Publications

transcriptomic insights into genetic diversity of protein-coding genes in x. laevis.	we characterize the genetic diversity of xenopus laevis strains using rna-seq data and allele-specific analysis. this data provides a catalogue of coding variation, which can be used for improving the genomic sequence, as well as for better sequence alignment, probe design, and proteomic analysis. in addition, we paint a broad picture of the genetic landscape of the species by functionally annotating different classes of mutations with a well-established prediction tool (polyphen-2). further, we ...	2017	28283406
models of amphibian myogenesis - the case of bombina variegata.	several different models of myogenesis describing early stages of amphibian paraxial myotomal myogenesis are known. myoblasts of xenopus laevis and hymenochirus boettgeri change their position from perpendicular to parallel, in relation to axial organs, and differentiate into mononucleate myotubes. in bombina variegate the myotomal myoblasts change their shape from round to elongate and then differentiate into mononuclear, morphologically mature myotubes. in pelobates fuscus and triturus vulgari ...	2017	28287243
functional organization of vestibulo-ocular responses in abducens motoneurons.	vestibulo-ocular reflexes (vors) are the dominating contributors to gaze stabilization in all vertebrates. during horizontal head movements, abducens motoneurons form the final element of the reflex arc that integrates visuovestibular inputs into temporally precise motor commands for the lateral rectus eye muscle. here, we studied a possible differentiation of abducens motoneurons into subtypes by evaluating their morphology, discharge properties, and synaptic pharmacology in semi-intact in vitr ...	2017	28292832
when size matters: transient receptor potential vanilloid 4 channel as a volume-sensor rather than an osmo-sensor.	mammalian cells are frequently exposed to stressors causing volume changes. the transient receptor potential vanilloid 4 (trpv4) channel translates osmotic stress into ion flux. the molecular mechanism coupling osmolarity to trpv4 activation remains elusive. trpv4 responds to isosmolar cell swelling and osmolarity translated via different aquaporins. trpv4 functions as a volume-sensing ion channel irrespective of the origin of the cell swelling.	2017	28295351
novel short antimicrobial peptide isolated from xenopus laevis skin.	a rich source of bioactive peptides, including a large number of antimicrobial peptides, has been found in amphibian skin. in this study, a novel short antimicrobial peptide was purified from xenopus laevis skin and characterised through reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography, edman degradation and matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionisation time-of-flight mass spectrometry. the peptide was composed of six amino acids with a sequence of dedlde and thus named x. laevis antibacteria ...	2017	28299865
[a comparison of the inducing ability from the superficial layer of the yolk platelet coats and the microsomal fraction of cleavage, gastrula and neurula stages of xenopus laevis].	deuterencephalic and spinocaudal inducing activity is extractable from the yolk platelet coats and the microsomal fraction of cleavage, gastrula and neurula stages ofxenopus laevis.extracts of both cell fractions from the gastrula and neurula cause a significantly stronger deuterencephalic and spinocaudal reaction than those from cleavage stages, when tested antriturus alpestus ectoderm.	1974	28304839
quantitative aspects of rna synthesis in normal and lithium-treated embryos ofxenopus laevis.	the treatment ofxenopus early embryos with lithium chloride produces exogastruale - embryos which fail to gastrulate normally and in which the rates of cell division are reduced. in the present study estimations of incorporations of (5-3h) uridine and the specific activities of the 5'-ribonucleotide precursor pools showed that exogastrulae have higher rates of rna synthesis per cell than control neurulae. sub-cellular fractionations showed that a greater proportion of labelled rna was retained i ...	1979	28305001
melanin synthesis activation dependent on inductive influences.	gene activity in melanin-synthesising cells of albino periodic (ap) mutants ofxenopus laevis is expressed phenotypically in the framework of the following cycle: a period of complete albinism succeeds the short peak of pigmentation, and melanosomes which have formed disappear. skin and choroid coat melanophores as well as pigmented epithelium melanocytes are involved in this cycle.parabiosis experiments allowed hormonal regulation of the melanin-synthesising gene activity to be excluded. neural ...	1978	28305010
changes in the cell surface coat during the development ofxenopus laevis embryos, detected by lectins.	the composition of the surface coat in embryonic cells ofxenopus laevis was examined by agglutination and fluorescent staining with lectins.cells of early and mid gastrula stages were agglutinated by lectins specific for d-mannose, d-galactose, l-fucose, n-acetyl-d-glucosamine and n-acetyl-d-galactosamine. no differences in agglutinability among ectoderm, mesoderm and endoderm cells were observed with lectins specific for d-mannose, d-galactose and n-acetyl-d-galactosamine, though agglutination ...	1978	28305035
the fate of oocyte nuclear proteins during early development ofxenopus laevis.	the localization and movements of four nuclear proteins, originally contained in the germinal vesicle ofxenopus oocytes, were followed through early development from cleavage to late neurula. the study made use of monoclonal antibodies directed against germinal vesicle proteins. biochemical methods showed that all proteins persist in the embryo without a change in molecular size or gross concentration. at early stages the proteins are localized preferentially in the cytoplasm of the animal hemis ...	1982	28305052
change in the differentiation pattern ofxenopus laevis ectoderm by variation of the incubation time and concentration of vegetalizing factor.	early amphibian gastrula ectoderm (xenopus laevis) has been treated with vegetalizing factor using the sandwich technique, varying the period of incubation and the inducer concentration.the pattern of induced tissues depends on three factors: the inducer concentration, the size of inducer pellet and the time of exposure of ectodermal target cells to inducer.short treatment with inducer will result in the formation of blood cells and heart structures. an increase in incubation time or inducer con ...	1983	28305118
the role of tensile fields and contact cell polarization in the morphogenesis of amphibian axial rudiments.	the role of stretching-generated tensile stresses upon the organization of axial rudiments have been studied. pieces of the dorsal wall ofxenopus laevis andrana temporaria embryos at the late gastrula stage were rotated through 90°, transplanted into the field of neurulation tensions of another embryo and replaced by ventral tissues already insensitive to inductive influences. the axial rudiments which developed from rotated and transplanted dorsal tissues oped from rotated and transplanted dors ...	1980	28305148
the lens proteins in adult and embryos of the periodic albino mutant ofxenopus laevis.	the crystallins of normal and ap mutants ofx. laevis have been studied using biochemical (electrophoresis in agar and polyacrylamide gels, isoelectric focusing) and immunochemical methods (immunoelectrophoresis, immunodiffusion, immunoabsorption, immunofluorescence, isoelectrofocusing with immunoidentification). the immunochemical analysis was carried out with rabbit antisera prepared against electrophoretic fractions of the mutant lens.crystallins of adultx. laevis (ap/ap; ++/++) are heterogeno ...	1980	28305170
