| light induces ultrastructural changes in rod outer and inner segments, including autophagy, in a transgenic xenopus laevis p23h rhodopsin model of retinitis pigmentosa. | we previously reported a transgenic xenopus laevis model of retinitis pigmentosa in which tadpoles express the bovine form of p23h rhodopsin (bp23h) in rod photoreceptors. in this model, retinal degeneration was dependent on light exposure. here, we investigated ultrastructural changes that occurred in the rod photoreceptors of these retinas when exposed to light. | 2015 | 26720441 |
| distribution of single wall carbon nanotubes in the xenopus laevis embryo after microinjection. | single wall carbon nanotubes (swcnts) are advanced materials with the potential for a myriad of diverse applications, including biological technologies and large-scale usage with the potential for environmental impacts. swcnts have been exposed to developing organisms to determine their effects on embryogenesis, and results have been inconsistent arising, in part, from differing material quality, dispersion status, material size, impurity from catalysts and stability. for this study, we utilized ... | 2016 | 26510384 |
| molecular characterization and expression analysis of a kifc1-like kinesin gene in the testis of eumeces chinensis. | the member of the kinesin-14 subfamily, kifc1, is a carboxyl-terminal motor protein that plays an important role in the elongation of nucleus and acrosome biogenesis during the spermiogenesis of mammals. here, we had cloned and sequenced the cdna of a mammalian kifc1 homologue (termed ec-kifc1) from the total rna of the testis of the reptile eumeces chinensis. the full-length sequence was 2,339 bp that contained a 216 bp 5'-untranslated region (5'utr), a 194 bp 3'-untranslated region (3'utr) and ... | 2013 | 24078165 |
| third-generation electrokinetically pumped sheath-flow nanospray interface with improved stability and sensitivity for automated capillary zone electrophoresis-mass spectrometry analysis of complex proteome digests. | we have reported a set of electrokinetically pumped sheath flow nanoelectrospray interfaces to couple capillary zone electrophoresis with mass spectrometry. a separation capillary is threaded through a cross into a glass emitter. a side arm provides fluidic contact with a sheath buffer reservoir that is connected to a power supply. the potential applied to the sheath buffer drives electro-osmosis in the emitter to pump the sheath fluid at nanoliter per minute rates. our first-generation interfac ... | 2015 | 25786131 |
| phylogenetic and structural analysis of the phospholipase a2 gene family in vertebrates. | the phospholipase a (pla)2 family is the most complex gene family of phospholipases and plays a crucial role in a number of physiological activities. however, the phylogenetic background of the pla2 gene family and the amino acid residues of the pla2g7 gene following positive selection gene remain undetermined. in this study, we downloaded 49 genomic data sets of pla from different species, including the human, house mouse, norway rat, pig, dog, chicken, cattle, african clawed frog, sumatran ora ... | 2015 | 25543670 |
| an unconventional secretory pathway mediates the cilia targeting of peripherin/rds. | it is unclear how unconventional secretion interplays with conventional secretion for the normal maintenance and renewal of membrane structures. the photoreceptor sensory cilium is recognized for fast membrane renewal, for which rhodopsin and peripherin/rds (p/rds) play critical roles. here, we provide evidence that p/rds is targeted to the cilia by an unconventional secretion pathway. when expressed in ciliated htert-rpe1 human cell line, p/rd is localized to cilia. cilium trafficking of p/rds ... | 2014 | 24431457 |
| evolutionary conservation of the oocyte transcriptome among vertebrates and its implications for understanding human reproductive function. | cross-phylum and cross-species comparative transcriptomic analyses provide an evolutionary perspective on how specific tissues use genomic information. a significant mrna subset present in the oocytes of most vertebrates is stabilized or stored for post-lh surge use. since transcription is arrested in the oocyte before ovulation, this rna is important for completing maturation and sustaining embryo development until zygotic genome activation. we compared the human oocyte transcriptome with an oo ... | 2013 | 23340479 |
| an expression vector inhibits gene expression in xenopus embryos by antisense rna. | an expression vector was constructed containing the entire bovine papilloma virus (bpv-1) genome and part of the a-actin gene of xenopus laevis cloned in the antisense orientation into the neomycin resistance gene under the control of the herpes simplex virus (hsv) thymidine kinase (tk) promoter. when this vector is microinjected into x. laevis embryos it replicates extrachromosomally, at least up to the tadpole stage, and a fusion rna is synthesized after the mid blastula transition (mbt). the ... | 1992 | 28305852 |
| isolation and nucleotide sequence analysis of the of rhinella arenarum β-catenin: an mrna and protein expression study during the larval stages of the digestive tract development. | β-catenin interacts with several proteins mediating key biological processes, such as cadherin-mediated cell-cell adhesion as well as signal transduction. this work was done to establish the molecular basis and regulation of the formation pattern of cadherin/β-catenin-mediated adherens junctions, using an animal model of unknown gene sequence, the toad rhinella arenarum. a rhinella arenarum β-catenin homolog was isolated from larval tissue, their sequence compared and analyzed with those of eigh ... | 2012 | 23000021 |
| expression and functional properties of α7 acetylcholine nicotinic receptors are modified in the presence of other receptor subunits. | although α7 nicotinic receptors are predominantly homopentamers, previous reports have indicated that α7 and β2 subunits are able to form heteromers. we have studied whether other nicotinic receptor subunits can also assemble with α7 subunits and the effect of this potential association. coexpression of α7 with α2, α3, or β4 subunits reduced to about half, surface α-bungarotoxin binding sites and acetylcholine-gated currents. this is probably because of inhibition of membrane trafficking, as the ... | 2012 | 22913551 |
| effects of 17α-trenbolone and melengestrol acetate on xenopus laevis growth, development, and survival. | the synthetic growth-promoting hormones trenbolone and melengestrol acetate have been detected in the environment near beef cattle feedlots and are reportedly transported via wind-borne particulate matter. therefore, movement of synthetic hormones from beef cattle feedlots to water bodies via particulate matter is possible. our objective was to evaluate potential effects of 17α-trenbolone (17α-tb), melengestrol acetate (mga), and combinations of both on growth, development, and survival of xenop ... | 2013 | 22890510 |
| on the origin of vertebrate somites. | somites, blocks of mesoderm tissue located on either side of the neural tube in the developing vertebrate embryo, are derived from mesenchymal cells in the presomitic mesoderm (psm) and are a defining characteristic of vertebrates. in vertebrates, the somite segmental boundary is determined by notch signalling and the antagonistic relationship of the downstream targets of notch, lfng, and delta1 in the anterior psm. the presence of somites in the basal chordate amphioxus (branchiostoma floridae) ... | 2015 | 26613046 |
