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recent progress of in-cell nmr of nucleic acids in living human cells.the inside of living cells is highly crowded with biological macromolecules. it has long been considered that the properties of nucleic acids and proteins, such as their structures, dynamics, interactions, and enzymatic activities, in intracellular environments are different from those under in vitro dilute conditions. in-cell nmr is a robust and powerful method used in the direct measurement of those properties in living cells. however, until 2 years ago, in-cell nmr was limited to xenopus laev ...202032144741
ashwin gene expression profiles in oocytes, preimplantation embryos, and fetal and adult bovine tissues.the ashwin gene, originally identified in xenopuslaevis, was found to be expressed first in the neural plate and later in the embryonic brain, eyes, and spinal cord. functional studies of ashwin suggest that it participates in cell survival and anteroposterior patterning. furthermore, ashwin is expressed zygotically in this species, which suggests that it participates in embryonic development. nevertheless, the expression of this gene has not been studied in mammals. thus, the aim of this study ...202032054057
the grapevine nae sodium exclusion locus encodes sodium transporters with diverse transport properties and localisation.grapevine (vitis vinifera l.) is a valuable crop for human consumption and wine production, and is prone to suffering from salinity stress in arid regions or when exposed to low quality irrigation water. a previous study identified a quantitative trait locus (qtl) nae, containing six high-affinity potassium transporter 1 genes, that was associated with shoot na+ exclusion in grapevine. while hkt1;1 was predicted to be the most likely gene within this qtl to encode for this important salinity tol ...202032044673
all-fibre supercontinuum laser for in vivo multispectral photoacoustic microscopy of lipids in the extended near-infrared region.among the numerous endogenous biological molecules, information on lipids is highly coveted for understanding both aspects of developmental biology and research in fatal chronic diseases. due to the pronounced absorption features of lipids in the extended near-infrared region (1650-1850 nm), visualisation and identification of lipids become possible using multi-spectral photoacoustic (optoacoustic) microscopy. however, the spectroscopic studies in this spectral region require lasers that can pro ...202032042589
targeted pathway-based in vivo testing using thyroperoxidase inhibition to evaluate plasma thyroxine as a surrogate metric of metamorphic success in model amphibian xenopus laevis.chemical safety evaluation is in the midst of a transition from traditional whole-animal toxicity testing to molecular pathway-based in vitro assays and in silico modeling. however, to facilitate the shift in reliance on apical effects for risk assessment to predictive surrogate metrics having characterized linkages to chemical mechanisms of action, targeted in vivo testing is necessary to establish these predictive relationships. in this study, we demonstrate a means to predict thyroid-related ...202032176285
multistep peripherin-2/rds self-assembly drives membrane curvature for outer segment disk architecture and photoreceptor viability.rod and cone photoreceptor outer segment (os) structural integrity is essential for normal vision; disruptions contribute to a broad variety of retinal ciliopathies. oss possess many hundreds of stacked membranous disks, which capture photons and scaffold the phototransduction cascade. although the molecular basis of os structure remains unresolved, recent studies suggest that the photoreceptor-specific tetraspanin, peripherin-2/rds (p/rds), may contribute to the highly curved rim domains at dis ...202032041874
miniaturized filter-aided sample preparation (micro-fasp) method for high throughput, ultrasensitive proteomics sample preparation reveals proteome asymmetry in xenopus laevis embryos.we report a miniaturized filter aided sample preparation method (micro-fasp) for low-loss preparation of submicrogram proteomic samples. the method employs a filter with ∼0.1 mm2 surface area, reduces the total volume of reagents to <10 μl, and requires only two sample transfer steps. the method was used to generate 25 883 unique peptides and 3069 protein groups from 1000 mcf-7 cells (∼100 ng protein content), and 13 367 peptides and 1895 protein groups were identified from 100 mcf-7 cells (∼10 ...202032125139
activation of mouse nbce1-b by xenopus laevis and mouse irbits: role of the variable nt appendage of irbits.the ip3 receptor binding protein released with inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate (irbit) plays important roles in the regulation of intracellular ca2+ signaling and intracellular ph. the mammals express two irbit paralogs, i.e., irbit1 (encoded by ahcyl1) and irbit2 (encoded by ahcyl2). the clawed frog xenopus laevis oocyte is widely used for biophysical studies on ion channels and transporters. it remains unknown whether endogenous irbit is expressed in xenopus oocytes. here, we cloned from frog ooc ...202032119862
low concentrations of tetrabromobisphenol a disrupt notch signaling and intestinal development in in vitro and in vivo models.tetrabromobisphenol a (tbbpa) was recently reported to upregulate notch target gene expression in embryonic stem cells differentiating to neurons in vitro, implying activation on notch signaling, a crucial signaling involved in multiple organ development and homeostasis.the present study aimed to determine whether tbbpa at low concentrations can disrupt notch signaling in the intestine and subsequently its development using in vitro and in vivo models, given tbbpa uptake mainly via the intestine ...202032041402
chromatin accessibility and histone acetylation in the regulation of competence in early development.as development proceeds, inductive cues are interpreted by competent tissues in a spatially and temporally restricted manner. while key inductive signaling pathways within competent cells are well-described at a molecular level, the mechanisms by which tissues lose responsiveness to inductive signals are not well understood. localized activation of wnt signaling before zygotic gene activation in xenopus laevis leads to dorsal development, but competence to induce dorsal genes in response to wnts ...202032119833
regeneration enhancers: a clue to reactivation of developmental genes.during tissue and organ regeneration, cells initially detect damage and then alter nuclear transcription in favor of tissue/organ reconstruction. until recently, studies of tissue regeneration have focused on the identification of relevant genes. these studies show that many developmental genes are reused during regeneration. concurrently, comparative genomics studies have shown that the total number of genes does not vastly differ among vertebrate taxa. moreover, functional analyses of developm ...202032096563
optical control of muscular nicotinic channels with azocuroniums, photoswitchable azobenzenes bearing two n-methyl-n-carbocyclic quaternary ammonium groups.by linking two n-methyl-n-carbocyclic quaternary ammonium groups to an azobenzene scaffold in meta- or para-positions we generated a series of photoswitchable neuromuscular ligands for which we coined the term "azocuroniums". these compounds switched between the (e)- and (z)-isomers by light irradiation at 400-450 nm and 335-340 nm, respectively. meta-azocuroniums were potent nicotinic ligands with a clear selectivity for the muscular nachrs compared to neuronal α7 and α4β2 subtypes, showed good ...202032447198
