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renal localization and regulation by dietary phosphate of the mct14 orphan transporter.mct14 is an orphan transporter belonging to the slc16 transporter family mediating the transport of monocarboxylates, aromatic amino acids, creatine, and thyroid hormones. the expression, tissue localization, regulation, and function of mct14 are unknown. in mouse mct14 mrna abundance is highest in kidney. using a newly developed and validated antibody, mct14 was localized to the luminal membrane of the thick ascending limb of the loop of henle colocalizing in the same cells with uromodulin and ...201728662032
a method for detailed movement pattern analysis of tadpole startle response.prolonged space flight, specifically microgravity, presents a problem for space exploration. animal models with altered connections of the vestibular ear, and thus altered gravity sensation, would allow the examination of the effects of microgravity and how various countermeasures can establish normal function. we describe an experimental apparatus to monitor the effects of ear manipulations to generate asymmetric gravity input on the tadpole escape response. to perform the movement pattern anal ...201728653338
switch-like behavior enables wnt11 concentration specific response during dorso-ventral axis formation in xenopus laevis.wnt signaling plays a role in diverse processes such as cell proliferation, differentiation, migration or cell polarity. dysfunction of wnt signaling is associated with human diseases and aging. wnts can activate several interacting intracellular signaling pathways, in particular the so called canonical and non-canonical pathways. the canonical wnt response leads to a stabilization of cytoplasmic β-catenin whereas non-canonical wnt signaling can result in the activation of calcium-calmodulin dep ...201728648560
ensemble and single-molecule analysis of non-homologous end joining in frog egg extracts.non-homologous end joining (nhej) repairs the majority of dna double-strand breaks in human cells, yet the detailed order of events in this process has remained obscure. here, we describe how to employ xenopus laevis egg extract for the study of nhej. the egg extract is easy to prepare in large quantities, and it performs efficient end joining that requires the core end joining proteins ku, dna-pkcs, xlf, xrcc4, and dna ligase iv. these factors, along with the rest of the soluble proteome, are p ...201728645371
xenopus laevis as model system to study dna damage response and replication fork stability.although many players of the dna damage response and dna repair have been identified in several systems their biochemical role is still poorly understood. the use of the xenopus laevis egg extract cell-free system allowed biochemical dissection of dna replication and cell cycle events in a complex biological context. the possibility of manipulating the protein content by using protein depletion procedures makes egg extract a powerful system to study proteins whose inactivation results in cellula ...201728645370
adipose tissue macrophages develop from bone marrow-independent progenitors in xenopus laevis and mouse.atms have a metabolic impact in mammals as they contribute to metabolically harmful at inflammation. the control of the atm number may have therapeutic potential; however, information on atm ontogeny is scarce. whereas it is thought that atms develop from circulating monocytes, various tissue-resident mϕs are capable of self-renewal and develop from bm-independent progenitors without a monocyte intermediate. here, we show that amphibian at contains self-renewing atms that populate the at before ...201728642277
using short-term bioassays to evaluate the endocrine disrupting capacity of the pesticides linuron and fenoxycarb.several short-term whole-organism bioassays based on transgenic aquatic models are now under validation by the oecd (organization for economic co-operation and development) to become standardized test guidelines for the evaluation of the endocrine activity of substances. evaluation of the endocrine disrupting capacity of pesticides will be a domain of applicability of these future reference tests. the herbicide linuron and the insecticide fenoxycarb are two chemicals commonly used in agricultura ...201728634053
measurement of surface topography and stiffness distribution on cross-section of xenopus laevis tailbud for estimation of mechanical environment in embryo.the stress distribution inside a xenopus laevis tailbud embryo was estimated to examine the cause of the straightening and elongation. the embryos were cut in the middle, yielding a cross-section perpendicular to the body axis. the section was not flat, owing to the residual stress relief. the stress needed to restore the flatness corresponded to the stress inside the embryo and was calculated using the surface topography and young's-moduli in the section. we found the areas of the notochord (nc ...201728627765
xenopus-fv3 host-pathogen interactions and immune evasion.we first review fundamental insights into anti-ranavirus immunity learned with the xenopus laevis/ranavirus fv3 model that are generally applicable to ectothermic vertebrates. we then further investigate fv3 genes involved in immune evasion. focusing on fv3 knockout (ko) mutants defective for a putative viral caspase activation and recruitment domain-containing (card)-like protein (δ64r-fv3), a β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase homolog (δ52l-fv3), and an immediate-early18kda protein (fv3-δ18k), we ...201728625407
mutation of the inhibitory ethanol site in gabaa ρ1 receptors promotes tolerance to ethanol-induced motor incoordination.genes encoding the ρ1/2 subunits of gabaa receptors have been associated with alcohol (ethanol) dependence in humans, and ρ1 was also shown to regulate some of the behavioral effects of ethanol in animal models. ethanol inhibits gaba-mediated responses in wild-type (wt) ρ1, but not ρ1(t6'y) mutant receptors expressed in xenopus laevis oocytes, indicating the presence of an inhibitory site for ethanol in the second transmembrane helix. in this study, we found that ρ1(t6'y) receptors expressed in ...201728623169
adhfe1: a novel enzyme involved in retinoic acid-dependent hox activation.retinoic acid (ra) signaling is a central pathway regulating anterior-posterior patterning of the embryo through its targets, the hox genes. ra is produced by two sequential oxidations from vitamin a (retinol) and this biosynthesis has to be regulated temporally, spatially and quantitatively. mining xenopus embryonic expression databases identified a novel component of the ra metabolic network, adhfe1. using xenopus laevis embryos as our experimental system we determined the temporal and spatial ...201728621427
foxd1 protein interacts with wnt and bmp signaling to differentially pattern mesoderm and neural tissue.the foxd1 gene (previously known as brain factor 2/bf2) is expressed during early xenopus laevis development. at gastrula stages, foxd1 is expressed in dorsal mesoderm regions fated for muscle and notochord, while at neurula stages, foxd1 is expressed in the forebrain region. previous studies in the neural plate showed that foxd1 protein acts as transcriptional repressor downstream of bmp antagonism, neuralizing the embryo to control anterior neural cell fates. foxd1 mesoderm function was not ri ...201728621426