| discovery of gaba(a) receptor modulator aristolactone in a commercial sample of the chinese herbal drug "chaihu" (bupleurum chinense roots) unravels adulteration by nephrotoxic aristolochia manshuriensis roots. | in a two-microelectrode voltage clamp assay using xenopus laevis oocytes, a petroleum ether extract prepared from a commercial sample of the traditional chinese herbal drug labelled as " chaihu" (bupleurum chinense dc. roots) enhanced the i(gaba) by 156 % ± 22 % when tested at 100 µg/ml. by means of hplc-based activity profiling combined with high-resolution lc-ms and microprobe nmr, the germacranolide aristolactone was identified as one of the main active compounds (ec₅₀ 56.02 µm ± 5.09 µm). ho ... | 2012 | 22271081 |
| the identification of micrornas in the whitespotted bamboo shark (chiloscyllium plagiosum) liver by illumina sequencing. | micrornas are indispensable players in the regulation of a broad range of biological processes. here, we report the first deep sequencing of the whitespotted bamboo shark (chiloscyllium plagiosum) liver. we mapped 91 mirnas in the callorhinchus milii genome that have previously been described in the danio rerio, fugu rubripes, oryzias latipes, xenopus laevis, xenopus tropicalis, homo sapiens, and mus musculus. in addition, 156 new putative candidate (pc) c. plagiosum mirnas were identified. from ... | 2013 | 23791654 |
| the function and developmental expression of alternatively spliced isoforms of amphioxus and xenopus laevis pax2/5/8 genes: revealing divergence at the invertebrate to vertebrate transition. | pax genes encode highly conserved transcription factors vital for metazoan development. pax transcripts, particularly those in group ii (pax2/5/8), are extensively alternatively spliced. this study compares the transcriptional activation capacity and developmental stage-specific expression of major isoforms of group ii pax proteins in amphioxus (branchiostoma floridae) and in xenopus laevis. the comparison reveals considerable divergence of splice forms between the lineages, with the x. laevis g ... | 2012 | 22791613 |
| enthalpic consequences of reduced chloride binding in andean frog (telmatobius peruvianus) hemoglobin. | based on the exothermic nature of heme oxygenation, the o2 affinity of hemoglobin (hb) decreases with increasing temperature, which may be physiologically advantageous in augmenting o2 unloading from blood in warm tissues with elevated metabolic rates. this negative oxygenation enthalpy (∆h (o)) may, however, become maladaptive, as in cold-tolerant ungulates where it may hamper o2 unloading in cold extremities and commonly is mitigated by an 'additional' chloride-binding site that decreases the ... | 2014 | 24677177 |
| suspension feeding of anuran larvae at low concentrations of chlorella algae (amphibia, anura). | ingestion and filtering rates in larval xenopus laevis, bufo calamita, rana temporia and bufo bufo fed suspensions of chlorella fusca were investigated. concentrations were measured with a coulter counter. (1) for all species, filtration occurred at concentrations far below those reported by other authors for rana sylvatica feeding on chlorella pyrenoidosa. for bufo bufo, only larvae near metamorphosis showed ingestion at low particle concentrations. since buccopharyngeal ventilation continues e ... | 1990 | 28312552 |
| an investigation of the differential effects of ursane triterpenoids from centella asiatica, and their semisynthetic analogues, on gabaa receptors. | the ursane triterpenoids, asiatic acid 1 and madecassic acid 2, are the major pharmacological constituents of centella asiatica, commonly known as gotu kola, which is used traditionally for the treatment of anxiety and for the improvement of cognition and memory. using the two-electrode voltage-clamp technique, these triterpenes, and some semisynthetic derivatives, were found to exhibit selective negative modulation of different subtypes of the gabaa receptor expressed in xenopus laevis oocytes. ... | 2016 | 27062315 |
| developmental origins of a novel gut morphology in frogs. | phenotypic variation is a prerequisite for evolution by natural selection, yet the processes that give rise to the novel morphologies upon which selection acts are poorly understood. we employed a chemical genetic screen to identify developmental changes capable of generating ecologically relevant morphological variation as observed among extant species. specifically, we assayed for exogenously applied small molecules capable of transforming the ancestral larval foregut of the herbivorous xenopu ... | 2013 | 23607305 |
| analysis of oxygen affinity in aquatic amphibian; homology modelling of the major haemoglobin component hba1 from the african clawed frog (xenopus laevis, anura). | the homology model of major haemoglobin component hba1 of the african clawed frog was predicted using the pigeon (columba livia) haemoglobin as a template. the model was built with the help of modeller9v8. the models were evaluated with prosa and procheck. in x. laevis gln38α is unable to form a hydrogen bond with β97his or β99asp, which is responsible for the increase in oxygen affinity of the xenopus hba1. the hydrogen bond between α34thr and β124pro, which stabilises the deoxy state of the ha ... | 2013 | 24001722 |
| gene expression pattern of kifc3 during spermatogenesis of the skink eumeces chinensis. | kinesin superfamily is a class of microtubule-dependent motors that play crucial roles in acrosome biogenesis, nuclear reshaping and flagellum formation during spermiogenesis. we have cloned kinesin-like gene kifc3 (termed ec-kifc3) from the total rna of the testis of the skink eumeces chinensis. the cdna sequence of ec-kifc3 had a full-length of 3033bp, including a 260bp 5'-untranslated region (5'utr), a 445bp 3'-untranslated region (3'utr) and an open reading frame that encoded a 775-amino-aci ... | 2015 | 25434495 |
| urotensin ii receptor (utr) exists in hyaline chondrocytes: a study of peripheral distribution of utr in the african clawed frog, xenopus laevis. | urotensin ii (uii) and uii-related peptide (urp) exhibit diverse physiological actions including vasoconstriction, locomotor activity, osmoregulation, and immune response through uii receptor (utr), which is expressed in the central nervous system and peripheral tissues of fish and mammals. in amphibians, only uii has been identified. as the first step toward elucidating the actions of uii and urp in amphibians, we cloned and characterized urp and utr from the african clawed frog xenopus laevis. ... | 2013 | 23399967 |
| rattlesnake phospholipase a2 increases cftr-chloride channel current and corrects ∆f508cftr dysfunction: impact in cystic fibrosis. | deletion of phe508 in the nucleotide binding domain (∆f508-nbd1) of the cystic fibrosis transmembrane regulator (cftr; a cyclic amp-regulated chloride channel) is the most frequent mutation associated with cystic fibrosis. this mutation affects the maturation and gating of cftr protein. the search for new high-affinity ligands of cftr acting as dual modulators (correctors/activators) presents a major challenge in the pharmacology of cystic fibrosis. snake venoms are a rich source of natural mult ... | 2016 | 27241308 |
| isolation and functional characterization of cslsi1, a silicon transporter gene in cucumis sativus. | cucumber (cucumis sativus) is a widely grown cucurbitaceous vegetable that exhibits a relatively high capacity for silicon (si) accumulation, but the molecular mechanism for silicon uptake remains to be clarified. here we isolated and characterized cslsi1, a gene encoding a silicon transporter in cucumber (cv. mch-4). cslsi1 shares 55.70 and 90.63% homology with the lsi1s of a monocot and dicot, rice (oryza sativa) and pumpkin (cucurbita moschata), respectively. cslsi1 was predominantly expresse ... | 2017 | 27701737 |
