| efficacy of emamectin benzoate in the control of argulus coregoni (crustacea: branchiura) on rainbow trout oncorhynchus mykiss. | efficacy of in-feed treatment with emamectin benzoate (slice) for the control of ectoparasitic argulus coregoni on rainbow trout oncorhynchus mykiss was tested under laboratory and field conditions. in both experiments fish were fed with fish feed to deliver a therapeutic dose of 0 (control) or 50 microg emamectin benzoate kg(-1) d(-1) (treatment) for a period of 7 d. after 3 d of challenge with a. coregoni in the laboratory, the infestation level in treated fish was lower than that observed in ... | 2004 | 15521318 |
| real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qpcr) to identify myxobolus cerebralis in rainbow trout oncorhynchus mykiss. | this study describes the development of a taqman real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qpcr) technique using the heat-shock protein 70 (hsp 70) and 18s ribosomal dna (18s rdna) sequences to identify myxobolus cerebralis and attempt to quantify infection severity within rainbow trout fry oncorhynchus mykiss. rainbow trout for this study were exposed to m. cerebralis under natural river conditions and examined for infection by histology, polymerase chain reaction (pcr) and qpcr analysi ... | 2004 | 15521319 |
| eye fluke-induced cataract formation in fish: quantitative analysis using an ophthalmological microscope. | we examined the parasite-induced cataract formation in rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss) using slit-lamp microscopy to determine the relationship between cataract intensity and number of diplostomum spathaceum parasites that were established in the lens. cataract intensity increased significantly with parasite burden, but was also affected by the pattern of exposure to the parasite cercariae. the slit-lamp methodology proved useful in scoring the cataracts since it provides a 3-dimensional vie ... | 2004 | 15521636 |
| immune responses in rainbow trout oncorhynchus mykiss induced by a potential probiotic bacteria lactobacillus rhamnosus jcm 1136. | this study was undertaken to examine the effect of supplementing a suggested probiotic bacteria lactobacillus rhamnosus jcm 1136 in feed on immune response and gut flora composition of rainbow trout oncorhynchus mykiss. the probiotic bacteria were incorporated into a commercial feed to constitute two experimental diets containing either 10(9) or 10(11) colony forming unit of live bacteria/g of feed while a third diet without the bacterial supplement served as the control diet. the diets were off ... | 2004 | 15541791 |
| conserved deployment of genes during odontogenesis across osteichthyans. | odontogenesis has only been closely scrutinized at the molecular level in the mouse, an animal with an extremely restricted dentition of only two types and one set. however, within osteichthyans many species display complex and extensive dentitions, which questions the extent to which information from the mouse is applicable to all osteichthyans. we present novel comparative molecular and morphological data in the rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss) that show that three genes, essential for muri ... | 2004 | 15556883 |
| identification of the copepod intermediate host of the introduced broad fish tapeworm, diphyllobothrium latum, in southern chile. | the broad fish tapeworm, diphyllobothrium latum, is an exotic species in both chile and argentina, and until now, its copepod host has remained unknown in south american waters. the objective of this study was to identify calanoid copepod species that may be intermediate hosts for d. latum in lake panguipulli, chile. in this lake, the highest levels of infection by this tapeworm occur in the introduced rainbow trout, oncorhynchus mykiss. of the 2 calanoid copepods found in lake panguipulli, diap ... | 2004 | 15562630 |
| resistance against eye flukes: naïve versus previously infected fish. | a central issue in fish production is the influence of parasitic infections on fish health in fish farms and on survival prospects after fish-stocking into the wild. is it preferable to produce fish in infection-free conditions or to allow some infection to elicit resistance in fish? we explored the infection of totally naive and previously infected rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss) by the trematode parasite diplostomum spathaceum in laboratory conditions. we found that up to 86.1% of the pres ... | 2005 | 15565463 |
| lack of evidence of infectious salmon anemia virus in pollock pollachius virens cohabitating with infected farmed atlantic salmon salmo salar. | the infectious salmon anemia (isa) virus causes lethargy, anemia, hemorrhage of the internal organs, and death in farmed atlantic salmon salmo salar. it has been a cause of disease in norwegian farmed atlantic salmon since 1984 and has since been identified in canada, scotland, the united states, and the faroe islands. wild fish have been proposed as a viral reservoir because they are capable of close contact with farmed salmon. laboratory studies have shown that brown trout and sea trout salmo ... | 2004 | 15584421 |
| plasmablast and plasma cell production and distribution in trout immune tissues. | these studies describe the in vitro and ex vivo generation of plasmablasts and plasma cells in trout (oncorhynchus mykiss) peripheral blood and splenic and anterior kidney tissues. cells were derived either from naive trout and cultured with the polyclonal activator, escherichia coli lps, or from trout that had been immunized with trinitrophenyl-keyhole limpet hemocyanin. hydroxyurea was used to resolve populations of replicating (plasmablast) and nonreplicating (plasma cell) ab-secreting cells ... | 2004 | 15585855 |
| effects of treated sewage effluent on immune function in rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss). | in this study, the immune reactions of rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss) were examined, after exposure to 10, 30 and 70% of tertiary-treated municipal sewage effluent for 27 days. exposures were conducted concurrently with and without an immune challenge using intraperitoneal injections of inactivated aeromonas salmonicida salmonicida. due to the time required to prepare and analyse samples, fish sampling was conducted over two consecutive days. there was no trout mortality for any of the expe ... | 2004 | 15588644 |
| molecular cloning and preliminary expression analysis of banded dogfish (triakis scyllia) cc chemokine cdnas by use of suppression subtractive hybridization. | suppression subtractive hybridization was carried out by using cdnas of peripheral white blood cells (pwbcs) of banded dogfish (triakis scyllia) after phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (pma) stimulation. the trsc-scya107, mip3alpha1 and mip3alpha2 clones contained an open reading frame encoding 97, 99 and 97 amino acids, respectively. comparison of the deduced amino acids showed that the banded dogfish mip3alpha1 and mip3alpha2 sequences shared 42.3% and 40.0% identity with human scya20, respectiv ... | 2004 | 15592825 |
| magnification and toxicity of pcbs, pcdds, and pcdfs in upriver-migrating pacific salmon. | the depletion of lipids associated with pre-spawning migration of pacific salmon has the potential to magnify concentrations of hydrophobic organic contaminants (hocs), which elevates risk of toxic effects. we present data from a field study of sockeye salmon (oncorhynchus nerka) migrating to spawn in great central lake, bc, which demonstrate that pre-spawning migration causes a magnification of pcb, pcdd, and pcdf concentrations in female gonads (1.9-2.5-fold), female soma (3.4-5.6-fold), and m ... | 2004 | 15597874 |
| cloning and characterization of a homologue of the alpha inhibitor of nf-kappab in rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss). | a homologue of ikappabalpha, the alpha member of the ikappab family of nf-kappab inhibitors, was identified in a rainbow trout suppression subtractive hybridization library enriched in sequences up-regulated in cultured leukocytes after lipopolysaccharide (lps) and tumor necrosis factor alpha (tnfalpha) stimulation. the full-length cdna was isolated and sequenced. the predicted amino acid sequence is 61.5% similar and 54% identical to human ikappabalpha, while only 42% similar and 35% identical ... | 2005 | 15626457 |
