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epigenetic control of myeloid cells behavior by histone deacetylase activity (hdac) during tissue and organ regeneration in xenopus laevis.in the present work we have focused on the histone deacetylase (hdac) control of myeloid cells behavior during xenopus tail regeneration. here we show that myeloid differentiation is crucial to modulate the regenerative ability of xenopus tadpoles in a hdac activity-dependent fashion. hdac activity inhibition during the first wave of myeloid differentiation disrupted myeloid cells dynamics in the regenerative bud as well the mrna expression pattern of myeloid markers, such as lurp, mpox, spib an ...202132858087
characterizing channelrhodopsin channel properties via two-electrode voltage clamp and kinetic modeling.two-electrode voltage clamp (tevc) is a preferred electrophysiological technique used to study gating kinetics and ion selectivity of light-activated channelrhodopsins (chrs). the method uses two intracellular microelectrodes to hold, or clamp, the membrane potential at a specific value and measure the flow of ions across the plasma membrane. here, we describe the use of tevc and a simple solution exchange protocol to measure cation selectivity and analyze gating kinetics of the c1c2 chimera exp ...202132865738
clearance of activity-evoked k+ transients and associated glia cell swelling occur independently of aqp4: a study with an isoform-selective aqp4 inhibitor.the mammalian brain consists of 80% water, which is continuously shifted between different compartments and cellular structures by mechanisms that are, to a large extent, unresolved. aquaporin 4 (aqp4) is abundantly expressed in glia and ependymal cells of the mammalian brain and has been proposed to act as a gatekeeper for brain water dynamics, predominantly based on studies utilizing aqp4-deficient mice. however, these mice have a range of secondary effects due to the gene deletion. an efficie ...202132506554
xenopus deep cell aggregates: a 3d tissue model for mesenchymal-to-epithelial transition.mesenchymal-to-epithelial transition (met) describes the ability of loosely associated migratory cells to form a more adherent sheet-like assembly of cells. met is a conserved motif occurring throughout organogenesis and plays a key role in regeneration and cancer metastasis, and is the first step in producing induced pluripotent stem cells (ipscs). to resolve fundamental biological questions about met, its relation to epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition, and to explore met's role in tissue ass ...202132939727
evolution of the endothelin pathway drove neural crest cell diversification.neural crest cells (nccs) are migratory, multipotent embryonic cells that are unique to vertebrates and form an array of clade-defining adult features. the evolution of nccs has been linked to various genomic events, including the evolution of new gene-regulatory networks1,2, the de novo evolution of genes3 and the proliferation of paralogous genes during genome-wide duplication events4. however, conclusive functional evidence linking new and/or duplicated genes to ncc evolution is lacking. endo ...202032939088
glutamate, d-(-)-2-amino-5-phosphonopentanoic acid, and n-methyl-d-aspartate do not directly modulate glycine receptors.replication studies play an essential role in corroborating research findings and ensuring that subsequent experimental works are interpreted correctly. a previously published paper indicated that the neurotransmitter glutamate, along with the compounds n-methyl-d-aspartate (nmda) and d-(-)-2-amino-5-phosphonopentanoic acid (ap5), acts as positive allosteric modulators of inhibitory glycine receptors. the paper further suggested that this form of modulation would play a role in setting the spina ...202033051383
whole-brain calcium imaging in larval xenopus.sensory systems detect environmental stimuli and transform them into electrical activity patterns interpretable by the central nervous system. en route to higher brain centers, the initial sensory input is successively transformed by interposed secondary processing centers. mapping the neuronal activity patterns at all of those stages is essential to understand sensory information processing. larval xenopus laevis is very well-suited for whole-brain imaging of neuronal activity. this is mainly d ...202033037078
elucidating the framework for specification and determination of the embryonic retina.how cell determination is regulated remains a major unsolved problem in developmental biology. the early embryonic rudiments of many tissues and organs are difficult or impossible to identify, isolate and study at the time when determination occurs. we have examined the commitment process leading to retina formation in xenopus laevis, where presumptive eye tissue can be identified and studied to assay its biological properties during the events leading up to determination. we find that for the r ...202033031807
a turripeptide from polystira nobilis venom inhibits human α3β2 and α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptors.almost all marine snails within superfamily conoidea produce venoms containing numerous neuroactive peptides. most toxins characterized from members of this superfamily are produced by species belonging to family conidae. these toxins (conotoxins) affect diverse membrane proteins, such as voltage- and ligand-gated ion channels, including nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nachrs). family turridae has been considerably less studied than their conidae counterpart and, therefore, turrid toxins (tur ...202032592834
organizing the oocyte: rna localization meets phase separation.rna localization is a key biological strategy for organizing the cytoplasm and generating both cellular and developmental polarity. during rna localization, rnas are targeted asymmetrically to specific subcellular destinations, resulting in spatially and temporally restricted gene expression through local protein synthesis. first discovered in oocytes and embryos, rna localization is now recognized as a significant regulatory strategy for diverse rnas, both coding and non-coding, in a wide range ...202032591084
contribution of monocarboxylate transporter 6 to the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of bumetanide in mice.bumetanide, a sulfamyl loop diuretic, is used for the treatment of edema in association with congestive heart failure. being a polar, anionic compound at physiologic ph, bumetanide uptake and efflux into different tissues is largely transporter-mediated. of note, organic anion transporters (slc22a) have been extensively studied in terms of their importance in transporting bumetanide to its primary site of action in the kidney. the contribution of one of the less-studied bumetanide transporters, ...202032587098
functional analysis of the osnpf4.5 nitrate transporter reveals a conserved mycorrhizal pathway of nitrogen acquisition in plants.low availability of nitrogen (n) is often a major limiting factor to crop yield in most nutrient-poor soils. arbuscular mycorrhizal (am) fungi are beneficial symbionts of most land plants that enhance plant nutrient uptake, particularly of phosphate. a growing number of reports point to the substantially increased n accumulation in many mycorrhizal plants; however, the contribution of am symbiosis to plant n nutrition and the mechanisms underlying the am-mediated n acquisition are still in the e ...202032586957