| phagocytosis by thrombocytes is a conserved innate immune mechanism in lower vertebrates. | thrombocytes, nucleated hemostatic blood cells of non-mammalian vertebrates, are regarded as the functional equivalent of anucleated mammalian platelets. additional immune functions, including phagocytosis, have also been suggested for thrombocytes, but no conclusive molecular or cellular experimental evidence for their potential ingestion and clearance of infiltrating microbes has been provided till date. in the present study, we demonstrate the active phagocytic ability of thrombocytes in lowe ... | 2014 | 25278940 |
| import of peroxisomal hydroxypyruvate reductase into glyoxysomes. | a new procedure was used to purify the peroxisomal matrix enzyme hydroxypyruvate reductase (hpr) from green leaves of pumpkin (cucurbita pepo l.) and spinach (spinacia oleracea l.). monospecific antibodies were prepared against this enzyme in rabbits. immunoprecipitation of hpr from watermelon (citrullus vulgaris schrad.) yielded a single protein with a subunit molecular weight of 45 kda. immunohistochemical labeling of hpr was found exclusively in watermelon microbodies. isolated polyadenylated ... | 1988 | 24220768 |
| comparative assessment of in vitro and in vivo toxicity of azinphos methyl and its commercial formulation. | the toxic effects of gusathion (gus), which is a commercial organophosphate (op) pesticide, and also its active ingredient, azinphos methyl (azm), are evaluated comparatively with in vitro and in vivo studies. initially, the 96-h lc50 values of azm and gus were estimated for two different life stages of xenopus laevis, embryos, and tadpoles. the actual azm concentrations in exposure media were monitored by high-performance liquid chromatography. also, the sub-lethal effects of these compounds to ... | 2015 | 24616035 |
| targeting functional noncoding rnas. | noncoding rnas have essential biochemical functions in different areas of cellular metabolism, including protein synthesis, rna splicing, protein secretion, and dna replication. we have successfully used morpholino antisense oligonucleotides for the functional inactivation of small noncoding rnas required for dna replication (y rnas in vertebrates and stem-bulge rnas in nematodes). here we discuss specific issues of targeting functional noncoding rnas for inactivation by morpholino antisense oli ... | 2017 | 28364241 |
| tob1 is expressed in developing and adult gonads and is associated with the p-body marker, dcp2. | tob1 is a member of the btg/tob family of proteins with established antiproliferative function. in danio rerio and xenopus laevis, the tob1 gene is expressed from the one-cell stage through to early gastrula stages, followed in later development by discrete expression in many tissues including the notochord and somites. in both mouse and human, tob1 is expressed in many adult tissues including the testis and ovary; however, the specific cell types are unknown. we examine tob1 gene expression in ... | 2016 | 26662055 |
| site-specific methylation of notch1 controls the amplitude and duration of the notch1 response. | physiologically, notch signal transduction plays a pivotal role in differentiation; pathologically, notch signaling contributes to the development of cancer. transcriptional activation of notch target genes involves cleavage of the notch receptor in response to ligand binding, production of the notch intracellular domain (nicd), and nicd migration into the nucleus and assembly of a coactivator complex. posttranslational modifications of the nicd are important for its transcriptional activity and ... | 2015 | 25805888 |
| evolutionary diversification of mcm3 genes in xenopus laevis and danio rerio. | embryonic cell cycles of amphibians are rapid and lack zygotic transcription and checkpoint control. at the mid-blastula transition, zygotic transcription is initiated and cell divisions become asynchronous. several cell cycle-related amphibian genes retain 2 distinct forms, maternal and zygotic, but little is known about the functional differences between these 2 forms of proteins. the minichromosome maintenance (mcm) 2-7 complex, consisting of 6 mcm proteins, plays a central role in the regula ... | 2014 | 25485507 |
| developmental role of plk4 in xenopus laevis and danio rerio: implications for seckel syndrome. | the polo-like kinases are a family of conserved serine/threonine kinases that play multiple roles in regulation of the cell cycle. unlike its four other family members, the role of plk4 in embryonic development has not been well characterized. in mice, plk4(-)(/)(-) embryos arrest at e7.5, just prior to the initiation of somitogenesis. this has led to the hypothesis that plk4 expression may be essential to somitogenesis. recently characterized human mutations lead to seckel syndrome. riboprobe i ... | 2015 | 26150138 |
| noggin expression in the adult retina suggests a conserved role during vertebrate evolution. | vertebrates share common mechanisms in the control of development and in the maintenance of neural and retinal function. the secreted factor noggin, a bmp inhibitor, plays a crucial role in neural induction during embryonic development. moreover, we have shown its involvement in retinal differentiation of pluripotent cells. here we show noggin expression in the adult retina in three vertebrate species. four noggin genes are present in zebrafish (danio rerio; zbnog1, 2, 3, 5), three in frog (xeno ... | 2014 | 24752827 |
| organophosphate pesticides induce morphological abnormalities and decrease locomotor activity and heart rate in danio rerio and xenopus laevis. | organophosphate pesticides (ops), a class of acetylcholinesterase inhibitors, are used widely in agriculture to reduce insect populations. because of the conservation of acetylcholinesterase between invertebrates and vertebrates, ops also can adversely affect nontarget species, such as aquatic and terrestrial animals. this study used uniform conditions to analyze the morphological and physiological effects caused by developmental exposure to 3 commonly used ops-chlorpyrifos, dichlorvos, and diaz ... | 2014 | 24677261 |
| effect of light on expression of clock genes in xenopus laevis melanophores. | light-dark cycles are considered important cues to entrain biological clocks. a feedback loop of clock gene transcription and translation is the molecular basis underlying the mechanism of both central and peripheral clocks. xenopus laevis embryonic melanophores respond to light with melanin granule dispersion, response possibly mediated by the photopigment melanopsin. to test whether light modulates clock gene expression in xenopus melanophores, we used qpcr to evaluate the relative mrna levels ... | 2014 | 24438110 |
| molecular docking: a potential tool to aid ecotoxicity testing in environmental risk assessment of pharmaceuticals. | a cocktail of human pharmaceuticals pollute aquatic environments and there is considerable scientific uncertainty about the effects that this may have on aquatic organisms. human drug target proteins can be highly conserved in non target species suggesting that similar modes of action (moa) may occur. the aim of this work was to explore whether molecular docking offers a potential tool to predict the effects of pharmaceutical compounds on non target organisms. three highly prescribed drugs, dicl ... | 2013 | 24344392 |
| rab8b is required for activity and caveolar endocytosis of lrp6. | wnt/β-catenin signaling plays an important role in embryonic development and adult tissue homeostasis. when wnt ligands bind to the receptor complex, lrp5/6 coreceptors are activated by phosphorylation and concomitantly endocytosed. in vertebrates, wnt ligands induce caveolin-dependent endocytosis of lrp6 to relay signal downstream, whereas antagonists such as dickkopf promote clathrin-dependent endocytosis, leading to inhibition. however, little is known about how lrp6 is directed to different ... | 2013 | 24035388 |
