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molecular cloning, spatiotemporal and functional expression of gaba receptor subunits rdl1 and rdl2 of the rice stem borer chilo suppressalis.insect γ-aminobutyric acid (gaba) receptor (gabar) is one of the major targets of insecticides. in the present study, cdnas (csrdl1a and csrdl2s) encoding the two isoforms of rdl subunits were cloned from the rice stem borer chilo suppressalis. transcripts of both genes demonstrated similar expression patterns in different tissues and developmental stages, although csrdl2s was ∼2-fold more abundant than csrdl1a throughout all development stages. to investigate the function of channels formed by ...201829408355
tooth germ initiation patterns in a developing dentition: an in vivo study of xenopus laevis tadpoles.the transparency of soft tissue in xenopus laevis tadpoles and the anterior-posterior orientation of their developing tooth germs in the upper jaw offer a unique opportunity for the in vivo charting of the first 15-20 days of the developing dentition. twenty-two x. laevis tadpoles were anesthetized daily and their mouths opened to record the first appearance, position, and development of tooth germs in the upper jaw. the initiation patterns revealed considerable variability between animals, and ...201829399866
the phosphorylation site t613 in the β-subunit of rat epithelial na+ channel (enac) modulates channel inhibition by nedd4-2.the epithelial na+ channel (enac) is a heteromeric channel composed of three subunits (α, β, γ). at the c-terminus of each subunit, a py-motif allows binding of the ubiquitin ligase nedd4-2 which plays a key role in promoting enac retrieval from the plasma membrane. phosphorylation of nedd4-2 by the serum and glucocorticoid-inducible kinase 1 (sgk1) reduces nedd4-2 binding to the py-motifs. in β and γenac, threonine residues (βt613, γt623) belong to an extracellular signal-regulated kinase (erk) ...201829397423
a model for investigating developmental eye repair in xenopus laevis.vertebrate eye development is complex and requires early interactions between neuroectoderm and surface ectoderm during embryogenesis. in the african clawed frog, xenopus laevis, individual eye tissues such as the retina and lens can undergo regeneration. however, it has been reported that removal of either the specified eye field at the neurula stage or the eye during tadpole stage does not induce replacement. here we describe a model for investigating xenopus developmental eye repair. we found ...201829357285
[morphomechanical factors in gastrulation process and differentiation of embryonic tissue of xenopus laevis].effect of mechanical stretch on the differentiation of axial anlages and chordin gene expressionwas studied in sandwich explants prepared from embryonic tissues of xenopus laevis at the early gastrula stagein two variants: with dissected or intact dorso-medial region. in the first case, convergent cell movementswere suppressed and properly organized axial organs (notochord and somites) were almost completely absent.however, they developed if the explants of such type were artificially stretched ...201830272924
micrornas associated with early neural crest development in xenopus laevis.the neural crest (nc) is a class of transitory stem cell-like cells unique to vertebrate embryos. nc cells arise within the dorsal neural tube where they undergo an epithelial to mesenchymal transition in order to migrate and differentiate throughout the developing embryo. the derivative cell types give rise to multiple tissues, including the craniofacial skeleton, peripheral nervous system and skin pigment cells. several well-studied gene regulatory networks underpin nc development, which when ...201829347911
role of thyroid hormone receptor in amphibian development.the amphibian xenopus laevis has long been used as a model for studying vertebrate cell and developmental biology largely due to the easiness to manipulate this system in vivo and in vitro. while most of the developmental studies have been on xenopus embryogenesis, considerable efforts have been made to understand its metamorphosis, a process mimicking postembryonic development in mammals when many organs mature into their adult forms in the presence of high levels of thyroid hormone (t3). amphi ...201829892830
evaluating thyroid disrupting chemicals in vivo using xenopus laevis.using in vivo animal model systems for chemical screening can permit evaluation of the signaling pathways implicated. xenopus laevis is an ideal model organism to test thyroid axis disruption as thyroid hormones are highly conserved across vertebrates. here, we describe a high-throughput assay using non-feeding embryonic stage transgenic x. laevis (th/bzip) to screen for thyroid disrupting chemicals using a 3 day exposure protocol. we further describe a protocol to detect endocrine disruption of ...201829892825
lrpap1 as a specific marker of proximal pronephric kidney tubuli in xenopus laevis embryos.lrpap1, also known as receptor associated protein (rap) is a small protein of 40 kda associated with six of the seven members of the evolutionary conserved family of ldl receptors. numerous studies showed that lrpap1 has a dual function, initially as a chaperone insuring proper formation of intermolecular disulfide bonds during biogenesis of low density lipoprotein (ldl) receptors and later as an escort protein during trafficking through the endoplasmic reticulum and the early golgi compartment, ...201829877571
genome-wide transcriptomics analysis of genes regulated by gata4, 5 and 6 during cardiomyogenesis in xenopus laevis.the transcription factors gata4, gata5 and gata6 play important roles in heart muscle differentiation. the data presented in this article are related to the research article entitled "genome-wide transcriptomics analysis identifies sox7 and sox18 as specifically regulated by gata4 in cardiomyogenesis" (afouda et al., 2017) [1]. the present study identifies genes regulated by these individual cardiogenic gata factors using genome-wide transcriptomics analysis. we have presented genes that are spe ...201829876429
mechanism of how augmin directly targets the γ-tubulin ring complex to microtubules.microtubules (mts) must be generated from precise locations to form the structural frameworks required for cell shape and function. mts are nucleated by the γ-tubulin ring complex (γ-turc), but it remains unclear how γ-turc gets to the right location. augmin has been suggested to be a γ-turc targeting factor and is required for mt nucleation from preexisting mts. to determine augmin's architecture and function, we purified xenopus laevis augmin from insect cells. we demonstrate that augmin is su ...201829875259
cell transplantation as a method to investigate spinal cord regeneration in regenerative and nonregenerative xenopus stages.mammals are not capable of regenerating their central nervous system (cns); anamniotes, however, can regenerate in response to injury. the mechanisms that explain the different regenerative capabilities include: (i) extrinsic mechanisms that consider the cellular environment and extracellular matrix composition, (ii) intrinsic factors implicating the presence or absence of genetic programs that promote axon regeneration, and (iii) the presence or absence of neural stem and progenitors cells (nsp ...201829769390