repetitive sequences associated with polyadenylated rna of xenopus laevis embryos.	electron microscopy revealed that transcripts of complementary repetitive sequence elements are widely distributed among long poly (a) containing rna molecules of xenopus laevis. cdna/rna hybridization experiments suggest that many of these polyadenylated transcripts carry protein coding sequences which are interrupted by repetitive elements. our in-vitro translation experiments indicate that removal of repetitive elements must precede the utilization of protein coding sequences associated with ...	1982	28305260
patterns of protein synthesis in oocytes and early embryos of rana esculenta complex.	we have used isotopic labelling and both one-and two-dimensional electrophoretic procedures to analyse the protien synthesis patterns in oocytes and early embryos of three phenotypes of the european green frogs. the results demonstrated that protein patterns of rana ridibunda and r. esculenta are identical, but that they differ from those of r. lessonae. progeny of the lethal cross r. esculenta × r. esculenta showed a distinct delay in the appearance of stage-specific proteins during early embry ...	1986	28305271
cloning of cdna sequences derived from poly(a)+ nuclear rna ofxenopus laevis at different developmental stages: evidence for stage specific regulation.	nuclear poly(a)+ rna was isolated from gastrula and early tadpole stages ofxenopus laevis, transcribed into cdna and integrated as double stranded cdna by the g-c joining method into the pst cleavage site of plasmid pbr 322. after cloning ine. coli strain hb 101 the clone libraries were hybridized to32p labelled cdna derived from nuclear poly(a)+ rna of the two different developmental stages. about 20% of the clones gave a positive hybridization signal thus representing rna molecules of high and ...	1981	28305358
the presence of an endogenous lectin in early embryos ofxenopus laevis.	xenopus laevis embryos were examined for the presence of endogenous carbohydrate binding proteins. soluble extracts of cleavage, gastrula and neurula embryos are able to agglutinate trypsinized rabbit erythrocytes. unlike other embryonic lectins this agglutination activity requires the presence of calcium ions but not of sulphydryl reducing agents. it is specifically inhibited by galactose and galactose containing derivatives. thiodigalactoside is the most potent disaccharide inhibitor followed ...	1982	28305386
the inducing capacity of the presumptive endoderm of xenopus laevis studied by transfilter experiments.	the inducing capacity of the vegetal hemisphere of early amphibian blastulae was studied by placing a nucleopore filter (pore size 0.4 μm) between isolated presumptive endoderm and animal (ectodermal) caps. the inducing effect was shown to traverse the nucleopore membrane. the reacting ectoderm differentiated into mainly ventral mesodermal derivatives. expiants consisting of five animal caps also formed dorsal mesodermal and neural structures. those results together with data published elsewhere ...	1986	28305409
expression of exogenously introduced bacterial chloramphenicol acetyltransferase genes in xenopus laevis embryos before the midblastula transition.	previous papers have reported that dnas exogenously injected into xenopus laevis fertilized eggs are expressed only at and after the midblastula transition (mbt). we have injected fertilized eggs of xenopus laevis with circular plasmids that contained bacterial chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (cat) genes connected to the promoter of viral genes (psv2cat and pad12.e1acat) or the xenopus cardiac actin gene (actin-cat fusion gene), and examined whether these dnas are expressed during the stage be ...	1990	28305411
mesodermal induction in early amphibian embryos by activin a (erythroid differentiation factor).	recently the mesoderm-inducing effects of the transforming growth factor β (tgf-β) family of proteins have been widely examined. in an attemt to elucidate the functions of these proteins, porcine inhibin a and activin a (erythroid differentiation factor; edf) were examined. treatment of explants with activin a led to differentiation of mesodermal derivatives such as mesenchyme, notochord, blood cells and muscle, but inhibin a had a much lesser effect. the mesodermal differentiation induced by ac ...	1990	28305412
protein kinases in amphibian ectoderm induced for neural differentiation.	ectoderm explants from early gastrula stages of xenopus laevis were induced with a neutralizing factor. the factor was isolated from xenopus gastrulae and partially purified by chromatography on deae cellulose. the ectoderm was cultured for different periods of time and then homogenized. protein kinase activity was determined in the homogenates from induced and control explants with histone h 1 or c-terminal peptide derived from histone h 1 as substrates. the c-terminal peptide is a more specifi ...	1988	28305429
isolation of plasma membranes from xenopus embryos.	plasma membranes were isolated in high yield from xenopus gastrulae by repeated sedimentation in discontinuous sucrose gradients. most of the yolk was separated by lowspeed sedimentation before centrifugation on the discontinuous sucrose gradients. the isolation of plasma membranes was followed by covalent labelling of the surface of dissociated gastrula cells with diazoniobenzene sulphonate, by electron microscopy and the distribution of enzymatic markers. the isolated plasma membranes have a l ...	1986	28305446
neural-inducing activity of nuclei and nuclear fractions from xenopus laevis embryos.	from embryos (xenopus laevis) of different developmental stages nuclei were isolated which exert neural inducing activity in the biological test. the active material could partly be extracted from the nuclei. experiments for the isolation of nuclear ribonucleoprotein (rnp) particles have shown that the activity is localized at least in part in these particles. on the other hand, some neural inducer is not detached from chromatin and the nuclear matrix even with ionic detergents. inducing activit ...	1986	28305447
inducing activity of subcellular fractions from amphibian embryos.	the homogenate from unfertilized eggs, gastrulae, neurulae and hatched embryos ofxenopus laevis was fractionated by differential centrifugation and subsequent repeated centrifugation on discontinuous sucrose gradients. a high archencephalic-neural inducing activity was found in rnp particles, which were released from the high-speed ("microsomal") sediment by treatment with edta, and in a fraction of heterogeneous small vesicles. the highest archencephalic inducing activity was observed in rnp pa ...	1984	28305490
inducing activity of fractionated microsomal material from thexenopus laevis gastrula stage.	the postmitochondrial supernatant fromxenopus gastrulae has been fractionated on sucrose gradients. part of the microsomal material was treated with edta, which dissociates most of the polysomal and monosomal material into ribosomal subunits. in addition, a series of pooled fractions from the edta treated gradients has been applied to discontinuous gradients in more concentrated sucrose to separate membranous material from the remaining microsomal components.pooled fractions from all gradients h ...	1976	28305523
hensen's node, but not other biological signallers, can induce supernumerary digits in the developing chick limb bud.	the purpose of this study was to determine whether the organizer regions of early avian and amphibian embryos could induce supernumerary (sn) wing structures to develop when they were grafted to a slit in the anterior side of stage 19-23 chick wing buds. supernumerary digits developed in 43% of the wings that received anterior grafts of hensen's node from stage 4-6 quail or chick embryos; in addition, 16% of the wings had rods of sn cartilage, but not recognizable sn digits. the grafted quail ti ...	1990	28305531
