Publications
| Title | Abstract | Year Filter | PMID(sorted ascending) Filter |
|---|
| the mechanism of sodium and chloride uptake by the gills of a fresh-water fish, carassius auratus. ii. evidence for nh4 ion/na ion and hco3 ion/c1 ion exchanges. | the addition of ammonium ions to the external medium results in an inhibition of the sodium influx and net uptake in carassius auratus, while intraperitoneal injection of ammonium produces the opposite effect. the simultaneous chloride balance is not significantly affected by these treatments. the addition of bicarbonate ions to the external medium results in a reduction of the influx and net flux of chloride, while injection of bicarbonate produces the opposite effect. the simultaneous sodium b ... | 1964 | 14193849 |
| [the re-fertilization of the eggs of goldfish (carassius auratus) and its time limit]. | 1964 | 14200603 | |
| [urophysis and osmoregulation in the carassius auratus]. | 1964 | 14202679 | |
| [neurohypophysial peptides and osmoregulation in carassius auratus]. | 1964 | 14216259 | |
| [experimental changes in water-eletrolyte balance and the osmoregulation in carassius auratus]. | 1964 | 14217825 | |
| resistance to extinction in the goldfish following schedules of continuous and variable interval reinforcement. | four goldfish (carassius auratus, comet) were reinforced with food when they intercepted a beam of light. each fish performed on both crf and vi 50-sec schedules. in subsequent extinctions, the crf schedule produced more responses on the first day than did vi, but after the first day the post-crf rate dropped much more rapidly. these results agree with those previously obtained in birds and mammals. | 1964 | 14218292 |
| effect of irradiation on the excretion of radiosodium from the gills of goldfish, carassius auratus l. | 1964 | 14222072 | |
| [effect of prednisolone on the development of fatty liver induced in carassius auratus by feeding]. | 1964 | 14238423 | |
| the in vitro absorption of water and solutes from the intestine of goldfish, carassius auratus. | 1964 | 14241157 | |
| characteristics and pathogenicity of a capsulated pseudomonas isolated from goldfish. | characteristics of a capsulated bacterium isolated from an epizootic among goldfish (carassius auratus) were determined as well as the ability of the bacterium to produce experimental infections. the bacterium was found to be a gram-negative rod which oxidized carbohydrates, produced green fluorescent pigment, and otherwise seemed to fit into the genus pseudomonas, except that it was nonmotile and failed to oxidize gluconate. these last two characteristics are typical of pseudomonads. however, t ... | 1965 | 14264854 |
| effect of x-irradiation on the intestinal epithelium of the goldfish carassius auratus. ii. influence of temperature on the development of histopathological changes in the intestine. | 1965 | 14272808 | |
| thyroid activity and radiosensitivity relationship in goldfish, carassius auratus l. | 1964 | 14316489 | |
| [studies on the inter-subfamilial crossing between the goldfish (carassius auratus l.) and the chinese bitterling (rhodeus sinensis guenther)]. | 1965 | 14317866 | |
| some observations on the fine structure of the intrahepatic biliary passages in goldfish (carassius auratus). | 1965 | 14326924 | |
| tyrosinase of the goldfish carassius auratus l. ii. correlation of tyrosinase activity with pigmentation. | 1962 | 14455965 | |
| tyrosinase of the goldfish carassius auratus l. i. radio-assay and properties of the enzyme. | 1962 | 14455967 | |
| leptospira infection in the gold fish (carassius auratus). | 1962 | 14468196 | |
| molecular cloning and characterization of crucian carp (carassius auratus l.) interferon regulatory factor 7. | interferon (ifn) can induce an antiviral state via interferon-regulatory transcription factors (irfs), which bind to and control genes directed by the interferon-stimulated response element (isre). here we describe a fish irf, termed cairf7, cloned from a subtractive cdna library which is constructed with mrnas obtained from crucian carp (carassius auratus l.) blastulae embryonic (cab) cells infected by uv-inactivated gchv and mock-infected cells. cairf7 cdna was found to be 1816 bp in length, w ... | 2003 | 14550671 |
| examination of reproductive endpoints in goldfish (carassius auratus) exposed in situ to municipal sewage treatment plant effluent discharges in michigan, usa. | effects of representative mid-michigan (usa) wastewater treatment plant (wwtp) effluents on the reproductive physiology of common goldfish (carassius auratus) were assessed in situ by measuring plasma concentrations of vitellogenin (vtg), 17 beta-estradiol (e2), and testosterone (t), and evaluating gonad histology. caged adult male and female goldfish were exposed for six weeks to wwtp effluents. one riverine site and one lacustrine site were included as references for comparison to wwtp sites. ... | 2003 | 14552007 |