| contaminants as viral cofactors: assessing indirect population effects. | current toxicological methods often miss contaminant effects, particularly when immune suppression is involved. the failure to recognize and evaluate indirect and sublethal effects severely limits the applicability of those methods at the population level. in this study, the vitality model is used to evaluate the population level effects of a contaminant exerting only indirect, sublethal effects at the individual level. juvenile rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss) were injected with 2.5 or 10.0 ... | 2004 | 15642628 |
| influence of natural organic matter source on acute copper, lead, and cadmium toxicity to rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss). | natural organic matter (nom) was concentrated from various sites across canada using a portable reverse-osmosis unit to obtain a range of nom types, from mainly allochthonous (terrestrially derived) to mainly autochthonous (aquatically derived) nom. the addition of nom to cu exposures in ion-poor water always decreased cu toxicity to rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss, approximately 1 g) over a 96-h period, and the degree of protection varied with respect to nom source. a good correlation was fo ... | 2004 | 15648764 |
| monitoring ceratomyxa shasta infection during a hatchery rearing cycle: comparison of molecular, serological and histological methods. | the prevalence of ceratomyxa shasta infection in production stocks of steelhead oncorhynchus mykiss and cutthroat trout o. clarki was monitored using a parasite-specific polymerase chain reaction (pcr) assay. for all 4 stocks of fish followed through their 1 yr rearing cycle, c. shasta infection was detected despite their genetic resistance to the disease and the treatment of the incoming water with ozone. infection was confirmed using serological methods and standard histological procedures, ex ... | 2004 | 15648834 |
| qualitative analysis of the risk of introducing gyrodactylus salaris into the united kingdom. | gyrodactylus salaris is a freshwater, monogenean ectoparasite of baltic strains of atlantic salmon salmo salar on which it generally causes no clinical disease. infection of other strains of atlantic salmon in norway has resulted in high levels of juvenile salmon mortality and highly significant reductions in the population. the parasite is a major exotic disease threat to wild atlantic salmon in the uk. this paper qualitatively assesses the risk of introduction and establishment of g. salaris i ... | 2004 | 15648837 |
| streptococcus iniae type ii infections in rainbow trout oncorhynchus mykiss. | clinical and pathological findings (anorexia, hemorrhage, lethargy, loss of orientation and exophthalmia) indicated that streptococcus iniae type ii is responsible for a fatal disease in rainbow trout. histopathological findings revealed that s. iniae type ii produces a systemic disease, including a diffuse necrotizing myositis. the distribution of viable bacteria in infected tissues substantiated the pathological findings, confirming that s. iniae type ii is responsible for a generalized septic ... | 2004 | 15648844 |
| effects of low protein intake on extra-hepatic gluconeogenic enzyme expression and peripheral glucose phosphorylation in rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss). | the objective of the study described here was to analyze in rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss) the effects of low protein intake on peripheral glucose phosphorylation capacities and gluconeogenic enzymes in kidney and intestine. fish were food-deprived for 14 days or kept under a low and a high protein intake regime using a pair feeding protocol in order to maintain constant carbohydrate and lipid intakes. we analyzed the effect of protein restriction on (i) hepatic, renal and intestinal fructo ... | 2005 | 15649781 |
| temporal and spatial properties of cellular ca2+ flux in trout ventricular myocytes. | confocal microscopy was used to investigate the temporal and spatial properties of ca(2+) transients and ca(2+) sparks in ventricular myocytes of the rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss). confocal imaging confirmed the absence of t tubules and the long ( approximately 160 microm), thin ( approximately 8 microm) morphology of trout myocytes. line scan imaging of ca(2+) transients evoked by electrical stimulation in cells loaded with fluo 4 revealed spatial inhomogeneities in the temporal propertie ... | 2005 | 15650128 |
| flavobacterium psychrophilum in rainbow trout, oncorhynchus mykiss (walbaum), hatcheries: studies on broodstock, eggs, fry and environment. | the occurrence of flavobacterium psychrophilum at four rainbow trout hatcheries was investigated to provide more knowledge about the reservoirs and transmission of this bacterium. broodstock were sampled at stripping (including both unfertilized and fertilized eggs), and the offspring were then sampled at the eyed egg and fry stages. water and surface samples (e.g. hatchery trays) were also sampled. flavobacterium psychrophilum was found in ovarian fluid and milt, indicating that broodstock may ... | 2005 | 15660792 |
| a loop mediated isothermal amplification (lamp) method for detection of infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus (ihnv) in rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss). | a reverse transcription loop-mediated isothermal amplification (rt-lamp) protocol was developed for detection of infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus (ihnv) rna in rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss). a set of four primers, two outer and two inner primers for the rt-lamp and the lamp assay, were designed based on the sequence of g-protein of ihnv. time and temperature conditions were optimized for 60 min at 63 degrees c for both rt-lamp and lamp protocols. the detection limit was found to be ... | 2005 | 15662483 |
| nitrate toxicity to aquatic animals: a review with new data for freshwater invertebrates. | published data on nitrate (no3-) toxicity to freshwater and marine animals are reviewed. new data on nitrate toxicity to the freshwater invertebrates eulimnogammarus toletanus, echinogammarus echinosetosus and hydropsyche exocellata are also presented. the main toxic action of nitrate is due to the conversion of oxygen-carrying pigments to forms that are incapable of carrying oxygen. nitrate toxicity to aquatic animals increases with increasing nitrate concentrations and exposure times. in contr ... | 2005 | 15667845 |
| molecular cloning of leukocyte cell-derived chemotaxin 2 in rainbow trout. | in humans, leukocyte cell-derived chemotaxin 2 (lect2) is a 16kda chemotactic protein that consists of 133 amino acids and three intramolecular disulphide bonds. although it was originally demonstrated to have a chemotactic function in vitro, recent data sustain a further multifunctional role of lect2 that extends from cell growth, differentiation, damage/repair process and carcinogenesis to autoimmune diseases. the in vivo function of lect2 protein still remains obscure. in order to study the p ... | 2005 | 15683915 |
| in vitro metabolism of [14c]methoxychlor in rat, mouse, japanese quail and rainbow trout in precision-cut liver slices. | 1. the in vitro metabolism of [14c]methoxychlor (mxc) has been studied using precision-cut liver slices from the sprague-dawley male rat, cd-1 male mouse, we strain male japanese quail and juvenile rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss). the results demonstrated integrated phase i and ii metabolism of mxc and species differences in the metabolic profiles were observed. 2. in rat liver slice preparations, mxc was rapidly metabolized to bis-oh-mxc by sequential o-demethylation followed by subsequent ... | 2004 | 15690762 |