premotor neuron divergence reflects vocal evolution.to identify mechanisms of behavioral evolution, we investigated the hindbrain circuit that generates distinct vocal patterns in two closely related frog species. male xenopus laevis and xenopus petersii produce courtship calls that include a fast trill: trains of ∼60 hz sound pulses. although fast trill rates are similar, x. laevis fast trills have a longer duration and period than those of x. petersii to pinpoint the neural basis of these differences, we used whole-cell patch-clamp recordings i ...201829875228
molecular insights into variable electron transfer in amphibian cryptochrome.cryptochrome proteins are activated by the absorption of blue light, leading to the formation of radical pairs through electron transfer in the active site. recent experimental studies have shown that once some of the amino acid residues in the active site of xenopus laevis cryptochrome dash are mutated, radical-pair formation is still observed. in this study, we computationally investigate electron-transfer pathways in the x. laevis cryptochrome dash by extensively equilibrating a previously es ...201829874607
living xenopus oocytes, eggs, and embryos as models for cell division.xenopus laevis has long been a popular model for studies of development and, based on the use of cell-free extracts derived from its eggs, as a model for reconstitution of cell cycle regulation and other basic cellular processes. however, work over the last several years has shown that intact xenopus eggs and embryos are also powerful models for visualization and characterization of cell cycle-regulated cytoskeletal dynamics. these findings were something of a surprise, given that the relatively ...201829804672
conserved rna binding activity of a yin-yang 1 homologue in the ova of the purple sea urchin strongylocentrotus purpuratus.yin-yang 1 (yy1) is a highly conserved transcription factor possessing rna-binding activity. a putative yy1 homologue was previously identified in the developmental model organism strongylocentrotus purpuratus (the purple sea urchin) by genomic sequencing. we identified a high degree of sequence similarity with yy1 homologues of vertebrate origin which shared 100% protein sequence identity over the dna- and rna-binding zinc-finger region with high similarity in the n-terminal transcriptional act ...201829795182
methods for investigating the larval period and metamorphosis in xenopus.anuran metamorphosis resembles postembryonic development in mammals, a period around birth when many organs/tissues mature into their adult form as circulating thyroid and stress hormone levels are high. unlike uterus-enclosed mammalian embryos, tadpoles develop externally and undergo the dramatic changes of hormone-dependent development totally independent of maternal influence, making them a valuable model in which to study vertebrate postembryonic organ development and maturation. various pro ...201829769395
infrared laser-mediated gene induction at the single-cell level in the regenerating tail of xenopus laevis tadpoles.we describe a precise and reproducible gene-induction method in the amphibian, xenopus laevis tetrapod amphibians are excellent models for studying the mechanisms of three-dimensional organ regeneration because they have an exceptionally high regenerative ability. however, spatial and temporal manipulation of gene expression has been difficult in amphibians, hindering studies on the molecular mechanisms of organ regeneration. recently, however, development of a xenopus transgenic system with a h ...201829769391
atrial fibrillation and heart failure-associated remodeling of two-pore-domain potassium (k2p) channels in murine disease models: focus on task-1.understanding molecular mechanisms involved in atrial tissue remodeling and arrhythmogenesis in atrial fibrillation (af) is essential for developing specific therapeutic approaches. two-pore-domain potassium (k2p) channels modulate cellular excitability, and task-1 (k2p3.1) currents were recently shown to alter atrial action potential duration in af and heart failure (hf). finding animal models of af that closely resemble pathophysiological alterations in human is a challenging task. this study ...201829881975
pou3f transcription factor expression during embryonic development highlights distinct pou3f3 and pou3f4 localization in the xenopus laevis kidney.the pou (pit-oct-unc) genes encode a large transcription factor family comprising 6 classes (pou1f to pou6f ) involved in many developmental processes, such as cell commitment and differentiation. the pou3f class contains four members (pou3f1, pou3f2, pou3f3, pou3f4) characterized by expression in ectodermal tissue derivatives, such as nervous system and otic vesicle, during mammalian development. in order to obtain insights into the potential conservation of this class of transcription factors ...201829877572
a novel clcn5 pathogenic mutation supports dent disease with normal endosomal acidification.dent disease is an x-linked recessive renal tubular disorder characterized by low-molecular-weight proteinuria, hypercalciuria, nephrolithiasis, nephrocalcinosis, and progressive renal failure. inactivating mutations of clcn5, the gene encoding the 2cl- /h+ exchanger clc-5, have been reported in patients with dent disease 1. in vivo studies in mice harboring an artificial mutation in the "gating glutamate" of clc-5 (c.632a > c, p.glu211ala) and mathematical modeling suggest that endosomal chlori ...201829791050
rod-specific ablation using the nitroreductase/metronidazole system to investigate regeneration in xenopus.genetically controlled cell type-specific ablation provides a reproducible method to induce regeneration that can be temporally and spatially controlled. until recently, regeneration studies in xenopus have relied on surgical methods to stimulate regeneration. these methods are labor intensive and not as reproducible as a genetically controlled approach. in this protocol we describe selective ablation of rod photoreceptors in the premetamorphic xenopus laevis retina using the nitroreductase/metr ...201829789402
septin-dependent remodeling of cortical microtubule drives cell reshaping during epithelial wound healing.wounds in embryos heal rapidly through contraction of the wound edges. despite well-recognized significance of the actomyosin purse string for wound closure, roles for other cytoskeletal components are largely unknown. here, we report that the septin cytoskeleton cooperates with actomyosin and microtubules to coordinate circumferential contraction of the wound margin and concentric elongation of wound-proximal cells in xenopus laevis embryos. microtubules reoriented radially, forming bundles alo ...201829777035
dissecting and culturing animal cap explants.the animal cap explant is a simple but adaptable tool available to developmental biologists. the use of animal cap explants in demonstrating the presence of mesoderm-inducting activity in the xenopus embryo vegetal pole is one of many elegant examples of their worth. animal caps respond to a range of growth factors (e.g., wnts, fgf, tgf-β), making them especially useful for studying signal transduction pathways and gene regulatory networks. explants are also suitable for examining cell behavior ...201829769399
larval thymectomy of xenopus laevis.in jawed vertebrates from sharks to mammals, the thymus is the primary (or central) lymphoid tissue where t cells develop and mature. the particular stromal cell types, cytokine environment, and tissue organization in the thymus are essential for v(d)j recombination, positive selection for major histocompatibility complex recognition, and negative selection against self-peptide recognition of most αβ t cells. the thymectomy operation on xenopus tadpole larva described here creates a t-cell-defic ...201829769397