cell proliferation in ectodermal explants from xenopus embryos.	dissociated prospective ectoderm cells from xenopus laevis embryos divide autonomously up to the 17th division cycle of the embryo. to examine the requirements for the further proliferation of these cells, the continuation of cell division in compact ectodermal explants beyond the 17th division cycle has been studied. such explants develop into aggregates of epidermal cells, as can be shown immunohistochemically with an anti-serum against xenopus epidermal cytokeratin. cell division in these exp ...	1988	28305558
crystallins during xenopus laevis free lens formation.	the ontogeny and localization of crystallins during free lens development (i.e. lens development without the optic vesicle) were investigated in xenopus laevis using the indirect immunofluorescence staining method with an antiserum raised against homologous total lens soluble proteins. since the developing free lenses pass through stages similar to those of the lenses regenerated from the inner cell layer of the outer cornea following lentectomy in the same species freeman's classification was u ...	1988	28305564
nerve-independent dna synthesis and mitosis in regenerating hindlimbs of larval xenopus laevis.	xenopus laevis larvae at stage 52-53 (according to nieuwkoop and faber 1956) were subjected to amputation of both limbs at the thigh level as well as to repeated denervations of the right limb. results obtained in larvae sacrificed during wound healing (1 after amputation), blastema formation (3 days) and blastema growth (5 and 7 days) showed that denervated right limbs have undergone the same histological modifications observed in innervated left limbs and have formed a regeneration blastema co ...	1992	28305578
two recessive mutations with maternal effect upon colour and cleavage ofxenopus l. laevis eggs.	"pale eggs" and "partial cleavage" are two mutations with a maternal effect that are found in the same family ofxenopus l. laevis. the pale eggs have animal hemispheres of a yellow to beige colour and give rise to normally pigmented tadpoles and frogs. the cells of pale embryos contain fewer melanosomes than those of controls. the partial cleavage eggs are characterized by an abnormality of cleavage visible from the eight-cell stage onwards, by abnormal yolk platelet distribution and abnormal cy ...	1984	28305590
partial characterization of neural-inducing factors from xenopus gastrulae evidence for a larger protein complex containing the factor.	high (mr ≈ 90-110 kda) and low (mr ≈ 15-30 kda) molecular weight forms of neural-inducing factors have been found in the supernatant of xenopus gastrula homogenate. the factors, which are protein in nature, have been partially purified by size exclusion high-performance liquid chromatography (hplc) and sodium dodecyl sulphate (sds)-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. the factor of smaller size, which could be derived from a precursor, is associated with other proteins in a larger complex. the ne ...	1992	28305609
characterization of repetitive dna transcripts isolated from a xenopus laevis gastrula-stage cdna clone bank.	by screening a cdna library prepared from polyadenylated nuclear rna of xenopus laevis gastrula-stage embryos with total genomic dna we have identified nine clones belonging to seven different families of repeated dna. two of these families exhibit partial sequence homologies and thus probably represent subfamilies of a common origin. the individual families comprise between 0.024% and 1.5% and, in total, about 2% of the x. laevis genome. six of the clones elements represent dispersed repetitive ...	1987	28305657
epiboly connected with cleavage in morula and early blastula stages of xenopus laevis, a study using time-lapse photography.	measurements were made of the external surface areas occupied by animal and vegetal blastomeres and their daughter cells at successive cleavage cycles in 15 embyros of xenopus laevis. on the animal side, after each cleavage a general area increase (epiboly) occurs from cycle 4 (16-cell stage, stage 5) to cycle 10 (stage 8 1/2), while on the vegetal side there is a slight general area decrease after each cleavage from cycle 6 to cycle 10. the comparison between the external surface areas of indiv ...	1990	28305669
the direction of cleavage waves and the regional variation in the duration of cleavage cycles on the dorsal side of the xenopus laevis blastula.	the animal and the dorsal side of five embryos of xenopus laevis were studied in detail from the 7th to the 13th cleavage by means of time-lapse cinematography. at each cleavage the regionally ordered sequence of blastomere divisions is visible in the films as a "cleavage wave", propagating about three times slower in the dorsal than in the animal view. in the dorsal view the waves run in an animal-vegetal direction, initially with a left-to-right deviation and in later cleavages converging on t ...	1986	28305687
binding of anti-fibronectin to early amphibian ectoderm does not result in inhibition of neural induction under in vitro conditions.	antibodies directed to fibronectin (anti-fn) were injected into the blastocoel of late blastulae of xenopus laevis. two animal caps (ectoderm) were isolated, when control embryos reached the early gastrula stage, and were combined with untreated upper blastopore lip in the sandwich method. in two control series fibronectin or holtfreter solution was injected into the blastocoel. the results of the experiments suggest that neural induction cannot be prevented by binding anti-fn to fibronectin, wh ...	1987	28305695
developmental pattern and molecular identification of globin chains in xenopus laevis.	high-resolution electrophoresis of larval and adult hemoglobins of xenopus laevis reveals stage-specific differences in the number and mobility of the globin chains. to establish the relationship between the globin chains and the previously described globin genes, the corresponding mrnas were hybrid-selected from total erythroblast rna by representative cdna clones, and translated in vitro. electrophoretic separation of the translation products allowed identification of a major and a minor α-glo ...	1988	28305747
mesoderm induction in the future tail region of xenopus.	we have used interspecific grafts between xenopus borealis and xenopus laevis to study the signalling system that produces tail mesoderm. early gastrula ectoderm grafted into the posterior neural plate region of neurulae responds to a mesodermal inducing signal in this region and forms mainly tail somites; this signal persists until at least the early tail bud stage. ventral ectoderm grafted into the posterior neural plate loses its competence to respond to this signal after stage 10 1/2. we hav ...	1988	28305752
the possible role of mesodermal growth factors in the formation of endoderm inxenopus laevis.	we have raised a monoclonal antibody, 4g6, against gut manually isolated from stage 42xenopus laevis embryos. it is specific for endoderm and recognises an epitope that is first expressed at stage 19 and which persists throughout subsequent development. the antibody maintains gut specificity through metamorphosis and into adulthood. the epitope is conserved in the mouse, where it is also found in the gut. isolated vegetal poles fromxenopus blastula stage embryos express the epitope autonomously ...	1993	28305766
