respiratory organs in anura, but the pulmonary structure of amphibians remains unclear due to the lack of a suitable procedure. this study improved the procedure used for fixing lungs tissues and used light microscopy, transmission electron microscopy and scanning electron microscopy to reveal the differences in the lung and skin morphologies between pelophylax nigromaculatus (p. nigromaculatus) and bufo gargarizans (b. gargarizans). in p. nigromaculatus and b. g ... | 2020 | 32651399 |