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radiobiological characteristics of descendant progeny of fish and amphibian cells that survive the initial ionizing radiation dose.to evaluate the development of delayed lethal mutations, the production of medium borne lethal bystander signals, and the acquirement of radiosensitive or radioresistant traits in distant descendant progeny of fish and amphibian cells surviving ionizing radiation materials and methods: american eel brain endothelial cells (eelb) and african clawed frog epithelial cells (a6) were initially irradiated with gamma rays at 0.5 gy or 2 gy. ionizing radiation (ir)-surviving cells were grown for 27 popu ...201930530089
a xenopus tadpole alternative model to study innate-like t cell-mediated anti-mycobacterial immunity.owing to the high incidence of multi-drug resistance and challenges posed by the complex and long duration of treatments, mycobacterium tuberculosis (mtb) infections remain a significant clinical burden, which would benefit from development of novel immuno-therapeutic-based treatment strategies. among early immune effectors, invariant or innate-like (i)t cells are attracting attention because of their potential regulatory activity, which can shape anti-mycobacterial immune responses. unlike conv ...201930521838
gd(iii)-gd(iii) relaxation-induced dipolar modulation enhancement for in-cell electron paramagnetic resonance distance determination.in-cell distance determination by electron paramagnetic resonance (epr) spectroscopy reveals essential structural information about biomacromolecules under native conditions. we demonstrate that the pulsed epr technique ridme (relaxation induced dipolar modulation enhancement) can be utilized for such distance determination. the performance of in-cell ridme has been assessed at q-band using stiff molecular rulers labeled with gd(iii)-pymta and microinjected into xenopus laevis oocytes. the overt ...201930864799
dynamin binding protein is required for xenopus laevis kidney development.the adult human kidney contains over one million nephrons, with each nephron consisting of a tube containing segments that have specialized functions in nutrient and water absorption and waste excretion. the embryonic kidney of xenopus laevis consists of a single functional nephron composed of regions that are analogous to those found in the human nephron, making it a simple model for the study of nephrogenesis. the exocyst complex, which traffics proteins to the cell membrane in vesicles via cd ...201930863317
foxn3 is necessary for the development of the interatrial septum, the ventricular trabeculae and the muscles at the head/trunk interface in the african clawed frog, xenopus laevis (lissamphibia: anura: pipidae).fox genes are a large family of transcription factors that play diverse roles in the immune system, metabolism, cancer, cell cycle, and animal development. it has been shown that foxn3 is indispensable for normal craniofacial development in the mouse and the african clawed frog, xenopus laevis. morpholino-mediated knockdown of foxn3 in x. laevis delays overall development of early tadpole stages and causes eye defects, the absence of some cranial nerve branches, and malformations of the cranial ...201930859697
erratum: skin grafting in xenopus laevis: a technique for assessing development and immunological disparity. 201931371466
jmjd6a regulates gsk3β rna splicing in xenopus laevis eye development.it has been suggested that jmjd6 plays an important role in gene regulation through its demethylation or hydroxylation activity on histone and transcription factors. in addition, jmjd6 has been shown to regulate rna splicing by interaction with splicing factors. in this study, we demonstrated that jmjd6a is expressed in developing xenopus laevis eye during optic vesicle formation and retinal layer differentiation stages. knockdown of jmjd6a by an antisense morpholino resulted in eye malformation ...201931361752
identification of the catechin uptake transporter responsible for intestinal absorption of epigallocatechin gallate in mice.many studies have shown that epigallocatechin gallate (egcg) contribute to the health benefits of green tea, although its bioavailability is usually low. however, the mechanism underlying its intestinal absorption remains unclear. in human subjects, it has been reported that the bioavailability of egcg increases after repeated oral catechin intake. we hypothesized that a certain uptake transporter was involved in this increase, and investigated a novel egcg transporter. we first confirmed the in ...201931358798
maldi-imaging of early stage xenopus laevis embryos.xenopus laevis is an important model organism for vertebrate development. an extensive literature has developed on changes in transcript expression during development of this organism, and there is a growing literature on the corresponding protein expression changes during development. in contrast, there is very little information on changes in metabolite expression during development. we present the first maldi mass-spectrometry images of metabolites within the developing embryo. these images w ...201931357275
encephalopathies with kcnc1 variants: genotype-phenotype-functional correlations.to analyze clinical phenotypes associated with kcnc1 variants other than the progressive myoclonus epilepsy-causing variant p.arg320his, determine the electrophysiological functional impact of identified variants and explore genotype-phenotype-physiological correlations.201931353855
spatial analysis of reck, mt1-mmp, and timp-2 proteins during early xenopus laevis development.proper cell-cell and cell-ecm interactions are vital for cell migration and patterning of the vertebrate embryo. mmps and their inhibitors, reck and timps, are all differentially expressed during embryogenesis to regulate such ecm remodeling and cell interactions. mt1-mmp, reck, and timp-2 are unique amongst other ecm-regulating proteins as they act in the pericellular space. past studies have shown that reck and timp-2 interact with mt1-mmp on the cell surface, thereby influencing cell behaviou ...201931352120
mechanical force induces phosphorylation-mediated signaling that underlies tissue response and robustness in xenopus embryos.mechanical forces are essential drivers of numerous biological processes, notably during development. although it is well recognized that cells sense and adapt to mechanical forces, the signal transduction pathways that underlie mechanosensing have remained elusive. here, we investigate the impact of mechanical centrifugation force on phosphorylation-mediated signaling in xenopus embryos. by monitoring temporal phosphoproteome and proteome alterations in response to force, we discover and valida ...201930852251
a unique role of thyroid hormone receptor β in regulating notochord resorption during xenopus metamorphosis.tail resorption during anuran metamorphosis is perhaps the most dramatic tissue transformation that occurs during vertebrate development. earlier studies in highly related anuran species xenopus laevis and xenopus tropicalis have shown that thyroid hormone (t3) receptor (tr) plays a necessary and sufficient role to mediate the causative effect of t3 on metamorphosis. of the two known tr genes in vertebrates, trα is highly expressed during both premetamorphosis and metamorphosis while trβ express ...201930851299