retinoic acid-induced expression of hnf1b and fzd4 is required for pancreas development in xenopus laevis.retinoic acid (ra) is required for pancreas specification in xenopus and other vertebrates. however, the gene network that is directly induced by ra signalling in this context remains to be defined. by rna sequencing of in vitro-generated pancreatic explants, we identified the genes encoding the transcription factor hnf1β and the wnt-receptor fzd4/fzd4s as direct ra target genes. functional analyses of hnf1b and fzd4/fzd4s in programmed pancreatic explants and whole embryos revealed their requir ...201829769220
coulomb and ch-π interactions in (6-4) photolyase-dna complex dominate dna binding and repair abilities.(6-4) photolyases ((6-4)pls) are flavoenzymes that repair the carcinogenic uv-induced dna damage, pyrimidine(6-4)pyrimidone photoproducts ((6-4)pps), in a light-dependent manner. although the reaction mechanism of dna photorepair by (6-4)pls has been intensively investigated, the molecular mechanism of the lesion recognition remains obscure. we show that a well-conserved arginine residue in xenopus laevis (6-4)pl (xl64) participates in dna binding, through coulomb and ch-π interactions. fragment ...201829762762
spiral waves and vertebrate embryonic handedness.during early embryonic development, the vertebrate main body axis is segmented from head-to-tail into somites. somites emerge sequentially from the presomitic mesoderm (psm) as a consequence of oscillatory waves of genetic activity, called somitogenesis waves. here, we discuss the implications of the dynamic patterns of early x-delta-2 expression in the prospective somites (somitomeres) of xenopus laevis. we report that right somitomeres normally emerge before left to form chiral structures (i.e ...201829872025
akt signaling displays multifaceted functions in neural crest development.akt signaling is an essential intracellular pathway controlling cell homeostasis, cell proliferation and survival, as well as cell migration and differentiation in adults. alterations impacting the akt pathway are involved in many pathological conditions in human disease. similarly, during development, multiple transmembrane molecules, such as fgf receptors, pdgf receptors or integrins, activate akt to control embryonic cell proliferation, migration, differentiation, and also cell fate decisions ...201829859890
n-terminal and central domains of apc function to regulate branch number, length and angle in developing optic axonal arbors in vivo.during formation of neuronal circuits, axons navigate long distances to reach their target locations in the brain. when axons arrive at their target tissues, in many cases, they extend collateral branches and/or terminal arbors that serve to increase the number of synaptic connections they make with target neurons. here, we investigated how adenomatous polyposis coli (apc) regulates terminal arborization of optic axons in living xenopus laevis tadpoles. the n-terminal and central domains of apc ...201829856981
in vivo mitotic spindle scaling can be modulated by changing the levels of a single protein: the microtubule polymerase xmap215.in many organisms, early embryonic development is characterized by a series of reductive cell divisions that result in rapid increases in cell number and concomitant decreases in cell size. intracellular organelles, such as the nucleus and mitotic spindle, also become progressively smaller during this developmental window, but the molecular and mechanistic underpinnings of these scaling relationships are not fully understood. for the mitotic spindle, changes in cytoplasmic volume are sufficient ...201829851557
the calcium-sensing receptor increases activity of the renal ncc through the wnk4-spak pathway.background hypercalciuria can result from activation of the basolateral calcium-sensing receptor (casr), which in the thick ascending limb of henle's loop controls ca2+ excretion and nacl reabsorption in response to extracellular ca2+ however, the function of casr in the regulation of nacl reabsorption in the distal convoluted tubule (dct) is unknown. we hypothesized that casr in this location is involved in activating the thiazide-sensitive nacl cotransporter (ncc) to prevent nacl loss.methods ...201829848507
asymmetric distribution of biomolecules of maternal origin in the xenopus laevis egg and their impact on the developmental plan.asymmetric cell division is a ubiquitous feature during the development of higher organisms. asymmetry is achieved by differential localization or activities of biological molecules such as proteins, and coding and non-coding rnas. here, we present subcellular transcriptomic and proteomic analyses along the animal-vegetal axis of xenopus laevis eggs. more than 98% of the maternal mrnas could be categorized into four localization profile groups: animal, vegetal, extremely vegetal, and a newly des ...201829844480
rxr ligands modulate thyroid hormone signaling competence in young xenopus laevis tadpoles.appropriate thyroid hormone (th) signaling through thyroid hormone receptors (trs) is essential for vertebrate development. amphibian metamorphosis is initiated and sustained through the action of th on trs, which are conserved across vertebrates. trs heterodimerize with retinoid x receptors (rxrs) on thyroid hormone response elements (tres) in the genome; however, in most cell line and adult animal studies, rxr ligands do not affect expression of tr target genes. we used a quantitative, precoci ...201829762675
expression variation and covariation impair analog and enable binary signaling control.due to noise in the synthesis and degradation of proteins, the concentrations of individual vertebrate signaling proteins were estimated to vary with a coefficient of variation (cv) of approximately 25% between cells. such high variation is beneficial for population-level regulation of cell functions but abolishes accurate single-cell signal transmission. here, we measure cell-to-cell variability of relative protein abundance using quantitative proteomics of individual xenopus laevis eggs and cu ...201829759982
determination of metals and pharmaceutical compounds released in hospital wastewater from toluca, mexico, and evaluation of their toxic impact.due to the activities inherent to medical care units, the hospital effluent released contains diverse contaminants such as tensoactives, disinfectants, metals, pharmaceutical products and chemical reagents, which are potentially toxic to the environment since they receive no treatment or are not effectively removed by such treatment before entering the drain. they are incorporated into municipal wastewater, eventually entering water bodies where they can have harmful effects on organisms and can ...201829751329
yokukansan contains compounds that antagonize the 5-ht3 receptor.we recently focused on alkaloids in uncaria hook (a constituent of the kampo medicine, yokukansan) and identified the pharmacological action of geissoschizine methyl ether on several g protein-coupled receptors. however, the functions of other identified alkaloids in uncaria hook, including hirsutine, hirsuteine, rhynchophylline, isorhynchophylline, corynoxeine, isocorynoxeine, are not clear.201829747744
foxo4 activity is regulated by phosphorylation and the cellular environment during dehydration in the african clawed frog, xenopus laevis.the african clawed frog, xenopus laevis, is capable of enduring seasonal bouts of severe dehydration stress resulting from transcriptional regulation that facilitates a pro-survival response. previous studies have shown that dehydration increases antioxidant gene expression in this amphibian. as foxo4 is known to regulate several antioxidant genes, we sought to understand how differential phosphorylation and environmental factors (urea, temperature) may contribute to its transcriptional regulati ...201829746959