roles of the cilium-associated gene ccdc11 in left-right patterning and in laterality disorders in humans.axial determination occurs during early stages of embryogenesis. flaws in laterality patterning result in abnormal positioning of visceral organs, as manifested in heterotaxy syndrome, or complete left-right inversion as in situs inversus totalis. these malformations are often associated with ciliopathies, as seen in primary ciliary dyskinesia. we have recently described a novel mutation in the coiled-coil domain-containing 11 (ccdc11) gene associated with laterality disorders in a consanguineou ...201728621423
cells from subcutaneous tissues contribute to scarless skin regeneration in xenopus laevis froglets.mammals cannot regenerate the dermis and other skin structures after an injury and instead form a scar. however, a xenopus laevis froglet can regenerate scarless skin, including the dermis and secretion glands, on the limbs and trunk after skin excision. subcutaneous tissues in the limbs and trunk consist mostly of muscles. although subcutaneous tissues beneath a skin injury appear disorganized, the cellular contribution of these underlying tissues to skin regeneration remains unclear.201728618059
loops d, e and g in the drosophila dα1 subunit contribute to high neonicotinoid sensitivity of dα1-chicken β2 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor.neonicotinoid insecticides interact with the orthosteric site formed at subunit interfaces of insect nicotinic ach (nach) receptors. however, their interactions with the orthosteric sites at α-non α and α-α subunit interfaces remain poorly understood. the aim of this study was to elucidate the mechanism of neonicotinoid actions using the drosophila dα1-chicken β2 hybrid nach receptor.201728616862
global realized niche divergence in the african clawed frog xenopus laevis.although of crucial importance for invasion biology and impact assessments of climate change, it remains widely unknown how species cope with and adapt to environmental conditions beyond their currently realized climatic niches (i.e., those climatic conditions existing populations are exposed to). the african clawed frog xenopus laevis, native to southern africa, has established numerous invasive populations on multiple continents making it a pertinent model organism to study environmental niche ...201728616199
α-conotoxin [s9a]txid potently discriminates between α3β4 and α6/α3β4 nicotinic acetylcholine receptors.α3β4 nachrs have been implicated in various pathophysiological conditions. however, the expression profile of α3β4 nachrs and α6/α3β4 nachrs overlap in a variety of tissues. to distinguish between these two subtypes, we redesigned peptide 1 (α-conotoxin txid), which inhibits α3β4 and α6/α3β4 nachr subtypes. we systematically mutated 1 to evaluate analogue selectivity for α3β4 vs α6/α3β4 nachrs expressed in xenopus laevis oocytes. one analogue, peptide 7 ([s9a]txid), had 46-fold greater potency f ...201728603989
tgf-β family signaling in early vertebrate development.tgf-β family ligands function in inducing and patterning many tissues of the early vertebrate embryonic body plan. nodal signaling is essential for the specification of mesendodermal tissues and the concurrent cellular movements of gastrulation. bone morphogenetic protein (bmp) signaling patterns tissues along the dorsal-ventral axis and simultaneously directs the cell movements of convergence and extension. after gastrulation, a second wave of nodal signaling breaks the symmetry between the lef ...201728600394
xenopus pitx3 target genes lhx1 and xnr5 are identified using a novel three-fluor flow cytometry-based analysis of promoter activation and repression.pitx3 plays a well understood role in directing development of lens, muscle fiber, and dopaminergic neurons; however, in xenopus laevis, it may also play a role in early gastrulation and somitogenesis. potential downstream targets of pitx3 possess multiple binding motifs that would not be readily accessible by conventional promoter analysis.201728598520
the neuronal and astrocytic protein slc38a10 transports glutamine, glutamate, and aspartate, suggesting a role in neurotransmission.in brain cells, glutamine transporters are vital to monitor and control the levels of glutamate and gaba. there are 11 members of the slc38 family of amino acid transporters of which eight have been functionally characterized. here, we report the first histological and functional characterization of the previously orphan member, slc38a10. we used pairwise global sequence alignments to determine the sequence identity between the slc38 family members. slc38a10 was found to share 20-25% transmembra ...201728593130
high-quality frozen extracts of xenopus laevis eggs reveal size-dependent control of metaphase spindle micromechanics.cell-free extracts from unfertilized xenopus laevis eggs offer the opportunity for a variety of biochemical and biophysical assays for analyzing essential cell cycle events such as metaphase spindle assembly. however, the extracts often exhibit substantial variation in quality and have low storage stability, factors that hamper their experimental utility. here we report a simple two-step method for preparing frozen egg extracts that retain spindle assembly activity levels similar to those of fre ...201728592634
characterization of the transport activity of sglt2/map17, the renal low-affinity na+-glucose cotransporter.the cotransporter sglt2 is responsible for 90% of renal glucose reabsorption, and we recently showed that map17 appears to work as a required β-subunit. we report in the present study a detailed functional characterization of human sglt2 in coexpression with human map17 in xenopus laevis oocytes. addition of external glucose generates a large inward current in the presence of na, confirming an electrogenic transport mechanism. at a membrane potential of -50 mv, sglt2 affinity constants for gluco ...201728592437
anesthetic synergy between two n-alkanes.n-butane and n-pentane can both produce general anesthesia. both compounds potentiate γ-aminobutyric acid type a (gabaa) receptor function, but only butane inhibits n-methyl-d-aspartate (nmda) receptors. it was hypothesized that butane and pentane would exhibit anesthetic synergy due to their different actions on ligand-gated ion channels.201728583773
inhibition of insect olfactory behavior by an airborne antagonist of the insect odorant receptor co-receptor subunit.response to volatile environmental chemosensory cues is essential for insect survival. the odorant receptor (or) family is an important class of receptors that detects volatile molecules; guiding insects towards food, mates, and oviposition sites. ors are odorant-gated ion channels, consisting of a variable odorant specificity subunit and a conserved odorant receptor co-receptor (orco) subunit, in an unknown stoichiometry. the orco subunit possesses an allosteric site to which modulators can bin ...201728562598
the flexible cytoplasmic loop 3 contributes to the substrate affinity of human monocarboxylate transporters.human monocarboxylate transporters (hmcts/slc16as) mediate the transport of small molecular weight monocarboxylates. among hmcts, hmct1 exhibits high-affinity l-lactate transport and broad substrate recognition, whereas hmct4 shows highly specific substrate recognition and low-affinity l-lactate transport, indicating that hmct1 and hmct4 have different roles in the body. however, the molecular mechanism of transporter-mediated substrate transport remains unknown. the aim of this study is to iden ...201728559188