| effect of recombinant human gh and ghrh on plasma metabolite levels in rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss). | the aim of the present work was to study metabolic changes in rainbow trout treated with preparations of human recombinants of growth hormone (rhgh) and gh-releasing hormone (rhghrh), by analysing time course variations in plasma metabolite levels. trouts were given the hormones by intraperitoneal injection in a single dose (rhgh: 0.5microg/g b.w.; rhghrh: 0.06microg/g b.w.) or as a weekly injection over a period of 4 weeks. the concentrations of glucose, lactate, free fatty acids and glycerol w ... | 2004 | 15700768 |
| genetic relationships among members of the ichthyobodo necator complex: implications for the management of aquaculture stocks. | abstract ichthyobodo necator (costia) is a common and important flagellate parasite that infests the skin and gills of many freshwater and marine fish. costia infestations are often fatal and cause significant aquaculture losses worldwide. recently it has been demonstrated that ichthyobodo is a multispecies complex with differing host preferences. knowing if those species have broad or narrow host specificity has important implications for the management of costia. to address the question of hos ... | 2005 | 15705156 |
| differential propagation of the metazoan parasite myxobolus cerebralis by limnodrilus hoffmeisteri, ilyodrilus templetoni, and genetically distinct strains of tubifex tubifex. | whirling disease, caused by the parasite myxobolus cerebralis, has infected rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss) and other salmonid fish in the western united states, often with devastating results to native populations but without a discernible spatial pattern. the parasite develops in a complex 2-host system in which the aquatic oligochaete tubifex tubifex is an obligate host. because substantial differences in whirling disease severity in different areas of north america did not seem explainab ... | 2004 | 15715230 |
| time course study of in situ expression of antigens following dna-vaccination against vhs in rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss walbaum) fry. | the present study was performed as a time course study of fish vaccinated with 20 microg plasmid dna vaccine encoding either the vhsv g-protein or the vhsv n-protein. samples of the injection site were collected sequentially over a 7-week period. the study revealed an intense positive staining by immunohistochemistry for the viral g-protein mainly in the membrane of intact myocytes, most prominent by days 10-27, and with concomitant infiltration of inflammatory cells by days 13-38 that subsequen ... | 2005 | 15722229 |
| studies on retinol-binding protein during vitellogenesis in the rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss). | retinoids are important regulatory signaling molecules during embryonic development and therefore, should be present in the eggs of oviparous animals that develop independently of the maternal organism. studies were initiated in rainbow trout to elucidate the role of retinol-binding protein (rbp), the specific retinol carrier protein in vertebrate plasma, during vitellogenesis. plasma levels of rbp in pre-vitellogenic, vitellogenic, and post-vitellogenic females were compared to plasma of male t ... | 2005 | 15748715 |
| control of adipose tissue lipid metabolism by tumor necrosis factor-alpha in rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss). | tumor necrosis factor-alpha (tnf alpha) is a cytokine with multiple biological functions which, in mammals, has been shown to modulate muscle and adipose tissue metabolism. in fish, tnf alpha has been identified in several species. however, few studies have examined the role of tnf alpha in fish outside the immune system. in this study, we assessed the effects of human recombinant tnf alpha and conditioned media from rainbow trout lipopolysaccharide (lps)-stimulated macrophages (lps-mcm) on lipo ... | 2005 | 15749811 |
| influence of feeding ratio and size on susceptibility to microsporidial gill disease caused by loma salmonae in rainbow trout, oncorhynchus mykiss (walbaum). | two trials were designed to quantify the effect of feeding ratio and fish size on the cohabitation transmission of loma salmonae, the causative agent of microsporidial gill disease (mgd) in salmonids, oncorhynchus spp. to evaluate the effect of feeding ratio on disease onset, groups of 45 rainbow trout, o. mykiss (walbaum) (rbt), were fed daily at 1% (low), 2% (medium) or 4% (high) of the fish biomass in the tank. there were three tanks at each feeding level: two tanks were exposed to the pathog ... | 2005 | 15752278 |
| sandwich immunoassay for determination of vitellogenin in golden grey mullet (liza aurata) serum as a field exposure biomarker. | vitellogenin (vtg) is a protein produced in the liver of oviparous animals in response to oestrogens. abnormal production of vtg by males, therefore, is used as a biological indicator of exposure to xeno-oestrogens. in this study, a sandwich-elisa for measuring vtg in liza aurata (golden grey mullet) was developed and validated. plasma vtg was purified from 17beta-oestradiol-injected immature individuals of mullet, by size-exclusion and ion-exchange chromatography. polyclonal antibodies against ... | 2005 | 15756602 |
| characteristics of inhibition of infectious pancreatic necrosis virus (ipnv) by normal rainbow trout oncorhynchus mykiss serum. | we studied the characteristics of rainbow trout serum (rts) inhibitory activity against infectious pancreatic necrosis virus (ipnv). serum inhibition was related to the serum source and host cell in which the virus had been propagated. ipnv was more efficiently inhibited by rts in salmonid cell lines than in non-salmonid cell lines, with inhibition highest in rainbow trout gonad (rtg)-2 cells. the rts sensitivity of the virus was modified by the cell line through which the virus passed, with mul ... | 2005 | 15759799 |
| effect of pseudomonas sp. mt5 baths on flavobacterium columnare infection of rainbow trout and on microbial diversity on fish skin and gills. | use of pseudomonas sp. strain mt5 to prevent and treat flavobacterium columnare infection was studied in 2 experiments with fingerling rainbow trout oncorhynchus mykiss. in the first experiment, length heterogeneity analysis of pcr-amplified dna fragments (lh-pcr) was used to assess the effect of antagonistic baths on the microbial diversity of healthy and experimentally infected fish. in the 148 samples studied, no difference was found between bathed and unbathed fish, and 3 fragment lengths we ... | 2005 | 15759801 |
| expression of genes related to the early immune response in rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss) after viral haemorrhagic septicemia virus (vhsv) infection. | in the last few years, many cytokine and other immune related genes have been identified in different teleost species, thus allowing their study at a molecular level. however, very little is known about their effect on fish antiviral responses. in the current work, we have studied the effect of viral haemorrhagic septicemia virus (vhsv) infection on the expression of different immune genes in rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss) through semi-quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain rea ... | 2005 | 15784292 |
| [a preliminary study of parasite diversity in the anadromous kamchatkan mikizha parasalmo mykiss mykiss (osteichthyes: salmoniformes: salmonidae)]. | the study of parasites associated with the anadromous mikizha from several rivers of the western kamchatka has revealed 44 parasite species. the majority of parasites (59%) belong to marine and estuarine-marine species. lecithophyllum bothryophorum, echinorhynchus leidyi and plerocercoids of the family litobothriidae were found for the first time in anadromous fish entering into asian continental watersheds. it has been revealed that only a few specimens of the anadromous mikizha feed in fresh w ... | 2005 | 15810557 |