cross-taxa distinctions in mechanisms of developmental effects for aquatic species exposed to trifluralin.standard ecological risk assessment practices often rely on larval and juvenile fish toxicity data as representative of the amphibian aquatic phase. empirical evidence suggests that endpoints measured in fish early life stage tests are often sufficient to protect larval amphibians. however, the process of amphibian metamorphosis relies on endocrine cues that affect development and morphological restructuring and are not represented by these test endpoints. the present study compares developmenta ...202032445211
identification of transient receptor potential channel 4-associated protein as a novel candidate gene causing congenital primary hypothyroidism.congenital primary hypothyroidism (ch) is the most common endocrine disorder in neonates.202032428920
monoterpenes differently regulate acid-sensitive and mechano-gated k2p channels.potassium k2p ("leak") channels conduct current across the entire physiological voltage range and carry leak or "background" currents that are, in part, time- and voltage-independent. the activity of k2p channels affects numerous physiological processes, such as cardiac function, pain perception, depression, neuroprotection, and cancer development. we have recently established that, when expressed in xenopus laevis oocytes, k2p2.1 (trek-1) channels are activated by several monoterpenes (mts). he ...202032508645
inferring a complete genotype-phenotype map from a small number of measured phenotypes.understanding evolution requires detailed knowledge of genotype-phenotype maps; however, it can be a herculean task to measure every phenotype in a combinatorial map. we have developed a computational strategy to predict the missing phenotypes from an incomplete, combinatorial genotype-phenotype map. as a test case, we used an incomplete genotype-phenotype dataset previously generated for the malaria parasite's 'chloroquine resistance transporter' (pfcrt). wild-type pfcrt (pfcrt3d7) lacks signif ...202032991585
bringing immersive science to undergraduate laboratory courses using crispr gene knockouts in frogs and butterflies.the use of crispr/cas9 for gene editing offers new opportunities for biology students to perform genuine research exploring the gene-to-phenotype relationship. it is important to introduce the next generation of scientists, health practitioners and other members of society to the technical and ethical aspects of gene editing. here, we share our experience leading hands-on undergraduate laboratory classes, where students formulate hypotheses regarding the roles of candidate genes involved in deve ...202032034043
human cationic amino acid transporters are not affected by direct nitros(yl)ation.a direct inhibiting effect of no on the function of cat-1 and -2a has been postulated to occur via nitrosylation of cysteine residues in the transporters. neither the no donor snap nor a mixture of sin-1 and spermine nonoate, that generates the strong nitrosating agent n2o3, reduced cat-mediated l-arginine transport. direct nitros(yl)ation does either not occur in cats or does not affect their transport function. a regulatory effect of no or nitrosating agents on cat-mediated transport under phy ...202032008093
structural basis of the fanconi anemia-associated mutations within the fanca and fancg complex.monoubiquitination of the fanconi anemia complementation group d2 (fancd2) protein by the fa core ubiquitin ligase complex is the central event in the fa pathway. fanca and fancg play major roles in the nuclear localization of the fa core complex. mutations of these two genes are the most frequently observed genetic alterations in fa patients, and most point mutations in fanca are clustered in the c-terminal domain (ctd). to understand the basis of the fa-associated fanca mutations, we determine ...202032002546
tectal crfr1 receptor involvement in avoidance and approach behaviors in the south african clawed frog, xenopus laevis.animals in the wild must balance food intake with vigilance for predators in order to survive. the optic tectum plays an important role in the integration of external (predators) and internal (energy status) cues related to predator defense and prey capture. however, the role of neuromodulators involved in tectal sensorimotor processing is poorly studied. recently we showed that tectal crfr1 receptor activation decreases food intake in the south african clawed frog, xenopus laevis, suggesting th ...202032001211
cav2.1 c-terminal fragments produced in xenopus laevis oocytes do not modify the channel expression and functional properties.the sequence and genomic organization of the cacna1a gene that encodes the cav2.1 subunit of both p and q-type ca2+ channels are well conserved in mammals. in human, rat and mouse cacna1a, the use of an alternative acceptor site at the exon 46-47 boundary results in the expression of a long cav2.1 splice variant. in transfected cells, the long isoform of human cav2.1 produces a c-terminal fragment, but it is not known whether this fragment affects cav2.1 expression or functional properties. here ...202031981388
subcellular localization of the tff peptides xp1 and xp4 in the xenopus laevis gastric/esophageal mucosa: different secretion modes reflecting diverse protective functions.the tff peptides xp1 and xp4 from xenopus laevis are orthologs of tff1 and tff2, respectively. xp1 is secreted as a monomer from gastric surface mucous cells and is generally not associated with mucins, whereas xp4 is a typical secretory peptide from esophageal goblet cells, and gastric mucous neck and antral gland cells tightly associated as a lectin with the ortholog of mucin muc6. both tff peptides have diverse protective functions, xp1 as a scavenger for reactive oxygen species preventing ox ...202031979419
expression of α3β2β4 nicotinic acetylcholine receptors by rat adrenal chromaffin cells determined using novel conopeptide antagonists.adrenal chromaffin cells release neurotransmitters in response to stress and may be involved in conditions such as post-traumatic stress and anxiety disorders. neurotransmitter release is triggered, in part, by activation of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nachrs). however, despite decades of use as a model system for studying exocytosis, the nachr subtypes involved have not been pharmacologically identified. quantitative real-time pcr of rat adrenal medulla revealed an abundance of mrnas for ...202031967330
hydrogen sulfide impairs meiosis resumption in xenopuslaevis oocytes.the role of hydrogen sulfide (h2s) is addressed in xenopuslaevis oocytes. three enzymes involved in h2s metabolism, cystathionine β-synthase, cystathionine γ-lyase, and 3-mercaptopyruvate sulfurtransferase, were detected in prophase i and metaphase ii-arrested oocytes and drove an acceleration of oocyte meiosis resumption when inhibited. moreover, meiosis resumption is associated with a significant decrease in endogenous h2s. on another hand, a dose-dependent inhibition was obtained using the h2 ...202031963573
convergent extension in the amphibian, xenopus laevis.this review is a comprehensive analysis of the cell biology and biomechanics of convergent extension in xenopus.202031959291