neun immunoreactivity in the brain of xenopus laevis.neuronal nuclear antigen (neun), discovered in mice brain cell nuclei by mullen et al. (1992), is used as an excellent marker of post-mitotic neurons in vertebrates. in this study, the expression pattern of neun was examined in the xenopus brain to explore phylogenetic differences in neun expression. anti-neun antibody showed selective staining in mouse and xenopus brain extracts, but the number and molecular weight of the bands differed in western blotting analysis. in immunostaining, anti-neun ...201728558928
the gliotransmitter d-serine promotes synapse maturation and axonal stabilization in vivo.the nmdar is thought to play a key role in the refinement of connectivity in developing neural circuits. pharmacological blockade or genetic loss-of-function manipulations that prevent nmdar function during development result in the disorganization of topographic axonal projections. however, because nmdars contribute to overall glutamatergic neurotransmission, such loss-of-function experiments fail to adequately distinguish between the roles played by nmdars and neural activity in general. the g ...201728550169
digital dissection of the model organism xenopus laevis using contrast-enhanced computed tomography.the african clawed frog, xenopus laevis, is one of the most widely used model organisms in biological research. however, the most recent anatomical description of x. laevis was produced nearly a century ago. compared with other anurans, pipid frogs - including x. laevis - exhibit numerous unusual morphological features; thus, anatomical descriptions of more 'typical' frogs do not detail many aspects of x. laevis skeletal and soft-tissue morphology. the relatively new method of using iodine-based ...201728547827
an analysis of myod-dependent transcription using crispr/cas9 gene targeting in xenopus tropicalis embryos.myogenic regulatory factors (mrfs) are known to have essential roles in both the establishment and differentiation of the skeletal muscle cell lineage. myod is expressed early in the xenopus mesoderm where it is present and active several hours before the activation of muscle differentiation genes. previous studies in cultured cells and in xenopus laevis have identified sets of genes that require myod prior to differentiation of skeletal muscle. here we report results from experiments using cris ...201728536000
the c-terminal kinesin motor kifc1 may participate in nuclear reshaping and flagellum formation during spermiogenesis of larimichthys crocea.spermatogenesis is a highly ordered process in the differentiation of male germ cells. nuclear morphogenesis is one of the most fundamental cellular transformations to take place during spermatogenesis. these striking transformations from spermatogonia to spermatozoa are a result of phase-specific adaption of the cytoskeleton and its association with molecular motor proteins. kifc1 is a c-terminal kinesin motor protein that plays an essential role in acrosome formation and nuclear reshaping duri ...201728534180
are invasive populations characterized by a broader diet than native populations?invasive species are among the most significant threats to biodiversity. the diet of invasive animal populations is a crucial factor that must be considered in the context of biological invasions. a broad dietary spectrum is a frequently cited characteristic of invasive species, allowing them to thrive in a wide range of environments. therefore, empirical studies comparing diet in invasive and native populations are necessary to understand dietary requirements, dietary flexibility, and the assoc ...201728533950
leptin induces mitosis and activates the canonical wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway in neurogenic regions of xenopus tadpole brain.in addition to its well-known role as an adipostat in adult mammals, leptin has diverse physiological and developmental actions in vertebrates. leptin has been shown to promote development of hypothalamic circuits and to induce mitosis in different brain areas of mammals. we investigated the ontogeny of leptin mrna, leptin actions on cell proliferation in the brain, and gene expression in the preoptic area/hypothalamus of tadpoles of xenopus laevis. the level of leptin mrna was low in premetamor ...201728533765
two-electrode voltage-clamp recordings in xenopus laevis oocytes: reconstitution of abscisic acid activation of slac1 anion channel via pyl9 aba receptor.two-electrode voltage-clamp (tevc) recording in xenopus laevis oocytes provides a powerful method to investigate the functions and regulation of ion channel proteins. this approach provides a well-known tool to characterize ion channels or transporters expressed in xenopus laevis oocytes. the plasma membrane of the oocyte is impaled by two microelectrodes, one for voltage sensing and the other one for current injection. here we list a protocol that allows robust reconstitution of multi-component ...201728516122
functional assessment of sodium chloride cotransporter ncc mutants in polarized mammalian epithelial cells.the thiazide-sensitive sodium chloride cotransporter ncc is important for maintaining serum sodium (na+) and, indirectly, serum potassium (k+) levels. functional studies on ncc have used cell lines with native ncc expression, transiently transfected nonpolarized cell lines, or xenopus laevis oocytes. here, we developed the use of polarized madin-darby canine kidney type i (mdcki) mammalian epithelial cell lines with tetracycline-inducible human ncc expression to study ncc activity and membrane a ...201728515174
quercetin, morin, luteolin, and phloretin are dietary flavonoid inhibitors of monocarboxylate transporter 6.monocarboxylate transporter 6 (mct6; slc16a5) has been recognized for its role as a xenobiotic transporter, with characterized substrates probenecid, bumetanide, and nateglinide. to date, the impact of commonly ingested dietary compounds on mct6 function has not been investigated, and therefore, the objective of this study was to evaluate a variety of flavonoids for their potential mct6-specific interactions. flavonoids are a large group of polyphenolic phytochemicals found in commonly consumed ...201728513167
the nodulin 26-like intrinsic membrane protein osnip3;2 is involved in arsenite uptake by lateral roots in rice.previous studies have shown that the nodulin 26-like intrinsic membrane protein (nip) lsi1 (osnip2;1) is involved in arsenite [as(iii)] uptake in rice (oryza sativa). however, the role of other rice nips in as(iii) accumulation in planta remains unknown. in the present study, we investigated the role osnip3;2 in as(iii) uptake in rice. when expressed in xenopus laevis oocytes, osnip3;2 showed a high transport activity for as(iii). quantitative real-time rt-pcr showed that the expression of osnip ...201728505352
co-accumulation of cis-regulatory and coding mutations during the pseudogenization of the xenopus laevis homoeologs six6.l and six6.s.common models for the evolution of duplicated genes after genome duplication are subfunctionalization, neofunctionalization, and pseudogenization. although the crucial roles of cis-regulatory mutations in subfunctionalization are well-documented, their involvement in pseudogenization and/or neofunctionalization remains unclear. we addressed this issue by investigating the evolution of duplicated homeobox genes, six6.l and six6.s, in the allotetraploid frog xenopus laevis. based on a comparative ...201728501477
identification of α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor silent agonists based on the spirocyclic quinuclidine-δ2 -isoxazoline scaffold: synthesis and electrophysiological evaluation.compound 11 (3-(benzyloxy)-1'-methyl-1'-azonia-4h-1'-azaspiro[isoxazole-5,3'-bicyclo[2.2.2]octane] iodide) was selected from a previous set of nicotinic ligands as a suitable model compound for the design of new silent agonists of α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nachrs). silent agonists evoke little or no channel activation but can induce the α7 desensitized ds state, which is sensitive to a type ii positive allosteric modulator, such as pnu-120596. introduction of meta substituents into t ...201728494140