a mesoderm-inducing factor from a xenopus laevis cell line : chemical properties and relation to the vegetalizing factor from chicken embryos.	we have compared the chemical properties and biological activities of the mesoderm-inducing factor that is secreted by the xenopus xtc cell line with the vegetalizing factor from chicken embryos. the inducing activity of the factors was tested in different concentrations on totipotent ectoderm either by implantation into early gastrulae of triturm alpestris or by application of solutions to isolated ectoderm of early gastrulae of xenopus laevis. both factors have similar properties. they are not ...	1989	28305777
spatial and temporal localization of fgf receptors in xenopus laevis.	mesoderm formation is a result of cell-cell interactions between the vegetal and animal hemisphere and is thought to be mediated by inducing peptide growth factors including members of the fgf and tgfβ superfamilies. our immunochemical study analyses the distribution of fgf receptors coded by the human flg gene during embryogenesis of xenopus laevis. immunostaining was detected in the dorsal and ventral ectoderm and also in the marginal zone of early cleavage, blastula and gastrula stages. signa ...	1992	28305851
an expression vector inhibits gene expression in xenopus embryos by antisense rna.	an expression vector was constructed containing the entire bovine papilloma virus (bpv-1) genome and part of the a-actin gene of xenopus laevis cloned in the antisense orientation into the neomycin resistance gene under the control of the herpes simplex virus (hsv) thymidine kinase (tk) promoter. when this vector is microinjected into x. laevis embryos it replicates extrachromosomally, at least up to the tadpole stage, and a fusion rna is synthesized after the mid blastula transition (mbt). the ...	1992	28305852
outgrowth dependency of forelimb regeneration on nerves in adult african clawed frog, xenopus laevis.	the relationship between the size and shape of regenerative outgrowth and the quantity of innervation was studied in adult xenopus laevis. the forelimbs, of which the nerve supply was artificially altered, were amputated midway through the stylopodium and were kept for 1 year. the regenerative outgrowths that formed in normal limbs with an intact nerve supply were mainly spike-shaped and occasionally rod-shaped. however, when the nerve supply to the distal part of the forelimb was augmented by s ...	1992	28305856
the metamorphic switch in hemoglobin phenotype ofxenopus laevis involves erythroid cell replacement.	to elucidate the cellular basis of hemoglobin transition inxenopus laevis the distribution of larval and adult hemoglobins was analyzed by indirect immunofluorescence in the circulating erythrocytes during metamorphosis. in addition, the morphological characteristics as well as the capacity for synthesis of dna and hemoglobin in the erythrocytes were followed during the same developmental period. our quantitative analysis on the distribution of larval and adult hemoglobins suggests that they are ...	1989	28305873
effects of thyroxine and propyl-thiouracil on hindlimb regeneration of larvalxenopus laevis.	xenopus laevis larvae at stage 53 and 55 (according to nieuwkoop and faber 1956) were subjected to amputation of one or both hindlimbs and reared either in thyroxine (t4) 2.5 to 10 μg/l or in propyl-thiouracil (ptu) 0.01%. results have shown that when the limb was amputated through a nearly undifferentiated region (tarsalia level, at stage 53) or through a differentiating region (tarsalia level, at stage 55), t4 accelerated the regenerative process and enhanced the mitotic and labelling indices ...	1994	28305884
the effects of tunicamycin and 2-deoxy-d-glucose on the development ofxenopus laevis embryos.	tunicamycin and 2-deoxy-d-glucose were applied toxenopus laevis embryos in the first cleavage furrow, blastula and early gastrula stages. no effect was observed with 2-deoxy-d-glucose up to the concentration 0.1 m. the effect of tunicamycin is dose- and stage-dependent. at the concentration of 5 μg/ml cleaving embryos are arrested at the onset of gastrulation and their cells exhibit decreased intercellular adhesivity, while embryos treated in the blastula and early gastrula stages may develop up ...	1980	28305930
different spatial distribution of mrnas for activin receptors (type iia and iib) and follistatin in developing embryos of xenopus laevis.	spatial distribution of mrnas for activin receptors and follistatin was studied by northern blot hybridization using rnas from different parts of dissected xenopus embryos. mrnas of two activin receptors (type iia and iib) occurred uniformly in pre-gastrular embryos, but occurred in larger amounts in ectoderm (in gastrulae), neural plate (in neurulae) and anterior (head) regions (in tailbud embryos) than in other embryonic regions. by contrast, follistatin mrna appeared almost exclusively in the ...	1995	28305956
fission yeast tmsl protein abrogates normal development in xenopus laevis embryos.	recently we cloned tms1 (a putative dehydrogenase) by complementation of a human tumour-derived mutant p53 induced growth arrest in fission yeast. microinjection of purified tmsl protein into xenopus laevis embryos abrogated normal embryo development by causing cleavage retardation or cleavage arrest of injected blastomeres in a concentration dependant manner, whereas injection of specific affinity purified tms1 antiserum showed no significant morphological defects. microinjection of tms1 protei ...	1995	28305960
transcription patterns of four different fork head/hnf-3 related genes (xfd-4, 6, 9 and 10) in xenopus laevis embryos.	we have isolated and sequenced four different members of the xenopus fork head domain related multigene family (xfd-4, 6, 9 and 10). these genes show a high degree of sequence conservation inside the evolutionary conserved fork head domain but they completely diverge outside this region. all four xfd genes are transcribed during embryogenesis but they are activated at different developmental stages. to investigate the localisation of transcripts we performed whole mount in situ hybridizations. w ...	1995	28305961
dynamic distribution of region-specific maternal protein during oogenesis and early embryogenesis of xenopus laevis.	for analysing spatial distribution of maternal proteins in an amphibian egg, monoclonal antibodies specific to certain regions were raised. one monoclonal antibody was found (moab xa5b6) which reacted specifically with the animal hemisphere of the mature xenopus laevis egg. the maternal protein that reacted with the moab xa5b6 was shown to be distributed asymmetrically along the dorso-ventral axis in the upper region of the equatorial zone of the fertilized egg. at late blastula stage, the antig ...	1991	28305969
changing complexity of endogenous lectin activities during juvenile development of xenopus laevis.	galactoside-binding lectin has been isolated from whole xenopus laevis embryos and tadpoles at four development stages: st. 24-26, 32, 41 and 47. the main lectin activity at st. 24-26 is β-galactoside specific, producing a 34/35.5k doublet on sds-page. later in development, lectin activities specific for a wide range of other sugars appear concommitant with the detection of a number of new protein bands on sds-page gels. the greatest variety of new lectin activities exists at st. 32 when lectins ...	1993	28305988
expression and distribution of sparc in early xenopus laevis embryos.	sparc (secreted protein, acidic, rich in cysteine) is a highly conserved, calcium-binding, extracellular matrix protein. to investigate its role in early embryogenesis, we examined its tissue distribution in early xenopus embryos. sparc mrna transcripts were detectable by northern blot analysis beginning at the early neurula stage. sparc transcripts then rapidly accumulated, reaching their highest embryonic level at the tailbud stage. the levels of sparc mrna were similar in dorsalized (licl-tre ...	1992	28305998