biochemical reconstitution of branching microtubule nucleation.microtubules are nucleated from specific locations at precise times in the cell cycle. however, the factors that constitute these microtubule nucleation pathways and their mode of action still need to be identified. using purified xenopus laevis proteins we biochemically reconstitute branching microtubule nucleation, which is critical for chromosome segregation. we found that besides the microtubule nucleator gamma-tubulin ring complex (γ-turc), the branching effectors augmin and tpx2 are requir ...202031933480
developmental and lethal effects of glyphosate and a glyphosate-based product on xenopus laevis embryos and tadpoles.effects of pure glyphosate and a glyphosate-based product were evaluated comparatively using two embryonic development stages of xenopus laevis as model system. when pure glyphosate was applied in ph adjusted media, lethal or developmental effects were not observed at concentrations up to 500 mg l-1. the 96 h lc50 values for the commercial herbicide, in contrast, were 32.1 and 35.1 mg active ingredient l-1 for embryos and tadpoles, respectively. since pure glyphosate has no effect on the selecte ...202031932905
reciprocal matched filtering in the inner ear of the african clawed frog (xenopus laevis).anurans (frogs and toads) are the most vocal amphibians. in most species, only males produce advertisement calls for defending territories and attracting mates. female vocalizations are the exceptions among frogs, however in the african clawed frog (xenopus laevis) both males and females produce distinct vocalizations. the matched filter hypothesis predicts a correspondence between peripheral auditory tuning of receivers and properties of species-specific acoustic signals, but few studies have a ...202031907715
xenopus embryos show a compensatory response following perturbation of the notch signaling pathway.as an essential feature of development, robustness ensures that embryos attain a consistent phenotype despite genetic and environmental variation. the growing number of examples demonstrating that embryos can mount a compensatory response to germline mutations in key developmental genes has heightened interest in the phenomenon of embryonic robustness. while considerable progress has been made in elucidating genetic compensation in response to germline mutations, the diversity, mechanisms, and l ...202031899211
generation, coordination, and evolution of neural circuits for vocal communication.in many species, vocal communication is essential for coordinating social behaviors including courtship, mating, parenting, rivalry, and alarm signaling. effective communication requires accurate production, detection, and classification of signals, as well as selection of socially appropriate responses. understanding how signals are generated and how acoustic signals are perceived is key to understanding the neurobiology of social behaviors. here we review our long-standing research program foc ...202031896561
genome-wide analysis identifies cis-acting elements regulating mrna polyadenylation and translation during vertebrate oocyte maturation.most cells change patterns of gene expression through transcriptional regulation. in contrast, oocytes are transcriptionally silent and regulate mrna poly(a) tail length to control protein production. however, the genome-wide relationship of poly(a) tail changes to mrna translation during vertebrate oocyte maturation is not known. we used tail-seq and polyribosome analysis to measure poly(a) tail and translational changes during oocyte maturation in xenopus laevis we identified large-scale poly( ...202031896558
the influence of long-term cadmium exposure on the male advertisement call of xenopus laevis.cadmium (cd) is a non-essential environmental endocrine-disrupting compound found in water and a potential threat to aquatic habitats. cd has been shown to have various short-term effects on aquatic animals; however, evidence for long-term effects of cd on vocal communications in amphibians is lacking. to better understand the long-term effects of low-dose cd on acoustic communication in amphibians, male xenopus laevis individuals were treated with low cd concentrations (0.1, 1, and 10 μg/l) via ...202031889288
several phosphate transport processes are present in vascular smooth muscle cells.we have studied inorganic phosphate (pi) handling in rat aortic vascular smooth muscle cells (vsmc) using 32p-radiotracer assays. our results have revealed a complex set of mechanisms consisting of 1) well-known pit1/pit2-mediated sodium-dependent pi transport; 2) slc20-unrelated sodium-dependent pi transport that is sensitive to the stilbene derivatives 4,4'-diisothiocyanatostilbene-2,2'-disulphonic acid (dids) and 4-acetamido-4-isothiocyanostilbene-2,2-disulfonate (sits); 3) a sodium-independe ...202031886722
active emigration from climate change-caused seawater intrusion into freshwater habitats.ecological risk assessment associated with seawater intrusions has been supported on the determination of lethal/sublethal effects following standard protocols that force exposure neglecting the ability of mobile organisms to spatially avoid salinized environments. thus, this work aimed at assessing active emigration from climate change-caused seawater intrusion into freshwater habitats. to specific objectives were delineated: first, to compute median 12-h avoidance conductivities (ac50,12h) for ...202031883492
heparan sulfate proteoglycans regulate bmp signalling during neural crest induction.bone morphogenetic protein (bmp) signalling is key to many developmental processes, including early regionalisation of the ectoderm. the neural crest is induced here by a combination of bmp and wnt signals from nearby tissues with many secreted factors contributing to its initial specification at the neural plate border. gremlin 1 (grem1) is a secreted bmp antagonist expressed in the neural crest in xenopus laevis but its function here is unknown. as well as binding bmps, grem1 has been shown to ...202031883440
transformation of receptor tyrosine kinases into glutamate receptors and photoreceptors.receptor tyrosine kinases (rtks) are key regulators of cellular functions in metazoans. in vertebrates, rtks are mostly activated by polypeptides but are not naturally sensitive to amino acids or light. taking inspiration from venus kinase receptors (vkrs), an atypical family of rtks found in nature, we have transformed the human insulin (hir) and hepatocyte growth factor receptor (hmet) into glutamate receptors by replacing their extracellular binding domains with the ligand-binding domain of m ...202031872568
modeling ocular lens disease in xenopus.ocular lens clouding is termed as cataract, which depending on the onset, is classified as congenital or age-related. developing new cataract treatments requires new models. thus far, xenopus embryos have not been evaluated as a system for studying cataract.202031872467
bupropion inhibits serotonin type 3ab heteromeric channels at clinically relevant concentrations.bupropion, a food and drug administration-approved antidepressant and smoking cessation aid, blocks dopamine and norepinephrine reuptake transporters and noncompetitively inhibits nicotinic acetylcholine and serotonin (5-ht) type 3a receptors (5-ht3ars). 5-ht3 receptors are pentameric ligand-gated ion channels that regulate synaptic activity in the central and peripheral nervous system, presynaptically and postsynaptically. in the present study, we examined and compared the effect of bupropion a ...202031871303