opposing effects of valproic acid treatment mediated by histone deacetylase inhibitor activity in four transgenic x. laevis models of retinitis pigmentosa.retinitis pigmentosa (rp) is an inherited retinal degeneration (rd) that leads to blindness for which no treatment is available. rp is frequently caused by mutations in rhodopsin; in some animal models, rd is exacerbated by light. valproic acid (vpa) is a proposed treatment for rp and other neurodegenerative disorders, with a phase ii trial for rp under way. however, the therapeutic mechanism is unclear, with minimal research supporting its use in rp. we investigated the effects of vpa on xenopu ...201728490005
a magnesium transporter osmgt1 plays a critical role in salt tolerance in rice.salt stress is one of the major factors limiting rice (oryza sativa) production globally. although several transporters involved in salt tolerance have been identified in rice, the mechanisms regulating their transport activity are still poorly understood. here, we show evidence that a rice mg transporter osmgt1 is required for salt tolerance probably by regulating transport activity of oshkt1;5, a key transporter for the removal of na+ from the xylem sap at the root mature zone. knockout of osm ...201728487477
hplc-based activity profiling for gabaa receptor modulators in extracts: validation of an approach utilizing a larval zebrafish locomotor assay.gamma-aminobutyric acid type a (gabaa) receptors are major inhibitory neurotransmitter receptors in the central nervous system and a target for numerous clinically important drugs used to treat anxiety, insomnia, and epilepsy. a series of allosteric gabaa receptor agonists was identified previously with the aid of hplc-based activity profiling, whereby activity was tracked with an electrophysiological assay in xenopus laevis oocytes. to accelerate the discovery process, an approach has been esta ...201728485933
the role of nitric oxide during embryonic epidermis development of xenopus laevis.nitric oxide (no) is a potent radical molecule that participates in various biological processes such as vasodilation, cell proliferation, immune response and neurotransmission. no mainly activates soluble guanylate cyclase, leading to cgmp production and activation of protein kinase g and its downstream targets. here we report the essential role of no during embryonic epidermis development. xenopus embryonic epidermis has become a useful model reflecting human epithelial tissue composition. the ...201728483981
mechanosensory stimulation evokes acute concussion-like behavior by activating girks coupled to muscarinic receptors in a simple vertebrate.most vertebrates show concussion responses when their heads are hit suddenly by heavy objects. previous studies have focused on the direct physical injuries to the neural tissue caused by the concussive blow. we study a similar behavior in a simple vertebrate, the xenopus laevis tadpole. we find that concussion-like behavior can be reliably induced by the mechanosensory stimulation of the head skin without direct physical impacts on the brain. head skin stimulation activates a cholinergic pathwa ...201728462392
functional assessment of the nmda receptor variant glun2a r586k.background: the n-methyl-d-aspartate receptor (nmdar) is an ionotropic glutamate receptor that has important roles in synaptogenesis, synaptic transmission, and synaptic plasticity. recently, a large number of rare genetic variants have been found in nmdar subunits in people with neurodevelopmental disorders, and also in healthy individuals. one such is the glun2ar586k variant, found in a person with intellectual disability. identifying the functional consequences, if any, of such variants allow ...201728459106
editorial: the xenopus laevis genome. 201728457863
role of micrornas in zygotic genome activation: modulation of mrna during embryogenesis.a fundamental process occurring during early development is the zygotic genome activation, i.e., the initiation of transcription from the embryonic genome. before that step, cellular processes in the developing embryo are dictated by transcripts produced by the maternal genome and accumulated in the egg during oogenesis. the maternal-to-zygotic transition (mzt) involves both the clearance of maternal rnas and the initiation of transcription of the embryonic genome and is a tightly regulated proc ...201728456956
analysis of active transport by fluorescence recovery after photobleaching.fluorescence recovery after photobleaching (frap) is a well-established experimental technique to study binding and diffusion of molecules in cells. although a large number of analytical and numerical models have been developed to extract binding and diffusion rates from frap recovery curves, active transport of molecules is typically not included in the existing models that are used to estimate these rates. here we present a validated numerical method for estimating diffusion, binding/unbinding ...201728445762
effect of triclosan on anuran development and growth in a larval amphibian growth and development assay.a larval amphibian growth and development assay was performed to evaluate the potential effects of environmentally-relevant concentrations of triclosan (tcs) on amphibian development and growth. xenopus laevis were exposed to tcs 0.0 (control), 6.3, 12.5 and 25.0 μg l-1 (estimated maximum tolerable concentration) until 10 weeks post-metamorphosis. at median metamorphosis time (nieuwkoop and faber stage 62), five larvae per replicate were collected for snout-vent length, hind limb length and body ...201728436085
daphnia magna and xenopus laevis as in vivo models to probe toxicity and uptake of quantum dots functionalized with gh625.the use of quantum dots (qds) for nanomedicine is hampered by their potential toxicologic effects and difficulties with delivery into the cell interior. we accomplished an in vivo study exploiting daphnia magna and xenopus laevis to evaluate both toxicity and uptake of qds coated with the membranotropic peptide gh625 derived from the glycoprotein h of herpes simplex virus and widely used for drug delivery studies. we evaluated and compared the effects of qds and gh625-qds on the survival, uptake ...201728435254
in situ microprobe single-cell capillary electrophoresis mass spectrometry: metabolic reorganization in single differentiating cells in the live vertebrate (xenopus laevis) embryo.knowledge of single-cell metabolism would provide a powerful look into cell activity changes as cells differentiate to all the tissues of the vertebrate embryo. however, single-cell mass spectrometry technologies have not yet been made compatible with complex three-dimensional changes and rapidly decreasing cell sizes during early development of the embryo. here, we bridge this technological gap by integrating capillary microsampling, microscale metabolite extraction, and capillary electrophores ...201728434226
endocrine disruption by environmental gestagens in amphibians - a short review supported by new in vitro data using gonads of xenopus laevis.endocrine disruption caused by various anthropogenic compounds is of persisting concern, especially for aquatic wildlife, because surface waters are the main sink of these so-called endocrine disruptors (ed). in the past, research focused on (anti)estrogenic, (anti)androgenic, and (anti)thyroidal substances, affecting primarily reproduction and development in vertebrates; however, other endocrine systems might be also targeted by ed. environmental gestagens, including natural progestogens (e.g. ...201728431277