the relationship of innervation and differentiation to regenerative capacity in the reamputated hindlimb of larval xenopus laevis.	regenerated hindlimbs of larval xenopus laevis were reamputated at critical larval stages and levels, viz when amputation of the control limb at the same larval stage and level is followed by reduced regeneration. reamputations were performed at the level of (1) the original plane of amputation, (2) the early regenerate (cone/palette stage), (3) the late regenerate (digit stage). reamputation increased both the percentage rate of regeneration and the morphological complexity of the regenerates i ...	1996	28306028
heart formative factor(s) is localized in the anterior endoderm of early xenopus neurula.	to elucidate the mechanisms of early heart morphogenesis in xenopus laevis, we examined the effect of endoderm on heart morphogenesis in the early xenopus neurula. explants of anterior ventral (presumptive heart) mesoderm from early neurula were cultured alone or in combination with endoderm dissected from various regions. heart formation was scored by an original heart index based on morphology. these explant studies revealed that anterior ventral endoderm plays a critical role in heart morphog ...	1996	28306031
isolation of xenopus hgf gene promoter and its functional analysis in embryos and animal caps.	previously, we isolated xenopus hgf (hepatocyte growth factor) cdna and showed in xenopus embryos that expression of this gene starts at the late gastrula stage mainly in the ventral mesoderm, and furthermore that the expression is induced in animal cap by activin a and bfgf (basic fibroblast growth factor). here we have cloned the xenopus hgf gene, covering a 14 kb 5'-upstream region and a 0.2 kb 5'-coding region. within about 0.5 kb of the 5'-flanking region, the xenopus hgf gene contained a t ...	1996	28306033
establishment and movement of egg regions revealed by the size class of yolk platelets in xenopus laevis.	sizes of yolk platelets were measured in sections of oocytes and embryos in xenopus. it was found that the average size of the largest group of platelets in cells differed between germ layers of neurulae. it was small (3 to 5 μm) in the ectoderm, medium-sized (5 to 8 µm) in the mesoderm, and large (over 8 μm) in the endoderm. platelets of these size classes formed layers in egg, the yolk gradient, by the end of oocyte maturation. the yolk gradient contained products of the mitochondrial cloud an ...	1995	28306074
cardiac myogenesis: overexpression of xcsx2 or xmef2a in whole xenopus embryos induces the precocious expression of xmhcα gene.	xcsx2, a homeobox-containing gene, is expressed in cardiac muscle during xenopus development, while the xmef2a gene is expressed in both cardiac and skeletal muscle. microinjection of either xcsx2 or xmef2a mrna into single blastomeres of two-cell stage xenopus embryos induced precocious expression of the myosin heavy-chain alpha (xmhcα) gene at the neural plate stage (stage 14). co-injection of both xcsx2 and xmef2a mrnas induced still earlier expression at the late gastrula stage (stage 12). t ...	1995	28306081
lens formation from cornea implanted into amputated hindlimbs of xenopus laevis larvae requires innervation or proliferating cell populations in the stump.	the capacity of amputated early and late limbs of larval xenopus laevis to promote lens-forming transformations of corneal implants in the absence of a limb regeneration blastema has been tested by implanting outer cornea fragments from donor larvae at stage 48 (according to nieuwkoop and faber 1956), into limb stumps of larvae at stage 52 and 57. blastema formation has been prevented either by covering the amputation surface with the skin or by reconnecting the amputated part to the limb stump. ...	1996	28306096
in vitro evidence that interactions betweenxenopus blastomeres restrict cell migration.	the consistency of the frog blastula's fate map is produced, in part, because the progeny of blastomeres located in dfferent regions do not intermix with one another. we examined the cause for this restriction of intermixing in two types of cultures. in one type of culture, two groups of cells were excised from blastulae and stuck together; the movement of cells between the groups was monitored. cells migrated more extensively between groups derived from the same region than between groups deriv ...	1990	28306109
xenopus laevis tadpole limb regeneration in vivo and in vitro: thyroxine directly promotes blastemal cell proliferation and morphogenesis.	regeneration in hindlimbs of xenopus laevis larvae which were amputated at stage 53 and 55 through the tarsalia region is promoted by thyroxine (t4), while propyl-thiouracil (ptu) inhibits regeneration when compared to controls. in this paper, by in vivo and in vitro experiments, we demonstrate that the promoting effect of t4 on the regenerative processes of larval x. laevis hindlimbs is a direct effect of this hormone on the blastemal cells. by contrast, the inhibitory effect of ptu on the rege ...	1995	28306117
suspension feeding dynamics of anuran larvae related to their functional morphology.	the tadpoles of two anuran species, rana sylvatica and xenopus laevis, were fed various concentrations of two algae, anabaena sphaerica (large filaments) and chlorella pyrenoidosa (small unicells). filtering rates were measured indirectly with a coulter counter system; buccal pumping rates were observed directly.experimental measurements of buccal volume (volume cleared with each pump stroke) agreed closely with independent predictions from a descriptive model based on tadpole morphology. the xe ...	1979	28309170
suspension feeding of anuran larvae at low concentrations of chlorella algae (amphibia, anura).	ingestion and filtering rates in larval xenopus laevis, bufo calamita, rana temporia and bufo bufo fed suspensions of chlorella fusca were investigated. concentrations were measured with a coulter counter. (1) for all species, filtration occurred at concentrations far below those reported by other authors for rana sylvatica feeding on chlorella pyrenoidosa. for bufo bufo, only larvae near metamorphosis showed ingestion at low particle concentrations. since buccopharyngeal ventilation continues e ...	1990	28312552
a cellular mechanism for inverse effectiveness in multisensory integration.	to build a coherent view of the external world, an organism needs to integrate multiple types of sensory information from different sources, a process known as multisensory integration (msi). previously, we showed that the temporal dependence of msi in the optic tectum of xenopus laevis tadpoles is mediated by the network dynamics of the recruitment of local inhibition by sensory input (felch et al., 2016). this was one of the first cellular-level mechanisms described for msi. here, we expand th ...	2017	28315524
jak-stat pathway activation in response to spinal cord injury in regenerative and non-regenerative stages of xenopus laevis.	xenopus laevis tadpoles can regenerate the spinal cord after injury but this capability is lost during metamorphosis. comparative studies between pre-metamorphic and metamorphic xenopus stages can aid towards understanding the molecular mechanisms of spinal cord regeneration. analysis of a previous transcriptome-wide study suggests that, in response to injury, the jak-stat pathway is differentially activated in regenerative and non-regenerative stages. we characterized the activation of the jak- ...	2017	28316792