distinctive single-channel properties of α4β2-nicotinic acetylcholine receptor isoforms.central nervous system nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nachr) are predominantly of the α4β2 subtype. two isoforms exist, with high or low agonist sensitivity (hs-(α4β2)2β2- and ls-(α4β2)2α4-nachr). both isoforms exhibit similar macroscopic potency and efficacy values at low acetylcholine (ach) concentrations, mediated by a common pair of high-affinity α4(+)/(-)β2 subunit binding interfaces. however ls-(α4β2)2α4-nachr also respond to higher concentrations of ach, acting at a third α4(+)/(-)α4 ...201930845161
evolution of the rho guanine nucleotide exchange factors kalirin and trio and their gene expression in xenopus development.guanine nucleotide exchange factors (gefs) activate rho gtpases by accelerating their gdp/gtp exchange. trio and its paralog kalirin (kalrn) are unique members of the rho-gefs that harbor three catalytic domains: two functional gef domains and a serine/threonine kinase domain. the n-terminal gef domain activates rac1 and rhog gtpases, while the c-terminal gef domain acts specifically on rhoa. trio and kalrn have an evolutionary conserved function in morphogenetic processes including neuronal dev ...201930844509
electrophysiological changes during early steps of retinitis pigmentosa.the rhodopsin mutation p23h is responsible for a significant portion of autosomal-dominant retinitis pigmentosa, a disorder characterized by rod photoreceptor death. the mechanisms of toxicity remain unclear; previous studies implicate destabilization of p23h rhodopsin during light exposure, causing decreased endoplasmic reticulum (er) exit and er stress responses. here, we probed phototransduction in xenopus laevis rods expressing bovine p23h rhodopsin, in which retinal degeneration is inducibl ...201930840038
bisphenol a, bisphenol af, di-n-butyl phthalate, and 17β-estradiol have shared and unique dose-dependent effects on early embryo cleavage divisions and development in xenopus laevis.bisphenol a (bpa), bisphenol af (bpaf), and di-n-butyl phthalate (dbp) are widespread compounds used in the production of plastics. we used xenopus laevis to compare their effects on early embryo cell division and development. directly after in vitro fertilizations, embryos were exposed to bpa, bpaf, dbp, or 17β-estradiol (e2) for up to 96 h. bpa (1-50 μm) and bpaf (0.003-25 μm) caused disrupted cleavage divisions, slowed cytokinesis, and cellular dissociation within 1-6 h. flexures of the spina ...201930579998
molecular charge associated with antiarrhythmic actions in a series of amino-2-cyclohexyl ester derivatives.a series of amino-2-cyclohexyl ester derivatives were studied for their ion channel blocking and antiarrhythmic actions in the rat and a structure-activity analysis was conducted. the compounds are similar in chemical structure except for ionizable amine groups (pk values 6.1-8.9) and the positional arrangements of aromatic naphthyl moieties. ventricular arrhythmias were produced in rats by coronary-artery occlusion or electrical stimulation. the electrophysiological effects of these compounds o ...201930571955
lack of evidence for synaptic high-affinity γ-hydroxybutyric acid (ghb) transport in rat brain synaptosomes and 11 na+ -dependent slc neurotransmitter transporters.γ-hydroxybutyric acid (ghb) is an endogenous compound proposed to act as a neurotransmitter. na+ -dependent, high-affinity ghb transport has long been considered important evidence supporting this hypothesis. however, the molecular identity of such a high-affinity transporter remains unknown. in this study, we sought to identify and characterize ghb synaptic transport through a series of studies using both native and recombinant systems with the ultimate aim of providing evidence to clarify the ...201930570143
lysine demethylase 3a in craniofacial and neural development during xenopus embryogenesis.epigenetic modifier lysine demethylase 3a (kdm3a) specifically demethylates mono‑ and di‑methylated ninth lysine of histone 3 and belongs to the jumonji domain‑containing group of demethylases. kdm3a serves roles during various biological and pathophysiological processes, including spermatogenesis and metabolism, determination of sex, androgen receptor‑mediated transcription and embryonic carcinoma cell differentiation. in the present study, physiological functions of kdm3a were evaluated during ...201930569092
ospht1;3 mediates uptake, translocation, and remobilization of phosphate under extremely low phosphate regimes.plant roots rely on inorganic orthophosphate (pi) transporters to acquire soluble pi from soil solutions that exists at micromolar levels in natural ecosystems. here, we functionally characterized a rice (oryza sativa) pi transporter, os phosphate transporter-1;3 (ospht1;3), that mediates pi uptake, translocation, and remobilization. ospht1;3 was directly regulated by os phosphate starvation response-2 and, in response to pi starvation, showed enhanced expression in young leaf blades and shoot b ...201930567970
microsampling capillary electrophoresis mass spectrometry enables single-cell proteomics in complex tissues: developing cell clones in live xenopus laevis and zebrafish embryos.label-free single-cell proteomics by mass spectrometry (ms) is currently incompatible with complex tissues without requiring cell culturing, single-cell dissection, or tissue dissociation. we here report the first example of label-free single-cell ms-based proteomics directly in single cells in live vertebrate embryos. our approach integrates optically guided in situ subcellular capillary microsampling, one-pot extraction-digestion of the collected proteins, peptide separation by capillary elect ...201930827088
conditional demyelination and remyelination in a transgenic xenopus laevis.multiple sclerosis (ms) is the first cause of acquired disability progression in the young adult. pathology of ms associates inflammation, demyelination, and neurodegeneration. the development of immunotherapies, by reducing the relapse rate, has profoundly impacted short-term prognosis and patients' quality of life. these anti-inflammatory medications, however, have not proven to be sufficient to prevent long-term disability progression, resulting from axonal transection and neuronal damage, co ...201930820903
the c-terminus of the retinal homeobox (rax) gene product modulates transcription in a context-dependent manner.the evolutionarily conserved retinal homeobox (rax) transcription factor is essential for normal eye development in all vertebrates. despite rax's biologic significance, the molecular mechanisms underlying rax molecular function as a transcriptional regulator are poorly defined. the rax gene encodes a conserved octapeptide motif (op) near the n-terminus and several conserved regions in the c-terminus of unknown function, including the orthopedia, aristaless, rax (oar) domain and the rx domain. t ...201930820152
more than just a bandage: closing the gap between injury and appendage regeneration.the remarkable regenerative capabilities of amphibians have captured the attention of biologists for centuries. the frogs xenopus laevis and xenopus tropicalis undergo temporally restricted regenerative healing of appendage amputations and spinal cord truncations, injuries that are both devastating and relatively common in human patients. rapidly expanding technological innovations have led to a resurgence of interest in defining the factors that enable regenerative healing, and in coupling thes ...201930800076