| toward embedded laboratory automation for smart lab-on-a-chip embryo arrays. | lab-on-a-chip (loc) biomicrofluidic technologies are rapidly emerging bioanalytical tools that can miniaturize and revolutionize in situ research on embryos of small vertebrate model organisms such as zebrafish (danio rerio) and clawed african frog (xenopus laevis). despite considerable progress being made in fabrication techniques of chip-based devices, they usually still require excessive and manual actuation and data acquisition that significantly reduce throughput and introduce operator-rela ... | 2013 | 23685315 |
| in silico analysis of the conservation of human toxicity and endocrine disruption targets in aquatic species. | pharmaceuticals and industrial chemicals, both in the environment and in research settings, commonly interact with aquatic vertebrates. due to their short life-cycles and the traits that can be generalized to other organisms, fish and amphibians are attractive models for the evaluation of toxicity caused by endocrine disrupting chemicals (edcs) and adverse drug reactions. edcs, such as pharmaceuticals or plasticizers, alter the normal function of the endocrine system and pose a significant hazar ... | 2014 | 24392850 |
| effect of light on expression of clock genes in xenopus laevis melanophores. | light-dark cycles are considered important cues to entrain biological clocks. a feedback loop of clock gene transcription and translation is the molecular basis underlying the mechanism of both central and peripheral clocks. xenopus laevis embryonic melanophores respond to light with melanin granule dispersion, response possibly mediated by the photopigment melanopsin. in order to test whether light modulates clock gene expression in xenopus melanophores, we used qpcr to evaluate the relative mr ... | 2013 | 24372227 |
| balbiani body, nuage and sponge bodies--term plasm pathway players. | in many animal species, germ cells are specified by maternally provided, often asymmetrically localized germ cell determinant, termed the germ plasm. it has been shown that in model organisms such as xenopus laevis, danio rerio and drosophila melanogaster germ plasm components (various proteins, mrnas and mitochondria) are delivered to the proper position within the egg cell by germline specific organelles, i.e. balbiani bodies, nuage accumulations and/or sponge bodies. in the present article, w ... | 2014 | 24398038 |
| a novel application of motion analysis for detecting stress responses in embryos at different stages of development. | motion analysis is one of the tools available to biologists to extract biologically relevant information from image datasets and has been applied to a diverse range of organisms. the application of motion analysis during early development presents a challenge, as embryos often exhibit complex, subtle and diverse movement patterns. a method of motion analysis able to holistically quantify complex embryonic movements could be a powerful tool for fields such as toxicology and developmental biology ... | 2013 | 23374982 |
| [evolutional principles of homology in regulatory genes of myogenesis]. | analysis of early steps in muscular system development of invertebrates and vertebrates shows that early steps of myogenesis are regulated by genes-orthologs mainly belonging to two families, pax and bhlh. in the majority of the following organisms, muscles formation (steps of determination and the earliest steps of myogenesis) is regulated by genes orthologs pax3 which belong to the family pax: nematodes (caenorhabditis elegans, pristionchus pacificus), insects (drosophila melanogaster), echino ... | 2016 | 22988754 |
| identifying the evolutionary building blocks of the cardiac conduction system. | the endothermic state of mammals and birds requires high heart rates to accommodate the high rates of oxygen consumption. these high heart rates are driven by very similar conduction systems consisting of an atrioventricular node that slows the electrical impulse and a his-purkinje system that efficiently activates the ventricular chambers. while ectothermic vertebrates have similar contraction patterns, they do not possess anatomical evidence for a conduction system. this lack amongst extant ec ... | 2012 | 22984480 |
| low frequency vibrations induce malformations in two aquatic species in a frequency-, waveform-, and direction-specific manner. | environmental toxicants such as industrial wastes, air particulates from machinery and transportation vehicles, and pesticide run-offs, as well as many chemicals, have been widely studied for their effects on human and wildlife populations. yet other potentially harmful environmental pollutants such as electromagnetic pulses, noise and vibrations have remained incompletely understood. because developing embryos undergo complex morphological changes that can be affected detrimentally by alteratio ... | 2012 | 23251546 |
| lessons for inductive germline determination. | formation of the germline in an embryo marks a fresh round of reproductive potential, yet the developmental stage and location within the embryo where the primordial germ cells (pgcs) form differs wildly among species. in most animals, the germline is formed either by an inherited mechanism, in which maternal provisions within the oocyte drive localized germ-cell fate once acquired in the embryo, or an inductive mechanism that involves signaling between cells that directs germ-cell fate. the inh ... | 2013 | 23450642 |
| prominent role of prominin in the retina. | prominin molecules represent a new family of pentaspan membrane glycoproteins expressed throughout the animal kingdom. the name originates from its localization on membrane protrusion, such as microvilli, filopodia, lamellipodia, and microspikes. following the original description in mouse and human, representative prominin members were found in fish (e.g., danio rerio), amphibian (ambystoma mexicanum, xenopus laevis), worm (caenorhabditis elegans), and flies (drosophila melanogaster). mammalian ... | 2013 | 23161075 |
| characterization and expression pattern of kifc1-like kinesin gene in the testis of the macrobrachium nipponense with discussion of its relationship with structure lamellar complex (lcx) and acroframosome (afs). | spermiogenesis is a developmental process undergoing continuous differentiation to drive a diploid spermatogonium towards a haploid sperm cell. this striking transformation from spermatogonium to spermatozoa is made possible by the stage-specific adaption of cytoskeleton and associated molecular motor proteins. kifc1 is a c-terminal kinesin motor found to boast essential roles in acrosome biogenesis and nuclear reshaping during spermiogenesis in rat. to explore its functions during the same proc ... | 2012 | 22327780 |
| conservation in the involvement of heterochronic genes and hormones during developmental transitions. | developmental transitions include molting in some invertebrates and the metamorphosis of insects and amphibians. while the study of caenorhabditis elegans larval transitions was crucial to determine the genetic control of these transitions, drosophila melanogaster and xenopus laevis have been classic models to study the role of hormones in metamorphosis. here we review how heterochronic genes (lin-4, let-7, lin-28, lin-41), hormones (dafachronic acid, ecdysone, thyroid hormone) and the environme ... | 2016 | 27297887 |