iron nanoparticle bio-interactions evaluated in xenopus laevis embryos, a model for studying the safety of ingested nanoparticles.iron nanoparticles (nps) have been proposed as a tool in very different fields such as environmental remediation and biomedical applications, including food fortification against iron deficiency, even if there is still concern about their safety. here, we propose xenopus laevis embryos as a suitable model to investigate the toxicity and the bio-interactions at the intestinal barrier of fe3o4 and zerovalent iron (zvi) nps compared to fe(ii) and (iii) salts in the 5 to 100 mg fe/l concentration ra ...202031718350
tomato roots have a functional silicon influx transporter but not a functional silicon efflux transporter.silicon (si) accumulation in shoots differs greatly with plant species, but the molecular mechanisms for this interspecific difference are unknown. here, we isolated homologous genes of rice si influx (sllsi1) and efflux (sllsi2) transporter genes in tomato (solanum lycopersicum l.) and functionally characterized these genes. sllsi1 showed transport activity for si when expressed in both rice lsi1 mutant and xenopus laevis oocytes. sllsi1 was constitutively expressed in the roots. immunostaining ...202031724184
the flavor enhancer maltol increases pigment aggregation in dermal and neural melanophores in xenopus laevis tadpoles.melanophores are pigmented cells that change the distribution of melanosomes, enabling animals to appear lighter or darker for camouflage, thermoregulation, and protection from ultraviolet radiation. a complex series of hormonal and neural mechanisms regulates melanophore pigment distribution, making these dynamic cells a valuable tool to screen toxicants as they rapidly respond to changes in the environment. we found that maltol, a naturally occurring flavor enhancer and fragrance agent, induce ...202031721268
the γ-hydroxybutyric acid (ghb) analogue ncs-382 is a substrate for both monocarboxylate transporters subtypes 1 and 4.the small-molecule ligand (e)-2-(5-hydroxy-5,7,8,9-tetrahydro-6h-benzo[7]annulen-6-ylidene)acetic acid (ncs-382) is an analogue of γ-hydroxybutyric acid (ghb) and is widely used for probing the brain-specific ghb high-affinity binding sites. to reach these, brain uptake is imperative, and it is therefore important to understand the molecular mechanisms of ncs-382 transport in order to direct in vivo studies. in this study, we hypothesized that ncs-382 is a substrate for the monocarboxylate trans ...202031866563
applying tensile and compressive force to xenopus animal cap tissue.over many years, the xenopus laevis embryo has provided a powerful model system to investigate how mechanical forces regulate cellular function. here, we describe a system to apply reproducible tensile and compressive force to x. laevis animal cap tissue explants and to simultaneously assess cellular behavior using live confocal imaging.202031857437
insights into the assembly and activation of the microtubule nucleator γ-turc.microtubules are dynamic polymers of α- and β-tubulin and have crucial roles in cell signalling, cell migration, intracellular transport and chromosome segregation1. they assemble de novo from αβ-tubulin dimers in an essential process termed microtubule nucleation. complexes that contain the protein γ-tubulin serve as structural templates for the microtubule nucleation reaction2. in vertebrates, microtubules are nucleated by the 2.2-megadalton γ-tubulin ring complex (γ-turc), which comprises γ-t ...202031856152
organ-specific requirements for thyroid hormone receptor ensure temporal coordination of tissue-specific transformations and completion of xenopus metamorphosis.background: thyroid hormone (triiodothyronine [t3]) is essential for the development throughout vertebrates. anuran metamorphosis mimics mammalian postembryonic development, a period around birth when plasma t3 level peaks and many organs/tissues mature into their adult forms. compared with the uterus-enclosed mammalian embryos, tadpoles can be easily manipulated to study the roles of t3 and t3 receptors (trs) in tissue remodeling and adult organ development. we and others have previously knocke ...202031854240
d-glucuronolactone attenuates para-xylene-induced defects in neuronal development and plasticity in xenopus tectum in vivo.xylene and its derivatives are known to be neurotoxic to the central nervous system of animals. our previous work has shown that para-xylene (px) can cause an increase in apoptotic cells and abnormal avoidance behavior in xenopus laevis. however, the mechanism underlying the impact of px on neuronal structural and functional plasticity is less clear. here, we examined the effects of px on neuronal development and plasticity in the developing optic tectum. we found that huc/d-positive neurons wer ...202031811891
analysis of clcnkb mutations at dimer-interface, calcium-binding site, and pore reveals a variety of functional alterations in clc-kb channel leading to bartter syndrome.pathological missense mutations in clcnkb gene give a wide spectrum of clinical phenotypes in bartter syndrome type iii patients. molecular analysis of the mutated clc-kb channels can be helpful to classify the mutations according to their functional alteration. we investigated the functional consequences of nine mutations in the clcnkb gene causing bartter syndrome. we first established that all tested mutations lead to decreased clc-kb currents. combining electrophysiological and biochemical m ...202031803959
distinct m6a methylome profiles in poly(a) rna from xenopus laevis testis and that treated with atrazine.recent discovery of reversible n6-methyladenosine (m6a) methylation on messenger rna (mrna) and mapping of m6a methylomes in mammals, plant and yeast revealed potential regulatory functions of this rna modification. however, the role of the m6a methylomes in amphibious is still poorly understood. here, we examined the m6a transcriptome-wide profile in testis tissues of xenopus laevis (x. laevis) with and without treatment with 100 μg/l atrazine (az) through m6a sequencing analysis using the late ...202031877456
annexin a3 is necessary for parallel artery-vein alignment in the mouse retina.annexin a3 (anxa3) is a member of the calcium-regulated, cell membrane-binding family of annexin proteins. we previously confirmed that anxa3 is expressed in the endothelial lineage in vertebrates and that loss of anxa3 in xenopus laevis leads to embryonic blood vessel defects. however, the biological function of anxa3 in mammals is completely unknown. in order to investigate anxa3 vascular function in mammals, we generated an endothelial cell-specific anxa3 conditional knockout mouse model (anx ...202032020697
role of trka signaling during tadpole tail regeneration and early embryonic development in xenopus laevis.neurotrophic signaling regulates neural cell behaviors in development and physiology, although its role in regeneration has not been fully investigated. here, we examined the role of neurotrophic signaling in xenopus laevis tadpole tail regeneration. after the tadpole tails were amputated, the expression of neurotrophin ligand family genes, especially ngf and bdnf, was up-regulated as regeneration proceeded. moreover, notochordal expression of the ngf receptor gene trka, but not that of other ne ...202031788928
studying in vivo retinal progenitor cell proliferation in xenopus laevis.the efficient generation and maintenance of retinal progenitor cells (rpcs) are key goals needed for developing strategies for productive eye repair. although vertebrate eye development and retinogenesis are well characterized, the mechanisms that can initiate rpc proliferation following injury-induced regrowth and repair remain unknown. this is partly because endogenous rpc proliferation typically occurs during embryogenesis while studies of retinal regeneration have largely utilized adult (or ...202031786778