functional and regulatory characterization of three amts in maize roots.maize grows in nitrate-dominated dryland soils, but shortly upon localized dressing of nitrogen fertilizers, ammonium is retained as a noticeable form of nitrogen source available to roots. thus in addition to nitrate, the absorption of ammonium can be an important strategy that promotes rapid plant growth at strong nitrogen demanding stages. the present study reports the functional characterization of three root-expressed ammonium transporters (amts), aiming at finding out functional and regula ...202032676086
mechanosensitivity is an essential component of phototransduction in vertebrate rods.photoreceptors are specialized cells devoted to the transduction of the incoming visual signals. rods are able also to shed from their tip old disks and to synthesize at the base of the outer segment (os) new disks. by combining electrophysiology, optical tweezers (ots), and biochemistry, we investigate mechanosensitivity in the rods of xenopus laevis, and we show that 1) mechanosensitive channels (mscs), transient receptor potential canonical 1 (trpc1), and piezo1 are present in rod inner segme ...202032667916
role of taalmt1 malate-gaba transporter in alkaline ph tolerance of wheat.malate exudation through wheat (triticum aestivum l) aluminium-activated malate transporter 1 (taalmt1) confers al3+ tolerance at low ph, but is also activated by alkaline ph, and is regulated by and facilitates significant transport of gamma-aminobutyric acid (gaba, a zwitterionic buffer). therefore, taalmt1 may facilitate acidification of an alkaline rhizosphere by promoting exudation of both malate and gaba. here, the performance of wheat near isogenic lines et8 (al+3 -tolerant, high taalmt1 ...202032666573
slc12a2 variants cause a neurodevelopmental disorder or cochleovestibular defect.the slc12 gene family consists of slc12a1-slc12a9, encoding electroneutral cation-coupled chloride co-transporters. scl12a2 has been shown to play a role in corticogenesis and therefore represents a strong candidate neurodevelopmental disorder gene. through trio exome sequencing we identified de novo mutations in slc12a2 in six children with neurodevelopmental disorders. all had developmental delay or intellectual disability ranging from mild to severe. two had sensorineural deafness. we also id ...202032658972
epigenetic regulation of replication origin assembly: a role for histone h1 and chromatin remodeling factors.during early embryonic development in several metazoans, accurate dna replication is ensured by high number of replication origins. this guarantees rapid genome duplication coordinated with fast cell divisions. in xenopus laevis embryos this program switches to one with a lower number of origins at a developmental stage known as mid-blastula transition (mbt) when cell cycle length increases and gene transcription starts. consistent with this regulation, somatic nuclei replicate poorly when trans ...202033165968
synthesis of glun2a-selective nmda receptor antagonists with an electron-rich aromatic b-ring.glutamatergic n-methyl-d-aspartate (nmda) receptors are heterotetrameric ion channels that can be comprised of different subunits. glun2a subunit-containing nmda receptors are associated with diseases like anxiety, depression, and schizophrenia. however, the exact contribution of these nmda receptor subtypes is still unclear. to understand better the role of the glun2a-containing receptors, novel ligands were designed. in co-crystallization with the isolated binding site, tcn-201 (1) and analogs ...202033162207
trim-away mediated knock down uncovers a new function for lbh during gastrulation of xenopus laevis.we previously identified the protein lbh as necessary for cranial neural crest (cnc) cell migration in xenopus through the use of morpholinos. however, lbh is a maternally deposited protein and morpholinos achieve knockdowns through prevention of translation. in order to investigate the role of lbh in earlier embryonic events, we employed the new technique "trim-away" to degrade this maternally deposited protein. trim-away utilizes the e3 ubiquitin ligase trim21 to degrade proteins targeted with ...202033159936
monoterpenes differently regulate acid-sensitive and mechano-gated k2p channels.potassium k2p ("leak") channels conduct current across the entire physiological voltage range and carry leak or "background" currents that are, in part, time- and voltage-independent. the activity of k2p channels affects numerous physiological processes, such as cardiac function, pain perception, depression, neuroprotection, and cancer development. we have recently established that, when expressed in xenopus laevis oocytes, k2p2.1 (trek-1) channels are activated by several monoterpenes (mts). he ...202032508645
interactions of deet and novel repellents with mosquito odorant receptors.the carboxamide n,n-di-ethyl-meta-toluamide (deet) is the most effective and widely used insect repellent today. however, drawbacks concerning the efficacy and the safety of the repellent have led to efforts to design new classes of insect repellents. through quantitative structure-activity relationships, chemists have discovered two chemical groups of novel repellents: the acylpiperidines and the carboxamides, with the acylpiperidines generally more potent in biological assays. although the exa ...202032048720
the grapevine nae sodium exclusion locus encodes sodium transporters with diverse transport properties and localisation.grapevine (vitis vinifera l.) is a valuable crop for human consumption and wine production, and is prone to suffering from salinity stress in arid regions or when exposed to low quality irrigation water. a previous study identified a quantitative trait locus (qtl) nae, containing six high-affinity potassium transporter 1 genes, that was associated with shoot na+ exclusion in grapevine. while hkt1;1 was predicted to be the most likely gene within this qtl to encode for this important salinity tol ...202032044673
expression of α3β2β4 nicotinic acetylcholine receptors by rat adrenal chromaffin cells determined using novel conopeptide antagonists.adrenal chromaffin cells release neurotransmitters in response to stress and may be involved in conditions such as post-traumatic stress and anxiety disorders. neurotransmitter release is triggered, in part, by activation of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nachrs). however, despite decades of use as a model system for studying exocytosis, the nachr subtypes involved have not been pharmacologically identified. quantitative real-time pcr of rat adrenal medulla revealed an abundance of mrnas for ...202031967330
hydrogen sulfide impairs meiosis resumption in xenopuslaevis oocytes.the role of hydrogen sulfide (h2s) is addressed in xenopuslaevis oocytes. three enzymes involved in h2s metabolism, cystathionine β-synthase, cystathionine γ-lyase, and 3-mercaptopyruvate sulfurtransferase, were detected in prophase i and metaphase ii-arrested oocytes and drove an acceleration of oocyte meiosis resumption when inhibited. moreover, meiosis resumption is associated with a significant decrease in endogenous h2s. on another hand, a dose-dependent inhibition was obtained using the h2 ...202031963573
convergent extension in the amphibian, xenopus laevis.this review is a comprehensive analysis of the cell biology and biomechanics of convergent extension in xenopus.202031959291
biochemical reconstitution of branching microtubule nucleation.microtubules are nucleated from specific locations at precise times in the cell cycle. however, the factors that constitute these microtubule nucleation pathways and their mode of action still need to be identified. using purified xenopus laevis proteins we biochemically reconstitute branching microtubule nucleation, which is critical for chromosome segregation. we found that besides the microtubule nucleator gamma-tubulin ring complex (γ-turc), the branching effectors augmin and tpx2 are requir ...202031933480