ligand binding and activation properties of the purified bacterial cyclic nucleotide-gated channel sthk.cyclic nucleotide-modulated ion channels play several essential physiological roles. they are involved in signal transduction in photoreceptors and olfactory sensory neurons as well as pacemaking activity in the heart and brain. investigations of the molecular mechanism of their actions, including structural and electrophysiological characterization, are restricted by the availability of stable, purified protein obtained from accessible systems. here, we establish that sthk, a cyclic nucleotide- ...201829752414
cardiac regeneration in xenopus tropicalis and xenopus laevis: discrepancies and problems.two studies have recently focused on adult heart regeneration in xenopus. while we reported on cardiac myogenic regeneration in xenopus tropicalis after injury, marshall and colleagues found no regeneration in an injured heart in xenopus laevis. here, we would like to join the discussion initiated by marshall et al. who debated the methods and species differences in both studies. we agree with their view that the species difference in cardiac regenerative capacity could lead to different results ...201829713455
is adult cardiac regeneration absent in xenopus laevis yet present in xenopus tropicalis?we recently used an endoscopy-based resection method to explore the consequences of cardiac injury in adult xenopus laevis, obtaining the result that the adult xenopus heart is unable to regenerate. at 11 months post-amputation, cellular and biological marks of scarring persisted. we thus concluded that, contrary to urodeles and teleosts, adult anurans share a cardiac injury outcome similar to adult mammals. however, in their work published in this journal on the 13 december 2017, liao et al. sh ...201829713454
identification of loop d domain amino acids in the human aquaporin-1 channel involved in activation of the ionic conductance and inhibition by aqb011.aquaporins are integral proteins that facilitate the transmembrane transport of water and small solutes. in addition to enabling water flux, mammalian aquaporin-1 (aqp1) channels activated by cyclic gmp can carry non-selective monovalent cation currents, selectively blocked by arylsulfonamide compounds aqb007 (ic50 170 μm) and aqb011 (ic50 14 μm). in silico models suggested that ligand docking might involve the cytoplasmic loop d (between aqp1 transmembrane domains 4 and 5), but the predicted si ...201829755973
retraction of rod-like mitochondria during microtubule-dependent transport.molecular motors play relevant roles on the regulation of mitochondria size and shape, essential properties for the cell homeostasis. in this work, we tracked single rod-shaped mitochondria with nanometer precision to explore the performance of microtubule motor teams during processive anterograde and retrograde transport. we analyzed simultaneously the organelle size and verified that mitochondria retracted during retrograde transport with their leading tip moving slower in comparison with the ...201829752335
deciphering the molecular determinants of cholinergic anthelmintic sensitivity in nematodes: when novel functional validation approaches highlight major differences between the model caenorhabditis elegans and parasitic species.cholinergic agonists such as levamisole and pyrantel are widely used as anthelmintics to treat parasitic nematode infestations. these drugs elicit spastic paralysis by activating acetylcholine receptors (achrs) expressed in nematode body wall muscles. in the model nematode caenorhabditis elegans, genetic screens led to the identification of five genes encoding levamisole-sensitive-achr (l-achr) subunits: unc-38, unc-63, unc-29, lev-1 and lev-8. these subunits form a functional l-achr when hetero ...201829719008
transposable elements and polyploid evolution in animals.polyploidy in animals is much less common than in plants, where it is thought to be pervasive in all higher plant lineages. recent studies have highlighted the impact of polyploidization and the associated process of diploidy restoration on the evolution and speciation of selected taxonomic groups in the animal kingdom: from vertebrates represented by salmonid fishes and african clawed frogs to invertebrates represented by parasitic root-knot nematodes and bdelloid rotifers. in this review, we f ...201829715568
an intersubunit electrostatic interaction in the gabaa receptor facilitates its responses to benzodiazepines.benzodiazepines are positive allosteric modulators of the gabaa receptor (gabaar), acting at the α-γ subunit interface to enhance gabaar function. gaba or benzodiazepine binding induces distinct conformational changes in the gabaar. the molecular rearrangements in the gabaar following benzodiazepine binding remain to be fully elucidated. using two molecular models of the gabaar, we identified electrostatic interactions between specific amino acids at the α-γ subunit interface that were broken by ...201829622679
developmental toxicity of dibutyl phthalate and citrate ester plasticizers in xenopus laevis embryos.citrate esters have been considered as alternatives to phthalate plasticizers. being considered to have low toxicity in mammals, their toxicological information for aquatic animals remains poorly understood. we examined the developmental toxicity of citrate esters including tributyl o-acetylcitrate (atbc), triethyl 2-acetylcitrate (atec), and trihexyl o-acetylcitrate (athc) together with dibutyl phthalate (dbp) based on the frog embryo teratogenesis assay-xenopus (fetax). atbc has the lowest 96  ...201829684872
aluminum-activated malate transporters can facilitate gaba transport.plant aluminum-activated malate transporters (almts) are currently classified as anion channels; they are also known to be regulated by diverse signals, leading to a range of physiological responses. gamma-aminobutyric acid (gaba) regulation of anion flux through almt proteins requires a specific amino acid motif in almts that shares similarity with a gaba binding site in mammalian gabaa receptors. here, we explore why taalmt1 activation leads to a negative correlation between malate efflux and ...201829618628
new targets for old drugs: cardiac glycosides inhibit atrial-specific k2p3.1 (task-1) channels.cardiac glycosides have been used in the treatment of arrhythmias for more than 200 years. two-pore-domain (k2p) potassium channels regulate cardiac action potential repolarization. recently, k2p3.1 [tandem of p domains in a weak inward rectifying k+ channel (twik)-related acid-sensitive k+ channel (task)-1] has been implicated in atrial fibrillation pathophysiology and was suggested as an atrial-selective antiarrhythmic drug target. we hypothesized that blockade of cardiac k2p channels contribu ...201829643254
expression of the inactivating deiodinase, deiodinase 3, in the pre-metamorphic tadpole retina.thyroid hormone (th) orchestrates amphibian metamorphosis. thus, this developmental phase is often used to study th-dependent responses in specific tissues. however, th signaling appears early in development raising the question of the control of th availability in specific cell types prior to metamorphosis. th availability is under strict temporal and tissue-specific control by deiodinases. we examined the expression of the th-inactivating enzyme, deiodinase type 3 (d3), during early retinal de ...201829641587