apple almt9 requires a conserved c-terminal domain for malate transport underlying fruit acidity.malate accumulation in the vacuole largely determines apple (malus domestica) fruit acidity, and low fruit acidity is strongly associated with truncation of ma1, an ortholog of aluminum-activated malate transporter9 (almt9) in arabidopsis (arabidopsis thaliana). a mutation at base 1,455 in the open reading frame of ma1 leads to a premature stop codon that truncates the protein by 84 amino acids at its c-terminal end. here, we report that both the full-length protein, ma1, and its naturally occur ...202031772076
effect of triadimefon and its metabolite on adult amphibians xenopus laevis.the decrease in the population of amphibians all over the world has raised concerns. adult x. laevis frogs were exposed to 0, 1 and 10 mg/l triadimefon and triadimenol. after 14 or 28 days exposure, we collected male and female specimens to study swimming activity, lactic dehydrogenase (ldh) and antioxidant enzyme activity in blood samples, histopathology of liver and thyroid tissue, thyroid hormone levels and thyroid hormone-related gene expression levels in brains. our results showed that tria ...202031743868
ligand binding characteristics of the ku80 von willebrand domain.the n-terminal von willebrand domain of ku80 supports interactions with a ku binding motif (kbm) that has been identified in at least three other dna repair proteins: the non-homologous end joining (nhej) scaffold aplf, the modulator of retrovirus infection, mri, and the werner syndrome protein (wrn). a second, more recently identified ku binding motif present in xlf and several other proteins (kbmx) has also been reported to interact with this domain. the isolated ku80 von willebrand antigen do ...202031733588
endoplasmic reticulum transmembrane protein tmtc3 contributes to o-mannosylation of e-cadherin, cellular adherence, and embryonic gastrulation.protein glycosylation plays essential roles in protein structure, stability, and activity such as cell adhesion. the cadherin superfamily of adhesion molecules carry o-linked mannose glycans at conserved sites and it was recently demonstrated that the transmembrane and tetratricopeptide repeat-containing proteins 1-4 (tmtc1-4) gene products contribute to the addition of these o-linked mannoses. here, biochemical, cell biological, and organismal analysis was used to determine that tmtc3 supports ...202031851597
desensitization of nmda channels requires ligand binding to both glun1 and glun2 subunits to constrict the pore beside the activation gate.n-methyl-d-aspartate (nmda) receptor channels are activated by glutamate (or nmda) and glycine. the channels also undergo desensitization, which denotes decreased channel availability, after prolonged exposure to the activating ligands. glycine apparently has a paradoxical negative effect on desensitization, as the increase in ambient glycine in concentrations required for channel activation would increase sustained nmda receptor currents. we hypothesized that this classical "glycine-dependent d ...202031821563
molecular characterization of the orphan transporter slc16a9, an extracellular ph- and na+-sensitive creatine transporter.human monocarboxylate transporters (hmcts) mediate the transport of monocarboxylates across plasma membranes. one such transporter, hmct9, has been shown to be related to serum uric acid levels and the risk of renal overload gout. however, the functional characteristics of hmct9 remain unknown. the aim of this study was to investigate the expression and localization of hmct9 using a xenopus laevis oocyte heterologous expression system and characterize its transport properties. kinetic analysis o ...202031784090
a glimpse of the peptide profile presentation by xenopus laevis mhc class i: crystal structure of pxela-uaa reveals a distinct peptide-binding groove.the african clawed frog, xenopus laevis, is a model species for amphibians. before metamorphosis, tadpoles do not efficiently express the single classical mhc class i (mhc-i) molecule xela-uaa, but after metamorphosis, adults express this molecule in abundance. to elucidate the ag-presenting mechanism of xela-uaa, in this study, the xela-uaa structure complex (pxela-uaag) bound with a peptide from a synthetic random peptide library was determined. the amino acid homology between the xela-uaa and ...202031776204
toward decoding bioelectric events in xenopus embryogenesis: new methodology for tracking interplay between calcium and resting potentials in vivo.although chemical signaling during embryogenesis is readily addressed by a plethora of available techniques, the developmental functions of ionic signaling are still poorly understood. it is increasingly realized that bioelectric events in nonneural cells are critical for pattern regulation, but their study has been hampered by difficulties in monitoring and manipulating them in vivo. recent developments in visualizing electrical signaling dynamics in the field of neuroscience have facilitated f ...202031711960
the hkt transporter hvhkt1;5 negatively regulates salt tolerance.maintaining low intracellular na+ concentrations is an essential physiological strategy in salt stress tolerance in most cereal crops. here, we characterized a member of the high-affinity k+ transporter (hkt) family in barley (hordeum vulgare), hvhkt1;5, which negatively regulates salt tolerance and has different functions from its homology in other cereal crops. hvhkt1;5 encodes a plasma membrane protein localized to root stele cells, particularly in xylem parenchyma cells adjacent to the xylem ...202031690708
simple method to characterize the ciliary proteome of multiciliated cells.motile cilia of multiciliated epithelial cells have important roles in animal development and cell homeostasis. although several studies have identified and reported proteins localized in this complex organelle and the related immotile primary cilia from various cell types, it is still challenging to isolate high quantities of ciliary proteins for proteomic analysis. in this study, african clawed frog (xenopus laevis) embryos, which have many multiciliated cells in the epidermis, were treated wi ...202031689115
complement c1q subunit molecules from xenopus laevis possess conserved function in c1q-immunoglobulin interaction.complement component 1q (c1q), together with c1r and c1s to form c1, recognize and bind immune complex to initiate the classical complement pathway. in this study, c1q subunit molecules (xlc1qa, xlc1qb, xlc1qc) were cloned and analyzed from xenopus laevis (x. laevis). the open reading frame (orf) of xlc1qa is 819 bp of nucleotide sequence encoding 272 amino acids, the orf of xlc1qb is 711 bp encoding 236 aa, and the xlc1qc is consists of 732 bp encoding 243 aa. the deduced amino acid sequences c ...202031678076
pannexin 1 activation and inhibition is permeant-selective.the large-pore channel pannexin 1 (panx1) is expressed in many cell types and can open upon different, yet not fully established, stimuli. panx1 permeability is often inferred from channel permeability to fluorescent dyes, but it is currently unknown whether dye permeability translates to permeability to other molecules. cell shrinkage and c-terminal cleavage led to a panx1 open-state with increased permeability to atomic ions (current), but did not alter ethidium uptake. panx1 inhibitors affect ...202031698505