chlorpromazine binding to the pas domains uncovers the effect of ligand modulation on eag channel activity.ether-a-go-go (eag) potassium selective channels are major regulators of neuronal excitability and cancer progression. eag channels contain a per-arnt-sim (pas) domain in their intracellular n-terminal region. the pas domain is structurally similar to the pas domains in non-ion channel proteins, where these domains frequently function as ligand-binding domains. despite the structural similarity, it is not known whether the pas domain can regulate eag channel function via ligand binding. here, us ...202032047112
2,2',4,4'-tetrabromodipheny ether (bde-47) disrupts gonadal development of the africa clawed frog (xenopus laevis).previous studies have shown that bde-47, one of the most abundant polybrominated diphenyl ethers (pbdes) congeners, has a weak estrogenic activity, but it has remained unclear whether bde-47 disrupts gonadal development and causes male-to-female sex reversal in lower vertebrates, with limited and controversial data. the present study aimed to determine the effects of bde-47 on gonadal development in xenopus laevis, a model amphibian species for studying adverse effects of estrogenic chemicals on ...202032045789
role of trka signaling during tadpole tail regeneration and early embryonic development in xenopus laevis.neurotrophic signaling regulates neural cell behaviors in development and physiology, although its role in regeneration has not been fully investigated. here, we examined the role of neurotrophic signaling in xenopus laevis tadpole tail regeneration. after the tadpole tails were amputated, the expression of neurotrophin ligand family genes, especially ngf and bdnf, was up-regulated as regeneration proceeded. moreover, notochordal expression of the ngf receptor gene trka, but not that of other ne ...202031788928
studying in vivo retinal progenitor cell proliferation in xenopus laevis.the efficient generation and maintenance of retinal progenitor cells (rpcs) are key goals needed for developing strategies for productive eye repair. although vertebrate eye development and retinogenesis are well characterized, the mechanisms that can initiate rpc proliferation following injury-induced regrowth and repair remain unknown. this is partly because endogenous rpc proliferation typically occurs during embryogenesis while studies of retinal regeneration have largely utilized adult (or ...202031786778
distinct m6a methylome profiles in poly(a) rna from xenopus laevis testis and that treated with atrazine.recent discovery of reversible n6-methyladenosine (m6a) methylation on messenger rna (mrna) and mapping of m6a methylomes in mammals, plant and yeast revealed potential regulatory functions of this rna modification. however, the role of the m6a methylomes in amphibious is still poorly understood. here, we examined the m6a transcriptome-wide profile in testis tissues of xenopus laevis (x. laevis) with and without treatment with 100 μg/l atrazine (az) through m6a sequencing analysis using the late ...202031877456
transformation of receptor tyrosine kinases into glutamate receptors and photoreceptors.receptor tyrosine kinases (rtks) are key regulators of cellular functions in metazoans. in vertebrates, rtks are mostly activated by polypeptides but are not naturally sensitive to amino acids or light. taking inspiration from venus kinase receptors (vkrs), an atypical family of rtks found in nature, we have transformed the human insulin (hir) and hepatocyte growth factor receptor (hmet) into glutamate receptors by replacing their extracellular binding domains with the ligand-binding domain of m ...202031872568
modeling ocular lens disease in xenopus.ocular lens clouding is termed as cataract, which depending on the onset, is classified as congenital or age-related. developing new cataract treatments requires new models. thus far, xenopus embryos have not been evaluated as a system for studying cataract.202031872467
molecular characterization of the orphan transporter slc16a9, an extracellular ph- and na+-sensitive creatine transporter.human monocarboxylate transporters (hmcts) mediate the transport of monocarboxylates across plasma membranes. one such transporter, hmct9, has been shown to be related to serum uric acid levels and the risk of renal overload gout. however, the functional characteristics of hmct9 remain unknown. the aim of this study was to investigate the expression and localization of hmct9 using a xenopus laevis oocyte heterologous expression system and characterize its transport properties. kinetic analysis o ...202031784090
a glimpse of the peptide profile presentation by xenopus laevis mhc class i: crystal structure of pxela-uaa reveals a distinct peptide-binding groove.the african clawed frog, xenopus laevis, is a model species for amphibians. before metamorphosis, tadpoles do not efficiently express the single classical mhc class i (mhc-i) molecule xela-uaa, but after metamorphosis, adults express this molecule in abundance. to elucidate the ag-presenting mechanism of xela-uaa, in this study, the xela-uaa structure complex (pxela-uaag) bound with a peptide from a synthetic random peptide library was determined. the amino acid homology between the xela-uaa and ...202031776204
establishing embryonic territories in the context of wnt signaling.this review highlights the work that my research group has been developing, together with international collaborators, during the last decade. since we were able to establish xenopus laevis experimental model in brazil we have been focused on understanding early embryonic patterns regarding neural induction and axes establishment. in this context, wnt pathway appears as a major player and has been much explored by us and other research groups. here we chose to review three published works that w ...202032930371
non-junctional role of cadherin3 in cell migration and contact inhibition of locomotion via domain-dependent, opposing regulation of rac1.classical cadherins are well-known adhesion molecules responsible for physically connecting neighboring cells and signaling this cell-cell contact. recent studies have suggested novel signaling roles for "non-junctional" cadherins (njcads); however, the function of cadherin signaling independent of cell-cell contacts remains unknown. in this study, mesendodermal cells and tissues from gastrula stage xenopus laevis embryos demonstrate that deletion of extracellular domains of cadherin3 (cdh3; for ...202033060598
aquaporin expression in the alimentary canal of the honey bee apis mellifera l. (hymenoptera: apidae) and functional characterization of am_eglp 1.aquaporins (aqp) are a family of plasma membrane proteins responsible for water transport through cell membranes. they are differentially expressed in different parts of the alimentary canal of insects where they regulate water transport. these proteins have been studied in detail in some insects, but few data are available for aquaporins of the honey bee, apis mellifera. we used quantitative pcr to study the expression of six putative aquaporin genes in forager honey bees. we found differential ...202032956406