tbx2 is required for the suppression of mesendoderm during early xenopus development.t-box family proteins are dna-binding transcriptional regulators that play crucial roles during germ layer formation in the early vertebrate embryo. well-characterized members of this family, including the transcriptional activators brachyury and vegt, are essential for the proper formation of mesoderm and endoderm, respectively. to date, t-box proteins have not been shown to play a role in the promotion of the third primary germ layer, ectoderm.201829633424
galantamine is not a positive allosteric modulator of human α4β2 or α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptors.the alkaloid galantamine was originally isolated from the green snowdrop galanthus woronowii and is currently marketed as a drug for treatment of mild to moderate dementia in patients with alzheimer's disease. in addition to a well-documented proficiency to inhibit acetylcholinesterase, galantamine has been reported to increase neuronal nicotinic ach (nach) receptor function by acting as a positive allosteric modulator. yet there remains controversy regarding these findings in the literature. to ...201829669164
atopt6 protein functions in long-distance transport of glutathione in arabidopsis thaliana.the involvement of the arabidopsis oligopeptide transporter atopt6, which was previously shown to take up glutathione (gsh) when expressed in yeast cells or in xenopus laevis oocytes, in gsh transport was analyzed using opt6 knockout mutant lines. the concentration of gsh in flowers or siliques was lower in opt6 mutants relative to wild-type plants, suggesting involvement of atopt6 in long-distance transport of gsh. the gsh concentration in phloem sap was similar between opt6 mutants and wild-ty ...201829669129
developmental expression profiles and thyroidal regulation of cytokines during metamorphosis in the amphibian xenopus laevis.early life-stages of amphibians rely on the innate immune system for defense against pathogens. while thyroid hormones (th) are critical for metamorphosis and later development of the adaptive immune system, the role of th in innate immune system development is less clear. an integral part of the innate immune response are pro-inflammatory cytokines - effector molecules that allow communication between components of the immune system. the objective of this study was to characterize the expressio ...201829656046
an ex vivo assay for screening glucocorticoid signaling disruption based on glucocorticoid-response gene transcription in xenopus tails.there is a pressing need for developing in vivo or ex vivo assays to screen the glucocorticoid (gc) signaling disruption of chemicals. thus, we aimed to establish an ex vivo assay for screening gc signaling disruption based on the gc-response gene transcription in xenopus laevis tails cultured ex vivo. firstly, we investigated effects of corticosterone (cort, a main gc in frogs) on gc-response gene expression, and determined the six genes as molecular endpoints for assaying the gc signaling disr ...201829628076
micrornp-mediated translational activation of nonadenylated mrnas in a mammalian cell-free system.micrornas are small noncoding rnas that regulate translation and mrna stability by binding target mrnas in complex with argonaute (ago) proteins. ago interacts with a member of the tnrc6 family proteins to form a micrornp complex, which recruits the ccr4-not complex to accelerate deadenylation and inhibits translation. micrornas primarily repress translation of target mrnas but have been shown to enhance translation of a specific type of target reporter mrnas in various experimental systems: g0 ...201829626383
nmda receptor signaling is important for neural tube formation and for preventing antiepileptic drug-induced neural tube defects.failure of neural tube closure leads to neural tube defects (ntds), which can have serious neurological consequences or be lethal. use of antiepileptic drugs (aeds) during pregnancy increases the incidence of ntds in offspring by unknown mechanisms. here we show that during xenopus laevis neural tube formation, neural plate cells exhibit spontaneous calcium dynamics that are partially mediated by glutamate signaling. we demonstrate that nmda receptors are important for the formation of the neura ...201829712790
xenopus laevis oocyte as a model for the study of the cytoskeleton.at the beginning of diplotene, the oocyte of xenopus laevis is a cell of about 10-20 microns destined to increase 10,000-fold its size when the oocyte becomes filled with yolk platelets and has accumulated a great number of pigment granules in a half of its periphery. its internal architecture is gradually accomplished during growth because of several factors, especially because of cytoskeletal changes. in the fully-grown oocyte, the cytoskeleton appears to sustain the eccentrically located germ ...201829705198
roles of xenopus chemokine ligand cxclh (xcxclh) in early embryogenesis.several chemokine molecules control cell movements during early morphogenesis. however, it is unclear whether chemokine molecules affect cell fate. here, we identified and characterized the cxc-type chemokine ligand in xenopus laevis, xenopus cxclh (xcxclh), during early embryogenesis. xcxclh is expressed in the dorsal vegetal region at the gastrula stage. both overexpression and knockdown of xcxclh in the dorsal region inhibited gastrulation. xcxclh contributed to the attraction of mesendoderma ...201829700804
effect of hemin, baicalein and heme oxygenase-1 (ho-1) enzyme activity inhibitors on cd-induced accumulation of ho-1, hsps and aggresome-like structures in xenopus kidney epithelial cells.cadmium is a highly toxic environmental pollutant that can cause many adverse effects including cancer, neurological disease and kidney damage. aquatic amphibians are particularly susceptible to this toxicant as it was shown to cause developmental abnormalities and genotoxic effects. in mammalian cells, the accumulation of heme oxygenase-1 (ho-1), which catalyzes the breakdown of heme into co, free iron and biliverdin, was reported to protect cells against potentially lethal concentrations of cd ...201829698685
microvascular anatomy of the brain of the adult pipid frog, xenopus laevis (daudin): a scanning electron microscopic study of vascular corrosion casts.to demonstrate the 3d microvascular anatomy of the brain of the model organism xenopus laevis daudin scanning electron microscopy of vascular corrosion casts was correlated with light microscopy of stained 7 µm thick serial tissues sections. results showed that supplying arteries descended from the leptomeningeal surface without remarkable branchings straight to the subventricular zone where they branched and capillarized. capillaries showed few h- and/or y-shaped anastomoses during their centri ...201829693258
cellular composition and organization of the spinal cord central canal during metamorphosis of the frog xenopus laevis.studying the cellular composition and morphological changes of cells lining the central canal during xenopus laevis metamorphosis could contribute to understand postnatal development and spinal cord regeneration. here we report the analysis of central canal cells at different stages during metamorphosis using immunofluorescence for protein markers expression, transmission and scanning electron microscopy and cell proliferation assays. the central canal was regionalized according to expression of ...201829603210