| a role for nitric oxide in hypoxia-induced activation of cardiac katp channels in goldfish (carassius auratus). | hypoxia-induced shortening of cardiac action potential duration (apd) has been attributed in mammalian hearts to the activation of atp-sensitive potassium (katp) channels. since katp channels are also present at high densities in the hearts of vertebrate ectotherms, speculation arises as to their function during periods of reduced environmental oxygen. the purpose of the present study was to determine whether nitric oxide (no) plays a role in cardiac sarcolemmal katp channel activation during hy ... | 2003 | 14555746 |
| genetic heterogeneity and ploidy level analysis among different gynogenetic clones of the polyploid gibel carp. | some triploid and tetraploid clones have been identified in the gynogenetic gibel carp, carassius auratus gibelio bloch, by karyotypic and cytologic analyses over many years. further, 5-20% males and karyotypic diversity have been found among their natural and artificial populations. however, the dna contents and the relation to their ploidy level and chromosome numbers have not been ascertained, and whether normal meiosis occurs in spermatogenesis needs to be determined in the different clones. | 2003 | 14566938 |
| involvement of the telencephalon in spaced-trial avoidance learning in the goldfish (carassius auratus). | goldfish (carassius auratus) received escape-avoidance training in a shuttle-response situation at a rate of a single trial per day. widely spaced training evaluates the ability of a discriminative stimulus to control an avoidance response in the absence of stimulus carry-over effects from prior recent trials. in experiment 1, master goldfish exhibited significantly faster avoidance learning than yoked controls. the results suggest that the shuttle response was instrumentally acquired. experimen ... | 2003 | 14568307 |
| differential metallothionein induction patterns in three freshwater fish during sublethal copper exposure. | we assessed whether fish that tolerate higher levels of cu exposure have a higher capacity to induce metallothionein (mt) synthesis than other, more sensitive, fish species. furthermore, we examined if a correlation could be found between tissue cu accumulation and mt levels. cu accumulation and mt concentrations in gill, liver, kidney and muscle of rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss), common carp (cyprinus carpio) and gibel carp (carassius auratus gibelio) were measured during a 1 week exposure ... | 2003 | 14568355 |
| the influence of translational selection on codon usage in fishes from the family cyprinidae. | in this paper, the main factors shaping codon usage in three species of fishes that belong to the family cyprinidae (namely brachidanio rerio, cyprinus carpio, and carassius auratus) are reported. correspondence analysis (coa), a commonly used multivariate statistical approach, was used to analyze codon usage bias. our results show that the main trend is strongly correlated with the gc(3) content at silent sites of each sequence. on the other hand, the second axis discriminates between presumed ... | 2003 | 14604802 |
| molecular cytogenetic detection of paternal chromosome fragments in allogynogenetic gibel carp, carassius auratus gibelio bloch. | in gynogenesis, sperm from related species activates egg and embryonic development, but normally does not contribute genetically to the offspring. in gibel carp, carassius auratus gibelio bloch, however, gynogenetic offspring often show some phenotypes apparently derived from the heterologous sperm donor. this paternal effect of allogynogenesis is outstanding in an artificial clone f produced by cold treatment of clone e eggs after insemination with blunt-nose black bream (megaloabrama amblyceph ... | 2003 | 14606628 |
| identification of protein kinase c (pkc) isoforms in teleostean, amphibian and avian pigment cells. | the beta isoform of protein kinase c (pkc) has been described as the main isoform involved in the stimulation of melanogenesis in mammalian skin melanocytes. little is known about pkc isoforms in non-mammalian pigment cells. in neopterigian fish (holostei and teleostei), pkc is associated with pigment granule aggregation within the pigment cells (skin lightening), whereas in elasmobranchs and tetrapods, the activation of pkc leads to pigment granule dispersion (skin darkening). in an attempt to ... | 2003 | 14629721 |