lethal and teratogenic impacts of imazapyr, diquat dibromide, and glufosinate ammonium herbicide formulations using frog embryo teratogenesis assay-xenopus (fetax).globally, amphibians are experiencing widespread abnormalities and population declines. one potential contributor to these challenges is the use of pesticides, particularly aquatic herbicides applied to aquatic habitats inhabited by amphibians. critical issues of concern are the potential toxicity and teratogenicity of these herbicides towards amphibians. using the fetax protocol, three globally used formulations, including diquat dibromide (midstream), glufosinate ammonium (basta), and imazapyr ...202032901337
effect of 158 herbal remedies on human trpv1 and the two-pore domain potassium channels kcnk2, 3 and 9.herbal medicines are used to treat a broad number of maladies. however, the pharmacological profile of most remedies is poorly understood. we investigated the effect of herbal remedies from kampo, traditional chinese medicine (tcm) and other phytotherapies on human two-pore domain potassium channels (kcnk channels; trek-1, task-1 and task-3) as well as the human trpv1 channel. kcnk channels are responsible for the background potassium current of excitable cells, thus essential for the maintenanc ...202032953560
oxidized glutathione increases delta-subunit expressing epithelial sodium channel activity in xenopus laevis oocytes.epithelial sodium channels (enac) are heterotrimeric structures, made up of α, β, and γ subunits, and play an important role in maintaining fluid homeostasis. when δ-enac subunits are expressed in place of (or in addition to) the α-enac subunit alongside β- and γ- subunits, fundamental changes in the biophysical properties of enac can be observed. using human enac crna constructs and the xenopas laevis oocyte expression system, we show that oxidized glutathione (gssg) differently effects αβγ-ena ...202032656545
transcriptomic analysis identifies early cellular and molecular events by which estrogen disrupts testis differentiation and causes feminization in xenopus laevis.extensive studies have shown that estrogenic endocrine-disrupting chemicals (edcs) can disrupt testis differentiation and even cause feminization in vertebrates. however, little is known about the mechanisms by which estrogenic edcs disrupt testis differentiation. here, we employed xenopus laevis, a model amphibian species sensitive to estrogenic edcs, to explore the molecular and cellular events by which 17β-estradiol (e2) disrupts testis differentiation and causes feminization. following water ...202032645606
investigating the impact of the phosphorylation status of tyrosine residues within the tacc domain of tacc3 on microtubule behavior during axon growth and guidance.axon guidance is a critical process in forming the connections between a neuron and its target. the growth cone steers the growing axon toward the appropriate direction by integrating extracellular guidance cues and initiating intracellular signal transduction pathways downstream of these cues. the growth cone generates these responses by remodeling its cytoskeletal components. regulation of microtubule dynamics within the growth cone is important for making guidance decisions. tacc3, as a micro ...202032543081
disabled-2: a positive regulator of the early differentiation of myoblasts.dab2 is an adaptor protein and a tumor suppressor. our previous study has found that dab2 was expressed in early differentiating skeletal muscles in mouse embryos. in this study, we determined the role of dab2 in the skeletal muscle differentiation using c2c12 myoblasts in vitro and xenopus laevis embryos in vivo. the expression of dab2 was increased in c2c12 myoblasts during the formation of myotubes in vitro. knockdown of dab2 expression in c2c12 myoblasts resulted in a reduction of myotube fo ...202032607799
the histone chaperone fact induces cas9 multi-turnover behavior and modifies genome manipulation in human cells.cas9 is a prokaryotic rna-guided dna endonuclease that binds substrates tightly in vitro but turns over rapidly when used to manipulate genomes in eukaryotic cells. little is known about the factors responsible for dislodging cas9 or how they influence genome engineering. unbiased detection through proximity labeling of transient protein interactions in cell-free xenopus laevis egg extract identified the dimeric histone chaperone facilitates chromatin transcription (fact) as an interactor of sub ...202032603710
electromechanical coupling of the kv1.1 voltage-gated k+ channel is fine-tuned by the simplest amino acid residue in the s4-s5 linker.investigating the shaker-related k+ channel kv1.1, the dysfunction of which is responsible for episodic ataxia 1 (ea1), at the functional and molecular level provides valuable understandings on normal channel dynamics, structural correlates underlying voltage-gating, and disease-causing mechanisms. most studies focused on apparently functional amino acid residues composing voltage-gated k+ channels, neglecting the simplest ones. glycine at position 311 of kv1.1 is highly conserved both evolution ...202032577860
phosphorylation influences water and ion channel function of atpip2;1.the phosphorylation state of two serine residues within the c-terminal domain of atpip2;1 (s280, s283) regulates its plasma membrane localization in response to salt and osmotic stress. here, we investigated whether the phosphorylation state of s280 and s283 also influence atpip2;1 facilitated water and cation transport. a series of single and double s280 and s283 phosphomimic and phosphonull atpip2;1 mutants were tested in heterologous systems. in xenopus laevis oocytes, phosphomimic mutants at ...202032678928
electrophysiological effects of non-vitamin k antagonist oral anticoagulants on atrial repolarizing potassium channels.non-vitamin k antagonist oral anticoagulants (noacs) are widely used in the prevention of stroke and systemic embolism in patients with non-valvular atrial fibrillation (af). the efficacy of noacs has been attributed in part to pleiotropic effects that are mediated through effects on thrombin, factor xa, and their respective receptors. direct pharmacological effects of noacs and cardiac ion channels have not been addressed to date. we hypothesized that the favourable clinical outcome of noac use ...202032676673
molecular regulation of α3β4 nicotinic acetylcholine receptors by lupeol in cardiovascular system.cardiovascular disease (cvd) occurs globally and has a high mortality rate. the highest risk factor for developing cvd is high blood pressure. currently, natural products are emerging for the treatment of hypertension to avoid the side effects of drugs. among existing natural products, lupeol is known to be effective against hypertension in animal experiments. however, there exists no study regarding the molecular physiological evidence against the effects of lupeol. consequently, we investigate ...202032570692
observation of nucleic acids inside living human cells by in-cell nmr spectroscopy.the intracellular environment is highly crowded with biomacromolecules such as proteins and nucleic acids. under such conditions, the structural and biophysical features of nucleic acids have been thought to be different from those in vitro. to obtain high-resolution structural information on nucleic acids in living cells, the in-cell nmr method is a unique tool. following the first in-cell nmr measurement of nucleic acids in 2009, several interesting insights were obtained using xenopus laevis ...202033110737
functional characterization of the arabidopsis ammonium transporter atamt1;3 with the emphasis on structural determinants of substrate binding and permeation properties.atamt1;3 is a major contributor to high-affinity ammonium uptake in arabidopsis roots. using a stable electrophysiological recording strategy, we demonstrate in xenopus laevis oocytes that atamt1;3 functions as a typical high-affinity nh4+ uniporter independent of protons and ca2+. the findings that atamt1;3 transports methylammonium (mea+, a chemical analog of nh4+) with extremely low affinity (km in the range of 2.9-6.1 mm) led to investigate the mechanisms underlying substrate binding. homolo ...202032528489