effects of environmentally relevant sub-chronic atrazine concentrations on african clawed frog (xenopus laevis) survival, growth and male gonad development.sub-chronic toxicity of environmentally relevant atrazine concentrations on exposed tadpoles and adult male african clawed frogs (xenopus laevis) was evaluated in a quality controlled laboratory for 90 days. the aim of this study was to determine the effects of atrazine on the survival, growth and gonad development of african clawed frogs. after exposure of tadpoles to atrazine concentrations of 0 (control), 0.01, 200 and 500 μg l-1 in water, mortality rates of 0, 0, 3.3 and 70% respectively wer ...201829602044
muscarinic modulation of the xenopus laevis tadpole spinal mechanosensory pathway.muscarinic acetylcholine receptors (machrs) mediate effects of acetylcholine (ach) in many systems, including those involved in spinal functions like locomotion. in xenopus laevis tadpoles at two days old, a model vertebrate for motor control research, we investigated the role of machrs in the skin mechanosensory pathway. we found that machr activation by carbachol did not affect the sensory rohon-beard neuron properties. however, carbachol could hyperpolarise sensory interneurons and decrease t ...201829601952
new information on morphology and molecular data of camallanid nematodes parasitising xenopus laevis (anura: pipidae) in south africa.three species of nematodes from the camallanidae that are known to infect xenopus laevis daudin (anura: pipidae) were collected from several localities across south africa. new data on morphology, partial 28s and cox1 genes, infection levels and distribution are presented herein. the most common species, batrachocamallanus slomei southwell et kirshner, 1937, from the stomach and less often oesophagus, was found in eight localities. camallanus kaapstaadi southwell et kirshner, 1937, also from the ...201829611533
the effects of 4-hydroxybenzoic acid identified from bamboo (dendrocalamus asper) shoots on kv1.4 channel.bamboo shoot has been used as a treatment for epilepsy in traditional chinese medicine for generations to treat neuronal disorders such as convulsive, dizziness and headaches. 4-hydroxybenzoic acid (4-hba) is a non-flavonoid phenol found abundantly in dendrocalamus asper shoots (bamboo), fruits (strawberries and apples) and flowers. kv1.4 is a rapidly inactivating shaker-related member of the voltage-gated potassium channels with two inactivation mechanisms; the fast n-type and slow c-type. it p ...201829599640
mir-206 is required for changes in cell adhesion that drive muscle cell morphogenesis in xenopus laevis.micrornas (mirnas) are highly conserved small non-coding rna molecules that post-transcriptionally regulate gene expression in multicellular organisms. within the set of muscle-specific mirnas, mir-206 expression is largely restricted to skeletal muscle and is found exclusively within the bony fish lineage. although many studies have implicated mir-206 in muscle maintenance and disease, its role in skeletal muscle development remains largely unknown. here, we examine the role of mir-206 during x ...201829596841
distinct mhc class i-like interacting invariant t cell lineage at the forefront of mycobacterial immunity uncovered in xenopus.the amphibian xenopus laevis is to date the only species outside of mammals where a mhc class i-like (mhc-like) restricted innate-like (i) t cell subset (ivα6 t cells) reminiscent of cd1d-restricted inkt cells has been identified and functionally characterized. this provides an attractive in vivo model to study the biological analogies and differences between mammalian it cells and the evolutionarily antecedent xenopus it cell defense system. here, we report the identification of a unique it cel ...201829610296
divergent evolutionary trajectories of two young, homomorphic, and closely related sex chromosome systems.there exists extraordinary variation among species in the degree and nature of sex chromosome divergence. however, much of our knowledge about sex chromosomes is based on comparisons between deeply diverged species with different ancestral sex chromosomes, making it difficult to establish how fast and why sex chromosomes acquire variable levels of divergence. to address this problem, we studied sex chromosome evolution in two species of african clawed frog (xenopus), both of whom acquired novel ...201829608717
the degenerin region of the human bile acid-sensitive ion channel (basic) is involved in channel inhibition by calcium and activation by bile acids.the bile acid-sensitive ion channel (basic) is a member of the enac/degenerin family of ion channels. it is activated by bile acids and inhibited by extracellular ca2+. the aim of this study was to explore the molecular mechanisms mediating these effects. the modulation of basic function by extracellular ca2+ and tauro-deoxycholic acid (t-dca) was studied in xenopus laevis oocytes heterologously expressing human basic using the two-electrode voltage-clamp and outside-out patch-clamp techniques. ...201829589117
effects of multiple life stage exposure to the fungicide prochloraz in xenopus laevis: manifestations of antiandrogenic and other modes of toxicity.the larval amphibian growth and development assay (lagda) is an internationally harmonized testing guideline for evaluating effects of chronic chemical exposure in amphibians. in order to evaluate the effects of chronic exposure to an antiandrogenic chemical in an amphibian model, prochloraz was tested using a variation of the lagda design. exposure was initiated with <1d post-fertilization embryos at nominal concentrations of 0, 6.7, 20, 60 and 180 μg/l (0, 18, 53, 159, 478 nm) and continued in ...201829674245
fluorescent anesthetics.methods for using exogenous fluorophore and general anesthetic 1-aminoanthracene (1-ama) and its photoactive derivative 1-azidoanthracene (1-aza) are provided. 1-ama potentiates gabaa chloride currents and immobilizes xenopus laevis tadpoles. cellular and tissue anesthetic distribution can be imaged for quantifying "on-pathway" and "off-pathway" targets. 1-aza shares targets with 1-ama and offers further optoanesthetic spatial and temporal control upon near-uv laser irradiation. furthermore, 1-a ...201829673536
pharmacological and toxicological activity of rsd921, a novel sodium channel blocker.rsd921, the r,r enantiomer of the kappa (k) agonist pd117,302, lacks significant activity on opioid receptors.201829990839
human mutations in slc2a9 (glut9) affect transport capacity for urate.slc2a9 or glut9 is a voltage sensitive urate transporter, mainly expressed in the kidneys, the liver, and the intestine. human glut9 loss-of-function mutations were identified in familial hypouricemia, and several single nucleotide polymorphisms (snps) were associated with lower serum urate, further indicating that glut9 is a major determinant of serum uric acid level. to get insights in glut9 transport characteristics, we systematically analyzed the function of known human glut9 mutants using 1 ...201829967582
the fungal alkaloid okaramine-b activates an l-glutamate-gated chloride channel from ixodes scapularis, a tick vector of lyme disease.a novel l-glutamate-gated anion channel (iscaglucl1) has been cloned from the black-legged tick, ixodes scapularis, which transmits multiple pathogens including the agents of lyme disease and human granulocytic anaplasmosis. when mrna encoding iscaglucl1 was expressed in xenopus laevis oocytes, we detected robust 50-400 na currents in response to 100 μm l-glutamate. responses to l-glutamate were concentration-dependent (pec50 3.64 ± 0.11). ibotenate was a partial agonist on iscaglucl1. we detect ...201829957333