the wnt inhibitor dkk1 is required for maintaining the normal cardiac differentiation program in xenopus laevis.wnt proteins can activate different intracellular signaling pathways. these pathways need to be tightly regulated for proper cardiogenesis. the canonical wnt/β-catenin inhibitor dkk1 has been shown to be sufficient to trigger cardiogenesis in gain-of-function experiments performed in multiple model systems. loss-of-function studies however did not reveal any fundamental function for dkk1 during cardiogenesis. using xenopus laevis as a model we here show for the first time that dkk1 is required f ...201930797757
fluorescent analogues of bekm-1 with high and specific activity against the herg channel.peptidic toxins that target specifically mammalian channels and receptors can be found in the venom of animals. these toxins are rarely used directly as tools for biochemical experiments, and need to be modified via the attachment of chemical groups (e.g., radioactive or fluorescent moieties). ideally, such modifications should maintain the toxin specificity and affinity for its target. with the goal of obtaining fluorescent derivatives of bekm-1, a toxin from the scorpion species buthus eupeus ...201932550567
rho flares repair local tight junction leaks.tight junctions contribute to epithelial barrier function by selectively regulating the quantity and type of molecules that cross the paracellular barrier. experimental approaches to evaluate the effectiveness of tight junctions are typically global, tissue-scale measures. here, we introduce zinc-based ultrasensitive microscopic barrier assay (znumba), which we used in xenopus laevis embryos to visualize short-lived, local breaches in epithelial barrier function. these breaches, or leaks, occur ...201930773490
activity and intracellular localization of senescence-associated β-galactosidase in aging xenopus oocytes and eggs.senescence-associated β-galactosidase (sa-β-gal) serves as a marker of senescence in aging somatic cells. however, little is known about sa-β-gal dynamics in aging gamete cells. to address this issue, here we investigated activity and intracellular localization of sa-β-gal in freshly obtained and aging oocytes and eggs of the african clawed frog xenopus laevis. data base mining revealed the presence of several homologous β-galactosidase sequences in the annotated xenopus genome. some of them wer ...201930769028
on the mechanism of the electrophysiological changes and membrane lesions induced by asbestos fiber exposure in xenopus laevis oocytes.the so-called amphibole asbestos fibers are enriched with mineral iron ions, able to stimulate ros production. we recently reported that crocidolite asbestos was able to interact with the cell membranes of xenopus laevis oocytes, to alter their electrical membrane properties. here, we found that applied iron ions (fe3+) or h2o2 (for ros generation) mimicked these effects, suggesting that at least one effect of iron-containing asbestos fiber exposure was mediated by ros production. furthermore, c ...201930765791
wgddetector: a pipeline for detecting whole genome duplication events using the genome or transcriptome annotations.with the availability of well-assembled genomes of a growing number of organisms, identifying the bioinformatic basis of whole genome duplication (wgd) is a growing field of genomics. the most extant software for detecting footprints of wgds has been restricted to a well-assembled genome. however, the massive poor quality genomes and the more accessible transcriptomes have been largely ignored, and in theoretically they are also likely to contribute to detect wgd using ds based method. here, to ...201930760221
various nuclear reprogramming systems using egg and oocyte materials.maternal factors stored in eggs and oocytes are necessary for reprogramming sperm for embryonic development. this reprogramming activity of maternal factors also works towards somatic cells, including terminally differentiated cells. several different experimental systems utilizing egg and oocyte materials have been applied to study nuclear reprogramming by maternal factors. among these systems, the most widely used is the transfer of a somatic cell nucleus to an oocyte arrested at the metaphase ...201930745498
pymetrozine activates trpv channels of brown planthopper nilaparvata lugens.the commercial insecticide pymetrozine has been extensively used for brown planthopper control in east asia. the transient receptor potential vanilloid (trpv) channel, which consists of two proteins, nanchung (nan) and inactive (iav), has recently been shown to be the molecular target of pymetrozine in the fruit fly (drosophila melanogaster) and pea aphid (acyrthosiphon pisum). in this study, we characterized the nan and iav trpv channel subunits of n. lugens and measured the action of pymetrozi ...201930744899
jaburetox, a natural insecticide derived from jack bean urease, activates voltage-gated sodium channels to modulate insect behavior.jaburetox (jbtx) is an insecticidal peptide derived from canavalia ensiformis urease, whose mechanism of action is not completely elucidated. we employed behavioral, electromyographical and electrophysiological protocols to identify the cellular and molecular targets involved in the jbtx entomotoxicity in cockroaches and locusts. in nauphoeta cinerea, jbtx (32 μg/g) altered the locomotory behaviour inducing a significative decrease in the distance travelled followed by a significant increase in ...201930744898
gene expression program underlying tail resorption during thyroid hormone-dependent metamorphosis of the ornamented pygmy frog microhyla fissipes.thyroid hormone (t3) is essential for vertebrate development, especially during the so-called postembryonic development, a period around birth in mammals when plasma t3 level peaks and many organs mature into their adult form. compared to embryogenesis, postembryonic development is poorly studied in mammals largely because of the difficulty to manipulate the uterus-enclosed embryos and neonates. amphibian metamorphosis is independent of maternal influence and can be easily manipulated for molecu ...201930740088
generation of xenopus haploid, triploid, and hybrid embryos.frog species of the genus xenopus are widely used for studies of cell and developmental biology, and recent genome sequencing has revealed interesting phylogenetic relationships. here we describe methods to generate haploid, triploid, and hybrid species starting from eggs and sperm of xenopus laevis and xenopus tropicalis that enable investigation of how genome size and content affect physiology at the organismal, cellular, and subcellular levels.201930737699
methods for isolating the balbiani body/germplasm from xenopus laevis oocytes.the balbiani body (bb) is a large membrane-less organelle, densely packed with mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, proteins, and rna. the bb is present in many vertebrate female gametes. in frogs, the bb is established early during oogenesis and operates as a maternal inherited embryonic determinant that specifies germline identity through the formation of germplasm. we describe here two techniques to isolate the bb/germplasm from xenopus laevis primary oocytes.201930737696
membrane microdomains as platform to study membrane-associated events during oogenesis, meiotic maturation, and fertilization in xenopus laevis.studies on the egg plasma membrane-associated tyrosine kinase src have shed light on the identity of the molecular machinery that is responsible for gamete interaction and possibly fusion in african clawed frog xenopus laevis. here we describe our protocol for identifying and analyzing molecular and cellular machinery that contributes to a variety of biological processes in the course of oogenesis, oocyte maturation, egg fertilization, and early embryogenesis in xenopus. our current special inte ...201930737686