human cationic amino acid transporters are not affected by direct nitros(yl)ation.a direct inhibiting effect of no on the function of cat-1 and -2a has been postulated to occur via nitrosylation of cysteine residues in the transporters. neither the no donor snap nor a mixture of sin-1 and spermine nonoate, that generates the strong nitrosating agent n2o3, reduced cat-mediated l-arginine transport. direct nitros(yl)ation does either not occur in cats or does not affect their transport function. a regulatory effect of no or nitrosating agents on cat-mediated transport under phy ...202032008093
14-3-3 targets keratin intermediate filaments to mechanically sensitive cell-cell contacts.intermediate filament (if) cytoskeletal networks simultaneously support mechanical integrity and influence signal transduction pathways. marked remodeling of the keratin if network accompanies collective cellular morphogenetic movements that occur during early embryonic development in the frog xenopus laevis. while this reorganization of keratin is initiated by force transduction on cell-cell contacts mediated by c-cadherin, the mechanism by which keratin filament reorganization occurs remains p ...202032074004
tetrapeptide ac-haee-nh2 protects α4β2 nachr from inhibition by aβ.the cholinergic deficit in alzheimer's disease (ad) may arise from selective loss of cholinergic neurons caused by the binding of aβ peptide to nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nachrs). thus, compounds preventing such an interaction are needed to address the cholinergic dysfunction. recent findings suggest that the 11evhh14 site in aβ peptide mediates its interaction with α4β2 nachr. this site contains several charged amino acid residues, hence we hypothesized that the formation of aβ-α4β2 nac ...202032872553
relationship between oxygen consumption and neuronal activity in a defined neural circuit.neuronal computations related to sensory and motor activity along with the maintenance of spike discharge, synaptic transmission, and associated housekeeping are energetically demanding. the most efficient metabolic process to provide large amounts of energy equivalents is oxidative phosphorylation and thus dependent on o2 consumption. therefore, o2 levels in the brain are a critical parameter that influences neuronal function. measurements of o2 consumption have been used to estimate the cost o ...202032615976
comprehensive imaging of sensory-evoked activity of entire neurons within the awake developing brain using ultrafast aod-based random-access two-photon microscopy.determining how neurons transform synaptic input and encode information in action potential (ap) firing output is required for understanding dendritic integration, neural transforms and encoding. limitations in the speed of imaging 3d volumes of brain encompassing complex dendritic arbors in vivo using conventional galvanometer mirror-based laser-scanning microscopy has hampered fully capturing fluorescent sensors of activity throughout an individual neuron's entire complement of synaptic inputs ...202032612514
three host plant volatiles, hexanal, lauric acid, and tetradecane, are detected by an antenna-biased expressed odorant receptor 27 in the dark black chafer holotrichia parallela.insects rely on olfaction to locate their host plants by antennae in complex chemical environments. odorant receptor (or) genes are thought to play a crucial role in the process. ors function together with odorant coreceptors to determine the specificity and sensitivity of olfactory reception. the dark black chafer, holotrichia parallela motschulsky (coleoptera: scarabaeidae), is a destructive underground pest. to understand the molecular basis of h. parallela olfactory reception, an olfactory-b ...202032551589
chemical and voltage gating of gap junction channels expressed in xenopus oocytes.in most tissues, cells in contact with each other directly intercommunicate via cell-to-cell channels aggregated at gap junctions. direct cell-to-cell communication provides a fundamental mechanism for coordinating many cellular functions in mature and developing organs, as it enables free exchange of small cytosolic molecules. gap junction channels are regulated by a chemical gating mechanism sensitive to cytosolic calcium concentration [ca2+]i in the nanomolar range mediated by ca2+-activated ...202032548808
pannexin 1 activation and inhibition is permeant-selective.the large-pore channel pannexin 1 (panx1) is expressed in many cell types and can open upon different, yet not fully established, stimuli. panx1 permeability is often inferred from channel permeability to fluorescent dyes, but it is currently unknown whether dye permeability translates to permeability to other molecules. cell shrinkage and c-terminal cleavage led to a panx1 open-state with increased permeability to atomic ions (current), but did not alter ethidium uptake. panx1 inhibitors affect ...202031698505
serotonin and mucxs release by small secretory cells depend on xpod, a ssc specific marker gene.mucus secretion and ciliary motility are hallmarks for muco-ciliary epithelia (mce). both, mammalian airways as well as the less complex epidermis of xenopus embryos show cilia-driven mucus flow to protect the organism against harmful effects by exogenous pathogens or pollutants. four cell types set up the epidermal mce in xenopus. multi-ciliated cells (mccs) generate an anterior to posterior flow of mucus. ion secreting cells (iscs) are characterized by the expression of ion transporters, presu ...202031705622
morpholino studies in xenopus brain development.antisense morpholino oligonucleotides (mos) have become a valuable method to knockdown protein levels, to block with mrna splicing and to interfere with mirna function. mos are widely used to alter gene expression in development of xenopus and zebrafish, where they are typically injected into the fertilized egg or blastomeres. here we present methods to use electroporation to target delivery of mos to the central nervous system of xenopus laevis or xenopus tropicalis tadpoles. briefly, mo electr ...202031552666
odontomas in frogs.odontomas are variably differentiated, hamartoma-like proliferations of odontogenic epithelium, pulp ectomesenchyme (odontoblasts), and dental matrix. frogs are polyphyodont and homodont. their teeth also differ from mammals in that they are restricted to the upper jaw in adults and lack a periodontal ligament and cementum, attaching directly to the underlying bone. odontomas were identified in an african clawed frog (xenopus laevis), a false tomato frog (dyscophus guineti), and a tomato frog of ...202031551010
the transcription factor hypermethylated in cancer 1 (hic1) regulates neural crest migration via interaction with wnt signaling.the transcription factor hypermethylated in cancer 1 (hic1) is associated with both tumorigenesis and the complex human developmental disorder miller-dieker syndrome. while many studies have characterized hic1 as a tumor suppressor, hic1 function in development is less understood. loss-of-function mouse alleles show embryonic lethality accompanied with developmental defects, including craniofacial abnormalities that are reminiscent of human miller-dieker syndrome patients. however, the tissue or ...202032502469