frizzled 3 acts upstream of alcam during embryonic eye development.formation of a functional eye during vertebrate embryogenesis requires different processes such as cell differentiation, cell migration, cell-cell interactions as well as intracellular signalling processes. it was previously shown that the non-canonical wnt receptor frizzled 3 (fzd3) is required for proper eye formation, however, the underlying mechanism is poorly understood. here we demonstrate that loss of fzd3 induces severe malformations of the developing eye and that this defect is phenocop ...201728427856
xenopus egg extract: a powerful tool to study genome maintenance mechanisms.dna repair pathways are crucial to maintain the integrity of our genome and prevent genetic diseases such as cancer. there are many different types of dna damage and specific dna repair mechanisms have evolved to deal with these lesions. in addition to these repair pathways there is an extensive signaling network that regulates processes important for repair, such as cell cycle control and transcription. despite extensive research, dna damage repair and signaling are not fully understood. in vit ...201728427716
characterization of microtubule buckling in living cells.microtubules are filamentous biopolymers involved in essential biological processes. they form key structures in eukaryotic cells, and thus it is very important to determine the mechanisms involved in the formation and maintenance of the microtubule network. microtubule bucklings are transient and localized events commonly observed in living cells and characterized by a fast bending and its posterior relaxation. active forces provided by molecular motors have been indicated as responsible for mo ...201728424847
use of xenopus frogs to study renal development/repair.the xenopus genus includes several members of aquatic frogs native to africa but is perhaps best known for the species xenopus laevis and xenopus tropicalis. these species were popularized as model organisms from as early as the 1800s and have been instrumental in expanding several biological fields including cell biology, environmental toxicology, regenerative biology, and developmental biology. in fact, much of what we know about the formation and maturation of the vertebrate renal system has ...201728409343
asymmetries in cell division, cell size, and furrowing in the xenopus laevis embryo.asymmetric cell divisions produce two daughter cells with distinct fate. during embryogenesis, this mechanism is fundamental to build tissues and organs because it generates cell diversity. in adults, it remains crucial to maintain stem cells. the enthusiasm for asymmetric cell division is not only motivated by the beauty of the mechanism and the fundamental questions it raises, but has also very pragmatic reasons. indeed, misregulation of asymmetric cell divisions is believed to have dramatic c ...201728409308
asymmetric localization and distribution of factors determining cell fate during early development of xenopus laevis.asymmetric division is a property of eukaryotic cells that is fundamental to the formation of higher life forms. despite its importance, the mechanism behind it remains elusive. asymmetry in the cell is induced by polarization of cell fate determinants that become unevenly distributed among progeny cells. so far dozens of determinants have been identified. xenopus laevis is an ideal system to study asymmetric cell division during early development, because of the huge size of its oocytes and ear ...201728409307
chromosomal passenger complex hydrodynamics suggests chaperoning of the inactive state by nucleoplasmin/nucleophosmin.the chromosomal passenger complex (cpc) is a conserved, essential regulator of cell division. as such, significant anti-cancer drug development efforts have been focused on targeting it, most notably by inhibiting its aurkb kinase subunit. the cpc is activated by aurkb-catalyzed autophosphorylation on multiple subunits, but how this regulates cpc interactions with other mitotic proteins remains unclear. we investigated the hydrodynamic behavior of the cpc in xenopus laevis egg cytosol using sucr ...201728404751
masculinization-related genes and cell-mass structures during early gonadal differentiation in the african clawed frog xenopus laevis.the african clawed frog xenopus laevis has a female heterogametic zz/zw-type sex-determining system. we previously discovered a w-linked female sex-determining gene dm-w that is involved in ovary formation, probably through the up-regulation of the estrogen synthesis genes cyp19a1 and foxl2. we also reported that a unique "mass-in-line structure", which disappears from zz gonads during early testicular development, might serve as the basis for ovary differentiation in zw gonads. however, the mol ...201728397603
pattern of neurogenesis and identification of neuronal progenitor subtypes during pallial development in xenopus laevis.the complexity of the pallium during evolution has increased dramatically in many different respects. the highest level of complexity is found in mammals, where most of the pallium (cortex) shows a layered organization and neurons are generated during development following an inside-out order, a sequence not observed in other amniotes (birds and reptiles). species-differences may be related to major neurogenetic events, from the neural progenitors that divide and produce all pallial cells. in ma ...201728396626
the mgcracgap sxip motif tethers centralspindlin to microtubule plus ends in xenopus laevis.centralspindlin, a complex of the kinesin-6-family member mklp1 and mgcracgap (also known as kif23 and racgap1, respectively), is required for cytokinesis and cell-cell junctions. during anaphase, centralspindlin accumulates at overlapping central spindle microtubules and directs contractile ring formation by recruiting the gef ect2 to the cell equator to activate rhoa. we found that mgcracgap localized to the plus ends of equatorial astral microtubules during cytokinesis in xenopus laevis embry ...201728389580
clinical and genetic spectrum of bartter syndrome type 3.bartter syndrome type 3 is a clinically heterogeneous hereditary salt-losing tubulopathy caused by mutations of the chloride voltage-gated channel kb gene (clcnkb), which encodes the clc-kb chloride channel involved in nacl reabsorption in the renal tubule. to study phenotype/genotype correlations, we performed genetic analyses by direct sequencing and multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification and retrospectively analyzed medical charts for 115 patients with clcnkb mutations. functional a ...201728381550
a dominant mutation in nuclear receptor interacting protein 1 causes urinary tract malformations via dysregulation of retinoic acid signaling.congenital anomalies of the kidney and urinary tract (cakut) are the most common cause of ckd in the first three decades of life. however, for most patients with cakut, the causative mutation remains unknown. we identified a kindred with an autosomal dominant form of cakut. by whole-exome sequencing, we identified a heterozygous truncating mutation (c.279delg, p.trp93fs*) of the nuclear receptor interacting protein 1 gene (nrip1) in all seven affected members. nrip1 encodes a nuclear receptor tr ...201728381549