lin28b increases neural crest cell migration and leads to transformation of trunk sympathoadrenal precursors.the rna-binding protein lin28b regulates developmental timing and determines stem cell identity by suppressing the let-7 family of micrornas. postembryonic reactivation of lin28b impairs cell commitment to differentiation, prompting their transformation. in this study, we assessed the extent to which ectopic lin28b expression modulates the physiological behavior of neural crest cells (ncc) and governs their transformation in the trunk region of developing embryos. we provide evidence that the ov ...202031601998
sorafenib activity and disposition in liver cancer does not depend on organic cation transporter 1.systemic therapy of advanced hepatocellular carcinoma (hcc) with the small-molecule multikinase inhibitor sorafenib is associated with large interindividual pharmacokinetic variability and unpredictable side effects potentially requiring dose reduction or treatment termination. organic cation transporter (oct1; gene slc22a1) has been proposed as a clinical biomarker of hcc response. because proof is lacking that oct1 transports sorafenib, we used a combinatorial approach to define how oct1 contr ...202031350763
extracellular lysine 38 plays a crucial role in ph-dependent transport via human monocarboxylate transporter 1.human monocarboxylate transporters (hmcts) are expressed in many tissues and mediate the transport of various substrates across the plasma membrane. among hmcts, hmct1-4 cotransport h+ with monocarboxylates such as pyruvate and l-lactate, implying that these proteins recognize both substrate and h+. however, the mechanism of translocation, and particularly that of hmct1 ph-dependent transport, remains largely unknown. this study aimed at identifying residues involved in the ph dependence of hmct ...202031593685
cytosolic gaba inhibits anion transport by wheat almt1.anion transport by aluminium-activated malate transporter (almt) proteins is negatively regulated by gamma-aminobutyric acid (gaba), which increases in concentration during stress. here, the interaction between gaba and wheat (triticum aestivum, ta) taalmt1 heterologously-expressed in xenopus laevis oocytes was investigated. gaba inhibited anion transport by taalmt1 in membrane patches from the cytosolic, not extracellular membrane face, via a reduction in open probability (npopen ), not an inhi ...202031591723
identification and characterization of the atlantic salmon peptide transporter 1a.peptide transporter 1 (pept1) mediates the uptake of dietary di-/tripeptides in vertebrates. however, in teleost fish gut, more than one pept1-type transporter might operate, because of teleost-specific whole gen(om)e duplication event(s) that occurred during evolution. here, we describe a novel teleost di-/tripeptide transporter, i.e., the atlantic salmon (salmo salar) peptide transporter 1a [pept1a; or solute carrier family 15 member 1a (slc15a1a)], which is a paralog (77% similarity and 64% i ...202031664857
smooth muscle in cardiac chambers is common in turtles and extensive in the emydid turtle, trachemys scripta.a prominent layer of smooth muscle lining the luminal side of the atria of freshwater turtles (emydidae) was described more than a century ago. we recently demonstrated that this smooth muscle provides a previously unrecognized mechanism to change cardiac output in the emydid red-eared slider (trachemys scripta) that possibly contributes to their tremendous diving capacity. the purpose of the present immunohistochemical study was firstly to screen major groups of vertebrates for the presence of ...202031509333
biochemical responses revealed in an amphibian species after exposure to a forgotten contaminant: an integrated biomarker assessment.vanadium is a metal whose toxicity towards terrestrial and aquatic species has been under-reported to date.. the biochemical responses of vanadium in amphibian species have not been determined. to establish the effects of vanadium (v) on exposed adult xenopus laevis, acute and chronic exposures were conducted, and biomarker analyses were performed on liver and muscle tissues from exposed frogs. biomarkers of exposure, such as acetylcholinesterase (ache) and metallothioneins (mt), were analysed. ...202031629886
coexposure to environmental concentrations of cis-bifenthrin and graphene oxide: adverse effects on the nervous system during metamorphic development of xenopus laevis.despite the great concerns associated with the combined biological effects of nanoparticles and insecticides, the current understanding of the corresponding ecological risks remains limited. xenopus laevis (x. laevis) tadpoles were exposed to various concentrations of typical pyrethroid (cis-bifenthrin; cis-bf), either alone or in combination with graphene oxide (go), for 21 days. the presence of go resulted in increased bioconcentration of cis-bf and a higher 1s-enantiomer fraction. exposure to ...202031425913
morpholino studies in xenopus brain development.antisense morpholino oligonucleotides (mos) have become a valuable method to knockdown protein levels, to block with mrna splicing and to interfere with mirna function. mos are widely used to alter gene expression in development of xenopus and zebrafish, where they are typically injected into the fertilized egg or blastomeres. here we present methods to use electroporation to target delivery of mos to the central nervous system of xenopus laevis or xenopus tropicalis tadpoles. briefly, mo electr ...202031552666
arabidopsis pic30 encodes a major facilitator superfamily transporter responsible for the uptake of picolinate herbicides.picloram is an auxinic herbicide that is widely used for controlling broad leaf weeds. however, its mechanism of transport into plants is poorly understood. in a genetic screen for picloram resistance, we identified three arabidopsis mutant alleles of pic30 (picloram resistant30) that are specifically resistant to picolinates, but not to other auxins. pic30 is a previously uncharacterized gene that encodes a major facilitator superfamily (mfs) transporter. similar to most members of mfs, pic30 c ...202031710151
serotonin and mucxs release by small secretory cells depend on xpod, a ssc specific marker gene.mucus secretion and ciliary motility are hallmarks for muco-ciliary epithelia (mce). both, mammalian airways as well as the less complex epidermis of xenopus embryos show cilia-driven mucus flow to protect the organism against harmful effects by exogenous pathogens or pollutants. four cell types set up the epidermal mce in xenopus. multi-ciliated cells (mccs) generate an anterior to posterior flow of mucus. ion secreting cells (iscs) are characterized by the expression of ion transporters, presu ...202031705622
odontomas in frogs.odontomas are variably differentiated, hamartoma-like proliferations of odontogenic epithelium, pulp ectomesenchyme (odontoblasts), and dental matrix. frogs are polyphyodont and homodont. their teeth also differ from mammals in that they are restricted to the upper jaw in adults and lack a periodontal ligament and cementum, attaching directly to the underlying bone. odontomas were identified in an african clawed frog (xenopus laevis), a false tomato frog (dyscophus guineti), and a tomato frog of ...202031551010
leishmania heme uptake involves lmflvcrb, a novel porphyrin transporter essential for the parasite.leishmaniasis comprises a group of neglected diseases caused by the protozoan parasite leishmania spp. as is the case for other trypanosomatid parasites, leishmania is auxotrophic for heme and must scavenge this essential compound from its human host. in mammals, the slc transporter flvcr2 mediates heme import across the plasma membrane. herein we identify and characterize leishmania major flvcrb (lmflvcrb), the first member of the flvcr family studied in a non-metazoan organism. this protein lo ...202031372684