teratogenic hazard of bpei-coated silver nanoparticles to xenopus laevis.	silver nanoparticles (agnps) are among the most exploited antimicrobial agents and are used in many consumer products. size and surface reactivity are critical physico-chemical properties responsible for nps toxicity, and surface coatings, often used to functionalize or stabilize agnps, can influence their toxic profile and biocompatibility. in the current study the developmental toxicity of (1) negatively charged citrate-coated agnps (cit-agnps), (2) positively charged branched polyethylenimine ...	2017	28318347
sall1 and sall4 repress pou5f3 family expression to allow neural patterning, differentiation, and morphogenesis in xenopus laevis.	the embryonic precursor of the vertebrate central nervous system, the neural plate, is patterned along the anterior-posterior axis and shaped by morphogenetic movements early in development. we previously identified the genes sall1 and sall4, known regulators of pluripotency in other contexts, as transcriptional targets of developmental signaling pathways that regulate neural development. here, we demonstrate that these two genes are required for induction of posterior neural fates, the cell sha ...	2017	28322736
direct regulation of histidine ammonia-lyase 2 gene by thyroid hormone in the developing adult intestinal stem cells.	most vertebrate organs use adult stem cells to maintain homeostasis and ensure proper repair when damaged. how such organ-specific stem cells are formed during vertebrate development is largely unexplored. we have been using the thyroid hormone (t3)-dependent amphibian metamorphosis to address this issue. early studies in xenopus laevis have shown that intestinal remodeling involves complete degeneration of the larval epithelium and de novo formation of adult stem cells through dedifferentiation ...	2017	28323994
an inducible amphipathic helix within the intrinsically disordered c-terminus is not required for protein biosynthesis, trafficking, or garp2 interaction, but can participate in membrane curvature generation by peripherin-2/rds.	peripherin-2/rds is required for biogenesis of vertebrate photoreceptor outer segment organelles. its localization at the high curvature rim domains of outer segment disk membranes suggests that it may act to shape these structures; however, the molecular function of this protein is not yet resolved. here, we apply biochemical, biophysical, and imaging techniques, to elucidate the role(s) played by the protein's intrinsically disordered c-terminal domain, and an incipient amphipathic α-helix con ...	2017	28325841
actomyosin-generated tension on cadherin is similar between dividing and non-dividing epithelial cells in early xenopus laevis embryos.	epithelia represent a unique situation where polarized cells must maintain sufficiently strong cell-cell contacts to guarantee the epithelial integrity indispensable for barrier functions. nevertheless, epithelia must also keep sufficient plasticity which is crucial during development and morphogenesis. adherens junctions and mechanical forces produced by the actomyosin cytoskeleton are major players for epithelial integrity maintenance and plasticity regulations. to understand how the epitheliu ...	2017	28327558
the modulation of two motor behaviors by persistent sodium currents in xenopus laevis tadpoles.	persistent sodium currents (inap) are common in neuronal circuitries and have been implicated in several diseases, such as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (als) and epilepsy. however, the role of inap in the regulation of specific behaviors is still poorly understood. in this study we have characterized inap and investigated its role in the swimming and struggling behavior of xenopus tadpoles. inap was identified in three groups of neurons, namely, sensory rohon-beard neurons (rb neurons), descend ...	2017	28331009
glycans in the intestinal peptide transporter pept1 contribute to function and protect from proteolysis.	despite the fact that many membrane proteins carry extracellular glycans, little is known about whether the glycan chains also affect protein function. we recently demonstrated that the proton-coupled oligopeptide transporter 1 (pept1) in the intestine is glycosylated at six asparagine residues (n50, n406, n439, n510, n515, and n532). mutagenesis-induced disruption of the individual n-glycosylation site n50, which is highly conserved among mammals, was detected to significantly enhance the pept1 ...	2017	28336547
osptr7 (osnpf8.1), a putative peptide transporter in rice, is involved in dimethylarsenate accumulation in rice grain.	rice (oryza sativa) is a major dietary source of arsenic (as) for the population consuming rice as their staple food. rice grain contains both inorganic as and methylated as species, especially dimethyarsinate (dma). dma is highly mobile in long-distance translocation in plants, but the underlying mechanism remains unknown. in the present study, we showed that osptr7 (osnpf8.1), a putative peptide transporter in rice, was permeable to dma in xenopus laevis oocytes. transient expression of the os ...	2017	28340032
polar localization of the nip5;1 boric acid channel is maintained by endocytosis and facilitates boron transport in arabidopsis roots.	boron uptake in arabidopsis thaliana is mediated by nodulin 26-like intrinsic protein (nip)5;1, a boric acid channel that is located preferentially on the soil side of the plasma membrane in root cells. however, the mechanism underlying this polar localization is poorly understood. here, we show that the polar localization of nip5;1 in epidermal and endodermal root cells is mediated by the phosphorylation of thr residues in the conserved tpg (thrprogly) repeat in the n-terminal region of nip5;1. ...	2017	28341806
spemann organizer transcriptome induction by early beta-catenin, wnt, nodal, and siamois signals in xenopus laevis.	the earliest event in xenopus development is the dorsal accumulation of nuclear β-catenin under the influence of cytoplasmic determinants displaced by fertilization. in this study, a genome-wide approach was used to examine transcription of the 43,673 genes annotated in the xenopus laevis genome under a variety of conditions that inhibit or promote formation of the spemann organizer signaling center. loss of function of β-catenin with antisense morpholinos reproducibly reduced the expression of ...	2017	28348214
pkc-mediated phosphorylation of nuclear lamins at a single serine residue regulates interphase nuclear size in xenopus and mammalian cells.	how nuclear size is regulated is a fundamental cell-biological question with relevance to cancers, which often exhibit enlarged nuclei. we previously reported that conventional protein kinase c (cpkc) contributes to nuclear size reductions that occur during early xenopus development. here we report that pkc-mediated phosphorylation of lamin b3 (lb3) contributes to this mechanism of nuclear size regulation. by mapping pkc phosphorylation sites on lb3 and testing the effects of phosphomutants in x ...	2017	28356420
paxillin and embryonic polyadenylation binding protein (epabp) engage to regulate androgen-dependent xenopus laevis oocyte maturation - a model of kinase-dependent regulation of protein expression.	steroid-triggered xenopus laevis oocyte maturation is an elegant physiologic model of nongenomic steroid signaling, as it proceeds completely independent of transcription. we previously demonstrated that androgens are the main physiologic stimulator of oocyte maturation in xenopus oocytes, and that the adaptor protein paxillin plays a crucial role in mediating this process through a positive feedback loop in which paxillin first enhances mos protein translation, ensued by erk2 activation and erk ...	2017	28359799