xela ds2 and xela vs2: two novel skin epithelial-like cell lines from adult african clawed frog (xenopus laevis) and their response to an extracellular viral dsrna analogue.the skin epithelial layer acts as an important immunological barrier against pathogens and is capable of recognizing and responding to pathogen-associated molecular patterns (pamps) in human and mouse models. although presumed, it is unknown whether amphibian skin epithelial cells exhibit the ability to respond to pamps such as viral double-stranded rna (dsrna). to address this, two cell lines from the dorsal skin (xela ds2) and ventral skin (xela vs2) of the african clawed frog (xenopus laevis) ...202032526291
imaging nascent transcription in wholemount vertebrate embryos to characterize zygotic genome activation.a major event in early embryo development is the awakening of the embryonic genome, a process of large-scale transcriptional induction termed zygotic genome activation (zga). to understand how zga is controlled temporally and spatially, tools are required to image and quantify nascent transcription in wholemount embryos. in this chapter, we describe a metabolic labeling approach that leverages 5-ethynyl uridine (5-eu) incorporation into newly transcribed rnas. subsequently, click chemistry is us ...202032416911
supportive role of the na+ transporter cmhkt1;1 from cucumis melo in transgenic arabidopsis salt tolerance through improved k+/na+ balance.cmhkt1;1 selectively exports na+ from plant cells. upon nacl stress, its expression increased in a salt-tolerant melon cultivar. overexpression of cmhkt1;1 increased transgenic arabidopsis salt tolerance through improved k+/na+ balance. high-affinity k+ transporters (hkts) are thought to be involved in reducing na+ in plant shoots under salt stress and modulating salt tolerance, but their function in a moderately salt-tolerant species of melon (cucumis melo l.) remains unclear. in this study, a ...202032405802
animal maintenance systems: xenopus laevis.modular recirculating animal aquaculture systems incorporate uv sterilization and biological, mechanical, and activated carbon filtration, creating a nearly self-contained stable housing environment for xenopus laevis nonetheless, minimal water exchange is necessary to mitigate accumulation of metabolic waste, and regular weekly, monthly, and yearly maintenance is needed to ensure accurate and efficient operation. this protocol describes the methods for establishing a new recirculating system an ...202032404311
altered functional properties of a missense variant in the tresk k+ channel (kcnk18) associated with migraine and intellectual disability.mutations in the kcnk18 gene that encodes the tresk k2p potassium channel have previously been linked with typical familial migraine with aura. recently, an atypical clinical case has been reported in which a male individual carrying the p.trp101arg (w101r) missense mutation in the kcnk18 gene was diagnosed with intellectual disability and migraine with brainstem aura. here we report the functional characterization of this new missense variant. this mutation is located in a highly conserved resi ...202032394190
microrna expression in the heart of xenopus laevis facilitates metabolic adaptation to dehydration.xenopus laevis survive severe dehydration during the summer months in their natural range. microrna regulate translation of target mrnas and have shown to be differentially expressed in response to dehydration in x. laevis. during dehydration, heart rate is elevated which appears to compensate for the reduced oxygen delivery capability due to increased hematocrit. we hypothesized that micrornas would be differentially expressed in the heart to modulate gene expression levels in response to dehyd ...202032259572
structure of a single-chain h2a/h2b dimer.chromatin is the complex assembly of nucleic acids and proteins that makes up the physiological form of the eukaryotic genome. the nucleosome is the fundamental repeating unit of chromatin, and is composed of ∼147 bp of dna wrapped around a histone octamer formed by two copies of each core histone: h2a, h2b, h3 and h4. prior to nucleosome assembly, and during histone eviction, histones are typically assembled into soluble h2a/h2b dimers and h3/h4 dimers and tetramers. a multitude of factors inte ...202032356520
how to grow xenopus laevis tadpole stages to adult.in xenopus laevis, the tadpole stage is characterized by three forms-those occurring before the initiation of limb development, those covering limb development, and those encompassing metamorphosis. maximal tadpole growth, especially during the second form, is critically dependent on good husbandry practices. here we describe a protocol for raising xenopus laevis tadpoles through to adulthood. each step may need to be modified depending on the aquaria used and local conditions.202032350123
effect of nano-encapsulation of β-carotene on xenopus laevis embryos development (fetax).vitamin a plays a vital role during embryo development as most precursor of embryonic retinoic acid, a key morphogen during embryogenesis. carotenoids, including β-carotene, are important vegetal source of vitamin a and in contrast to teratogenic potential of animal-derived retinoids, β-carotene is usually considered freed from embryotoxic effects and supplements in pregnancy with β-carotene are suggested. the aim of the present work is to evaluate the effect of bulk and nano-encapsulated β-caro ...202032346517
concentration-dependent physiological and transcriptional adaptations of wheat seedlings to ammonium.conventional wheat production utilizes fertilizers of various nitrogen forms. sole ammonium nutrition has been shown to improve grain quality, despite the potential toxic effects of ammonium at elevated concentrations. we therefore investigated the responses of young seedlings of winter wheat to different nitrogen sources (nh4 no3 = nn, nh4 cl = nnh4+ and kno3 = nno3- ). growth with ammonium-nitrate was superior. however, an elevated concentration of sole ammonium caused severe toxicity symptoms ...202032335941
the tumor suppressor tff1 occurs in different forms and interacts with multiple partners in the human gastric mucus barrier: indications for diverse protective functions.tff1 is a protective peptide of the trefoil factor family (tff), which is co-secreted with the mucin muc5ac, gastrokine 2 (gkn2), and igg fc binding protein (fcgbp) from gastric surface mucous cells. tff1-deficient mice obligatorily develop antropyloric adenoma and about 30% progress to carcinomas, indicating that tff1 is a tumor suppressor. as a hallmark, tff1 contains seven cysteine residues with three disulfide bonds stabilizing the conserved tff domain. here, we systematically investigated t ...202032260357
natural size variation among embryos leads to the corresponding scaling in gene expression.xenopus laevis frogs from laboratory stocks normally lay eggs exhibiting extensive size variability. we find that these initial size differences subsequently affect the size of the embryos prior to the onset of growth, and the size of tadpoles during the growth period. even though these tadpoles differ in size, their tissues, organs, and structures always seem to be properly proportioned, i.e. they display static allometry. initial axial patterning events in xenopus occur in a spherical embryo, ...202032259520
pact/prkra and p53 regulate transcriptional activity of dmrt1.the transcription factor dmrt1 (doublesex and mab-3 related transcription factor) has two distinct functions, somatic-cell masculinization and germ-cell development in some vertebrate species, including mouse and the african clawed frog xenopus laevis. however, its transcriptional regulation remains unclear. we tried to identify dmrt1-interacting proteins from x. laevis testes by immunoprecipitation with an anti-dmrt1 antibody and ms/ms analysis, and selected three proteins, including pact/prkra ...202032251494