semicircular canal influences on the developmental tuning of the translational vestibulo-ocular reflex.vestibulo-ocular reflexes (vors) rely on neuronal computations that transform vestibular sensory signals into spatio-temporally appropriate extraocular motor commands. the motoneuronal discharge for contractions of the superior oblique eye muscle during linear translation derives from a utricular epithelial sector that is spatially aligned with the pulling direction of this muscle. in xenopus laevis, the alignment is gradually achieved during larval development and requires motion-related semici ...201829922219
a wide variety of mitf transcript variants are expressed in the xenopus laevis periodic albino mutant.the periodic albino mutant of xenopus laevis has been used to study the development of pigment cells because both the retinal pigment epithelium (rpe) and melanophores are affected. in this mutant, "white pigment cells" containing both melanophore-specific and iridophore-specific pigment organelles appear. the present experiments were designed to investigate the structural organization and expression of microphthalmia-associated transcription factor (mitf) in the mutant since mitf is known to re ...201829920861
a sodium transporter hvhkt1;1 confers salt tolerance in barley via regulating tissue and cell ion homeostasis.our previous studies showed that high salt tolerance in tibetan wild barley accessions was associated with hvhkt1;1, a member of the high-affinity potassium transporter family. however, molecular mechanisms of hvhkt1;1 for salt tolerance and its roles in k+/na+ homeostasis remain to be elucidated. functional characterization of hvhkt1;1 was conducted in the present study. nacl-induced transcripts of hvhkt1;1 were significantly higher in the roots of tibetan wild barley xz16 relative to other gen ...201829917153
isolation and functional characterization of cslsi2, a cucumber silicon efflux transporter gene.silicon has been proven to exert beneficial effects on plant growth and stress tolerance, and silicon accumulation varies among different plant species. cucumber (cucumis sativus) is a widely used dicot model for silicon accumulation, but little is known about the molecular mechanism of its silicon uptake. previously, we isolated and characterized cslsi1, a silicon influx transporter gene from cucumber. in this study, we cloned a putative silicon efflux transporter gene, cslsi2, from cucumber an ...201829905780
the rna-binding complex escrt-ii in xenopus laevis eggs recognizes purine-rich sequences through its subunit, vps25.rna-binding proteins (rbp) are critical regulators of gene expression. recent studies have uncovered hundreds of mrna-binding proteins that do not contain annotated rna-binding domains and have well-established roles in other cellular processes. investigation of these nonconventional rbps is critical for revealing novel rna-binding domains and may disclose connections between rna regulation and other aspects of cell biology. the endosomal sorting complex required for transport ii (escrt-ii) is a ...201829903915
thiodipeptides targeting the intestinal oligopeptide transporter as a general approach to improving oral drug delivery.the broad substrate capacity of the intestinal oligopeptide transporter, pept1, has made it a key target of research into drug delivery. whilst the substrate capacity of this transporter is broad, studies have largely been limited to small peptides and peptide-like drugs. here, we demonstrate for the first time that a diverse range of drugs can be targeted towards transport by pept1 using a hydrolysis resistant carrier. eleven prodrugs were synthesized by conjugating modified dipeptides containi ...201830006163
tight junction-associated protein gef-h1 in the neighbours of dividing epithelial cells is essential for adaptation of cell-cell membrane during cytokinesis.animal cells divide by a process called cytokinesis which relies on the constriction of a contractile actomyosin ring leading to the production of two daughter cells. cytokinesis is an intrinsic property of cells which occurs even for artificially isolated cells. during division, isolated cells undergo dramatic changes in shape such as rounding and membrane deformation as the division furrow ingresses. however, cells are often embedded in tissues and thus are surrounded by neighbouring cells. ho ...201830056063
nosip functions during vertebrate eye and cranial cartilage development.the nitric oxide synthase interacting protein (nosip) has been associated with diverse human diseases including psychological disorders. in line, early neurogenesis of mouse and xenopus is impaired upon nosip deficiency. nosip knockout mice show craniofacial defects and the down-regulation of nosip in the mouse and xenopus leads to microcephaly. until now, the exact underlying molecular mechanisms of these malformations were still unknown.201830055071
a cyclic nucleotide-gated channel, hvcngc2-3, is activated by the co-presence of na⁺ and k⁺ and permeable to na⁺ and k⁺ non-selectively.cyclic nucleotide-gated channels (cngcs) have been postulated to contribute significantly in plant development and stress resistance. however, their electrophysiological properties remain poorly understood. here, we characterized barley cngc2-3 (hvcngc2-3) by the two-electrode voltage-clamp technique in the xenopus laevis oocyte heterologous expression system. current was not observed in x. laevis oocytes injected with hvcngc2-3 complementary rna (crna) in a bathing solution containing either na ...201830049942
tectal crfr1 receptors modulate food intake and feeding behavior in the south african clawed frog xenopus laevis.the optic tectum and superior colliculus rapidly inhibit food intake when a visual threat is present. previous work indicates that crf, acting on crfr1 receptors, may play a role in tectal inhibition of feeding behavior and food intake. here we test the hypothesis that tectal crfr1 receptors modulate food intake and feeding behavior in juvenile xenopus laevis. we performed five experiments to test the following questions: 1) does tectal crf injection decrease food intake/feeding behavior? 2) doe ...201830077740
differential modulation of human gabac-ρ1 receptor by sulfur-containing compounds structurally related to taurine.the amino acid taurine (2-aminoethanesulfonic acid) modulates inhibitory neurotransmitter receptors. this study aimed to determine if the dual action of taurine on gabac-ρ1r relates to its structure. to address this, we tested the ability of the structurally related compounds homotaurine, hypotaurine, and isethionic acid to modulate gabac-ρ1r.201830075755
a simple decision to move in response to touch reveals basic sensory memory and mechanisms for variable response times.short-term working memory and decision-making are usually studied in the cerebral cortex; in many models of simple decision making, sensory signals build slowly and noisily to threshold to initiate a motor response after long, variable delays. when touched, hatchling frog tadpoles decide whether to swim; we define the long and variable delays to swimming and use whole-cell recordings to uncover the neurons and processes responsible. firing in sensory and sensory pathway neurons is short latency, ...201830074236
cloning and functional characterisation of the duplicated rdl subunits from the pea aphid, acyrthosiphon pisum.the insect gaba receptor, rdl (resistance to dieldrin), is a cys-loop ligand-gated ion channel (cyslgic) that plays a central role in neuronal signaling, and is the target of several classes of insecticides. many insects studied to date possess one rdl gene; however, there is evidence of two rdls in aphids. to characterise further this insecticide target from pests that cause millions of dollars' worth of crop damage each year, we identified the complete cyslgic gene superfamily of the pea aphid ...201830065178