the heterochronic gene lin28 regulates amphibian metamorphosis through disturbance of thyroid hormone function.	metamorphosis is a classic example of developmental transition, which involves important morphological and physiological changes that prepare the organism for the adult life. it has been very well established that amphibian metamorphosis is mainly controlled by thyroid hormone (th). here, we show that the heterochronic gene lin28 is downregulated during xenopus laevis metamorphosis. lin28 overexpression before activation of th signaling delays metamorphosis and inhibits the expression of th targ ...	2017	28359807
asymmetrically reduced expression of hand1 homeologs involving a single nucleotide substitution in a cis-regulatory element.	during vertebrate evolution, whole genome duplications resulted in a number of duplicated genes, some of which eventually changed their expression patterns and/or levels via alteration of cis-regulatory sequences. however, the initial process involved in such cis-regulatory changes remains unclear. therefore, we investigated this process by analyzing the duplicated hand1 genes of xenopus laevis (hand1.l and hand1.s), which were generated by allotetraploidization 17-18 million years ago, and comp ...	2017	28359808
cloning and expression analysis of zygote arrest 1 (zar1) in new zealand white rabbits.	zygote arrest 1 (zar1) is an oocyte-specific maternal-effect gene. previous studies indicate that zar1 plays important role in early embryo development, but little is known about its function in rabbit. the objectives of this study were to clone the new zealand white rabbit zar1 gene and to investigate its expression in various organs in groups of animals with different reproductive traits.we obtained a 709-bp zar1 cdna fragment consisting of an 8-bp exon 1, 161-bp exon 2, 75-bp exon 3, 271-bp e ...	2017	28360383
xenopus metamorphosis as a model to study thyroid hormone receptor function during vertebrate developmental transitions.	a hormone-dependent developmental transition from aquatic to terrestrial existence occurs in all tetrapod vertebrates, such as birth, hatching, and metamorphosis. thyroid hormones (th) and their receptors (trs) are key players in the tissue transformations comprising vertebrate developmental transitions. the african clawed frog, xenopus, is a premier model for the role of trs in developmental transitions because of the numerous and dramatic th-dependent tissue transformations during metamorphosi ...	2017	28363743
targeting functional noncoding rnas.	noncoding rnas have essential biochemical functions in different areas of cellular metabolism, including protein synthesis, rna splicing, protein secretion, and dna replication. we have successfully used morpholino antisense oligonucleotides for the functional inactivation of small noncoding rnas required for dna replication (y rnas in vertebrates and stem-bulge rnas in nematodes). here we discuss specific issues of targeting functional noncoding rnas for inactivation by morpholino antisense oli ...	2017	28364241
cul-2lrr-1 and ubxn-3 drive replisome disassembly during dna replication termination and mitosis.	replisome disassembly is the final step of dna replication in eukaryotes, involving the ubiquitylation and cdc48-dependent dissolution of the cmg helicase (cdc45-mcm-gins). using caenorhabditis elegans early embryos and xenopus laevis egg extracts, we show that the e3 ligase cul-2lrr-1 associates with the replisome and drives ubiquitylation and disassembly of cmg, together with the cdc-48 cofactors ufd-1 and npl-4. removal of cmg from chromatin in frog egg extracts requires cul2 neddylation, and ...	2017	28368371
interaction and developmental activation of two neuroendocrine systems that regulate light-mediated skin pigmentation.	lower vertebrates use rapid light-regulated changes in skin colour for camouflage (background adaptation) or during circadian variation in irradiance levels. two neuroendocrine systems, the eye/alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone (α-msh) and the pineal complex/melatonin circuits, regulate the process through their respective dispersion and aggregation of pigment granules (melanosomes) in skin melanophores. during development, xenopus laevis tadpoles raised on a black background or in the dark p ...	2017	28371026
population-specific resequencing associates the atp-binding cassette subfamily c member 4 gene with gout in new zealand māori and pacific men.	there is no evidence for a genetic association between organic anion transporters 1-3 (slc22a6, slc22a7, and slc22a8) and multidrug resistance protein 4 (mrp4; encoded by abcc4) with the levels of serum urate or gout. the māori and pacific (polynesian) population of new zealand has the highest prevalence of gout worldwide. the aim of this study was to determine whether any polynesian population-specific genetic variants in slc22a6-8 and abcc4 are associated with gout.	2017	28371506
upregulation of matrix metalloproteinase triggers transdifferentiation of retinal pigmented epithelial cells in xenopus laevis: a link between inflammatory response and regeneration.	in adult xenopus eyes, when the whole retina is removed, retinal pigmented epithelial (rpe) cells become activated to be retinal stem cells and regenerate the whole retina. in the present study, using a tissue culture model, it was examined whether upregulation of matrix metalloproteinases (mmps) triggers retinal regeneration. soon after retinal removal, xmmp9 and xmmp18 were strongly upregulated in the tissues of the rpe and the choroid. in the culture, mmp expression in the rpe cells correspon ...	2017	28371543
multiple origins of embryonic and tadpole myeloid cells in xenopus laevis.	rabbit anti-serum against a myeloid-cell-specific peroxidase (mpo) of xenopus laevis was generated to identify myeloid cells in adult and larval animals. smears of blood samples from adult hematopoietic organs were co-stained with mpo and with xl-2, a mouse monoclonal antibody against a leukocyte common antigen. lymphocytes found in the thymus and spleen were xl-2+mpo- and granulocytes found in peripheral blood cells and the spleen were xl-2+mpo+, indicating that double-staining with these two a ...	2017	28374149
a dominant mutation in nuclear receptor interacting protein 1 causes urinary tract malformations via dysregulation of retinoic acid signaling.	congenital anomalies of the kidney and urinary tract (cakut) are the most common cause of ckd in the first three decades of life. however, for most patients with cakut, the causative mutation remains unknown. we identified a kindred with an autosomal dominant form of cakut. by whole-exome sequencing, we identified a heterozygous truncating mutation (c.279delg, p.trp93fs*) of the nuclear receptor interacting protein 1 gene (nrip1) in all seven affected members. nrip1 encodes a nuclear receptor tr ...	2017	28381549
clinical and genetic spectrum of bartter syndrome type 3.	bartter syndrome type 3 is a clinically heterogeneous hereditary salt-losing tubulopathy caused by mutations of the chloride voltage-gated channel kb gene (clcnkb), which encodes the clc-kb chloride channel involved in nacl reabsorption in the renal tubule. to study phenotype/genotype correlations, we performed genetic analyses by direct sequencing and multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification and retrospectively analyzed medical charts for 115 patients with clcnkb mutations. functional a ...	2017	28381550
the mgcracgap sxip motif tethers centralspindlin to microtubule plus ends in xenopus laevis.	centralspindlin, a complex of the kinesin-6-family member mklp1 and mgcracgap (also known as kif23 and racgap1, respectively), is required for cytokinesis and cell-cell junctions. during anaphase, centralspindlin accumulates at overlapping central spindle microtubules and directs contractile ring formation by recruiting the gef ect2 to the cell equator to activate rhoa. we found that mgcracgap localized to the plus ends of equatorial astral microtubules during cytokinesis in xenopus laevis embry ...	2017	28389580