reconstitution of intracellular calcium signaling in xenopus egg extracts.generation of calcium signal in the cytoplasm of fertilized or parthenogenetically activated eggs has been extensively studied in the intact eggs of several biological species. calcium transient was found to elicit a plethora of biochemical and cellular events in these cells. remarkably, intracellular calcium signaling can also be reconstituted in cell-free environment. in this chapter, we describe the methods that allow reconstitution, detection, and quantification of the calcium signal in cell ...201930737685
imatinib uptake into cells is not mediated by organic cation transporters oct1, oct2, or oct3, but is influenced by extracellular ph.cancer cells undergo genetic and environmental changes that can alter cellular disposition of drugs, notably by alterations of transmembrane drug transporters expression. whether the influx organic cation transporter 1 (oct1) encoded by the gene slc221a1 is implicated in the cellular uptake of imatinib is still controversial. besides, imatinib ionization state may be modulated by the hypoxic acidic surrounding extracellular microenvironment.201930734690
comparison the sensitivity of amphibian metamorphosis assays with nf 48 stage and nf 51 stage xenopus laevis tadpoles.the amphibian metamorphosis assay (ama) was proposed by the organization for economic cooperation and development (oecd) to screen thyroid disruptors of vertebrate species. the general experimental design of the ama exposes nieuwkoop and faber (nf) stage 51 xenopus laevis tadpoles to test chemical concentrations for 21 d. however, recent studies demonstrated that thyroid gland began to function after nf stage 45 in x. laevis. thus, in this study, we initiated exposure with nf stage 48 tadpoles w ...201930732517
using xenopus laevis oocytes to functionally characterize plant transporters.functionally characterizing plant membrane transport proteins is challenging. typically, heterologous systems are used to study them. immature eggs (oocytes) of the south african clawed frog xenopus laevis are considered an ideal expression system for such studies. these large oocytes have a low number of endogenous transport systems in their plasma membranes and highly express foreign mrna; the oocyte plasma membrane is the default destination of integral membrane proteins that lack recognized ...201930707001
anillin regulates epithelial cell mechanics by structuring the medial-apical actomyosin network.cellular forces sculpt organisms during development, while misregulation of cellular mechanics can promote disease. here, we investigate how the actomyosin scaffold protein anillin contributes to epithelial mechanics in xenopus laevis embryos. increased mechanosensitive recruitment of vinculin to cell-cell junctions when anillin is overexpressed suggested that anillin promotes junctional tension. however, junctional laser ablation unexpectedly showed that junctions recoil faster when anillin is ...201930702429
menthol acts as a positive allosteric modulator on nematode levamisole sensitive nicotinic acetylcholine receptors.the ongoing and widespread emergence of resistance to the existing anti-nematodal pharmacopeia has made it imperative to develop new anthelminthic agents. historically, plants have been important sources of therapeutic compounds and offer an alternative to synthetic drugs. monoterpenoids are phytochemicals that have been shown to produce acute toxic effects in insects and nematodes. previous studies have shown nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nachrs) to be possible targets for naturally occurr ...201930682641
characterization of xenopus laevis guanine deaminase reveals new insights for its expression and function in the embryonic kidney.the mammalian guanine deaminase (gda), called cypin, is important for proper neural development, by regulating dendritic arborization through modulation of microtubule (mt) dynamics. additionally, cypin can promote mt assembly in vitro. however, it has never been tested whether cypin (or other gda orthologs) binds to mts or modulates mt dynamics. here, we address these questions and characterize xenopus laevis gda (gda) for the first time during embryonic development.201930682232
analysis of long non-coding rna involved in atrazine-induced testicular degeneration of xenopus laevis.long non-coding rna (lncrna) plays a critical role in male germline development. atrazine (az) as an environmental endocrine disrupting chemical (edcs) can induce male reproductive toxicity in amphibians. our previous studies demonstrated that az can alter gene and circular rna (circrna) expression of damaged testes in xenopus laevis (x. laevis). we furthered to investigate the lncrna expression profiling in the testis of x. laevis. over 3559 lncrnas were detected by lncrna sequencing. az induce ...201930675760
oscillating aquaporin phosphorylation and 14-3-3 proteins mediate the circadian regulation of leaf hydraulics.the circadian clock regulates plant tissue hydraulics to synchronize water supply with environmental cycles and thereby optimize growth. the circadian fluctuations in aquaporin transcript abundance suggest that aquaporin water channels play a role in these processes. here, we show that hydraulic conductivity (kros) of arabidopsis (arabidopsis thaliana) rosettes displays a genuine circadian rhythmicity with a peak around midday. combined immunological and proteomic approaches revealed that phosph ...201930674691
non-acylated wnts can promote signaling.wnts are a family of 19 extracellular ligands that regulate cell fate, proliferation, and migration during metazoan embryogenesis and throughout adulthood. wnts are acylated post-translationally at a conserved serine and bind the extracellular cysteine-rich domain (crd) of frizzled (fzd) seven-pass transmembrane receptors. although crystal structures suggest that acylation is essential for wnt binding to fzds, we show here that several wnts can promote signaling in xenopus laevis and danio rerio ...201930673610
effect of the flavonoid hesperidin on glucose and fructose transport, sucrase activity and glycaemic response to orange juice in a crossover trial on healthy volunteers.although polyphenols inhibit glucose absorption and transport in vitro, it is uncertain whether this activity is sufficient to attenuate glycaemic response in vivo. we examined this using orange juice, which contains high levels of hesperidin. we first used a combination of in vitro assays to evaluate the potential effect of hesperidin and other orange juice components on intestinal sugar absorption and then tested whether this translated to an effect in healthy volunteers. hesperidin attenuated ...201930670104
whole-cell photoacoustic sensor based on pigment relocalization.photoacoustic (optoacoustic) imaging can extract molecular information with deeper tissue penetration than possible by fluorescence microscopy techniques. however, there is currently still a lack of robust genetically controlled contrast agents and molecular sensors that can dynamically detect biological analytes of interest with photoacoustics. in a biomimetic approach, we took inspiration from cuttlefish who can change their color by relocalizing pigment-filled organelles in so-called chromato ...201930663315