| activation of rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss) mononuclear phagocytes by different pathogen associated molecular pattern (pamp) bearing agents. | rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss) cells of a monocyte-macrophage lineage (rtmocs) were used to characterize the ability of the trout innate immune system to recognize and respond to different pathogen associated molecular pattern (pamp) bearing substances. compared to what has been reported for mammalian macrophages, rtmocs responded with lower sensitivity to lipopolysaccharide (lps) from escherichia coli (ec-lps) and pseudomonas aeruginosa (pa-lps). the sensitivity of rtmocs to lps was not in ... | 2005 | 15829310 |
| characterisation of salmon and trout cd8alpha and cd8beta. | the genes and corresponding cdnas of both alpha and beta chains of the atlantic salmon (salmo salar) cd8 molecule have been sequenced and characterized. in addition, the cdnas for alpha and beta chains of brown trout (salmo trutta) and for the beta chain in rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss) have been sequenced. the cdnas code for signal sequences which are preceded by short 5' utrs. these are followed by typical immunoglobulin superfamily variable sequences all of which contain two conserved c ... | 2005 | 15829311 |
| comparative mapping of expressed sequence tags containing microsatellites in rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss). | comparative genomics, through the integration of genetic maps from species of interest with whole genome sequences of other species, will facilitate the identification of genes affecting phenotypes of interest. the development of microsatellite markers from expressed sequence tags will serve to increase marker densities on current salmonid genetic maps and initiate in silico comparative maps with species whose genomes have been fully sequenced. | 2005 | 15836796 |
| estrogenicity of butylparaben in rainbow trout oncorhynchus mykiss exposed via food and water. | the estrogenic effect of butylparaben was investigated in a rainbow trout oncorhynchus mykiss test system. butylparaben was administered orally to sexually immature rainbow trout every second day for up to 10 days in doses between 4 and 74 mgkg(-1)2d(-1) and in the water at 35 and 201 microgl(-1) for 12 days. plasma vitellogenin was measured before and during the exposures and the concentrations of butylparaben in liver and muscle were determined at the end of experiments. increases in average p ... | 2005 | 15848249 |
| effects of redox cycling compounds on dt diaphorase activity in the liver of rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss). | background: dt diaphorase (dtd; nad(p)h:quinone oxidoreductase; ec 1.6.99.2) catalyses the two electron reduction of quinones, thus preventing redox cycling and consequently quinone dependent production of reactive oxygen species. in rat and mouse, a wide range of chemicals including polyaromatic hydrocarbons, azo dyes and quinones induces dtd. bifunctional compounds, such as beta-naphthoflavone (beta-nf) and benzo(a)pyrene (b(a)p), induce dtd together with cyp1a and phase ii enzymes by a mechan ... | 2005 | 15871734 |
| characterization of na, k-atpase genes in atlantic salmon (salmo salar) and comparative genomic organization with rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss). | a combination of molecular and in silico approaches was employed to assemble a survey of na, k-atpase genes contained in the ancestrally tetraploid genome of the atlantic salmon (salmo salar). molecular characterization of genomic clones coding for the alpha subunit revealed two single genes (alpha1a and alpha2) and two pairs of presumably homeologous genes (alpha1b/i-ii and alpha1c/i-ii). each of the six genes showed high sequence similarity to isoforms previously isolated from rainbow trout an ... | 2005 | 15883826 |
| mixtures of estrogenic contaminants in bile of fish exposed to wastewater treatment works effluents. | most effluents from wastewater treatment works (wwtws) contain estrogenic chemicals that include steroidal estrogens and xenoestrogens. we investigated the nature of mixtures of estrogenic contaminants taken up by two species of fish exposed to two wwtws effluents. sexually immature rainbow trout, oncorhynchus mykiss, and sexually mature roach, rutilus rutilus, were exposed to tap water, river water, or one of two estrogenic wwtws effluents for up to 10 days, when the fish were sacrificed and ti ... | 2005 | 15884336 |
| influence of rearing conditions on flavobacterium columnare infection of rainbow trout, oncorhynchus mykiss (walbaum). | the influence of rearing conditions on flavobacterium columnare infection of rainbow trout, oncorhynchus mykiss (walbaum), was studied experimentally in the laboratory and at a fish farm. in experiment i, the effect of parasitic infection on columnaris disease was studied using f. columnare carrier fish. the fish were exposed to diplostomum spathaceum cercariae and a set of other stressors in order to induce clinical columnaris infection. parasitic infection and other stressors failed to induce ... | 2005 | 15892752 |
| sex and low-level sampling stress modify the impacts of sewage effluent on the rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss) immune system. | the objective of the present study was to investigate the influence of chronic exposure to municipal sewage treatment effluent at environmentally relevant concentrations on immune parameters in rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss), including the assessment of potential differences in reactivity between sexually mature male and female fish. trout were exposed to 1.5 and 15% (v/v) secondary treated municipal sewage effluent for 32 weeks. fish were injected intra-peritoneally either with inactivated ... | 2005 | 15892994 |
| effects of low molecular weight plasma inhibitors of rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss) on human erythrocyte carbonic anhydrase-ii isozyme activity in vitro and rat erythrocytes in vivo. | the effects of low molecular weight plasma inhibitors from rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss) (rt) were investigated on the carbonic anhydrase enzyme (ca) activities in in vitro human and in in vivo sprague-dawley rat erythrocytes. the rt blood was used as extracellular fluid (plasma) source and plasma inhibitors were obtained by dialysis of the plasma. for the in vitro study, human carbonic anhydrase-ii (hca-ii) isozyme was obtained by sepharose 4b-l-tyrosine-sulfanylamide affinity chromatogra ... | 2005 | 15895682 |
| early interactions of flavobacterium psychrophilum with macrophages of rainbow trout oncorhynchus mykiss. | the early interactions of a low and a highly virulent flavobacterium psychrophilum strain with head kidney and spleen macrophages of rainbow trout oncorhynchus mykiss were characterized. the highly virulent strain was killed 5.8 to 11 times less frequently than the low virulent strain. the head kidney macrophages showed a microbicidal activity approximately twice as high as that of the spleen macrophages. a 2- to 3-fold higher production of reactive oxygen species (ros) was induced by the highly ... | 2005 | 15900684 |
| the role of myostatin and the calcineurin-signalling pathway in regulating muscle mass in response to exercise training in the rainbow trout oncorhynchus mykiss walbaum. | rainbow trout oncorhynchus mykiss walbaum were exercised at 0.8 and 1.6 body lengths s(-1) for 18 h a day over a 30 day period. exercise resulted in a 24-30% increase in the average cross-sectional area of fast muscle fibres relative to tank-rested controls. the concentrations of growth factors and transcription factors hypothesised to play a role in regulating exercise-induced muscle fibre hypertrophy were measured. exercise training resulted in a minor increase in calcineurin localisation in t ... | 2005 | 15914652 |
| spatial and temporal variations in sea lice (copepoda: caligidae) infestations of three salmonid species farmed in net pens in southern chile. | sea lice infestations have become a major health problem for farmed salmonids throughout the world including chile. in southern chile, 6 geographical areas, divided into 22 geographical zones with a total of 127 salmon farming centers and 1519 sea pens, were regularly sampled from december 1999 to april 2002. a linear mixed-effects model (lme) approach was used to describe the infestations of adult forms of sea lice on 3 salmonid species farmed in southern chile. the variables fish species, wate ... | 2005 | 15918480 |