pattern of neurogenesis and identification of neuronal progenitor subtypes during pallial development in xenopus laevis.	the complexity of the pallium during evolution has increased dramatically in many different respects. the highest level of complexity is found in mammals, where most of the pallium (cortex) shows a layered organization and neurons are generated during development following an inside-out order, a sequence not observed in other amniotes (birds and reptiles). species-differences may be related to major neurogenetic events, from the neural progenitors that divide and produce all pallial cells. in ma ...	2017	28396626
masculinization-related genes and cell-mass structures during early gonadal differentiation in the african clawed frog xenopus laevis.	the african clawed frog xenopus laevis has a female heterogametic zz/zw-type sex-determining system. we previously discovered a w-linked female sex-determining gene dm-w that is involved in ovary formation, probably through the up-regulation of the estrogen synthesis genes cyp19a1 and foxl2. we also reported that a unique "mass-in-line structure", which disappears from zz gonads during early testicular development, might serve as the basis for ovary differentiation in zw gonads. however, the mol ...	2017	28397603
chromosomal passenger complex hydrodynamics suggests chaperoning of the inactive state by nucleoplasmin/nucleophosmin.	the chromosomal passenger complex (cpc) is a conserved, essential regulator of cell division. as such, significant anti-cancer drug development efforts have been focused on targeting it, most notably by inhibiting its aurkb kinase subunit. the cpc is activated by aurkb-catalyzed autophosphorylation on multiple subunits, but how this regulates cpc interactions with other mitotic proteins remains unclear. we investigated the hydrodynamic behavior of the cpc in xenopus laevis egg cytosol using sucr ...	2017	28404751
asymmetric localization and distribution of factors determining cell fate during early development of xenopus laevis.	asymmetric division is a property of eukaryotic cells that is fundamental to the formation of higher life forms. despite its importance, the mechanism behind it remains elusive. asymmetry in the cell is induced by polarization of cell fate determinants that become unevenly distributed among progeny cells. so far dozens of determinants have been identified. xenopus laevis is an ideal system to study asymmetric cell division during early development, because of the huge size of its oocytes and ear ...	2017	28409307
asymmetries in cell division, cell size, and furrowing in the xenopus laevis embryo.	asymmetric cell divisions produce two daughter cells with distinct fate. during embryogenesis, this mechanism is fundamental to build tissues and organs because it generates cell diversity. in adults, it remains crucial to maintain stem cells. the enthusiasm for asymmetric cell division is not only motivated by the beauty of the mechanism and the fundamental questions it raises, but has also very pragmatic reasons. indeed, misregulation of asymmetric cell divisions is believed to have dramatic c ...	2017	28409308
use of xenopus frogs to study renal development/repair.	the xenopus genus includes several members of aquatic frogs native to africa but is perhaps best known for the species xenopus laevis and xenopus tropicalis. these species were popularized as model organisms from as early as the 1800s and have been instrumental in expanding several biological fields including cell biology, environmental toxicology, regenerative biology, and developmental biology. in fact, much of what we know about the formation and maturation of the vertebrate renal system has ...	2017	28409343
characterization of microtubule buckling in living cells.	microtubules are filamentous biopolymers involved in essential biological processes. they form key structures in eukaryotic cells, and thus it is very important to determine the mechanisms involved in the formation and maintenance of the microtubule network. microtubule bucklings are transient and localized events commonly observed in living cells and characterized by a fast bending and its posterior relaxation. active forces provided by molecular motors have been indicated as responsible for mo ...	2017	28424847
xenopus egg extract: a powerful tool to study genome maintenance mechanisms.	dna repair pathways are crucial to maintain the integrity of our genome and prevent genetic diseases such as cancer. there are many different types of dna damage and specific dna repair mechanisms have evolved to deal with these lesions. in addition to these repair pathways there is an extensive signaling network that regulates processes important for repair, such as cell cycle control and transcription. despite extensive research, dna damage repair and signaling are not fully understood. in vit ...	2017	28427716
frizzled 3 acts upstream of alcam during embryonic eye development.	formation of a functional eye during vertebrate embryogenesis requires different processes such as cell differentiation, cell migration, cell-cell interactions as well as intracellular signalling processes. it was previously shown that the non-canonical wnt receptor frizzled 3 (fzd3) is required for proper eye formation, however, the underlying mechanism is poorly understood. here we demonstrate that loss of fzd3 induces severe malformations of the developing eye and that this defect is phenocop ...	2017	28427856
endocrine disruption by environmental gestagens in amphibians - a short review supported by new in vitro data using gonads of xenopus laevis.	endocrine disruption caused by various anthropogenic compounds is of persisting concern, especially for aquatic wildlife, because surface waters are the main sink of these so-called endocrine disruptors (ed). in the past, research focused on (anti)estrogenic, (anti)androgenic, and (anti)thyroidal substances, affecting primarily reproduction and development in vertebrates; however, other endocrine systems might be also targeted by ed. environmental gestagens, including natural progestogens (e.g. ...	2017	28431277
in situ microprobe single-cell capillary electrophoresis mass spectrometry: metabolic reorganization in single differentiating cells in the live vertebrate (xenopus laevis) embryo.	knowledge of single-cell metabolism would provide a powerful look into cell activity changes as cells differentiate to all the tissues of the vertebrate embryo. however, single-cell mass spectrometry technologies have not yet been made compatible with complex three-dimensional changes and rapidly decreasing cell sizes during early development of the embryo. here, we bridge this technological gap by integrating capillary microsampling, microscale metabolite extraction, and capillary electrophores ...	2017	28434226
daphnia magna and xenopus laevis as in vivo models to probe toxicity and uptake of quantum dots functionalized with gh625.	the use of quantum dots (qds) for nanomedicine is hampered by their potential toxicologic effects and difficulties with delivery into the cell interior. we accomplished an in vivo study exploiting daphnia magna and xenopus laevis to evaluate both toxicity and uptake of qds coated with the membranotropic peptide gh625 derived from the glycoprotein h of herpes simplex virus and widely used for drug delivery studies. we evaluated and compared the effects of qds and gh625-qds on the survival, uptake ...	2017	28435254