x-linked α-thalassemia with mental retardation is downstream of protein kinase a in the meiotic cell cycle signaling cascade in xenopus oocytes and is dynamically regulated in response to dna damage†.x-linked α-thalassemia with mental retardation (atrx) is a chromatin remodeling protein that belongs to the switch/sucrose non-fermentable (swi2/snf2) family of helicase/atpases. during meiosis, atrx is necessary for heterochromatin formation and maintenance of chromosome stability in order to ensure proper assembly of the metaphase ii spindle. previously, we established atrx as a novel progesterone regulated protein during bovine meiotic maturation, in addition to being dynamically regulated in ...201930649195
the electrical block to polyspermy induced by an intracellular ca2+ increase at fertilization of the clawed frogs, xenopus laevis and xenopus tropicalis.polyspermy blocking, to ensure monospermic fertilization, is necessary for normal diploid development in most animals. we have demonstrated here that monospermy in the clawed frog, xenopus tropicalis, as well as in x. laevis, is ensured by a fast, electrical block to polyspermy on the egg plasma membrane after the entry of the first sperm, which is mediated by the positive-going fertilization potential. an intracellular ca2+ concentration ([ca2+ ]i ) at the sperm entry site was propagated as a c ...201930648313
xenopus oocytes as a heterologous expression system for analysis of tight junction proteins.claudins (cldns) represent the largest family of transmembrane tight junction (tj) proteins, determining organ-specific epithelial barrier properties. because methods for the analysis of multiple cldn interaction are limited, we have established the heterologous xenopus laevis oocyte expression system for tj protein assembly and interaction analysis. oocytes were injected with crna encoding human cldn-1, -2, or -3 or with a combination of these and were incubated in pairs for interaction analysi ...201930645152
insemination or phosphatidic acid induces an outwardly spiraling disk of elevated ca2+ to produce the ca2+ wave during xenopus laevis fertilization.during xenopus fertilization, the initial intracellular calcium ((ca2+)i) release at the sperm-egg binding site (hot spot) has not been described without the use of inhibitors, nor related to underlying er structure. without inhibitors, we now report that sperm induce an initial hot spot after sperm addition to xenopus eggs that was ~25 µm. this area is consistent with the size of er patches and clusters of ip3 receptors that have enhanced activity. furthermore, we find a new mechanism for the f ...201930641042
deuterium-free, three-plexed peptide diethylation for highly accurate quantitative proteomics.the deuterium, a frequently used stable isotope in isotopic labeling for quantitative proteomics, could deteriorate the accuracy and precision of proteome quantification owing to the retention time shift of deuterated peptides from the hydrogenated counterpart. we introduce a novel three-plexed peptide "diethylation" using only 13c isotopologues of acetaldehyde and demonstrate that the accuracy and precision of our method in proteome quantification are significantly superior to the conventional ...201930638020
purification and characterization of a urea sensitive lactate dehydrogenase from skeletal muscle of the african clawed frog, xenopus laevis.the african clawed frog, xenopus laevis endures whole body dehydration which can increase its reliance on anaerobic glycolysis for energy production. this makes the regulation of the terminal enzyme of glycolysis, lactate dehydrogenase (ldh), crucial to stress survival. we investigated the enzymatic properties and posttranslational modification state of purified ldh from the skeletal muscle of control and dehydrated (30% total body water loss) x. laevis. ldh from the muscle of dehydrated frogs s ...201930631901
rhinella marina oocytes: a suitable alternative expression system for functional characterization of aquaglyceroporins.amphibian oocytes have been extensively used for heterologous expression of membrane proteins for studying their biochemical and biophysical properties. so far, xenopus laevis is the main amphibian used as oocytes source to express aquaglyceroporins in order to assess water and solutes permeability. however, this well-established amphibian model represents a threat to the biodiversity in many countries, especially in those from tropical regions. for that reason, the import of xenopus laevis is s ...201930631140
identification of vacuolar phosphate efflux transporters in land plants.inorganic phosphate (pi) is an essential component of all life forms. land plants acquire pi from the soil through roots and associated symbioses, and it is then transported throughout the plant. when sufficient, excess pi is stored in vacuoles for remobilization following pi deficiency. although pi release from the vacuoles to the cytoplasm serves as a critical mechanism for plants to adapt to low-pi stress, the transporters responsible for vacuolar pi efflux have not been identified. here, we ...201930626920
ensa and arpp19 differentially control cell cycle progression and development.greatwall (gwl) is an essential kinase that indirectly controls pp2a-b55, the phosphatase counterbalancing cyclin b/cdk1 activity during mitosis. in xenopus laevis egg extracts, gwl-mediated phosphorylation of overexpressed arpp19 and ensa turns them into potent pp2a-b55 inhibitors. it has been shown that the gwl/ensa/pp2a-b55 axis contributes to the control of dna replication, but little is known about the role of arpp19 in cell division. by using conditional knockout mouse models, we investiga ...201930626720
xenopus slc7a5 is essential for notochord function and eye development.slc7a5 (also known as lat1), largely accepted as an amino acid transporter, has been shown to play important roles in cancer and developmental processes. because knockout mice of slc7a5 are embryonically lethal due to placental defects, it is difficult to evaluate its role in early development. in this study, expression and function of slc7a5 were evaluated in xenopus laevis embryos that develop without a placenta. expression of slc7a5 was detected in the notochord and in the eye and it was not ...201930625369
reinterpretation of the substrate specificity of the voltage-sensing phosphatase during dimerization.voltage-sensing phosphatases (vsps) cleave both 3- and 5-phosphates from inositol phospholipids in response to membrane depolarization. when low concentrations of ciona intestinalis vsp are expressed in xenopus laevis oocytes, the 5-phosphatase reaction can be observed during large membrane depolarizations. when higher concentrations are expressed, the 5-phosphatase activity is observed with smaller depolarizations, and the 3-phosphatase activity is revealed with strong depolarization. here we a ...201930622132
probing the dynamics and structural topology of the reconstituted human kcnq1 voltage sensor domain (q1-vsd) in lipid bilayers using electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy.kcnq1 (kv7.1 or kvlqt1) is a potassium ion channel protein found in the heart, ear, and other tissues. in complex with the kcne1 accessory protein, it plays a role during the repolarization phase of the cardiac action potential. mutations in the channel have been associated with several diseases, including congenital deafness and long qt syndrome. nuclear magnetic resonance (nmr) structural studies in detergent micelles and a cryo-electron microscopy structure of kcnq1 from xenopus laevis have s ...201930620191
immunohistochemical localization of calpains in the amphibian xenopus laevis.though histochemical techniques have been used for decades, they are still very important in basic research. they make it possible to work on fixed tissues and provide a large amount of information in a relatively short time and at a low cost. here we describe methods for indirect immunohistochemistry and immunofluorescence on sections of tadpoles and tissues of adult amphibians belonging to the species xenopus laevis. the objective is to localize calpains within tissues in order to understand t ...201930617797