| in vivo implants of beta-sitosterol cause reductions of reactive cholesterol pools in mitochondria isolated from gonads of male goldfish (carassius auratus). | beta-sitosterol, a phytosterol found in high concentrations in pulp mill effluents, has been proposed as one of the causative agents for steroid depressions observed in fish exposed to pulp mill effluents. previous studies have suggested a cholesterol-mediated mechanism; however, it is unknown how beta-sitosterol depresses gonadal steroidogenesis. in this study, adult male goldfish (carassius auratus) were exposed for 24-31 days to beta-sitosterol (55% of a phytosterol mixture or 96% pure; 150 m ... | 2003 | 14636632 |
| molecular characterization and ifn signal pathway analysis of carassius auratus castat1 identified from the cultured cells in response to virus infection. | type i interferon (ifn) exerts its pleiotropic effects mainly through the jak-stat signaling pathway, which is presently best described in mammals. by subtractive suppression hybridization, two fish signaling factors, jak1 and stat1, had been identified in the ifn-induced crucian carp carassius auratus l. blastulae embryonic (cab) cells after treatment with uv-inactivated grass carp hemorrhagic virus (gchv). further, the full-length cdna of stat1, termed castat1, was obtained. it contains 2926 b ... | 2004 | 14642888 |
| coexistence of a sexual and an unisexual form stabilized by parasites. | an unisexual species (either parthenogenetic or gynogenetic form) often coexists sympatrically with a closely related anisogamous sexual species, forming a unisexual complex. this is puzzling because, all else being equal, a sexual population with the two-fold cost of sex (or the cost of producing males) cannot coexist with a unisexual population. this suggests that some ecological processes are at work to make possible the coexistence of the unisexual complex. field and laboratory studies sugge ... | 2004 | 14643188 |
| effects of cu2+, cro4(2-), co2+ and pb2+ on the monovalent ion content of goldfish (carassius auratus gibelio) tissues studied by x-ray microanalysis. | carassius auratus gibelio was chosen as an organism with a high level of tolerance against heavy metal to investigate changes in monovalent ions content in its tissues. fish were kept in 10 ppm cu2+ (3h), cro4(2-) (96h), co2+ (96h), pb2+ (8h) and control (96h) solutions, then tissues were dissected and prepared for x-ray microanalysis. k+, na+ and cl- concentration was measured and calculated. short periods of time of fish acclimation to cu2+ (3h) and pb2+ (8h) caused fish to suffocate as a cons ... | 2003 | 14686657 |
| noise-induced stress response and hearing loss in goldfish (carassius auratus). | fishes are often exposed to environmental sounds such as those associated with shipping, seismic experiments, sonar and/or aquaculture pump systems. while efforts have been made to document the effects of such anthropogenic (human-generated) sounds on marine mammals, the effects of excess noise on fishes are poorly understood. we examined the short- and long-term effects of increased ambient sound on the stress and hearing of goldfish (carassius auratus; a hearing specialist). we reared fish und ... | 2004 | 14691090 |
| effects of cortisol on food intake, growth, and forebrain neuropeptide y and corticotropin-releasing factor gene expression in goldfish. | although elevated plasma cortisol levels and a reduction in food intake are common features of the response to stress in fish, the potential role of cortisol in the regulation of food intake in these animals is poorly understood. in this study, goldfish (carassius auratus) were fed ad libitum for 21 days diets prepared to contain 0 (control), 50 (low) or 500 (high) microg cortisol/g of food. while feeding remained unchanged in controls and in fish fed the high cortisol diet, daily food intake gr ... | 2004 | 14697310 |
| identification and expression analysis of two ifn-inducible genes in crucian carp (carassius auratus l.). | interferon (ifn) exerts its antiviral effects mainly through activation of a subset of ifn-stimulated genes (isg), but relatively few of fish isgs have been isolated and characterized so far. here, we report two fish isgs, termed caifi58 and caifi56, cloned from a subtractive cdna library constructed with mrnas obtained from crucian carp (carassius auratus l.) blastulae embryonic (cab) cells infected by uv-inactivated gchv and mock-infected cells. database search revealed that both isgs had a hi ... | 2004 | 14697509 |
| chemobehavioral changes induced by short-term exposures to prochloraz, nicosulfuron, and carbofuran in goldfish. | the behavioral effects of short periods (2, 4, 6, 8 h) of static exposure to prochloraz (imidazole fungicide) and nicosulfuron (sulfonylurea herbicide) were recorded in goldfish (carassius auratus). observations were also made in an olfactometer to assess the effects of 8-h exposures to these two pesticides and to carbofuran (carbamate insecticide) on the behavioral responses to the flow of a solution of four l-amino acids (glycine, alanine, valine, taurine), mixed in the same relative proportio ... | 2003 | 14708668 |