multiple origins of embryonic and tadpole myeloid cells in xenopus laevis.rabbit anti-serum against a myeloid-cell-specific peroxidase (mpo) of xenopus laevis was generated to identify myeloid cells in adult and larval animals. smears of blood samples from adult hematopoietic organs were co-stained with mpo and with xl-2, a mouse monoclonal antibody against a leukocyte common antigen. lymphocytes found in the thymus and spleen were xl-2+mpo- and granulocytes found in peripheral blood cells and the spleen were xl-2+mpo+, indicating that double-staining with these two a ...201728374149
upregulation of matrix metalloproteinase triggers transdifferentiation of retinal pigmented epithelial cells in xenopus laevis: a link between inflammatory response and regeneration.in adult xenopus eyes, when the whole retina is removed, retinal pigmented epithelial (rpe) cells become activated to be retinal stem cells and regenerate the whole retina. in the present study, using a tissue culture model, it was examined whether upregulation of matrix metalloproteinases (mmps) triggers retinal regeneration. soon after retinal removal, xmmp9 and xmmp18 were strongly upregulated in the tissues of the rpe and the choroid. in the culture, mmp expression in the rpe cells correspon ...201728371543
population-specific resequencing associates the atp-binding cassette subfamily c member 4 gene with gout in new zealand māori and pacific men.there is no evidence for a genetic association between organic anion transporters 1-3 (slc22a6, slc22a7, and slc22a8) and multidrug resistance protein 4 (mrp4; encoded by abcc4) with the levels of serum urate or gout. the māori and pacific (polynesian) population of new zealand has the highest prevalence of gout worldwide. the aim of this study was to determine whether any polynesian population-specific genetic variants in slc22a6-8 and abcc4 are associated with gout.201728371506
interaction and developmental activation of two neuroendocrine systems that regulate light-mediated skin pigmentation.lower vertebrates use rapid light-regulated changes in skin colour for camouflage (background adaptation) or during circadian variation in irradiance levels. two neuroendocrine systems, the eye/alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone (α-msh) and the pineal complex/melatonin circuits, regulate the process through their respective dispersion and aggregation of pigment granules (melanosomes) in skin melanophores. during development, xenopus laevis tadpoles raised on a black background or in the dark p ...201728371026
cul-2lrr-1 and ubxn-3 drive replisome disassembly during dna replication termination and mitosis.replisome disassembly is the final step of dna replication in eukaryotes, involving the ubiquitylation and cdc48-dependent dissolution of the cmg helicase (cdc45-mcm-gins). using caenorhabditis elegans early embryos and xenopus laevis egg extracts, we show that the e3 ligase cul-2lrr-1 associates with the replisome and drives ubiquitylation and disassembly of cmg, together with the cdc-48 cofactors ufd-1 and npl-4. removal of cmg from chromatin in frog egg extracts requires cul2 neddylation, and ...201728368371
xenopus metamorphosis as a model to study thyroid hormone receptor function during vertebrate developmental transitions.a hormone-dependent developmental transition from aquatic to terrestrial existence occurs in all tetrapod vertebrates, such as birth, hatching, and metamorphosis. thyroid hormones (th) and their receptors (trs) are key players in the tissue transformations comprising vertebrate developmental transitions. the african clawed frog, xenopus, is a premier model for the role of trs in developmental transitions because of the numerous and dramatic th-dependent tissue transformations during metamorphosi ...201728363743
asymmetrically reduced expression of hand1 homeologs involving a single nucleotide substitution in a cis-regulatory element.during vertebrate evolution, whole genome duplications resulted in a number of duplicated genes, some of which eventually changed their expression patterns and/or levels via alteration of cis-regulatory sequences. however, the initial process involved in such cis-regulatory changes remains unclear. therefore, we investigated this process by analyzing the duplicated hand1 genes of xenopus laevis (hand1.l and hand1.s), which were generated by allotetraploidization 17-18 million years ago, and comp ...201728359808
the heterochronic gene lin28 regulates amphibian metamorphosis through disturbance of thyroid hormone function.metamorphosis is a classic example of developmental transition, which involves important morphological and physiological changes that prepare the organism for the adult life. it has been very well established that amphibian metamorphosis is mainly controlled by thyroid hormone (th). here, we show that the heterochronic gene lin28 is downregulated during xenopus laevis metamorphosis. lin28 overexpression before activation of th signaling delays metamorphosis and inhibits the expression of th targ ...201728359807
paxillin and embryonic polyadenylation binding protein (epabp) engage to regulate androgen-dependent xenopus laevis oocyte maturation - a model of kinase-dependent regulation of protein expression.steroid-triggered xenopus laevis oocyte maturation is an elegant physiologic model of nongenomic steroid signaling, as it proceeds completely independent of transcription. we previously demonstrated that androgens are the main physiologic stimulator of oocyte maturation in xenopus oocytes, and that the adaptor protein paxillin plays a crucial role in mediating this process through a positive feedback loop in which paxillin first enhances mos protein translation, ensued by erk2 activation and erk ...201728359799
pkc-mediated phosphorylation of nuclear lamins at a single serine residue regulates interphase nuclear size in xenopus and mammalian cells.how nuclear size is regulated is a fundamental cell-biological question with relevance to cancers, which often exhibit enlarged nuclei. we previously reported that conventional protein kinase c (cpkc) contributes to nuclear size reductions that occur during early xenopus development. here we report that pkc-mediated phosphorylation of lamin b3 (lb3) contributes to this mechanism of nuclear size regulation. by mapping pkc phosphorylation sites on lb3 and testing the effects of phosphomutants in x ...201728356420
spemann organizer transcriptome induction by early beta-catenin, wnt, nodal, and siamois signals in xenopus laevis.the earliest event in xenopus development is the dorsal accumulation of nuclear β-catenin under the influence of cytoplasmic determinants displaced by fertilization. in this study, a genome-wide approach was used to examine transcription of the 43,673 genes annotated in the xenopus laevis genome under a variety of conditions that inhibit or promote formation of the spemann organizer signaling center. loss of function of β-catenin with antisense morpholinos reproducibly reduced the expression of ...201728348214
osptr7 (osnpf8.1), a putative peptide transporter in rice, is involved in dimethylarsenate accumulation in rice grain.rice (oryza sativa) is a major dietary source of arsenic (as) for the population consuming rice as their staple food. rice grain contains both inorganic as and methylated as species, especially dimethyarsinate (dma). dma is highly mobile in long-distance translocation in plants, but the underlying mechanism remains unknown. in the present study, we showed that osptr7 (osnpf8.1), a putative peptide transporter in rice, was permeable to dma in xenopus laevis oocytes. transient expression of the os ...201728340032