a stable tetramer is not the only oligomeric state that mitochondrial single-stranded dna binding proteins can adopt.mitochondrial single-stranded dna (ssdna)-binding proteins (mtssbs) are required for mitochondrial dna replication and stability and are generally assumed to form homotetramers, and this species is proposed to be the one active for ssdna binding. however, we recently reported that the mtssb from saccharomyces cerevisiae (scrim1) forms homotetramers at high protein concentrations, whereas at low protein concentrations, it dissociates into dimers that bind ssdna with high affinity. in this work, u ...201930617184
arid3a regulates nephric tubule regeneration via evolutionarily conserved regeneration signal-response enhancers.amphibians and fish have the ability to regenerate numerous tissues, whereas mammals have a limited regenerative capacity. despite numerous developmental genes becoming reactivated during regeneration, an extensive analysis is yet to be performed on whether highly regenerative animals utilize unique cis-regulatory elements for the reactivation of genes during regeneration and how such cis-regulatory elements become activated. here, we screened regeneration signal-response enhancers at the lhx1 l ...201930616715
applications of in-cell nmr in structural biology and drug discovery.in-cell nuclear magnetic resonance (nmr) is a method to provide the structural information of a target at an atomic level under physiological conditions and a full view of the conformational changes of a protein caused by ligand binding, post-translational modifications or protein⁻protein interactions in living cells. previous in-cell nmr studies have focused on proteins that were overexpressed in bacterial cells and isotopically labeled proteins injected into oocytes of xenopus laevis or delive ...201930609728
curare alkaloids from matis dart poison: comparison with d-tubocurarine in interactions with nicotinic, 5-ht3 serotonin and gabaa receptors.several novel bisbenzylisoquinoline alkaloids (bbiqas) have recently been isolated from a matis tribe arrow poison and shown by two-electrode voltage-clamp to inhibit mouse muscle nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nachr). here, using radioligand assay with aplysia californica achbp and radioiodinated α-bungarotoxin ([125i]-αbgt), we show that bbiqa1, bbiqa2, and d-tubocurarine (d-tc) have similar affinities to nachr orthosteric site. however, a competition with [125i]-αbgt for binding to the to ...201930608952
skin grafting in xenopus laevis: a technique for assessing development and immunological disparity.skin grafting in the amphibian xenopus laevis has been used to detect not only allogeneic antigens that differ by minor h antigens or by one mhc haplotype, but also to detect ontogeny-specific antigens (including both emerging adult- and disappearing larval-specific) during metamorphosis. to understand the mechanisms underlying allogeneic tolerance or immune responses against larval- and/or adult-specific antigens, a complete mhc homozygous, inbred strain is the most appropriate experimental mod ...201930606753
methodological improvements for fluorescence recordings in xenopus laevis oocytes.xenopus laevis oocytes are a widely used model system because of their capacity to translate exogenous mrna, but their high intrinsic background fluorescence is a disadvantage for fluorescence recordings. here, we developed two distinct methods for improving fluorescence recordings from oocytes. one was a pharmacological method in which a small-molecule salt-inducible kinase inhibitor was co-injected with the mrna of interest to stimulate melanin production. we interrogated the oocytes using cut ...201930606741
cdk phosphorylation of xenopus laevis m18bp1 promotes its metaphase centromere localization.chromosome segregation requires the centromere, the site on chromosomes where kinetochores assemble in mitosis to attach chromosomes to the mitotic spindle. centromere identity is defined epigenetically by the presence of nucleosomes containing the histone h3 variant cenp-a. new cenp-a nucleosome assembly occurs at the centromere every cell cycle during g1, but how cenp-a nucleosome assembly is spatially and temporally restricted remains poorly understood. centromere recruitment of factors requi ...201930606714
the cmg helicase bypasses dna-protein cross-links to facilitate their repair.covalent dna-protein cross-links (dpcs) impede replication fork progression and threaten genome integrity. using xenopus egg extracts, we previously showed that replication fork collision with dpcs causes their proteolysis, followed by translesion dna synthesis. we show here that when dpc proteolysis is blocked, the replicative dna helicase cmg (cdc45, mcm2-7, gins), which travels on the leading strand template, bypasses an intact leading strand dpc. single-molecule imaging reveals that gins doe ...201930595447
xenopus laevis fgf16 activates the expression of genes coding for the transcription factors sp5 and sp5l.fibroblast growth factors (fgfs) comprise a family of signalling molecules with essential roles in early embryonic development across animal species. the role of fgfs in mesoderm formation and patterning in xenopus has been particularly well studied. however, little is known about fgf16 in xenopus. using in situ hybridisation, we uncover the expression pattern of fgf16 during early xenopus laevis development, which has not been previously described. we show that the zygotic expression of fgf16 i ...201932149373
expression pattern and histone acetylation of energy metabolic genes in xenopus laevis liver in response to diet statuses.amphibians can survive without food for relatively longer periods by reducing the locomotor activity and metabolic rate and can recover quickly with refeeding from a dormant state. to clarify the molecular mechanism underlying this survival strategy, we investigated serum biochemical parameters, the transcript levels of energy metabolic genes, and global and gene-specific histone modifications in the liver of adult male xenopus laevis, which were fed, fasted, or refed after fasting. glucose, tri ...201930460762
how thyroid hormones and their inhibitors affect cartilage growth and shape in the frog xenopus laevis.understanding how skeleton changes shape in ontogeny is fundamental to understanding how its shape diversifies in phylogeny. amphibians pose a special case because their jaw and throat skeleton consists of cartilages that are dramatically reshaped midway through life to support new feeding and breathing styles. although amphibian metamorphosis is commonly studied by immersing larvae in thyroid hormones (th), how individual cartilages respond to th is poorly understood. this study documents the e ...201930456781
class a scavenger receptors mediate extracellular dsrna sensing, leading to downstream antiviral gene expression in a novel american toad cell line, bufotad.viral double-stranded (ds)rna is a potent pathogen-associated molecular pattern (pamp), capable of inducing a strong antiviral state within the cell, protecting the cell from virus infection. in mammals and fish, sensing extracellular dsrna is mediated by cell-surface class a scavenger receptors (sr-as). currently, very little is known about sr-as in amphibians, including: sequence, expression patterns and function. to this end, sr-a expression and function was studied in a novel american toad ( ...201930452932