the expression of key guidance genes at a forebrain axon turning point is maintained by distinct fgfr isoforms but a common downstream signal transduction mechanism.during development the axons of neurons grow toward and locate their synaptic partners to form functional neural circuits. axons do so by reading a map of guidance cues expressed by surrounding tissues. guidance cues are expressed at a precise space and time, but how guidance cue expression is regulated, and in a coordinated manner, is poorly understood. semaphorins (semas) and slits are families of molecular ligands that guide axons. we showed previously that fibroblast growth factor (fgf) sign ...202030993182
rare heterozygous gdf6 variants in patients with renal anomalies.although over 50 genes are known to cause renal malformation if mutated, the underlying genetic basis, most easily identified in syndromic cases, remains unsolved in most patients. in search of novel causative genes, whole-exome sequencing in a patient with renal, i.e., crossed fused renal ectopia, and extrarenal, i.e., skeletal, eye, and ear, malformations yielded a rare heterozygous variant in the gdf6 gene encoding growth differentiation factor 6, a member of the bmp family of ligands. previo ...202032737436
a non-canonical role for the dna glycosylase neil3 in suppressing ape1 endonuclease-mediated ssdna damage.the dna glycosylase neil3 has been implicated in dna repair pathways including the base excision repair and the interstrand cross-link repair pathways via its dna glycosylase and/or ap lyase activity, which are considered canonical roles of neil3 in genome integrity. compared with the other dna glycosylases neil1 and neil2, xenopus laevis neil3 c terminus has two highly conserved zinc finger motifs containing grxf residues (designated as zf-grf). it has been demonstrated that the minor ap endonu ...202032817342
experiences with the marsupial frogs: reminiscences of a developmental biologist.this article provides a brief account of the career of eugenia m. del pino. casual events and serendipity played important roles in modeling her career as developmental biologist. in collaboration with colleagues and students, she analyzed the biology and development of the marsupial frog gastrotheca riobambae (family: hemiphractidae) in comparison with xenopus laevis and tropical frogs. the emphasis was placed on oogenesis and the early stages of development. topics include the mono- and multi- ...202032813268
exploring the relationships between amphibian (xenopus laevis) myeloid cell subsets.the differentiation of distinct leukocyte subsets is governed by lineage-specific growth factors that elicit disparate expression of transcription factors and markers by the developing cell populations. for example, macrophages (mφs) and granulocytes (grns) arise from common granulocyte-macrophage progenitors in response to distinct myeloid growth factors. in turn, myelopoiesis of the xenopus laevis anuran amphibian appears to be unique to other studied vertebrates in several respects while the ...202032745480
design, synthesis, and electrophysiological evaluation of ns6740 derivatives: exploration of the structure-activity relationship for alpha7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor silent activation.the α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nachr) silent agonists, able to induce receptor desensitization and promote the α7 metabotropic function, are emerging as new promising therapeutic anti-inflammatory agents. herein, we report the structure-activity relationship investigation of the archetypal silent agonist ns6740 (1,4-diazabicyclo[3.2.2]nonan-4-yl(5-(3-(trifluoromethyl)-phenyl)-furan-2-yl)methanone) (1) to elucidate the ligand-receptor interactions responsible for the α7 silent activatio ...202032810771
α-conotoxin as potential to α7-nachr recombinant expressed in escherichia coli.α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nachr) is an important nicotinic acetylcholine receptors subtype and closely associated with cognitive disorders, such as alzheimer's and schizophrenia disease. the mutant arib (v11l, v16a) of α-conotoxin arib with 17-amino acid residues specifically targets α7 nachr with no obvious effect on other nachr subtypes. in the study, the synthetic gene encoding mature peptide of arib and mutant arib (v11l, v16a) carried a fusion protein trx and 6 × his-tag was sep ...202032806654
compaction of rna duplexes in the cell.the structure and flexibility of rna depends sensitively on the microenvironment. using pulsed electron-electron double-resonance (peldor)/double electron-electron resonance (deer) spectroscopy combined with advanced labeling techniques, we show that the structure of double-stranded rna (dsrna) changes upon internalization into xenopus laevis oocytes. compared to dilute solution, the dsrna a-helix is more compact in cells. we recapitulate this compaction in a densely crowded protein solution. at ...202032804430
predation threats for a 24-h period activated the extension of axons in the brains of xenopus tadpoles.the threat of predation is a driving force in the evolution of animals. we have previously reported that xenopus laevis enhanced their tail muscles and increased their swimming speeds in the presence of japanese larval salamander predators. herein, we investigated the induced gene expression changes in the brains of tadpoles under the threat of predation using 3'-tag digital gene expression profiling. we found that many muscle genes were expressed after 24 h of exposure to predation. ingenuity p ...202032678123
electrophysiological effects of non-vitamin k antagonist oral anticoagulants on atrial repolarizing potassium channels.non-vitamin k antagonist oral anticoagulants (noacs) are widely used in the prevention of stroke and systemic embolism in patients with non-valvular atrial fibrillation (af). the efficacy of noacs has been attributed in part to pleiotropic effects that are mediated through effects on thrombin, factor xa, and their respective receptors. direct pharmacological effects of noacs and cardiac ion channels have not been addressed to date. we hypothesized that the favourable clinical outcome of noac use ...202032676673
mucociliary epithelial organoids from xenopus embryonic cells: generation, culture and high-resolution live imaging.mucociliary epithelium provides the first line of defense by removing foreign particles through the action of mucus production and cilia-mediated clearance. many clinically relevant defects in the mucociliary epithelium are inferred as they occur deep within the body. here, we introduce a tractable 3d model for mucociliary epithelium generated from multipotent progenitors that were microsurgically isolated from xenopus laevis embryos. the mucociliary epithelial organoids are covered with newly g ...202032804169
conservation of glomerular organization in the main olfactory bulb of anuran larvae.the glomerular array in the olfactory bulb of many vertebrates is segregated into molecularly and anatomically distinct clusters linked to different olfactory functions. in anurans, glomerular clustering is so far only described in xenopus laevis. we traced olfactory projections to the bulb in tadpoles belonging to six distantly related anuran species in four families (pipidae, hylidae, bufonidae, dendrobatidae) and found that glomerular clustering is remarkably conserved. the general bauplan co ...202032792916