| effect of fasting on thyroid hormone levels, and tr(alpha) and tr(beta) mrna accumulation in late-stage embryo and juvenile rainbow trout, oncorhynchus mykiss. | the accumulation of mrna encoding for hepatic and intestinal t3-receptor (tr) and body and liver masses were measured in fed and 3-week fasted juvenile and swim up stage rainbow trout embryos. plasma and total body thyroid hormone (th) levels were measured for juvenile and swim up stages, respectively. fasted juveniles exhibited a lower hepatosomatic index (hsi), liver mass and plasma t4 and t3 concentrations than fed animals, but there were no changes in body mass or the accumulation of mrna en ... | 2005 | 15936705 |
| bacterial vaccines for fish--an update of the current situation worldwide. | during the last few years, the use of vaccines for disease prevention in aquaculture has expanded both with regard to the number of fish species and number of microbial diseases. according to the responses to a questionnaire received from 41 countries, vaccination is used in the commercial aquaculture of species like atlantic salmon (salmo salar), rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss), sea bass (dicentrarchus labrax), sea bream (sparus aurata), barramundi (lates calcarifer), tilapia (tilapia spp), ... | 2005 | 15962470 |
| vaccination strategies to prevent emerging diseases for spanish aquaculture. | in recent years, three serious diseases have emerged in spanish aquaculture. these are lactococcosis caused by lactococcus garvieae, which is of economical importance in rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss); pseudomonadiasis caused by pseudomonas anguilliseptica which affects gilthead seabream (sparus aurata) and turbot (scophthalmus maximus); and flexibacteriosis caused by tenacibaculum maritimum which became a devastating problem in the emerging culture of sole (solea spp). to obtain useful inf ... | 2005 | 15962472 |
| development of a subunit vaccine for infectious pancreatic necrosis virus using a baculovirus insect/larvae system. | various attempts to develop a vaccine against infectious pancreatic necrosis virus (ipnv) have not yielded consistent results. thus, at present, no commercial vaccine is available that can be used with confidence to immunize fry of salmon and trout. we generated a cdna clone of the large genome segment a of an ipnv sp strain and expressed all structural protein genes in insect cells and larvae using a baculovirus expression system. green fluorescent protein was also coexpressed as a reporter mol ... | 2005 | 15962479 |
| review of the sequential development of loma salmonae (microsporidia) based on experimental infections of rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss) and chinook salmon (o. tshawytscha). | loma salmonae is a common gill parasite of salmonids, and essentially all species in the genus oncorhynchus are susceptible. infections occur in both fresh and salt water. loma salmonae is directly transmissible by ingestion of spores or infected tissue. the parasite infects the wall of blood vessels of various organs, but the gill is the primary site of infection. initial infection occurs in the intestine, and xenomas are easily detected in the gills by standard histology at 4-6 wk post-exposur ... | 2005 | 16004365 |
| an in vitro system for the long-term tissue culture of juvenile rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss) testis. | in vitro cultivation of fish gonad fragments continues to be an important experimental approach to answer both fundamental and applied scientific questions. the aim of the present investigation was to test whether juvenile rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss) testes cultured for a week or more were physiologically competent. trout testis fragments (approximately 1 mm2) were placed on pieces of flat, culture plate insert filter, in a drop of liquid medium (modified leibovitz's l-15), and floated o ... | 2005 | 16013044 |
| oceanobacillus oncorhynchi sp. nov., a halotolerant obligate alkaliphile isolated from the skin of a rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss), and emended description of the genus oceanobacillus. | a halotolerant, obligately alkaliphilic bacterium, r-2(t), was isolated from the skin of a rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss), a freshwater fish. the strain is gram-positive, ferments several carbohydrates, is rod-shaped and motile by peritrichous flagella and produces ellipsoidal spores. the isolate grows at ph 9-10 but not at ph 7-8. this micro-organism grows in 0-22% (w/v) nacl at ph 10. its major cellular fatty acids are iso-c(15:0), anteiso-c(15:0) and anteiso-c(17:0), the major isoprenoid ... | 2005 | 16014475 |
| a newly identified cpg oligodeoxynucleotide motif that stimulates rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss) immune cells to produce immunomodulatory factors. | bacterial dna and synthetic oligodeoxynucleotides (odn) that contain unmethylated cytosine-guanine dinucleotides (cpgs) have been shown to have immunostimulatory effects on b cells, natural killer cells and dendritic cells in mammals. however, little is known of the cellular basis of cpg immunostimulation in fish. we have addressed this question in the rainbow trout, oncorhynchus mykiss. prokaryotic dna (from escherichia coli), but not eukaryotic dna (from calf), caused proliferation of spleen a ... | 2006 | 16023206 |
| identification of a novel cathelicidin gene in the rainbow trout, oncorhynchus mykiss. | we report the cloning of a novel antimicrobial peptide gene, termed rtcath_1, found in the rainbow trout, oncorhynchus mykiss. the predicted 216-residue rtcath_1 prepropeptide consists of three domains: a 22-residue signal peptide, a 128-residue cathelin-like region containing two identifiable cathelicidin family signatures, and a predicted 66-residue c-terminal cationic antimicrobial peptide. this predicted mature peptide was unique in possessing features of different known (mammalian) cathelic ... | 2005 | 16041021 |
| treatment of columnaris disease of rainbow trout: low ph and salt as possible tools? | the impact of salt and low ph on columnaris disease of fish was studied. survival of flavobacterium columnare after exposure to either 4% nacl (ph 7.2) or ph 5.0, ph 4.86 or ph 4.6 for 15 min or 1 h was studied in vitro. all conditions significantly reduced the numbers of viable bacterial cells. the effects of salt (4 and 2%) and acidic baths (ph 4.6) were studied in 2 experiments in vivo with rainbow trout oncorhynchus mykiss infected with f. columnare. both salt and acidic baths failed to prev ... | 2005 | 16060264 |
| identification and bioactivities of ifn-gamma in rainbow trout oncorhynchus mykiss: the first th1-type cytokine characterized functionally in fish. | ifn-gamma is one of the key cytokines in defining th1 immune responses. in this study, an ifn-gamma homologue has been identified in rainbow trout oncorhynchus mykiss, and its biological activities have been characterized. the trout ifn-gamma cdna is 1034 bp in length and translates into a 180-aa protein. the first intron of the trout ifn-gamma gene contains highly polymorphic gaca minisatellites and 44-bp dna repeats, giving rise to at least six alleles. ifn-gamma is structurally conserved amon ... | 2005 | 16081820 |
| characterization of toll-like receptor 3 gene in rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss). | antiviral immunity in fish is not well understood. in mammals, toll-like receptor (tlr) 3 is involved in double-stranded rna recognition and host immune response activation. here, we report the first identification of a rainbow trout tlr3 ortholog (rttlr3), its genomic structure, and mrna regulation. six exons and five introns were identified from bacterial artificial chromosome (bac) and expressed sequence tag (est) sequencing, and this genomic organization is similar to mammalian and fish tlr3 ... | 2005 | 16086174 |