| [effects of long-term exposure of low-level 2,4-dichlorophenol on the antioxidant defense system in liver of carassius auratus]. | under the indoors simulant conditions, the effects of long-term exposure of low-level 2,4-dichlorophenol on the antioxidant system of larval fishes were studied. the results showed that the activities of catalase (cat), sedium-dependent glutathione peroxidase (se-gpx) and the content of oxidized glutathione (gssg) were induced significantly. the activity of superoxide dismutase (sod) was induced remarkably when 2,4-dichlorophenol level was at only 0.005 mg.l-1; the content of reduce glutathione ... | 2003 | 14719276 |
| proteome comparative analysis of gynogenetic haploid and diploid embryos of goldfish (carassius auratus). | recently, it was found that in the gynogenetic haploid and diploid embryos of goldfish, which have exactly the same genome, the haploid condition results in obstruction of gene expression and abnormal development while the diploid embryos have normal gene expression and development. a diploid-dependent regulatory apparatus was proposed to regulate gene expression. to study the difference at the protein expression level of the embryos of haploid and diploid in development, we extracted the total ... | 2004 | 14730685 |
| a c-type lectin associated and translocated with cortical granules during oocyte maturation and egg fertilization in fish. | oocyte maturation and egg fertilization in both vertebrates and invertebrates are marked by orchestrated cytoplasmic translocation of secretory vesicles known as cortical granules. it is thought that such redistribution of cellular content is critical for asymmetrical cell division during early development, but the mechanism and regulation of the process is poorly understood. here we report the identification, purification and cdna cloning of a c-type lectin from oocytes of a freshwater fish spe ... | 2004 | 14732397 |
| effects of crude extracts of mucuna pruriens (fabaceae) and carica papaya (caricaceae) against the protozoan fish parasite ichthyophthirius multifiliis. | the ciliate ichthyophthirius multifiliis is among the most pathogenic parasites of fish maintained in captivity. in the present study, the effects of the crude methanolic extract of leaves of mucuna pruriens and the petroleum-ether extract of seeds of carica papaya against i. multifiliis were investigated under in vivo and in vitro conditions. goldfish (carassius auratus auratus) infected with the parasites were immersed for 72 h in baths with m. pruriens extract, and for 96 h in baths with c. p ... | 2004 | 14735356 |
| pluripotency of cryopreserved blastomeres of the goldfish. | to examine the pluripotency of cryopreserved blastomeres, we transplanted them into blastula. donor blastomeres were prepared from blastula of goldfish (carassius auratus) and cryopreserved in liquid nitrogen for two months. fifty-five percent and 44% of blastomeres survived after thawing. cryopreserved blastomeres were transplanted to the blastula of triploid crucian carp (c. a. longsdorfii), which reproduces gynogenetically in nature. at four days after the operation, resultant chimeric embryo ... | 2004 | 14743512 |
| effects of chronic exposure of 2,4-dichlorophenol on the antioxidant system in liver of freshwater fish carassius auratus. | there were few reports on the antioxidant response of aquatic organisms exposed to 2,4-dichlorophenol (2,4-dcp). this research explored the hepatic antioxidant responses of fish to long-term exposure of 2,4-dcp for the first time. freshwater fish carassius auratus were chosen as experimental animals. the fish were exposed to six different concentrations of 2,4-dcp (0.005-1.0 mg/l) for 40 days and then liver tissues were separated for determination. as shown from the results, 40 days afterwards, ... | 2004 | 14761689 |
| studies of the digestive tracts and the digestive enzymes of the goldfish, carassius auratus (linnaeus) and the largemouth black bass, micropterus salmoides (lacépède). | 1951 | 14838933 | |
| effects of running water on brainstem lateral line responses in trout, oncorhynchus mykiss, to sinusoidal wave stimuli. | we investigated how single units in the medial octavolateralis nucleus of the rainbow trout, oncorhynchus mykiss, respond to a 50-hz vibrating sphere in still and running water. four types of units were distinguished. type mi units ( n=16) were flow-sensitive; their ongoing discharge rates either increased or decreased in running water, and as a consequence, responses of these units to the vibrating sphere were masked if the fish was exposed to water flow. type mii units ( n=7) were not flow-sen ... | 2004 | 14997333 |