phosphorylation influences water and ion channel function of atpip2;1.the phosphorylation state of two serine residues within the c-terminal domain of atpip2;1 (s280, s283) regulates its plasma membrane localization in response to salt and osmotic stress. here, we investigated whether the phosphorylation state of s280 and s283 also influence atpip2;1 facilitated water and cation transport. a series of single and double s280 and s283 phosphomimic and phosphonull atpip2;1 mutants were tested in heterologous systems. in xenopus laevis oocytes, phosphomimic mutants at ...202032678928
nicotinic acetylcholine receptors: ex-vivo expression of functional, non-hybrid, heteropentameric receptors from a marine arthropod, lepeophtheirus salmonis.nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nachrs) are ligand-gated ion channels mostly located in the post-synaptic membrane of cholinergic synapses. the natural neurotransmitter is acetylcholine, but they are also the direct targets for neonicotinoids, chemicals widely used against ectoparasites, arthropod vectors and agricultural pests. there are significant concerns regarding adverse effects of neonicotinoids on beneficial insects. in arthropods, functional nachrs made of α subunits have been expres ...202032716968
redox priming promotes aurora a activation during mitosis.cell cycle-dependent redox changes can mediate transient covalent modifications of cysteine thiols to modulate the activities of regulatory kinases and phosphatases. our previously reported finding that protein cysteine oxidation is increased during mitosis relative to other cell cycle phases suggests that redox modifications could play prominent roles in regulating mitotic processes. the aurora family of kinases and their downstream targets are key components of the cellular machinery that ensu ...202032694171
heterologous expression of concatenated nicotinic ach receptors: pros and cons of subunit concatenation and recommendations for construct designs.concatenation of cys-loop receptor subunits is a commonly used technique to ensure experimental control of receptor assembly. however, we recently demonstrated that widely used constructs did not lead to the expression of uniform pools of ternary and more complex receptors. the aim was therefore to identify viable strategies for designing concatenated constructs that would allow strict control of resultant receptor pools.202032627170
active forces shape the metaphase spindle through a mechanical instability.the metaphase spindle is a dynamic structure orchestrating chromosome segregation during cell division. recently, soft matter approaches have shown that the spindle behaves as an active liquid crystal. still, it remains unclear how active force generation contributes to its characteristic spindle-like shape. here we combine theory and experiments to show that molecular motor-driven forces shape the structure through a barreling-type instability. we test our physical model by titrating dynein act ...202032601228
a turripeptide from polystira nobilis venom inhibits human α3β2 and α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptors.almost all marine snails within superfamily conoidea produce venoms containing numerous neuroactive peptides. most toxins characterized from members of this superfamily are produced by species belonging to family conidae. these toxins (conotoxins) affect diverse membrane proteins, such as voltage- and ligand-gated ion channels, including nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nachrs). family turridae has been considerably less studied than their conidae counterpart and, therefore, turrid toxins (tur ...202032592834
zinc protection of fertilized eggs is an ancient feature of sexual reproduction in animals.one of the earliest and most prevalent barriers to successful reproduction is polyspermy, or fertilization of an egg by multiple sperm. to prevent these supernumerary fertilizations, eggs have evolved multiple mechanisms. it has recently been proposed that zinc released by mammalian eggs at fertilization may block additional sperm from entering. here, we demonstrate that eggs from amphibia and teleost fish also release zinc. using xenopus laevis as a model, we document that zinc reversibly block ...202032735558
relationship between oxygen consumption and neuronal activity in a defined neural circuit.neuronal computations related to sensory and motor activity along with the maintenance of spike discharge, synaptic transmission, and associated housekeeping are energetically demanding. the most efficient metabolic process to provide large amounts of energy equivalents is oxidative phosphorylation and thus dependent on o2 consumption. therefore, o2 levels in the brain are a critical parameter that influences neuronal function. measurements of o2 consumption have been used to estimate the cost o ...202032615976
comprehensive imaging of sensory-evoked activity of entire neurons within the awake developing brain using ultrafast aod-based random-access two-photon microscopy.determining how neurons transform synaptic input and encode information in action potential (ap) firing output is required for understanding dendritic integration, neural transforms and encoding. limitations in the speed of imaging 3d volumes of brain encompassing complex dendritic arbors in vivo using conventional galvanometer mirror-based laser-scanning microscopy has hampered fully capturing fluorescent sensors of activity throughout an individual neuron's entire complement of synaptic inputs ...202032612514
cofactor-enabled functional expression of fruit fly, honeybee, and bumblebee nicotinic receptors reveals picomolar neonicotinoid actions.the difficulty of achieving robust functional expression of insect nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nachrs) has hampered our understanding of these important molecular targets of globally deployed neonicotinoid insecticides at a time when concerns have grown regarding the toxicity of this chemotype to insect pollinators. we show that thioredoxin-related transmembrane protein 3 (tmx3) is essential to enable robust expression in xenopus laevis oocytes of honeybee (apis mellifera) and bumblebee ( ...202032611810
disabled-2: a positive regulator of the early differentiation of myoblasts.dab2 is an adaptor protein and a tumor suppressor. our previous study has found that dab2 was expressed in early differentiating skeletal muscles in mouse embryos. in this study, we determined the role of dab2 in the skeletal muscle differentiation using c2c12 myoblasts in vitro and xenopus laevis embryos in vivo. the expression of dab2 was increased in c2c12 myoblasts during the formation of myotubes in vitro. knockdown of dab2 expression in c2c12 myoblasts resulted in a reduction of myotube fo ...202032607799
mambalgin-2 induces cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in glioma cells via interaction with asic1a.gliomas are fast growing and highly invasive brain tumors, characterized by tumor microenvironment acidification that drives glioma cell growth and migration. channels containing acid-sensing ion channel 1a subunit (asic1a) mediate amiloride-sensitive cation influx in late stage glioma cells, but not in normal astrocytes. thus, selective targeting of asic1a can be a perspective strategy for glioma treatment. here, asic1a expression in u251 mg and a172 glioma cells, but not in normal astrocytes, ...202032650495
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