| amino acid transporter b(0)at1 (slc6a19) and ancillary protein: impact on function. | amino acids play an important role in the metabolism of all organisms. their epithelial re-absorption is due to specific transport proteins, such as b(0)at1, a na(+)-coupled neutral amino acid symporter belonging to the solute carrier 6 family. here, a recently cloned fish orthologue, from the intestine of salmo salar, was electrophysiologically characterized with the two-electrode voltage clamp technique, in xenopus laevis oocytes heterologously expressing the transporter. substrate specificity ... | 2016 | 27255547 |
| discrete mesh approach in morphogenesis modelling: the example of gastrulation. | morphogenesis is a general concept in biology including all the processes which generate tissue shapes and cellular organizations in a living organism. many hybrid formalizations (i.e., with both discrete and continuous parts) have been proposed for modelling morphogenesis in embryonic or adult animals, like gastrulation. we propose first to study the ventral furrow invagination as the initial step of gastrulation, early stage of embryogenesis. we focus on the study of the connection between the ... | 2016 | 27853896 |
| alanine to valine substitutions in the pore helix iiip1 and linker-helix iiil45 confer cockroach sodium channel resistance to ddt and pyrethroids. | pyrethroid insecticides exert toxic effects by prolonging the opening of voltage-gated sodium channels. more than 20 sodium channel mutations from arthropod pests and disease vectors have been confirmed to confer pyrethroid resistance. these mutations have been valuable in elucidating the molecular interaction between pyrethroids and sodium channels, including identification of two pyrethroid receptor sites. previously, two alanine to valine substitutions, one in the pore helix iiip1 and the oth ... | 2016 | 27328896 |
| ric-3 expression and splicing regulate nachr functional expression. | the nicotinic acetylcholine receptors form a large and diverse family of acetylcholine gated ion channels having diverse roles in the central nervous system. maturation of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors is a complex and inefficient process requiring assistance from multiple cellular factors including ric-3, a functionally conserved endoplasmic reticulum-resident protein and nicotinic acetylcholine receptor-specific chaperone. in mammals and in drosophila melanogaster ric-3 is alternatively sp ... | 2016 | 27129882 |
| conserved roles for cytoskeletal components in determining laterality. | consistently-biased left-right (lr) patterning is required for the proper placement of organs including the heart and viscera. the lr axis is especially fascinating as an example of multi-scale pattern formation, since here chiral events at the subcellular level are integrated and amplified into asymmetric transcriptional cascades and ultimately into the anatomical patterning of the entire body. in contrast to the other two body axes, there is considerable controversy about the earliest mechanis ... | 2016 | 26928161 |
| histone h2b gene cloning, with implication for its function during nuclear shaping in the chinese mitten crab, eriocheir sinensis. | spermatogenesis in animals is the process by which male spermatogonia develop into mature spermatozoa. in most taxa, the process involves changes in the basic proteins associated with dna. somatic-type histones are partially or totally replaced by transition proteins, which in turn are replaced by protamines producing compact packaging of the genome. sperm chromatin in the chinese mitten crab (eriocheir sinensis) has a noncompacted loosely arranged organization. however, its formation during spe ... | 2016 | 26343795 |
| actions of agonists, fipronil and ivermectin on the predominant in vivo splice and edit variant (rdlbd, i/v) of the drosophila gaba receptor expressed in xenopus laevis oocytes. | ionotropic gaba receptors are the targets for several classes of insecticides. one of the most widely-studied insect gaba receptors is rdl (resistance to dieldrin), originally isolated from drosophila melanogaster. rdl undergoes alternative splicing and rna editing, which influence the potency of gaba. most work has focussed on minority isoforms. here, we report the first characterisation of the predominant native splice variant and rna edit, combining functional characterisation with molecular ... | 2014 | 24823815 |
| a single amino acid polymorphism in the drosophila melanogaster dα1 (als) subunit enhances neonicotinoid efficacy at dα1-chicken β2 hybrid nicotinic acetylcholine receptor expressed in xenopus laevis oocytes. | polymorphisms are sometimes observed in native insect nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nachr) subunits, which are important insecticide targets, yet little is known of their impact on insecticide actions. here we investigated the effects of a polymorphism involving the substitution of histidine108 by leucine in the drosophila melanogaster dα1 subunit on the agonist actions of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine (ach) and two commercial neonicotinoid insecticides (imidacloprid and clothianidin). ... | 2014 | 25036948 |
| molecular cloning and expression of a gaba receptor subunit from the crayfish procambarus clarkii. | molecular cloning has introduced an unexpected, large diversity of neurotransmitter hetero- oligomeric receptors. extensive research on the molecular structure of the γ-aminobutyric acid receptor (gabar) has been of great significance for understanding how the nervous system works in both vertebrates and invertebrates. however, only two examples of functional homo-oligomeric gaba-activated cl(-) channels have been reported. in the vertebrate retina, the gabaρ1 subunit of various species forms ho ... | 2016 | 26577600 |
| sulfate and thiosulfate inhibit oxalate transport via a dprestin (slc26a6)-dependent mechanism in an insect model of calcium oxalate nephrolithiasis. | nephrolithiasis is one of the most common urinary tract disorders, with the majority of kidney stones composed of calcium oxalate (caox). given its prevalence (us occurrence 10%), it is still poorly understood, lacking progress in identifying new therapies because of its complex etiology. drosophila melanogaster (fruitfly) is a recently developed model of caox nephrolithiasis. effects of sulfate and thiosulfate on crystal formation were investigated using the drosophila model, as well as electro ... | 2016 | 26538444 |
| lamellipodin and the scar/wave complex cooperate to promote cell migration in vivo. | cell migration is essential for development, but its deregulation causes metastasis. the scar/wave complex is absolutely required for lamellipodia and is a key effector in cell migration, but its regulation in vivo is enigmatic. lamellipodin (lpd) controls lamellipodium formation through an unknown mechanism. here, we report that lpd directly binds active rac, which regulates a direct interaction between lpd and the scar/wave complex via abi. consequently, lpd controls lamellipodium size, cell m ... | 2013 | 24247431 |
| identification and evolution of molecular domains involved in differentiating the cement gland-promoting activity of otx proteins in xenopus laevis. | otx genes are a class of vertebrate homeobox genes, homologous to the orthodenticle gene of drosophila melanogaster, that play a crucial role in anterior embryo patterning and sensory organ formation. in the frog, xenopus laevis, at least three members of this class have been isolated: otx1, otx2 and otx5 (crx); they are involved in regulating both shared and differential processes during frog development. in particular, while otx2 and otx5 are both capable to promote cement gland (cg) formation ... | 2013 | 24056062 |