proteolytic activation of bmps: analysis of cleavage in xenopus oocytes and embryos.bone morphogenetic proteins (bmps) are synthesized as inactive precursors that are cleaved to generate active ligands, along with prodomain fragments that can modulate growth factor activity. here we provide three protocols that can be used to examine the process of proteolytic activation of bmps. the first protocol describes how to generate radiolabeled bmp precursor proteins in xenopus oocytes and then analyze the time course of precursor cleavage by recombinant enzymes in vitro. the second pr ...201930414129
microtransplantation of human brain receptors into oocytes to tackle key questions in drug discovery.it is important in drug discovery to demonstrate that activity of novel drugs found by screening on recombinant receptors translates to activity on native human receptors in brain areas affected by disease. in this review, we summarise the development and use of the microtransplantation technique. native receptors are reconstituted from human brain tissues into oocytes from the frog xenopus laevis where they can be functionally assessed. oocytes microtransplanted with hippocampal tissue from an ...201930395928
a modified tripeptide motif of rs1 (rsc1a1) down-regulates exocytotic pathways of human na+-d-glucose cotransporters sglt1, sglt2, and glucose sensor sglt3 in the presence of glucose.a domain of protein rs1 (rsc1a1) called rs1-reg down-regulates the plasma membrane abundance of na+-d-glucose cotransporter sglt1 by blocking the exocytotic pathway at the trans-golgi. this effect is blunted by intracellular glucose but prevails when serine in a qsp (gln-ser-pro) motif is replaced by glutamate [rs1-reg(s20e)]. rs1-reg binds to ornithine decarboxylase (odc) and inhibits odc in a glucose-dependent manner. because the odc inhibitor difluoromethylornithine (dfmo) acts like rs1-reg(s ...201930355744
functional studies of transcriptional cofactors via microinjection-mediated gene editing in xenopus.the anuran xenopus laevis has been studied for decades as a model for vertebrate cell and developmental biology. more recently, the highly related species xenopus tropicalis has offered the opportunity to carry out genetic studies due to its diploid genome as compared to the pseudo-tetraploid xenopus laevis. amphibians undergo a biphasic development: embryogenesis to produce a free-living tadpoles and subsequent metamorphosis to transform the tadpole to a frog. this second phase mimics the so-ca ...201930353533
comprehensive analysis of formin localization in xenopus epithelial cells.reorganization of the actin cytoskeleton is crucial for cellular processes, including cytokinesis and cell-cell junction remodeling. formins are conserved processive actin-polymerizing machines that regulate actin dynamics by nucleating, elongating, and bundling linear actin filaments. because the formin family is large, with at least 15 members in vertebrates, there have not been any comprehensive studies examining formin localization and function within a common cell type. here, we characteriz ...201930379611
anticipation of food intake induces phosphorylation switch to regulate basolateral amino acid transporter lat4 (slc43a2) function.amino acid absorption requires luminal uptake into and subsequent basolateral efflux out of epithelial cells, with the latter step being critical to regulate the intracellular concentration of the amino acids. the basolateral essential neutral amino acid uniporter lat4 (slc43a2) has been suggested to drive the net efflux of non-essential and cationic amino acids via parallel amino acid antiporters by recycling some of their substrates; its deletion has been shown to cause defective postnatal gro ...201930379325
high-affinity k+ transporters from a halophyte, sporobolus virginicus, mediate both k+ and na+ transport in transgenic arabidopsis, x. laevis oocytes and yeast.class ii high-affinity potassium transporters (hkts) have been proposed to mediate na+-k+ co-transport in plants, as well as na+ and k+ homeostasis under k+-starved and saline environments. we identified class ii hkts, namely svhkt2;1 and svhkt2;2 (svhkts), from the halophytic turf grass, sporobolus virginicus. svhkt2;2 expression in s. virginicus was up-regulated by nacl treatment, while svhkt2;1 expression was assumed to be up-regulated by k+ starvation and down-regulated by nacl treatment. lo ...201930325438
generation and analysis of xenopus laevis models of retinal degeneration using crispr/cas9.xenopus laevis have proven to be a useful system for rapid generation and analysis of transgenic models of human retinal disease. however, experimental approaches in this system were limited by lack of a robust knockdown or knockout technology. here we describe a protocol for generation of cas9-edited x. laevis embryos. the technique introduces point mutations into the genome of x. laevis resulting in in-frame and out-of-frame insertions and deletions that allow modeling of both dominant and rec ...201930324446
expression of the hormonal fgf co-receptor klotho beta in the xenopus laevis model.klotho beta (klb), a single-pass transmembrane protein, has been described as a co-receptor for endocrine fgfs, such as fgf15/19 and fgf21, to regulate critical metabolic processes in multiple organs and tissues in adult mice. however, its function during early embryonic development remains largely unknown. in this paper, we evaluated for the first time the expression of klb mrna during early development of xenopus laevis by rt-pcr and whole mount in situ hybridization. rt-pcr experiments showed ...201930259590
expression cloning human and rat renal cortex na/pi cotransporters: behind the scenes in the murer laboratory.in the pre-genomic era, the cloning of a cdna represented a significant achievement, particularly if the gene of interest encoded a membrane protein. at the time, molecular probes such as partial peptide sequences, suitable nucleic acid sequences, or antibodies were unavailable for most proteins and the "sodium-phosphate transporter" was no exception. in contrast, brush-border membrane vesicles and epithelial cell culture experiments had established a reliable set of functional hallmarks that de ...201930175377
bile acids inhibit human purinergic receptor p2x4 in a heterologous expression system.we recently demonstrated that bile acids, especially tauro-deoxycholic acid (t-dca), modify the function of the acid-sensing ion channel asic1a and other members of the epithelial sodium channel (enac)/degenerin (deg) ion channel family. surprisingly, asic1 shares a high degree of structural similarity with the purinergic receptor p2x4, a nonselective cation channel transiently activated by atp. p2x4 is abundantly expressed in the apical membrane of bile duct epithelial cells and is therefore ex ...201930988062
pacap-38 and pacap(6-38) degranulate rat meningeal mast cells via the orphan mrgb3-receptor.infusion of pituitary adenylate cyclase activating peptide-38 (pacap-38) provokes migraine attacks in migraineurs and headache in non-migraineurs. adverse events like long-lasting flushing and heat sensation can be terminated with oral antihistamine treatment, indicating the involvement of mast cell activation after pacap-infusion. degranulation of rat peritoneal mast cells was provoked by several isoforms of pacap via previously unknown receptor pharmacology. the effect might thus be mediated e ...201930983973