| positive selection on multiple antique allelic lineages of transferrin in the polyploid carassius auratus. | transferrin polymorphism has been studied in the polyploid carassius auratus by cloning and sequence analysis of cdnas from its three subspecies c. auratus gibelio, c. auratus auratus, and c. auratus cuvieri. dna polymorphism of extremely high extent was shown for the transferrin gene by the 248 segregation sites among coding region sequences of its alleles. the deduced amino acid sequences of the transferrin alleles showed variable theoretical physicochemical parameters, which might constitute ... | 2004 | 15014154 |
| effects of nonylphenol and phytoestrogen-enriched diet on plasma vitellogenin, steroid hormone, hepatic cytochrome p450 1a, and glutathione-s-transferase values in goldfish (carassius auratus). | the effects of nonylphenol (np) on plasma vitellogenin (vtg) and steroid hormone values, as well as hepatic cytochrome p450 1a (cyp1a) and glutathione-s-transferase (gst) activities, were measured in goldfish (carassius auratus) fed a diet with a low (formulated diet, fd) or high (commercial diet, cd) content of phytoestrogens, including genistein and daidzein. male goldfish with secondary sexual characteristics were exposed to nominal np concentrations of 0.1, 1.0, 10, and 100 microg/l in the w ... | 2004 | 15027619 |
| effect of microcystin-lr on protein phosphatase activity in fed and fasted juvenile goldfish carassius auratus l. | fed and fasted juvenile goldfish carassius auratus (30 g body weight) were injected intraperitoneally (i.p.) with microcystin-lr (mc-lr) (125 microg/kg body weight) to determine the effect of alimentary status on the hepatic toxicity of mc-lr. the toxin accumulation pattern was similar in both fed and fasted treatments. mc-lr accumulated during the first 48 h post-injection and decreased significantly between 48 and 96 h. mc-lr accumulation induced a decrease in hepatic protein phosphatase activ ... | 2004 | 15033328 |
| identification and characterization of a glucagon receptor from the goldfish carassius auratus: implications for the evolution of the ligand specificity of glucagon receptors in vertebrates. | the structural basis of ligand selectivity of g protein-coupled receptors for metabolic hormones has been an area of intense investigation, and yet it remains unresolved. one approach to delineating the mechanism of ligand-receptor interactions is to compare the ligand specificities of receptors expressed in species that emerged at different times within vertebrate evolution. in this paper we describe the isolation, functional, and phylogenetic characterization of the glucagon receptor from the ... | 2004 | 15033912 |
| time course of brain cholinesterase inhibition and recovery following acute and subacute azinphosmethyl, parathion and carbaryl exposure in the goldfish (carassius auratus). | laboratory toxicity data contrasting mortality and brain cholinesterase inhibition in the goldfish (carassius auratus) are presented. brain cholinesterase (che) was greatly reduced after 96 h of exposure in vivo at sublethal concentrations of azinphosmethyl and parathion. the inhibition of the enzyme was dose dependent, and concentrations higher than 0.1mg/l caused more than 90% inhibition. the effect of carbaryl was less pronounced, achieving an 86% inhibition at concentrations corresponding to ... | 2004 | 15041264 |
| differential expression of two carassius auratus mx genes in cultured cab cells induced by grass carp hemorrhage virus and interferon. | uv-inactivated gchv (grass carp hemorrhage virus) is able to induce an antiviral state in cultured cab cells (crucian carp carassius auratus blastulae embryonic cells) via the production of interferon (ifn). in the current work, the full-length cdnas of two mx genes, termed camx1 and camx2, have been cloned and sequenced from uv-inactivated gchv-infected and still ifn-producing cab cells by suppression subtractive hybridization. their putative proteins show the characteristically structural feat ... | 2004 | 15045470 |
| development of an immunosensor for the detection of vitellogenin using impedance spectroscopy. | a simple and direct immunosensor for the determination of carp (carassius auratus) vitellogenin (vtg), a female-specific protein, has been proposed based on an antibody-captured conducting polymer-coated electrode. the monoclonal antibody specific to carp (c. auratus) vtg was immobilized by covalent coupling to the carboxylic acid group on the polymer. the antibody immobilization and antibody-antigen interaction have been demonstrated by means of quartz crystal microbalance and impedance spectro ... | 2004 | 15046756 |