| cardiovascular responses of three salmonid species affected with amoebic gill disease (agd). | the cardiovascular effects of amoebic gill disease (agd) were investigated immediately following surgery in three salmonid species; atlantic salmon (salmo salar l.), brown trout (salmo trutta l.) and rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss walbaum). fish, both naïve (control) and infected (agd-affected) of each species, were fitted with dorsal aorta catheters and cardiac flow probes. cardiac output and dorsal aortic pressures were then continuously measured over a 6-h period following surgery. result ... | 2005 | 16088392 |
| estrogenic effects of environmental chemicals: an interspecies comparison. | the development of various in vitro screening methods has led to identification of novel estrogenic chemicals of natural and anthropogenic origin. in this study, the (anti)estrogenic potential of several environmental chemicals were compared in an array of in vitro test systems comprising: (i) competitive binding to estrogen receptors derived from the human breast cancer cell line mcf-7 (her) and rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss) (rter), (ii) a proliferation assay with mcf-7 cells (e-screen), ... | 2005 | 16099220 |
| pathogenicity of vibrios to rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss, walbaum) and artemia nauplii. | the taxonomy of marine vibrios has changed rapidly over the last two decades, and a wealth of new species have been identified. many vibrio species are pathogenic to fish and crustaceans; however, little is known about the virulence of many of the novel species. the purpose of this study was to determine the ability of various recent isolates of vibrios to cause disease in rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss, walbaum) and crustacea, i.e. artemia nauplii. of 56 isolates, representing 26 species of ... | 2005 | 16104871 |
| short-term exposures of fish to perfluorooctane sulfonate: acute effects on fatty acyl-coa oxidase activity, oxidative stress, and circulating sex steroids. | this study investigated the effects of exposure to waterborne perfluorooctane sulfonate (pfos) on oxidative stress and reproductive endpoints in fish. exposures utilized species commonly used in toxicological testing, including the fathead minnow (pimephales promelas) and rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss), as well as relatively insensitive taxa such as creek chub (semotilus atromaculatus), spottail shiner (notropis hudsonius), and white sucker (catostomus commersoni). in all fish species, shor ... | 2005 | 16110997 |
| four novel hemolysin genes of vibrio anguillarum and their virulence to rainbow trout. | four nucleotide sequences showing homology to known hemolysin genes were cloned and sequenced from v. anguillarum strain h775-3. the four genes, vah2, vah3, vah4 and vah5, have open reading frames encoding polypeptides of 291, 690, 200 and 585 amino acid residues, respectively, with predicted molecular masses of 33, 75, 22 and 66kda, respectively. vah2 is most closely related to a putative hemolysin of vibrio vulnificus yj016 (89% identity). vah3 is most closely related to a hemolysin-related pr ... | 2005 | 16126365 |
| comparison of individual and pooled sampling methods for detecting bacterial pathogens of fish. | examination of finfish populations for viral and bacterial pathogens is an important component of fish disease control programs worldwide. two methods are commonly used for collecting tissue samples for bacteriological culture, the currently accepted standards for detection of bacterial fish pathogens. the method specified in the office international des epizooties manual of diagnostic tests for aquatic animals permits combining renal and splenic tissues from as many as 5 fish into pooled sample ... | 2005 | 16130986 |
| analysis of cyp4501a1, pahs metabolites in bile, and genotoxic damage in oncorhynchus mykiss exposed to biobío river sediments, central chile. | the responses of cytochrome p4501a1 in the liver, the appearance of fluorescent metabolites in bile, and genotoxic damage in erythrocytes were studied in oncorhynchus mykiss exposed under laboratory conditions to sediments taken from the biobio river, central chile. samples were taken at four sampling sites in the biobio river, following a pollution gradient from the discharge, where stations 2 and 3 are impacted by a petrochemical industrial discharge effluent. chemical analysis indicates polyc ... | 2006 | 16137764 |
| plasma proteomic analysis of the acute phase response of rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss) to intraperitoneal inflammation and lps injection. | few acute phase proteins are known in fish and better knowledge of them would provide a basis for more reliable methods to objectively assess fish health and welfare. an acute phase response was induced in rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss, walbaum) by inflammation triggered by intraperitoneal administration of purified aeromonas salmonicida lipopolysaccharide emulsified in freund's incomplete adjuvant (lps/fia) or a commercial oil-based multivalent vaccine. acute phase proteins were characteri ... | 2006 | 16139357 |
| use of a rainbow trout oligonucleotide microarray to determine transcriptional patterns in aflatoxin b1-induced hepatocellular carcinoma compared to adjacent liver. | hepatocellular carcinoma (hcc) is one of the most common malignant tumors worldwide, and its occurrence is associated with a number of environmental factors including ingestion of the dietary contaminant aflatoxin b(1) (afb(1)). research over the last 40 years has revealed rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss) to be an excellent research model for study of afb(1)-induced hepatocarcinogenesis; however, little is known about changes at the molecular level in trout tumors. we have developed a rainbow ... | 2005 | 16141433 |
| gene duplication of the seventh component of complement in rainbow trout. | the seventh component of complement is a single-chain plasma glycoprotein that is involved in the cytolytic phase of complement activation through a sequence of polymerization reactions with other terminal components. we have previously isolated and characterized a c7 gene in rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss). here, we report the cloning of a second trout c7 gene (c7-2). the deduced amino acid sequence of the c7-2 gene exhibits 43 and 50% identity with human c7 and trout c7-1, respectively. th ... | 2005 | 16142474 |
| isolation of vagococcus salmoninarum in rainbow trout, oncorhynchus mykiss (walbaum), broodstocks: characterization of the pathogen. | coldwater 'streptococcosis', caused by vagococcus salmoninarum, is an emerging disease of rainbow trout in the european union, causing mortality rates up to 50% in broodstock during the spawning period, with water temperature of 10-12 degrees c. a study to determine the presence and role of this bacterium was undertaken using classical bacteriological techniques confirmed with polymerase chain reaction. this is the first report of isolation of v salmoninarum in relation to outbreaks of mortality ... | 2005 | 16142604 |
| identification and expression of a host-recognized antigen, fspa, from flavobacterium psychrophilum. | flavobacterium psychrophilum is the aetiological agent of rainbow trout fry syndrome, an economically important disease of immature salmonid fish for which there is no vaccine. convalescent serum from the host, rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss), reacted strongly with a approximately 20 kda, flavobacterium-specific protein antigen (subsequently named fspa) from f. psychrophilum. protein-enriched, detergent-partitioned samples were separated by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis and the protein ... | 2005 | 16151223 |
| isolation of the salmonid rhamnose-binding lectin stl2 from spores of the microsporidian fish parasite loma salmonae. | the microsporidian parasite, loma salmonae, is the causative agent of gill disease in both wild and netpen-reared salmonids worldwide. in this paper we report the finding of a rhamnose-binding lectin from steelhead trout, oncorhynchus mykiss, which was found bound in high concentration to the surface coat of l. salmonae spores. sds-page, immunoblot, n-terminal sequencing and mass spectrometric analyses were used to determine that the dominant 24 kda protein lectin observed on sds-page analysis o ... | 2005 | 16159363 |