αm-conotoxin miiij blocks nicotinic acetylcholine receptors at neuromuscular junctions of frog and fish.we report the discovery and functional characterization of αm-conotoxin miiij, a peptide from the venom of the fish-hunting cone snail conus magus. injections of αm-miiij induced paralysis in goldfish (carassius auratus) but not mice. intracellular recording from skeletal muscles of fish (c. auratus) and frog (xenopus laevis) revealed that αm-miiij inhibited postsynaptic nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nachrs) with an ic50 of ~0.1 μm. with comparable potency, αm-miiij reversibly blocked ach-g ...202032245200
amphibian thalamic nuclear organization during larval development and in the adult frog xenopus laevis: genoarchitecture and hodological analysis.the early patterning of the thalamus during embryonic development defines rostral and caudal progenitor domains, which are conserved from fishes to mammals. however, the subsequent developmental mechanisms that lead to the adult thalamic configuration have only been investigated for mammals and other amniotes. in this study, we have analyzed in the anuran amphibian xenopus laevis (an anamniote vertebrate), through larval and postmetamorphic development, the progressive regional expression of spe ...202032162311
rapid shifts in the temperature dependence of locomotor performance in an invasive frog, xenopus laevis, implications for conservation.temperature is a critical abiotic factor impacting all aspects of the biology of organisms, especially in ectotherms. as such, it is an important determinant of the potential invasive ability of organisms and may limit population expansion unless organisms can physiologically respond to changes in temperature either through plasticity or by adapting to their novel environment. here, we studied the african clawed frog, xenopus laevis, which has become invasive on a global scale. we compared adult ...202032159752
reversible thiol oxidation inhibits the mitochondrial atp synthase in xenopus laevis oocytes.oocytes are postulated to repress the proton pumps (e.g., complex iv) and atp synthase to safeguard mitochondrial dna homoplasmy by curtailing superoxide production. whether the atp synthase is inhibited is, however, unknown. here we show that: oligomycin sensitive atp synthase activity is significantly greater (~170 vs. 20 nmol/min-1/mg-1) in testes compared to oocytes in xenopus laevis (x. laevis). since atp synthase activity is redox regulated, we explored a regulatory role for reversible thi ...202032150908
fluorescent calcium imaging and subsequent in situ hybridization for neuronal precursor characterization in xenopus laevis.spontaneous intracellular calcium activity can be observed in a variety of cell types and is proposed to play critical roles in a variety of physiological processes. in particular, appropriate regulation of calcium activity patterns during embryogenesis is necessary for many aspects of vertebrate neural development, including proper neural tube closure, synaptogenesis, and neurotransmitter phenotype specification. while the observation that calcium activity patterns can differ in both frequency ...202032150168
dynamic expression of mmp28 during cranial morphogenesis.matrix metalloproteinases (mmps) are a large family of proteases comprising 24 members in vertebrates. they are well known for their extracellular matrix remodelling activity. mmp28 is the latest member of the family to be discovered. it is a secreted mmp involved in wound healing, immune system maturation, cell survival and migration. mmp28 is also expressed during embryogenesis in human and mouse. here, we describe the detailed expression profile of mmp28 in xenopus laevis embryos. we show tha ...202032829678
effect of obps on the response of olfactory receptors.the technique of two-electrode voltage-clamp (tevc) recording from the heterologous expression system of olfactory receptors (ors) in xenopus laevis oocytes has been widely used to deorphanize insect ors, that is to identify specific ligands for each of them. however, there is a controversial issue on whether ors are activated by the odorant/obp complex or the odorant alone. the mechanism of interaction among odorants, odorant-binding proteins (obps) and ors remains largely unknown, due to the l ...202032828257
new insights into hcptr2a and hcptr2b, two high-affinity peptide transporters from the ectomycorrhizal model fungus hebeloma cylindrosporum.while plants mainly rely on the use of inorganic nitrogen sources like ammonium and nitrate, soil-borne microorganisms like the ectomycorrhizal fungus hebeloma cylindrosporum can also take up soil organic n in the form of amino acids and peptides that they use as nitrogen and carbon sources. following the previous identification and functional expression in yeast of two ptr-like peptide transporters, the present study details the functions and substrates of hcptr2a and hcptr2b by analysing their ...202032820366
identification of the essential extracellular aspartic acids conserved in human monocarboxylate transporters 1, 2, and 4.human monocarboxylate transporters (hmcts) 1-4 transport monocarboxylates, such as l-lactate and pyruvate, as well as h+ across the plasma membrane. hmct1, 2, and 4 play important roles in energy balance, ph homeostasis. however, the molecular mechanism of these transporters, especially their ph dependency, remains unknown. the aim of this study was to identify the residues involved in the ph dependence of hmct1, 2, and 4. firstly, we focused on the effects of extracellular acids of hmct1. l-lac ...202032819565
ashwin gene expression profiles in oocytes, preimplantation embryos, and fetal and adult bovine tissues.the ashwin gene, originally identified in xenopuslaevis, was found to be expressed first in the neural plate and later in the embryonic brain, eyes, and spinal cord. functional studies of ashwin suggest that it participates in cell survival and anteroposterior patterning. furthermore, ashwin is expressed zygotically in this species, which suggests that it participates in embryonic development. nevertheless, the expression of this gene has not been studied in mammals. thus, the aim of this study ...202032054057
subcellular localization of the tff peptides xp1 and xp4 in the xenopus laevis gastric/esophageal mucosa: different secretion modes reflecting diverse protective functions.the tff peptides xp1 and xp4 from xenopus laevis are orthologs of tff1 and tff2, respectively. xp1 is secreted as a monomer from gastric surface mucous cells and is generally not associated with mucins, whereas xp4 is a typical secretory peptide from esophageal goblet cells, and gastric mucous neck and antral gland cells tightly associated as a lectin with the ortholog of mucin muc6. both tff peptides have diverse protective functions, xp1 as a scavenger for reactive oxygen species preventing ox ...202031979419
heparan sulfate proteoglycans regulate bmp signalling during neural crest induction.bone morphogenetic protein (bmp) signalling is key to many developmental processes, including early regionalisation of the ectoderm. the neural crest is induced here by a combination of bmp and wnt signals from nearby tissues with many secreted factors contributing to its initial specification at the neural plate border. gremlin 1 (grem1) is a secreted bmp antagonist expressed in the neural crest in xenopus laevis but its function here is unknown. as well as binding bmps, grem1 has been shown to ...202031883440