| effects of telencephalic ablation on shoaling behavior in goldfish. | the role of the telencephalon in the shoaling behavior of the goldfish, carassius auratus, was investigated. experiments were carried out in a tank divided into three compartments. subjects were introduced into the center compartment of the tank. in the activity phase, subjects swam alone, and swimming distance was used as an index of activity. in the shoaling behavior phase, a stimulus fish was introduced into one of the side compartments, and the time spent near the side compartment by the sub ... | 2004 | 15059693 |
| effects of water-soluble fractions of diesel oil on the antioxidant defenses of the goldfish, carassius auratus. | larval goldfish carassius auratus were exposed to 0.05 and 0.1 mg/l no. 20 diesel oil, widely used as transportation power in china, for 2, 4, 7, 10, 15, 25, and 40 days, while one control group was designated for each exposure group. some fish after 25 days of exposure were transferred to diluted water until the 40th day. hepatic antioxidant defense parameters of fish, including contents of reduced glutathione and glutathione disulfide and activities of superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathio ... | 2004 | 15087171 |
| haematopoietic necrosis in a goldfish (carassius auratus) associated with an agent morphologically similar to herpesvirus. | one of 14 goldfish (carassius auratus) died 4 weeks after purchase and was investigated by necropsy and histological examination. routine formalin fixation of the goldfish was followed by histopathology. formalin fixed spleen and kidney from the fish was further processed by embedding in epoxy resin and examined by transmission electron microscopy (em). severe, diffuse necrosis of haematopoietic tissue in the spleen, thymus and kidney and severe, diffuse hyperplasia in the gill epithelial cells ... | 2004 | 15088985 |
| genotoxicity of 2-[2-(acetylamino)-4-[bis(2-hydroxyethyl)amino]-5-methoxyphenyl]-5-amino-7-bromo-4-chloro-2h-benzotriazole (pbta-6) and 4-amino-3,3'-dichloro-5,4'-dinitro-biphenyl (addb) in goldfish (carassius auratus) using the micronucleus test and the comet assay. | 2-[2-(acetylamino)-4-[bis(2-hydroxyethyl)amino]-5-methoxyphenyl]-5-amino-7-bromo-4-chloro-2h-benzotriazole (pbta-6) and 4-amino-3,3'-dichloro-5,4'-dinitrobiphenyl (addb) are two compounds, which show strong mutagenicity toward bacteria, that have been identified as major mutagens in river water in japan. in the present study, we examined the genotoxicity of pbta-6 and addb in goldfish (carassius auratus) by the micronucleus test and single-cell gel electrophoresis (comet assay). the frequencies ... | 2004 | 15099822 |
| resistance to change in goldfish. | resistance to change has been studied in several species such as humans, rats, and pigeons. we conducted two experiments using goldfish as subjects to examine the generality of the findings on resistance to change in a phylogenetically more primitive species. in experiment 1, five goldfish (carassius auratus) were trained on two-component multiple schedules with different variable-interval schedules in effect. when responding was disrupted by presenting free food during intercomponent intervals ... | 2004 | 15110916 |
| enzyme treatment of trypanosoma danilewskyi (laveran and mesnil) increases its susceptibility to lysis by the alternative complement pathway of goldfish, carassius auratus (l.). | this study examined whether in vitro-cultured trypanosoma danilewskyi were susceptible to lysis in the presence or absence of anti-parasite antibodies and complement. cultured trypanosomes were resistant to lysis by either immune or non-immune goldfish serum. however, trypanosomes treated with the proteolytic enzyme trypsin, which destroys surface proteins of the parasites, became susceptible to lysis when exposed to either immune or non-immune goldfish serum. the lysis by goldfish serum was dep ... | 2004 | 15139906 |
| effects of atrazine on sex steroid dynamics, plasma vitellogenin concentration and gonad development in adult goldfish (carassius auratus). | sexually mature goldfish (carassius auratus) of both sexes were exposed to two doses (100 and 1000 microg/l) of the widely used herbicide atrazine (2-chloro-4-ethylamino-6-isopropylamino-s-triazine) for a period of 21 days and effects on the concentrations of gonad and plasma sex steroids (testosterone (t), 17beta-estradiol (e2) and 11-ketotestosterone (11-kt)), plasma vitellogenin (vtg) and gonad histo-morphology assessed. atrazine did not show any obvious estrogenic effect in males, as determi ... | 2004 | 15168945 |
| peptide effects on social behavior: effects of vasotocin and isotocin on social approach behavior in male goldfish (carassius auratus). | the authors measured the effects of centrally infused peptides on social approach behaviors in goldfish (carassius auratus), a social teleost. vasotocin (vt) inhibited approach responses toward the visual stimuli of conspecifics in the absence of aggressive or sexual olfactory contextual cues in males, and a v1 receptor antagonist stimulated such responses, at least in males that were not highly social in baseline conditions, as did isotocin (it). in the absence of social stimuli, vt did not aff ... | 2004 | 15174940 |