| planar cell polarity proteins differentially regulate extracellular matrix organization and assembly during zebrafish gastrulation. | zebrafish gastrulation cell movements occur in the context of dynamic changes in extracellular matrix (ecm) organization and require the concerted action of planar cell polarity (pcp) proteins that regulate cell elongation and mediolateral alignment. data obtained using xenopus laevis gastrulae have shown that integrin-fibronectin interactions underlie the formation of polarized cell protrusions necessary for pcp and have implicated pcp proteins themselves as regulators of ecm. by contrast, the ... | 2013 | 24021482 |
| transgenic xenopus laevis for live imaging in cell and developmental biology. | the stable transgenesis of genes encoding functional or spatially localized proteins, fused to fluorescent proteins such as green fluorescent protein (gfp) or red fluorescent protein (rfp), is an extremely important research tool in cell and developmental biology. transgenic organisms constructed with fluorescent labels for cell membranes, subcellular organelles, and functional proteins have been used to investigate cell cycles, lineages, shapes, and polarity, in live animals and in cells or tis ... | 2013 | 23480392 |
| conservation and evolutionary divergence in the activity of receptor-regulated smads. | | 2012 | 23020873 |
| a staging table of post-ovipositional development for the south american collared lizard tropidurus torquatus (squamata: tropiduridae). | the mouse, chicken, african clawed frog, and zebrafish are considered ¨model organisms¨ due to their extensive embryological and genetic characterization. however, they are far from representative of known diversity, impairing phylogenetic analyses of developmental patterns. since squamates have historically received limited attention in developmental studies, we here describe the developmental sequence for tropidurus torquatus, and provide the first post-ovipositional developmental series for t ... | 2017 | 27741560 |
| subfunctionalization and neofunctionalization of vertebrate lef/tcf transcription factors. | invertebrates express a multitude of wnt ligands and all wnt/β-catenin signaling pathways converge to only one nuclear lef/tcf. in vertebrates, however, four distinct lef/tcfs, i.e. tcf-1, lef, tcf-3, and tcf-4 fulfill this function. at present, it is largely unknown to what extent the various lef/tcfs are functionally similar or diversified in vertebrates. in particular, it is not known which domains are responsible for the tcf subtype specific functions. we investigated the conserved and non-c ... | 2012 | 22641013 |
| gene duplications and losses among vertebrate deoxyribonucleoside kinases of the non-tk1 family. | deoxyribonucleoside kinases (dnks) salvage deoxyribonucleosides (dns) and catalyze the rate limiting step of this salvage pathway by converting dns into corresponding monophosphate forms. these enzymes serve as an excellent model to study duplicated genes and their evolutionary history. so far, among vertebrates only four mammalian dnks have been studied for their substrate specificity and kinetic properties. however, some vertebrates, such as fish, frogs, and birds, apparently possess a duplica ... | 2016 | 27906638 |
| xenopus laevis nkx5.3 and sensory organ homeobox (soho) are expressed in developing sensory organs and ganglia of the head and anterior trunk. | nkx5 family members are homeobox transcription factors important for sensory organ development. several members of the nkx5 family are expressed in the eye, brain, developing ear, and lateral line. members of this family have been previously identified in medaka, chick, and mouse. here, we characterize two members of the nkx5 family, nkx5.3 and soho, in xenopus laevis. we verify the identity of x. laevis nkx5.3 and soho by phylogenetic comparison to chicken, medaka, and zebrafish orthologs. both ... | 2016 | 27392729 |
| n-glycans in xenopus laevis testis characterised by lectin histochemistry. | analysis of glycan chains of glycoconjugates is difficult because of their considerable variety. despite this, several functional roles for these glycans have been reported. n-glycans are oligosaccharides linked to asparagine residues of proteins. they are synthesised in the endoplasmic reticulum (er) in a unique way, and later modified in both the er and golgi apparatus, developing different oligosaccharide chains. an essential role for complex n-glycans in mammalian spermatogenesis has been re ... | 2016 | 25482090 |
| cug-bp, elav-like family member 1 (celf1) is required for normal myofibrillogenesis, morphogenesis, and contractile function in the embryonic heart. | cug-bp, elav-like family member 1 (celf1) is a multifunctional rna binding protein found in a variety of adult and embryonic tissues. in the heart, celf1 is found exclusively in the myocardium. however, the roles of celf1 during cardiac development have not been completely elucidated. | 2016 | 27144987 |
| the human acid-sensing ion channel asic1a: evidence for a homotetrameric assembly state at the cell surface. | the chicken acid-sensing ion channel asic1 has been crystallized as a homotrimer. we address here the oligomeric state of the functional asic1 in situ at the cell surface. the oligomeric states of functional asic1a and mutants with additional cysteines introduced in the extracellular pore vestibule were resolved on sds-page. the functional asic1 complexes were stabilized at the cell surface of xenopus laevis oocytes or cho cells either using the sulfhydryl crosslinker bmoe, or sodium tetrathiona ... | 2015 | 26252376 |
| expression analysis of integrin β1 isoforms during zebrafish embryonic development. | integrins are a superfamily of the major metazoan receptors for cell-cell and cell-extracellular matrix adhesion. integrins and their ligands play critical roles in a variety of fundamental cellular processes. integrins are heterodimeric cell surface glycoproteins comprised of non-covalently bound α- and β-subunits. a variety of integrin subunits have been identified in mouse, chicken, zebrafish, xenopus laevis and other vertebrates. in zebrafish multiple integrin β1 homologs have been identifie ... | 2014 | 25305346 |
| development of the vertebrate tailbud. | the anatomical tailbud is a defining feature of all embryonic chordates, including vertebrates that do not end up with a morphological tail. due to its seamless continuity with trunk tissues, the tailbud is often overlooked as a mere extension of the body axis; however, the formation of the tail from the tailbud undoubtedly involves unique and distinct mechanisms for forming axial tissues, such as the secondary neurulation process that generates the tailbud-derived spinal cord. tailbud formation ... | 2016 | 25382697 |
| xenopus limb bud morphogenesis. | xenopus laevis, the south african clawed frog, is a well-established model organism for the study of developmental biology and regeneration due to its many advantages for both classical and molecular studies of patterning and morphogenesis. while contemporary studies of limb development tend to focus on models developed from the study of chicken and mouse embryos, there are also many classical studies of limb development in frogs. these include both fate and specification maps, that, due to thei ... | 2016 | 26404044 |
| the chicken left right organizer has nonmotile cilia which are lost in a stage-dependent manner in the talpid(3) ciliopathy. | motile cilia are an essential component of the mouse, zebrafish, and xenopus laevis left right organizers, generating nodal flow and allowing the reception and transduction of mechanosensory signals. nonmotile primary cilia are also an important component of the left right organizer's chemosensory mechanism. it has been proposed in the chicken that signaling in hensen's node, the left right organizer of the chicken, is independent of cilia, based on a lack of evidence of motile cilia or nodal fl ... | 2014 | 24700455 |