glycans in the intestinal peptide transporter pept1 contribute to function and protect from proteolysis.despite the fact that many membrane proteins carry extracellular glycans, little is known about whether the glycan chains also affect protein function. we recently demonstrated that the proton-coupled oligopeptide transporter 1 (pept1) in the intestine is glycosylated at six asparagine residues (n50, n406, n439, n510, n515, and n532). mutagenesis-induced disruption of the individual n-glycosylation site n50, which is highly conserved among mammals, was detected to significantly enhance the pept1 ...201728336547
the modulation of two motor behaviors by persistent sodium currents in xenopus laevis tadpoles.persistent sodium currents (inap) are common in neuronal circuitries and have been implicated in several diseases, such as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (als) and epilepsy. however, the role of inap in the regulation of specific behaviors is still poorly understood. in this study we have characterized inap and investigated its role in the swimming and struggling behavior of xenopus tadpoles. inap was identified in three groups of neurons, namely, sensory rohon-beard neurons (rb neurons), descend ...201728331009
actomyosin-generated tension on cadherin is similar between dividing and non-dividing epithelial cells in early xenopus laevis embryos.epithelia represent a unique situation where polarized cells must maintain sufficiently strong cell-cell contacts to guarantee the epithelial integrity indispensable for barrier functions. nevertheless, epithelia must also keep sufficient plasticity which is crucial during development and morphogenesis. adherens junctions and mechanical forces produced by the actomyosin cytoskeleton are major players for epithelial integrity maintenance and plasticity regulations. to understand how the epitheliu ...201728327558
direct regulation of histidine ammonia-lyase 2 gene by thyroid hormone in the developing adult intestinal stem cells.most vertebrate organs use adult stem cells to maintain homeostasis and ensure proper repair when damaged. how such organ-specific stem cells are formed during vertebrate development is largely unexplored. we have been using the thyroid hormone (t3)-dependent amphibian metamorphosis to address this issue. early studies in xenopus laevis have shown that intestinal remodeling involves complete degeneration of the larval epithelium and de novo formation of adult stem cells through dedifferentiation ...201728323994
sall1 and sall4 repress pou5f3 family expression to allow neural patterning, differentiation, and morphogenesis in xenopus laevis.the embryonic precursor of the vertebrate central nervous system, the neural plate, is patterned along the anterior-posterior axis and shaped by morphogenetic movements early in development. we previously identified the genes sall1 and sall4, known regulators of pluripotency in other contexts, as transcriptional targets of developmental signaling pathways that regulate neural development. here, we demonstrate that these two genes are required for induction of posterior neural fates, the cell sha ...201728322736
teratogenic hazard of bpei-coated silver nanoparticles to xenopus laevis.silver nanoparticles (agnps) are among the most exploited antimicrobial agents and are used in many consumer products. size and surface reactivity are critical physico-chemical properties responsible for nps toxicity, and surface coatings, often used to functionalize or stabilize agnps, can influence their toxic profile and biocompatibility. in the current study the developmental toxicity of (1) negatively charged citrate-coated agnps (cit-agnps), (2) positively charged branched polyethylenimine ...201728318347
jak-stat pathway activation in response to spinal cord injury in regenerative and non-regenerative stages of xenopus laevis.xenopus laevis tadpoles can regenerate the spinal cord after injury but this capability is lost during metamorphosis. comparative studies between pre-metamorphic and metamorphic xenopus stages can aid towards understanding the molecular mechanisms of spinal cord regeneration. analysis of a previous transcriptome-wide study suggests that, in response to injury, the jak-stat pathway is differentially activated in regenerative and non-regenerative stages. we characterized the activation of the jak- ...201728316792
a cellular mechanism for inverse effectiveness in multisensory integration.to build a coherent view of the external world, an organism needs to integrate multiple types of sensory information from different sources, a process known as multisensory integration (msi). previously, we showed that the temporal dependence of msi in the optic tectum of xenopus laevis tadpoles is mediated by the network dynamics of the recruitment of local inhibition by sensory input (felch et al., 2016). this was one of the first cellular-level mechanisms described for msi. here, we expand th ...201728315524
novel short antimicrobial peptide isolated from xenopus laevis skin.a rich source of bioactive peptides, including a large number of antimicrobial peptides, has been found in amphibian skin. in this study, a novel short antimicrobial peptide was purified from xenopus laevis skin and characterised through reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography, edman degradation and matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionisation time-of-flight mass spectrometry. the peptide was composed of six amino acids with a sequence of dedlde and thus named x. laevis antibacteria ...201728299865
when size matters: transient receptor potential vanilloid 4 channel as a volume-sensor rather than an osmo-sensor.mammalian cells are frequently exposed to stressors causing volume changes. the transient receptor potential vanilloid 4 (trpv4) channel translates osmotic stress into ion flux. the molecular mechanism coupling osmolarity to trpv4 activation remains elusive. trpv4 responds to isosmolar cell swelling and osmolarity translated via different aquaporins. trpv4 functions as a volume-sensing ion channel irrespective of the origin of the cell swelling.201728295351
functional organization of vestibulo-ocular responses in abducens motoneurons.vestibulo-ocular reflexes (vors) are the dominating contributors to gaze stabilization in all vertebrates. during horizontal head movements, abducens motoneurons form the final element of the reflex arc that integrates visuovestibular inputs into temporally precise motor commands for the lateral rectus eye muscle. here, we studied a possible differentiation of abducens motoneurons into subtypes by evaluating their morphology, discharge properties, and synaptic pharmacology in semi-intact in vitr ...201728292832
transcriptomic insights into genetic diversity of protein-coding genes in x. laevis.we characterize the genetic diversity of xenopus laevis strains using rna-seq data and allele-specific analysis. this data provides a catalogue of coding variation, which can be used for improving the genomic sequence, as well as for better sequence alignment, probe design, and proteomic analysis. in addition, we paint a broad picture of the genetic landscape of the species by functionally annotating different classes of mutations with a well-established prediction tool (polyphen-2). further, we ...201728283406