| endocrine disruption and altered gonadal development in white perch (morone americana) from the lower great lakes region. | high prevalences of gonadal intersex have been observed in wild fish populations in areas affected by domestic and industrial effluents. for this study, fish were collected in 1998 from the cootes paradise region of hamilton harbour in western lake ontario, canada, to determine whether gonadal abnormalities, including intersex, were present in young of the year (yoy) fish. no gonadal abnormalities were observed in goldfish (carassius auratus), common carp (cyprinus carpio), gizzard shad (dorosom ... | 2004 | 15175179 |
| kinetic characters and resistance to inhibition of crude and purified brain acetylcholinesterase of three freshwater fishes by organophosphates. | acetylcholinesterase (ache) was purified from the brain of three fresh-water fishes, topmouth gudgeon (pseudorasbora parva), goldfish (carassius auratus auratus) and rainbow trout (oncorrhychus mykiss, formerly named salmo gairdneri) by peg2000/phosphate-salt two phases extraction, deae-sephadex a-50 and sephadex g-200 chromatography. kinetic characters and resistance to inhibition of crude and purified enzymes by organophosphates were then studied. although the crude enzyme from the trout displ ... | 2004 | 15177947 |
| cell culture of clonal ginbuna crucian carp hematopoietic cells: differentiation of cultured cells into erythrocytes in vivo. | we cultivated kidney hematopoietic cells from clonal triploid ginbuna crucian carp, carassius auratus langsdorfii. proliferating cells from hematopoietic cell cultures were harvested and injected into tetraploid hybrids (clonal triploid ginbuna and goldfish hybrid) which possess three sets of chromosomes from a triploid clone and a haploid set of chromosomes from goldfish (carassius auratus). after injection of cultured triploid cells (donor cells), blood samples were obtained from tetraploid hy ... | 2004 | 15183027 |
| enhancement of antigen uptake and antibody production in goldfish (carassius auratus) following bath immunization and ultrasound treatment. | ultrasound irradiation and hyperosmotic treatments were compared as facilitators of antigen (bsa) penetration through the skin by bath vaccination and as enhancers of the antibody response in goldfish. the kinetics of bsa penetration and accumulation into the skin, and via it to the blood, and the consequent specific stimulation of the humoral immune response, were studied. the main findings are: (1). ultrasonic treatment is more effective than hyperosmotic treatment in enhancing both antigen tr ... | 2004 | 15193392 |
| lesions of the medial pallium, but not of the lateral pallium, disrupt spaced-trial avoidance learning in goldfish (carassius auratus). | the effects of telencephalic lesions of the medial pallium (mp) and lateral pallium (lp) of goldfish on avoidance learning were studied in a two-way, shuttle response, spaced-trial avoidance conditioning situation. animals received one trial per day, a training regime that permits the assessment of avoidance learning in the absence of stimulus carry-over effects from prior trials. control and lp-lesioned goldfish exhibited significantly faster avoidance learning than mp-lesioned animals. these r ... | 2004 | 15193757 |
| production of a biologically active growth hormone from giant catfish (pangasianodon gigas) in escherichia coli. | giant catfish growth hormone (gcgh) cdna was cloned and expressed in e. coli. the expected 20.5 kda protein corresponded to the mature gcgh and was efficiently expressed. this protein was produced as inclusion bodies and comprised about 20% of total cellular proteins. the recombinant hormone promoted growth when injected intramuscularly or intraperitoneally into goldfish (carassius auratus) at 0.1 or 1 microg soluble gcgh per g fish body wt per week. in addition, the recombinant gcgh inclusions ... | 2004 | 15200175 |
| molecular phylogeny of congeneric monogenean parasites (dactylogyrus): a case of intrahost speciation. | dactylogyrus species (dactylogyridae: monogenea) are a group of monogenean gill parasites that are highly specific to freshwater fish of the family cyprinidae. dactylogyrus species were sampled from 19 cyprinids and one percid collected in europe. using partial 18s rdna and its1 sequences, a phylogeny of 51 dactylogyrus species was reconstructed to investigate the patterns of parasite speciation and diversification. three main dactylogyrus lineages were recognized from all phylogenetic trees, th ... | 2004 | 15212381 |