| a y-linked anti-müllerian hormone duplication takes over a critical role in sex determination. | gonadal sex determination in vertebrates generally follows a sequence of genetically programmed events. in what is seemingly becoming a pattern, all confirmed or current candidate "master" sex-determining genes reported in this group, e.g., sry in eutherian mammals, dmy/dmrt1by in medaka, dm-w in the african clawed frog, and dmrt1 in chicken encode transcription factors. in contrast, here we show that a male-specific, duplicated copy of the anti-müllerian hormone (amh) is implicated in testicula ... | 2012 | 22323585 |
| a mesoderm-inducing factor from a xenopus laevis cell line : chemical properties and relation to the vegetalizing factor from chicken embryos. | we have compared the chemical properties and biological activities of the mesoderm-inducing factor that is secreted by the xenopus xtc cell line with the vegetalizing factor from chicken embryos. the inducing activity of the factors was tested in different concentrations on totipotent ectoderm either by implantation into early gastrulae of triturm alpestris or by application of solutions to isolated ectoderm of early gastrulae of xenopus laevis. both factors have similar properties. they are not ... | 1989 | 28305777 |
| mcm8 and mcm9 form a dimeric complex in xenopus laevis egg extract that is not essential for dna replication initiation. | hexameric complexes of the six related mcm2-7 proteins form the core of the replicative helicase. two other proteins, mcm8 and mcm9, with significant homology to mcm2-7 were first shown to play distinct roles during dna replication in xenopus laevis egg extract. recent work has revealed that mcm8 and 9 form a complex that plays a role during homologous recombination in human, chicken and mouse cells. we have therefore re-examined the behavior of the xenopus homologs of these proteins. we show th ... | 2013 | 23518502 |
| novel sex-determining genes in fish and sex chromosome evolution. | although the molecular mechanisms underlying many developmental events are conserved across vertebrate taxa, the lability at the top of the sex-determining (sd) cascade has been evident from the fact that four master sd genes have been identified: mammalian sry; chicken dmrt1; medaka dmy; and xenopus laevis dm-w. this diversity is thought to be associated with the turnover of sex chromosomes, which is likely to be more frequent in fishes and other poikilotherms than in therian mammals and birds. ... | 2013 | 23335327 |
| cranial muscles in amphibians: development, novelties and the role of cranial neural crest cells. | our research on the evolution of the vertebrate head focuses on understanding the developmental origins of morphological novelties. using a broad comparative approach in amphibians, and comparisons with the well-studied quail-chicken system, we investigate how evolutionarily conserved or variable different aspects of head development are. here we review research on the often overlooked development of cranial muscles, and on its dependence on cranial cartilage development. in general, cranial mus ... | 2013 | 22780231 |
| a gamut of undiscovered electrophysiological effects produced by tityus serrulatus toxin 1 on nav-type isoforms. | in the last decades, ts1 has not only been the subject of many studies, it has also been considered as a very useful tool to investigate nav channels and to explore the exact role of nav channels in channelopathies. ts1 is believed to modulate the activation process of nav upon interaction at the neurotoxin binding site 4. our aim was to carry out an in depth functional characterization of ts1 on a wide array of nav channels, in order to investigate its mechanism of action and to verify if ts1 c ... | 2015 | 25862296 |
| regulation of melanopsins and per1 by α -msh and melatonin in photosensitive xenopus laevis melanophores. | α-msh and light exert a dispersing effect on pigment granules of xenopus laevis melanophores; however, the intracellular signaling pathways are different. melatonin, a hormone that functions as an internal signal of darkness for the organism, has opposite effects, aggregating the melanin granules. because light functions as an important synchronizing signal for circadian rhythms, we further investigated the effects of both hormones on genes related to the circadian system, namely, per1 (one of t ... | 2014 | 24959583 |
| pipa carvalhoi skin secretion profiling: absence of peptides and identification of kynurenic acid as the major constitutive component. | the presence of peptides has been identified in all african pipid genera; nevertheless, little is known about skin secretion of south american frog genus pipa. skin secretion from captive and wild pipa carvalhoi were obtained in the presence or absence of norepinephrine stimulation. the <10 kda fraction was analyzed by liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry, searching for peptides. chromatographic profiles show the presence of a major component in this secretion, regardless of the stimulati ... | 2015 | 25181950 |
| reprint of: saprolegnia strains isolated from river insects and amphipods are broad spectrum pathogens. | saprolegnia species are destructive pathogens to many aquatic organisms and are found in most parts of the world. reports based on phylogenetic analysis suggest that saprolegnia strains isolated from aquatic animals such as crustaceans and frogs are close to saprolegnia strains isolated from infected fish or fish eggs and vice versa. however, it has often been assumed that host specificity occurs for each individual isolate or strain. here we demonstrate that saprolegnia spp. can have multiple h ... | 2014 | 25088072 |
| global gene expression during early differentiation of xenopus (silurana) tropicalis gonad tissues. | african clawed frog xenopus sp. is used extensively for developmental biology and toxicology research. amid concerns of environmental pollutants disrupting endocrine systems and causing altered reproductive development in wildlife, eco-toxicology research has led to a focus on linking molecular initiating events to population-level effects. as such, efforts to better understand reproductive development at the molecular level in these model species are warranted. to that end, transcriptomes were ... | 2015 | 24960269 |
| saprolegnia strains isolated from river insects and amphipods are broad spectrum pathogens. | saprolegnia species are destructive pathogens to many aquatic organisms and are found in most parts of the world. reports based on phylogenetic analysis suggest that saprolegnia strains isolated from aquatic animals such as crustaceans and frogs are close to saprolegnia strains isolated from infected fish or fish eggs and vice versa. however, it has often been assumed that host specificity occurs for each individual isolate or strain. here we demonstrate that saprolegnia spp. can have multiple h ... | 2014 | 24295914 |
| the expression of melanopsin and clock genes in xenopus laevis melanophores and their modulation by melatonin. | vertebrates have a central clock and also several peripheral clocks. light responses might result from the integration of light signals by these clocks. the dermal melanophores of xenopus laevis have a photoreceptor molecule denominated melanopsin (opn4x). the mechanisms of the circadian clock involve positive and negative feedback. we hypothesize that these dermal melanophores also present peripheral clock characteristics. using quantitative pcr, we analyzed the pattern of temporal expression o ... | 2012 | 22618857 |