α1-fangs: protein ligands selective for the α-bungarotoxin site of the α1-nicotinic acetylcholine receptor.nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nachrs) are pentameric ligand-gated ion channels that play a central role in neuronal and neuromuscular signal transduction. here, we have developed fang ligands, fibronectin antibody-mimetic nicotinic acetylcholine receptor-generated ligands, using mrna display. we generated a 1 trillion-member primary e10fniii library to target a stabilized α1 nicotinic subunit (α211). this library yielded 270000 independent potential protein binding ligands. the lead sequenc ...201830059207
altered thyroid hormone levels affect body condition at metamorphosis in larvae of xenopus laevis.chemical, physical and biological environmental stressors may affect the endocrine system, such as the thyroid hormone (th) axis in larval amphibians with consequences for energy partitioning among development, growth and metabolism. we studied the effects of two th level affecting compounds, exogenous l-thyroxine (t4 ) and sodium perchlorate (sp), on various measures of development and body condition in larvae of the african clawed frog (xenopus laevis). we calculated the scaled mass index, hep ...201830058724
a dual-app nucleoside probe provides structural insights into the human telomeric overhang in live cells.understanding the topology adopted by individual g-quadruplex (gq)-forming sequences in vivo and targeting a specific gq motif among others in the genome will have a profound impact on gq-directed therapeutic strategies. however, this remains a major challenge as most of the tools poorly distinguish different gq conformations and are not suitable for both cell-free and in-cell analysis. here, we describe an innovative probe design to investigate gq conformations and recognition in both cell-free ...201830192541
multiscale analysis of architecture, cell size and the cell cortex reveals cortical f-actin density and composition are major contributors to mechanical properties during convergent extension.the large-scale movements that construct complex three-dimensional tissues during development are governed by universal physical principles. fine-grained control of both mechanical properties and force production is crucial to the successful placement of tissues and shaping of organs. embryos of the frog xenopus laevis provide a dramatic example of these physical processes, as dorsal tissues increase in young's modulus by six-fold to 80 pascal over 8 h as germ layers and the central nervous syst ...201830190279
draft genome of dugesia japonica provides insights into conserved regulatory elements of the brain restriction gene nou-darake in planarians.planarians are non-parasitic platyhelminthes (flatworms) famous for their regeneration ability and for having a well-organized brain. dugesia japonica is a typical planarian species that is widely distributed in the east asia. extensive cellular and molecular experimental methods have been developed to identify the functions of thousands of genes in this species, making this planarian a good experimental model for regeneration biology and neurobiology. however, no genome-level information is ava ...201830181897
the cytoskeletal protein zyxin interacts with the zinc-finger transcription factor zic1 and plays the role of a scaffold for gli1 and zic1 interactions during early development of xenopus laevis.we have shown recently that the cytoskeletal protein zyxin participates in the fine tuning of the neural plate pattering in xenopus laevis embryos by modulating activity of one of the effectors of hedgehog (shh) signaling cascade, the transcription factor gli1. in the present work, we show that zyxin can also interact with the potential modulator of the shh pathway, the transcription factor zic1. the interaction of proteins occurs primarily by mean of the zinc-finger domain of zic1 and 2nd lim d ...201830180953
a single xlf dimer bridges dna ends during nonhomologous end joining.nonhomologous end joining (nhej) is the primary pathway of dna double-strand-break repair in vertebrate cells, yet how nhej factors assemble a synaptic complex that bridges dna ends remains unclear. to address the role of xrcc4-like factor (xlf) in synaptic-complex assembly, we used single-molecule fluorescence imaging in xenopus laevis egg extract, a system that efficiently joins dna ends. we found that a single xlf dimer binds dna substrates just before the formation of a ligation-competent sy ...201830177755
morphomechanical reactions and mechanically stressed structures in amphibian embryos, as related to gastrulation and axial organs formation.reactions of embryonic tissues to a distributed and concentrated stretching are described and compared with the mechanics of the normal gastrulation movements. a role of mechanically stressed dynamic cell structures in the gastrulation, demarcation of notochord borders and in providing proportionality of the axial rudiments is demonstrated. a morphomechanical scheme of amphibian gastrulation is presented.201830321583
reconstitution of cell-cycle oscillations in microemulsions of cell-free xenopus egg extracts.real-time measurement of oscillations at the single-cell level is important to uncover the mechanisms of biological clocks. although bulk extracts prepared from xenopus laevis eggs have been powerful in dissecting biochemical networks underlying the cell-cycle progression, their ensemble average measurement typically leads to a damped oscillation, despite each individual oscillator being sustained. this is due to the difficulty of perfect synchronization among individual oscillators in noisy bio ...201830320763
calcineurin promotes apc/c activation at meiotic exit by acting on both xerp1 and cdc20.vertebrate oocytes await fertilization arrested at metaphase of the second meiotic division. fertilization triggers a transient calcium wave, which induces the activation of the anaphase-promoting complex/cyclosome (apc/c) and its co-activator cdc20 resulting in the destruction of cyclin b and hence meiotic exit. two calcium-dependent enzymes are implicated in fertilization-induced apc/ccdc20 activation: calcium-/calmodulin-dependent kinase type ii (camkii) and calcineurin (can). while the role ...201830373936
assessment of the complex refractive indices of xenopus laevis sciatic nerve for the optimization of optical (nir) neurostimulation.despite an increasing interest in the use of light for neural stimulation, there is little information on how it interacts with neural tissue. the choice of wavelength in most of the optical stimulation literature is based on already available light sources designed for other applications. this paper is the first one to report the complex refractive index of the sciatic nerve of xenopus laevis, which is a crucial parameter for identifying the optimal wavelength of optical stimuli. the xenopus la ...201830371379
the receptor-like pseudokinase ghr1 is required for stomatal closure.guard cells control the aperture of stomatal pores to balance photosynthetic carbon dioxide uptake with evaporative water loss. stomatal closure is triggered by several stimuli that initiate complex signaling networks to govern the activity of ion channels. activation of slow anion channel1 (slac1) is central to the process of stomatal closure and requires the leucine-rich repeat receptor-like kinase (lrr-rlk) guard cell hydrogen peroxide-resistant1 (ghr1), among other signaling components. here ...201830361234
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