molecular markers for corneal epithelial cells in larval vs. adult xenopus frogs.corneal epithelial stem cells (cescs) and their proliferative progeny, the transit amplifying cells (tacs), are responsible for maintaining the integrity and transparency of the cornea. these stem cells (scs) are widely used in corneal transplants and ocular surface reconstruction. molecular markers are essential to identify, isolate and enrich for these cells, yet no definitive cesc marker has been established. an extensive literature survey shows variability in the expression of putative cesc ...201930981716
molecular and functional characterization of a short-type peptidoglycan recognition protein, pgrp-s in the amphibian xenopus laevis.peptidoglycan recognition proteins (pgrps) are a family of pattern recognition receptors (prrs) involved in host antibacterial responses, and their functions have been characterized in most invertebrate and vertebrate animals. however, little information is available regarding the function of frog pgrps. in this study, a short-type pgrp (termed xl-pgrp-s) gene was identified in the african clawed frog, xenopus laevis. the predicted protein of xl-pgrp-s contains several structural features known ...201930980872
loss of function of kmt2d, a gene mutated in kabuki syndrome, affects heart development in xenopus laevis.kabuki syndrome is a haploinsufficient congenital multi-organ malformation syndrome, which frequently includes severe heart defects. mutations in the histone h3k4 methyltransferase kmt2d have been identified as the main cause of kabuki syndrome, however, the role of kmt2d in heart development remains to be characterized.201930980591
antimicrobial peptides of multicellular organisms: my perspective.antimicrobial peptides of multicellular organisms were first characterized in the 1980s by investigators who felt that known systems of immunity could not explain what they observed: the resistance to bacterial infection of a cecropia moth pupa lacking antibodies or lymphocytes (cecropins (steiner 1981)), the potent microbicidal activity of neutrophils from a rabbit (defensins (selsted et al. 1985)), and the healing of a wound on the skin of the african clawed frog without infection in a non-ste ...201930980349
mitotic replisome disassembly depends on traip ubiquitin ligase activity.we have shown previously that the process of replication machinery (replisome) disassembly at the termination of dna replication forks in the s-phase is driven through polyubiquitylation of one of the replicative helicase subunits (mcm7) by cul2lrr1 ubiquitin ligase. interestingly, upon inhibition of this pathway in caenorhabditis elegans embryos, the replisomes retained on chromatin were unloaded in the subsequent mitosis. here, we show that this mitotic replisome disassembly pathway exists in ...201930979826
evaluation of cyclic luciferin as a substrate for luminescence measurements in in vitro and in vivo applications.bioluminescence imaging (bli) is a powerful tool for cell tracking, monitoring of gene delivery and expression in small laboratory animals. an alternative luciferase (luc) substrate cyclic luciferin (cycluc) was recently advanced for bli applications as providing a stronger, more stable signal at significantly lower doses than the classical substrate d-luciferin (d-luc) increasing sensitivity of luc detection 10 to 100 times. we evaluated benefits of using cycluc in in vivo studies in mice injec ...201930979501
in vivo and in vitro quantitative analysis of neural crest cell migration.the neural crest is an embryonic cell population induced at the border of the neural plate from where it delaminates and migrates long distances across the embryo. due to its extraordinary migratory capabilities, the neural crest has become a powerful system to study cellular and molecular aspects of collective and single cell migration both in vivo and in vitro. here we provide detailed protocols used to perform quantitative analysis of molecular and cellular aspects of xenopus laevis neural cr ...201930977071
hybrid-type and two-tetrad antiparallel telomere dna g-quadruplex structures in living human cells.although the telomeric sequence has been reported to form various g-quadruplex topologies in vitro and in xenopus laevis oocytes, in living human cells, the topology of telomeric dna g-quadruplex remains a challenge. to investigate the human telomeric dna g-quadruplex in a more realistic human cell environment, in the present study, we demonstrated that the telomeric dna sequence can form two hybrid-type and two-tetrad antiparallel g-quadruplex structures by in-cell 19f nmr in living human cells ...201930976813
autophagy in xenopus laevis rod photoreceptors is independently regulated by phototransduction and misfolded rhop23h.we previously reported autophagic structures in rod photoreceptors expressing a misfolding rho (rhodopsin) mutant (rhop23h), suggesting that autophagy may play a role in degrading the mutant rho and/or be involved in photoreceptor cell death. to further examine autophagy in normal and diseased rods, we generated transgenic xenopus laevis tadpoles expressing the dually fluorescent autophagy marker mrfp-egfp-lc3 in rods, which changes from green to yellow and finally red as autophagic structures d ...201930975014
optoelectronic control of single cells using organic photocapacitors.optical control of the electrophysiology of single cells can be a powerful tool for biomedical research and technology. here, we report organic electrolytic photocapacitors (oepcs), devices that function as extracellular capacitive electrodes for stimulating cells. oepcs consist of transparent conductor layers covered with a donor-acceptor bilayer of organic photoconductors. this device produces an open-circuit voltage in a physiological solution of 330 mv upon illumination using light in a tiss ...201930972364
thermal reduction of graphene oxide mitigates its in vivo genotoxicity toward xenopus laevis tadpoles.the worldwide increase of graphene family materials raises the question of the potential consequences resulting from their release in the environment and future consequences on ecosystem health, especially in the aquatic environment in which they are likely to accumulate. thus, there is a need to evaluate the biological and ecological risk but also to find innovative solutions leading to the production of safer materials. this work focuses on the evaluation of functional group-safety relationshi ...201930970633
n-glycosylation-dependent regulation of hk2p17.1 currents.two pore-domain potassium (k2p) channels mediate potassium background currents that stabilize the resting membrane potential and facilitate action potential repolarization. in the human heart, hk2p17.1 channels are predominantly expressed in the atria and purkinje cells. reduced atrial hk2p17.1 protein levels were described in patients with atrial fibrillation or heart failure. genetic alterations in hk2p17.1 were associated with cardiac conduction disorders. little is known about posttranslatio ...201930969900
modeling congenital kidney diseases in xenopus laevis.congenital anomalies of the kidney and urinary tract (cakut) occur in ∼1/500 live births and are a leading cause of pediatric kidney failure. with an average wait time of 3-5 years for a kidney transplant, the need is high for the development of new strategies aimed at reducing the incidence of cakut and preserving renal function. next-generation sequencing has uncovered a significant number of putative causal genes, but a simple and efficient model system to examine the function of cakut genes ...201930967415
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