| profiling neurotransmitter receptor expression in the ambystoma mexicanum brain. | ability to regenerate limbs and central nervous system (cns) is unique to few vertebrates, most notably the axolotl (ambystoma sp.). however, despite the fact the neurotransmitter receptors are involved in axonal regeneration, little is known regarding its expression profile. in this project, rt-pcr and qpcr were performed to gain insight into the neurotransmitter receptors present in ambystoma. its functional ability was studied by expressing axolotl receptors in xenopus laevis oocytes by eithe ... | 2013 | 23353105 |
| oryzalin, a dinitroaniline herbicide, binds to plant tubulin and inhibits microtubule polymerization in vitro. | the effects of oryzalin, a dinitroaniline herbicide, on chromosome behavior and on cellular microtubules (mts) were examined by light microscopy and immunogold staining, respectively, in endosperm cells from haemanthus katherinae bak. brief treatments with 1.0·10(-8) m oryzalin reduced markedly the migration rate of anaphase chromosomes and 1.0·10(-7) m oryzalin stopped migration abruptly. oryzalin (1.0·10(-7) m) depolymerized mts and prevented the polymerization of new mts at all stages of the ... | 1987 | 24225878 |
| first parasitological study of the african clawed frog (xenopus laevis, amphibia) in chile. | introduced species can arrive into new territories with parasites; however, these species are expected to face lower parasite richness than in their original regions. both introduced hosts and parasites can affect native fauna. since their release into the wild in chile following laboratory use, xenopus laevis daudin, 1802 has widely spread throughout central chile. the only pathogen described on the host is the fungus batrachochytrium dendrobatidis longcore, pessier, nichols, 1999; thus, this i ... | 2017 | 28746452 |
| identification and characterization of novel microrna candidates from deep sequencing. | in our previous study, we screened a candidate new microrna (mirna) based on the deep sequencing and bioinformatics analysis. in this paper, we evaluated the novel mirna in the following experiment: 1) the secondary structure of the precursor of novel-mir has the characteristic of a stem-loop hairpin structure, and mature mirna is far from loops and bulges. 2) we used blast (basic local alignment search tool) to compare the novel-mir sequence to that found in the genbank. novel-mir sequence exis ... | 2013 | 23153516 |
| the xenopus tadpole: an in vivo model to screen drugs favoring remyelination. | in multiple sclerosis, development of screening tools for remyelination-promoting molecules is timely. | 2017 | 28752787 |
| testing the evolutionary conservation of vocal motoneurons in vertebrates. | medullary motoneurons drive vocalization in many vertebrate lineages including fish, amphibians, birds, and mammals. the developmental history of vocal motoneuron populations in each of these lineages remains largely unknown. the highly conserved transcription factor paired-like homeobox 2b (phox2b) is presumed to be expressed in all vertebrate hindbrain branchial motoneurons, including laryngeal motoneurons essential for vocalization in humans. we used immunohistochemistry and in situ hybridiza ... | 2016 | 26160673 |
| a novel method to verify multilevel computational models of biological systems using multiscale spatio-temporal meta model checking. | insights gained from multilevel computational models of biological systems can be translated into real-life applications only if the model correctness has been verified first. one of the most frequently employed in silico techniques for computational model verification is model checking. traditional model checking approaches only consider the evolution of numeric values, such as concentrations, over time and are appropriate for computational models of small scale systems (e.g. intracellular netw ... | 2016 | 27187178 |
| heterologous expression of panax ginseng pgtip1 confers enhanced salt tolerance of soybean cotyledon hairy roots, composite, and whole plants. | the panax ginseng tip gene pgtip1 was previously demonstrated to have high water channel activity by its heterologous expression in xenopus laevis oocytes and in yeast; it also plays a significant role in growth of pgtip1-transgenic arabidopsis plants under favorable conditions and has enhanced tolerance toward salt and drought treatment. in this work, we first investigated the physiological effects of heterologous pgtip1 expression in soybean cotyledon hairy roots or composite plants mediated b ... | 2017 | 28769947 |
| rilpivirine inhibits drug transporters abcb1, slc22a1, and slc22a2 in vitro. | rilpivirine is a nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor approved for treatment of hiv-1 infection in antiretroviral-naive adult patients. potential interactions with drug transporters have not been fully investigated. transport by and inhibition of drug transporters by rilpivirine were analyzed to further understand the mechanisms governing rilpivirine exposure and determine the potential for transporter-mediated drug-drug interactions. the ability of rilpivirine to inhibit or be transpor ... | 2013 | 24002095 |
| functional and structural analysis of the internal ribosome entry site present in the mrna of natural variants of the hiv-1. | the 5'untranslated regions (utr) of the full length mrna of the hiv-1 proviral clones pnl4.3 and plai, harbor an internal ribosomal entry site (ires). in this study we extend this finding by demonstrating that the mrna 5'utrs of natural variants of hiv-1 also exhibit ires-activity. cap-independent translational activity was demonstrated using bicistronic mrnas in hela cells and in xenopus laevis oocytes. the possibility that expression of the downstream cistron in these constructs was due to alt ... | 2012 | 22496887 |
| voltage-dependent potassium currents expressed in xenopus laevis oocytes after injection of mrna isolated from trophozoites of giardia lamblia (strain portland-1). | despite its importance as a health problem issue, almost nothing is known about the membrane physiology of giardia lamblia and practically there exist no information so far regarding the variety and properties of ion channels that this protozoan parasite possesses. to address this subject we resorted to an indirect method, consisting in the injection of mrna and further characterization of ion currents in xenopus oocytes. in this work, we show that oocytes injected with mrna isolated from cultur ... | 2013 | 24744864 |
| effect of cytosolic ph on inward currents reveals structural characteristics of the proton transport cycle in the influenza a protein m2 in cell-free membrane patches of xenopus oocytes. | transport activity through the mutant d44a of the m2 proton channel from influenza virus a was measured in excised inside-out macro-patches of xenopus laevis oocytes at cytosolic ph values of 5.5, 7.5 and 8.2. the current-voltage relationships reveal some peculiarities: 1. "transinhibition", i.e., instead of an increase of unidirectional outward current with increasing cytosolic h(+) concentration, a decrease of unidirectional inward current was found. 2. strong inward rectification. 3. exponent ... | 2014 | 25211283 |
| toxicity effects of functionalized quantum dots, gold and polystyrene nanoparticles on target aquatic biological models: a review. | nano-based products are widespread in several sectors, including textiles, medical-products, cosmetics, paints and plastics. nanosafety and safe-by-design are driving nanoparticle (np) production and applications through np functionalization (@nps). indeed, @nps frequently present biological effects that differ from the parent material. this paper reviews the impact of quantum dots (qds), gold nanoparticles (aunps), and polystyrene-cored nps (psnps), evidencing the role of np functionalization i ... | 2017 | 28858240 |