| the gamma subunit of the eighth complement component (c8) in rainbow trout. | of the 35 proteins, enzymes, receptors and regulatory components of the complement system, c8gamma is unique in that it is the only lipocalin. c8gamma is a subunit of the c8 molecule, which is one of the five components (c5b, c6, c7, c8 and c9) that interact as a consequence of complement activation to form the membrane attack complex. until now, c8gamma has been characterized only in mammalian species. in order to elucidate the phylogeny of this molecule, we have cloned the c8gamma subunit in r ... | 2006 | 16169077 |
| temperature and ca2+ dependence of [3h]ryanodine binding in the burbot (lota lota l.) heart. | opening and closing of the cardiac ryanodine (ry) receptor (ryr) are coordinated by the free intracellular ca2+ concentration, thus making the ca2+ binding properties of the ryr important for excitation-contraction coupling. unlike mammalian cardiac ryrs, which lose their normal function at low temperatures, ryrs of ectothermic vertebrates remain operative at 2-4 degrees c, as indicated by ry sensitivity of contractile force. to investigate the mechanisms of low temperature adaptation of ectothe ... | 2006 | 16179490 |
| a teleost in vitro reporter gene assay to screen for agonists of the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors. | several contaminants detected in aquatic ecosystems are agonists of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (ppars). peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors interact with the retinoid x receptor (rxr) to activate the transcription of genes that control a variety of physiological functions. we cloned and sequenced partial cdna fragments of rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss) pparalpha and pparbeta from rainbow trout (rt) gill-w1 cells, a cell line derived from rainbow trout gills; predict ... | 2005 | 16193754 |
| characterisation of carbohydrate-binding sites in developmental stages of myxobolus cerebralis. | glycans and lectins (carbohydrate-binding molecules) form a mutual recognition system, which enables parasitic organisms to attach themselves to the host cells and/or take part in the migration of their developmental stages into the target tissue. the aim of the present study was to identify and characterise the potential binding activity of glycoconjugates in different developmental stages of myxobolus cerebralis, the causative agent of whirling disease in salmonids. the binding patterns of 13 ... | 2005 | 16211413 |
| a cdna for a putative type iii deiodinase in the trout (oncorhynchus mykiss): influence of holding conditions and thyroid hormone treatment on its hepatic expression. | a putative rainbow trout type iii deiodinase (d3) cdna was amplified by pcr, using primers to evolutionarily conserved sequences. the race-derived complete cdna was then identified by sequence comparison to that in tilapia and other vertebrates. the cdna coded for a predicted 31,500 kda protein of 278 amino acids, with a hydrophobic trans-membrane segment and with 80% similarity to tilapia d3 and 39% similarity to rainbow trout type ii deiodinase (d2). it also showed a selenocysteine codon at po ... | 2006 | 16214142 |
| new subtype of salmonid alphavirus (sav), togaviridae, from atlantic salmon salmo salar and rainbow trout oncorhynchus mykiss in norway. | in europe, 2 closely related alphaviruses (togaviridae) are regarded as the causative agents of sleeping disease (sd) and salmon pancreas disease (spd): sd virus (sdv) has been isolated from rainbow trout oncorhynchus mykiss in france and the uk, while spd virus (spdv) has been isolated from salmon salmo salar in ireland and the uk. farmed salmonids in western norway also suffer from a disease called pancreas disease (pd), and this disease is also believed to be caused by an alphavirus. however, ... | 2005 | 16231636 |
| transcriptional analysis of lps-stimulated activation of trout (oncorhynchus mykiss) monocyte/macrophage cells in primary culture treated with cortisol. | primary immune responses to pathogen invasion are mediated by the innate immune system in which tissue macrophages play a key role. during infectious processes glucocorticoids generally may function to dampen inflammatory responses. in this study, the ability of cortisol to directly modulate the transcriptional response of rainbow trout macrophages to the cellular activator lipopolysaccharide (lps) was investigated. the results indicate that cortisol significantly inhibits the well-described lps ... | 2006 | 16239032 |
| oxygen delivery to the fish eye: root effect as crucial factor for elevated retinal po2. | although the retina has one of the highest metabolic rates among tissues, certain teleost fishes lack any vascular supply to this organ which, in combination with the overall thickness of the organ, results in extremely long diffusion distances. as the only way to compensate for these obstacles, oxygen partial pressure (po2) in the eyes of such fish is elevated far above atmospheric values. although not supported by any direct evidence, the enhancement of po2 is considered to be related to the r ... | 2005 | 16244163 |
| use of sequence data from rainbow trout and atlantic salmon for snp detection in pacific salmon. | single nucleotide polymorphisms (snps) are a class of genetic markers that are well suited to a broad range of research and management applications. although advances in genotyping chemistries and analysis methods continue to increase the potential advantages of using snps to address molecular ecological questions, the scarcity of available dna sequence data for most species has limited marker development. as the number and diversity of species being targeted for large-scale sequencing has incre ... | 2005 | 16262869 |
| a complement receptor for opsonized immune complexes on erythrocytes from oncorhynchus mykiss but not ictalarus punctatus. | immune complexes activate the classical pathway of complement resulting in the covalent deposition of fragments of the third (c3b) and fourth (c4b) components of complement, thus opsonizing the complexes for uptake by cd35 found on human erythrocytes. the complexes are then transported to and cleared from the circulation by the reticuloendothelial system. it has been shown that rainbow trout can remove immune complexes from the circulation in a complement-dependent manner similar to that found i ... | 2006 | 16271392 |
| effect of hot-smoked rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss) diets on the protein levels of liver tissue in rats. | free radicals may not only affect the denatured cell structure but also reduce protein levels. these mechanisms are critical and need to be clarified as a high priority. because of the limited information on this subject, in this respect, the effects on protein levels of liver tissue in rats fed hot-smoked rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss) were investigated. | 2006 | 16272812 |
| rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss) brain cells biosynthesize novel docosahexaenoic acid-derived resolvins and protectins-mediator lipidomic analysis. | docosahexaenoic acid (dha; c22:6 n-3) is an abundant fatty acid in fish phospholipids. in the present study, we employed liquid chromatography-ultraviolet spectrometry-tandem mass spectrometry and dissociated rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss) brain cells to determine whether fish utilize endogenous dha to produce the recently uncovered novel lipid mediators termed the resolvins and protectins, generated by mammalian cells [serhan cn, hong s, gronert k, et al. resolvins: a family of bioactive p ... | 2005 | 16303609 |
| microcystin-lr induced cellular effects in mammalian and fish primary hepatocyte cultures and cell lines: a comparative study. | the impact of microcystin-lr, one of the most common cyanobacterial toxins, on liver and gut cells originating from mammals and fish was compared. upon exposure of human and rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss) cell lines up to 2.5 microm microcystin-lr, no alteration in cell viability was observed as assessed with three fluorescent indicators dyes, cfda-am, alamar blue and neutral red. the lack of sensitivity of the trout cell lines coincided with an absence of detectable mrna levels of organic ... | 2006 | 16314021 |