developmental and lethal effects of glyphosate and a glyphosate-based product on xenopus laevis embryos and tadpoles.effects of pure glyphosate and a glyphosate-based product were evaluated comparatively using two embryonic development stages of xenopus laevis as model system. when pure glyphosate was applied in ph adjusted media, lethal or developmental effects were not observed at concentrations up to 500 mg l-1. the 96 h lc50 values for the commercial herbicide, in contrast, were 32.1 and 35.1 mg active ingredient l-1 for embryos and tadpoles, respectively. since pure glyphosate has no effect on the selecte ...202031932905
multistep peripherin-2/rds self-assembly drives membrane curvature for outer segment disk architecture and photoreceptor viability.rod and cone photoreceptor outer segment (os) structural integrity is essential for normal vision; disruptions contribute to a broad variety of retinal ciliopathies. oss possess many hundreds of stacked membranous disks, which capture photons and scaffold the phototransduction cascade. although the molecular basis of os structure remains unresolved, recent studies suggest that the photoreceptor-specific tetraspanin, peripherin-2/rds (p/rds), may contribute to the highly curved rim domains at dis ...202032041874
the regulation of akt and foxo transcription factors during dehydration in the african clawed frog (xenopus laevis).the african clawed frog (xenopus laevis) naturally tolerates severe dehydration using biochemical adaptation, one of which is the elevation of antioxidant defenses during whole-body dehydration. the present study investigated the role and regulation of a pathway known to regulate oxidative stress response, the akt-foxo signaling pathway, in clawed frog skeletal muscle, responding to medium (15%) and high (30%) dehydration. protein levels of total and phosphorylated akt, foxo1, and foxo3 were ass ...202032451989
microvascular anatomy of ovary and oviduct in the adult african clawed toad (xenopus laevis daudin, 1802)-histomorphology and scanning electron microscopy of vascular corrosion casts.ovaries and oviducts of the adult african clawed toad (xenopus laevis daudin, 1802) were studied by light microscopy (lm) of paraplast embedded tissue sections and scanning electron microscopy (sem) of vascular corrosion casts (vccs). histomorphology revealed that ovarian vessels located in the thecal layers. ovarian and interlobar arteries displayed a horse-shoe shaped longitudinally running bundle of vascular smooth muscle cells. follicular blood vessels showed flattened profiles, which were c ...202032449214
stem cell development involves divergent thyroid hormone receptor subtype expression and epigenetic modifications in the xenopus metamorphosing intestine.in the intestine during metamorphosis of the frog xenopus laevis, most of the larval epithelial cells are induced to undergo apoptosis by thyroid hormone (th), and under continued th action, the remaining epithelial cells dedifferentiate into stem cells (scs), which then newly generate an adult epithelium analogous to the mammalian intestinal epithelium. previously, we have shown that the precursors of the scs that exist in the larval epithelium as differentiated absorptive cells specifically ex ...202032084349
bringing immersive science to undergraduate laboratory courses using crispr gene knockouts in frogs and butterflies.the use of crispr/cas9 for gene editing offers new opportunities for biology students to perform genuine research exploring the gene-to-phenotype relationship. it is important to introduce the next generation of scientists, health practitioners and other members of society to the technical and ethical aspects of gene editing. here, we share our experience leading hands-on undergraduate laboratory classes, where students formulate hypotheses regarding the roles of candidate genes involved in deve ...202032034043
annexin a3 is necessary for parallel artery-vein alignment in the mouse retina.annexin a3 (anxa3) is a member of the calcium-regulated, cell membrane-binding family of annexin proteins. we previously confirmed that anxa3 is expressed in the endothelial lineage in vertebrates and that loss of anxa3 in xenopus laevis leads to embryonic blood vessel defects. however, the biological function of anxa3 in mammals is completely unknown. in order to investigate anxa3 vascular function in mammals, we generated an endothelial cell-specific anxa3 conditional knockout mouse model (anx ...202032020697
activation of mouse nbce1-b by xenopus laevis and mouse irbits: role of the variable nt appendage of irbits.the ip3 receptor binding protein released with inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate (irbit) plays important roles in the regulation of intracellular ca2+ signaling and intracellular ph. the mammals express two irbit paralogs, i.e., irbit1 (encoded by ahcyl1) and irbit2 (encoded by ahcyl2). the clawed frog xenopus laevis oocyte is widely used for biophysical studies on ion channels and transporters. it remains unknown whether endogenous irbit is expressed in xenopus oocytes. here, we cloned from frog ooc ...202032119862
chromatin accessibility and histone acetylation in the regulation of competence in early development.as development proceeds, inductive cues are interpreted by competent tissues in a spatially and temporally restricted manner. while key inductive signaling pathways within competent cells are well-described at a molecular level, the mechanisms by which tissues lose responsiveness to inductive signals are not well understood. localized activation of wnt signaling before zygotic gene activation in xenopus laevis leads to dorsal development, but competence to induce dorsal genes in response to wnts ...202032119833
regeneration enhancers: a clue to reactivation of developmental genes.during tissue and organ regeneration, cells initially detect damage and then alter nuclear transcription in favor of tissue/organ reconstruction. until recently, studies of tissue regeneration have focused on the identification of relevant genes. these studies show that many developmental genes are reused during regeneration. concurrently, comparative genomics studies have shown that the total number of genes does not vastly differ among vertebrate taxa. moreover, functional analyses of developm ...202032096563
microtubule minus-end binding protein camsap2 and kinesin-14 motor kifc3 control dendritic microtubule organization.neuronal dendrites are characterized by an anti-parallel microtubule organization. the mixed oriented microtubules promote dendrite development and facilitate polarized cargo trafficking; however, the mechanism that regulates dendritic microtubule organization is still unclear. here, we found that the kinesin-14 motor kifc3 is important for organizing dendritic microtubules and to control dendrite development. the kinesin-14 motor proteins (drosophila melanogaster ncd, saccharomyces cerevisiae k ...202032084403
bupropion inhibits serotonin type 3ab heteromeric channels at clinically relevant concentrations.bupropion, a food and drug administration-approved antidepressant and smoking cessation aid, blocks dopamine and norepinephrine reuptake transporters and noncompetitively inhibits nicotinic acetylcholine and serotonin (5-ht) type 3a receptors (5-ht3ars). 5-ht3 receptors are pentameric ligand-gated ion channels that regulate synaptic activity in the central and peripheral nervous system, presynaptically and postsynaptically. in the present study, we examined and compared the effect of bupropion a ...202031871303
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