persistent fibrosis, hypertrophy and sarcomere disorganisation after endoscopy-guided heart resection in adult xenopus.models of cardiac repair are needed to understand mechanisms underlying failure to regenerate in human cardiac tissue. such studies are currently dominated by the use of zebrafish and mice. remarkably, it is between these two evolutionary separated species that the adult cardiac regenerative capacity is thought to be lost, but causes of this difference remain largely unknown. amphibians, evolutionary positioned between these two models, are of particular interest to help fill this lack of knowle ...201728278282
apetx4, a novel sea anemone toxin and a modulator of the cancer-relevant potassium channel kv10.1.the human ether-à-go-go channel (heag1 or kv10.1) is a cancer-relevant voltage-gated potassium channel that is overexpressed in a majority of human tumors. peptides that are able to selectively inhibit this channel can be lead compounds in the search for new anticancer drugs. here, we report the activity-guided purification and electrophysiological characterization of a novel kv10.1 inhibitor from the sea anemone anthopleura elegantissima. purified sea anemone fractions were screened for inhibit ...201728902151
depolarization of the conductance-voltage relationship in the nav1.5 mutant, e1784k, is due to altered fast inactivation.e1784k is the most common mixed long qt syndrome/brugada syndrome mutant in the cardiac voltage-gated sodium channel nav1.5. e1784k shifts the midpoint of the channel conductance-voltage relationship to more depolarized membrane potentials and accelerates the rate of channel fast inactivation. the depolarizing shift in the midpoint of the conductance curve in e1784k is exacerbated by low extracellular ph. we tested whether the e1784k mutant shifts the channel conductance curve to more depolarize ...201728898267
the effect of 4-hydroxybenzaldehyde on the γ-aminobutyric acid type a receptor.the α1β2γ2 subtype of gabaa receptors is the most commonly found gabaa receptor subtype in the mammalian cortex and hippocampus. it is expressed heterologously in the xenopus laevis oocyte as a α1β2γ2s/l subtype for application as an in vitro model for the screening of compounds that modulate receptor activities. in fact, 4-hydroxybenzaldehyde (4-hb) has been identified as one of the major components in dendrocalamus asper bamboo shoots in our previous study, and the current study showed that at ...201728894409
ultrafast flavin photoreduction in an oxidized animal (6-4) photolyase through an unconventional tryptophan tetrad.photolyases are flavoenzymes repairing uv-induced lesions in dna, which may be activated by a photoreduction of their fad cofactor. in most photolyases, this photoreduction proceeds by electron transfer along a chain of three tryptophan (trp) residues, connecting the flavin to the protein surface. much less studied, animal (6-4) photolyases (repairing pyrimidine-pyrimidone (6-4) photoproducts) are particularly interesting as they were recently shown to have a longer electron transfer chain, coun ...201728890968
sumo co-expression modifies kv 11.1 channel activity.the voltage-gated potassium channel kv 11.1 is the molecular basis for the ikr current, which plays an important role in cardiac physiology. its malfunction is associated with both inherited and acquired cardiac arrhythmias. native currents differ from those in experimental models, suggesting additional regulatory mechanisms. we hypothesized that the post-translational modification sumoylation fine-tunes channel activity.201728888063
interleukin-11 induces and maintains progenitors of different cell lineages during xenopus tadpole tail regeneration.unlike mammals, xenopus laevis tadpoles possess high ability to regenerate their lost organs. in amphibians, the main source of regenerated tissues is lineage-restricted tissue stem cells, but the mechanisms underlying induction, maintenance and differentiation of these stem/progenitor cells in the regenerating organs are poorly understood. we previously reported that interleukin-11 (il-11) is highly expressed in the proliferating cells of regenerating xenopus tadpole tails. here, we show that i ...201728887447
dextmp: deep dive into text for predicting moonlighting proteins.moonlighting proteins (mps) are an important class of proteins that perform more than one independent cellular function. mps are gaining more attention in recent years as they are found to play important roles in various systems including disease developments. mps also have a significant impact in computational function prediction and annotation in databases. currently mps are not labeled as such in biological databases even in cases where multiple distinct functions are known for the proteins. ...201728881966
loss of fourth electron-transferring tryptophan in animal (6-4) photolyase impairs dna repair activity in bacterial cells.(6-4) photolyases [(6-4)pls] are flavoproteins that use blue light to repair the ultraviolet-induced pyrimidine(6-4)pyrimidone photoproduct in dna. their flavin adenine dinucleotide (fad) cofactor can be reduced to its repair-active fadh- form by a photoinduced electron transfer reaction. in animal (6-4)pls, a chain of four trp residues was suggested to be involved in a stepwise transfer of an oxidation hole from the flavin to the surface of the protein. here, we investigated the effect of mutat ...201728880077
methylisothiazolinone toxicity and inhibition of wound healing and regeneration in planaria.methylisothiazolinone (mit) is a common biocide used in cosmetic and industrial settings. studies have demonstrated that mit is a human sensitizer, to the extent that in 2013 mit was named allergen of the year. recently, we showed that mit exposure in xenopus laevis (the african clawed frog) inhibits wound healing and tail regeneration. however, it is unknown whether mit affects these processes in other animals. here, we investigated the effects of mit exposure in planaria-non-parasitic freshwat ...201728869924
in vitro reconstitution of the endoplasmic reticulum.reconstitution of cellular organelles in vitro offers the possibility to perform quantitative and qualitative experiments in a controlled environment that cannot be done with the same accuracy in living cells. following a previous report, the subsequent list of protocols describes how to reconstitute and quantify a tubular er network in vitro based on purified microsomes from culture cells and cytosol from xenopus laevis egg extracts. biological material preparation and reconstitution assays req ...201728862340
advances in the use of xenopus for successful drug screening.understanding embryogenesis currently relies largely on the control of gene expression via several signaling pathways. many of the embryonic signaling pathways guiding embryological events are implicated in diseases that lack effective cure or treatment. because of the large number and size of the eggs, the rapid development of the embryos and the fact they are amenable to pharmacological, surgical and genetic techniques, xenopus laevis has been successfully used in searching for compounds that ...201728846034
dual control of pcdh8l/pcns expression and function in xenopus laevis neural crest cells by adam13/33 via the transcription factors tfap2α and arid3a.adam13/33 is a cell surface metalloprotease critical for cranial neural crest (cnc) cell migration. it can cleave multiple substrates including itself, fibronectin, ephrinb, cadherin-11, pcdh8 and pcdh8l (this work). cleavage of cadherin-11 produces an extracellular fragment that promotes cnc migration. in addition, the adam13 cytoplasmic domain is cleaved by gamma secretase, translocates into the nucleus and regulates multiple genes. here, we show that adam13 interacts with the arid3a/dril1/bri ...201728829038
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