| evidence for hox gene duplication in rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss): a tetraploid model species. | we examined the genomic organization of hox genes in rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss), a tetraploid teleost derivative species, in order to test models of presumptive genomic duplications during vertebrate evolution. thirteen putative clusters were localized in the current rainbow trout genetic map; however, analysis of the sequence data suggests the presence of at least 14 hox clusters. many duplicated genes appear to have been retained in the genome and share a high percentage of amino acid ... | 2005 | 16315109 |
| metal-ion-mediated oxidative stress in the gill homogenate of rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss): antioxidant potential of manganese, selenium, and albumin. | human activities play a major role in toxic and carcinogenic metal pollution of the environment. this study was undertaken to evaluate the effects of copper and mercury at the 400- to 1000-microm concentration range on some biochemical markers of oxidative stress, such as lipid peroxidation (lpo), glutathione-s-transferase (gst) activity, and reduced glutathione (gsh) content in the rainbow trout gill homogenates with or without supplementation of manganese, selenium, and bovine serum albumin (b ... | 2005 | 16327069 |
| use of a probiotic to control lactococcosis and streptococcosis in rainbow trout, oncorhynchus mykiss (walbaum). | from a comparison of 125 bacterial isolates recovered from the digestive tract of rainbow trout, oncorhynchus mykiss, and carp, cyprinus sp., a culture was obtained which was effective at preventing clinical disease caused by lactococcus garvieae and streptococcus iniae when used as a feed additive. the culture, aeromonas sobria gc2, was incorporated into the feed and fed to rainbow trout (average weight = 20 g) for 14 days at a dose equivalent to 5 x 10(7) cells g(-1) of feed. whereas the untre ... | 2005 | 16336470 |
| changes in the neuromodulators of the diffuse endocrine system of the alimentary canal of farmed rainbow trout, oncorhynchus mykiss (walbaum), naturally infected with eubothrium crassum (cestoda). | a histopathological and immunohistochemical study on the intestines of 45 specimens of farmed rainbow trout, oncorhynchus mykiss (walbaum), from loch awe, scotland, revealed a number of cellular deviations in individuals naturally infected with the pseudophyllidean cestode eubothrium crassum (bloch, 1779). twenty-five individuals (55.5%) were infected with an average worm burden of 18.84 +/- 4.06 (mean +/- se) cestodes per host (range, 2-80 worms; total 471 worms). the cestodes, measuring an ave ... | 2005 | 16336471 |
| experimental susceptibility of atlantic cod, gadus morhua (l.), and atlantic halibut, hippoglossus hippoglossus (l.), to different genotypes of viral haemorrhagic septicaemia virus. | viral haemorrhagic septicaemia (vhs) is a well-characterized disease of rainbow trout, oncorhynchus mykiss, which has also caused economic losses in marine turbot farms in the british isles. we have previously demonstrated that turbot, scophthalmus maximus, are susceptible to isolates of viral haemorrhagic septicaemia virus (vhsv) that are endemic in the marine environment, highlighting a potential risk to marine aquaculture. given the increasing interest in the intensive rearing of additional a ... | 2005 | 16336475 |
| inactivation of infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus by low levels of iodine. | the fish rhabdovirus infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus (ihnv) was rapidly inactivated by extremely low concentrations of iodine in water. a 99.9% virus reduction was obtained in 7.5 s when virus (10 pfu/ml) and iodine (0.1 mg/liter, final concentration) were combined in distilled-deionized or hatchery water. iodine efficacy decreased at phs greater than 7.5 or when proteinaceous material was added to the water. bovine serum albumin blocked iodine inactivation of the virus more effectively ... | 1991 | 16348481 |
| efficacy of injection vaccines against flavobacterium psychrophilum in rainbow trout, oncorhynchus mykiss (walbaum). | efficacy of mineral oil-based experimental injection vaccines against flavobacterium psychrophilum were tested in rainbow trout, oncorhynchus mykiss (walbaum), under laboratory and field conditions. the vaccines consisted of formalin- or heat-inactivated whole bacterium cell preparations of two different serotypes (fd and th) or a combination of serologically different f. psychrophilum (fd and/or th and/or fp(t);th). specific antibody responses against the bacterium in plasma and skin mucus were ... | 2006 | 16351694 |
| characterization of npy receptor subtypes y2 and y7 in rainbow trout oncorhynchus mykiss. | we report the cloning and pharmacological characterization of two neuropeptide y (npy) receptor subtypes, y2 and y7, in rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss). these subtypes are approximately 50% identical to each other and belong to the y2 subfamily of npy receptors. the binding properties of the receptors were investigated after expression in human hek-293 ebna cells. both receptors bound the three zebrafish peptides npy, pyya, and pyyb, as well as porcine npy and pyy, with affinities in the nan ... | 2006 | 16359756 |
| genetic stability within the norwegian subtype of salmonid alphavirus (family togaviridae). | salmonid alphavirus (sav) (family togaviridae) causes mortality in atlantic salmon (salmo salar l.) and rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss w.) in norway, france, uk, and ireland. at least three subtypes of sav exist: spdv in uk/ireland, sdv in france/uk, and the recently reported norwegian salmonid alphavirus (nsav) in western norway. during 2003 and 2004, disease caused by nsav was reported for the first time in northern norway, more than 800 km away from the enzootic area in western norway. th ... | 2006 | 16362641 |
| effect of alpha-tocopherol on antioxidant enzyme activities and lipid peroxidation in rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss). | in this study, the effect of alpha-tocopherol on the antioxidant capacity of rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss) was determined. for this purpose, activities of antioxidant enzymes such as catalase (cat), peroxidase (pod) and glutathione reductase (gssg-rx) were investigated. enzyme activities were measured at 0 (control), 1, 3 and 5 h after alpha-tocopherol injection. in addition, the levels of malondialdehyde (mda) as a lipid peroxidation marker were determined in the erythrocytes. the results ... | 2005 | 16363144 |
| two cathelicidin genes are present in both rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss) and atlantic salmon (salmo salar). | further to the previous finding of the rainbow trout rtcath_1 gene, this paper describes three more cathelicidin genes found in salmonids: two in atlantic salmon, named ascath_1 and ascath_2, and one in rainbow trout, named rtcath_2. all the three new salmonid cathelicidin genes share the common characteristics of mammalian cathelicidin genes, such as consisting of four exons and possessing a highly conserved preproregion and four invariant cysteines clustered in the c-terminal region of the cat ... | 2006 | 16377685 |
| association of flavobacterium psychrophilum strains with intestinal explants of rainbow trout oncorhynchus mykiss. | flavobacterium psychrophilum is an important pathogen in rainbow trout oncorhynchus mykiss. the portal of entry for f. psychrophilum is not well known. in this study, the role of the intestine as a colonization site for f. psychrophilum was determined. for this purpose, the ability of a high (dubois) and a low (99/10a) virulence strain of f. psychrophilum to adhere to intestinal explants of rainbow trout was evaluated. after incubation, samples of the gut were examined bacteriologically, histolo ... | 2005 | 16385810 |