| preferential pcr amplification of parasitic protistan small subunit rdna from metazoan tissues. | a "universal non-metazoan" polymerase chain reaction (unonmet-pcr) that selectively amplifies a segment of nonmetazoan small subunit (ssu) rdna gene was validated. the primers used were: 18s-euk581-f (5'-gtgccagcagccgcg-3') and 18s-euk1134-r (5'-tttaagtttcagccttgcg-3') with specificity provided by the 19-base reverse primer. its target site is highly conserved across the archaea, bacteria, and eukaryotes (including fungi), but not most metazoa (except porifera, ctenophora, and myxozoa) which hav ... | 2009 | 15218702 |
| gill metaplasia in a goldfish, carassius auratus auratus (l.). | 2004 | 15228611 | |
| form and function in the unique inner ear of a teleost: the silver perch (bairdiella chrysoura). | members of the teleost family sciaenidae show significant variation in inner ear and swim bladder morphology as well as in the relationship between the swim bladder and the inner ear. in the silver perch (bairdiella chrysoura), a stellifer-group sciaenid, both the saccular and utricular otoliths are enlarged relative to those in other teleosts. additionally, its swim bladder is two-chambered, and the anterior chamber surrounds the otic capsule and terminates lateral to the saccules. structure an ... | 2004 | 15236234 |
| encoding of geometric and featural spatial information by goldfish (carassius auratus). | goldfish (carassius auratus) were trained in different place-finding tasks as a means of analyzing their ability to encode the geometric and the featural properties of the environment. results showed that goldfish could encode and use both geometric and featural information to navigate. goldfish trained in a maplike, or relational, procedure encoded both types of information in a single representation. in contrast, fish trained in a directly cued procedure developed 2 independent and competing s ... | 2004 | 15250808 |
| identification of a novel c1q family member in color crucian carp (carassius auratus) ovary. | potential roles of c1q/tumor necrosis factor (tnf) superfamily proteins have been observed in vertebrate oogenesis and oocyte maturation, but no ovary-specific member has been identified so far. in this study, we have cloned and identified a novel member of c1q family with a c1q domain in the c-terminal from fully grown oocyte cdna library of color crucian carp and demonstrated that the gene might be specifically expressed in ovary and therefore designated as carassius auratus ovary-specific c1q ... | 2004 | 15253877 |
| effects of four chlorobenzenes on serum sex steroids and hepatic microsome enzyme activities in crucian carp, carassius auratus. | four chlorobenzenes (chlorobenzene, 1,3-dichlorobenzene, 1,4-dichlorobenzene, p-chloro-methylbenzene) were administrated to the crucian carps (carassius auratus) by peritoneal injections in the laboratory for 30 days. serum testosterone and 17 beta-estradiol concentrations were detected using radioimmunology assay (ria), and the activities of two hepatic microsome enzymes, glutathione s-transferase (gst) and udp-glucuronosyltransferase (udpgt), were measured using the modified methods as describ ... | 2004 | 15294436 |
| molecular cloning and characterisation of a fish pkr-like gene from cultured cab cells induced by uv-inactivated virus. | the double-stranded-rna-dependent protein kinase (pkr) is an important component in an antiviral defence pathway that is mediated by interferon (ifn) in vertebrates. previously, some important ifn system genes had been identified from an ifn-producing cab (crucian carp carassius auratus blastulae embryonic) cells after treatment with uv-inactivated gchv (grass carp haemorrhage virus). here, a fish pkr-like gene, named capkr-like, is cloned and sequenced from the same virally infected cab cells. ... | 2004 | 15312662 |
| [effects of copper (cu2+) and cu-edta complex on the induction of hsp70 in the fish brain]. | the effects of copper (cu2+) and cu-edta complex on the induction of hsp70 in the fish brain were studied. after the fish (carassius auratus) were exposed to the experimental concentrations for forty days, the sds-page and western blotting techniques were used to detect the expression level of hsp70 in the fish brain. the results showed that cu2+ and cu-edta complex can induce the expression of hsp70 significantly. comparing with the test groups exposed to cu2+, the cu-edta complex had changed t ... | 2004 | 15327262 |
| effects of chlorpheniramine and l-histidine on vestibular compensation in goldfish, carassius auratus. | histamine is thought to be involved in the recovery of vestibular function after damage to the vestibular receptors of the inner ear. this study evaluated the effects of post-operative treatment using chlorpheniramine (h1 histamine antagonist) and l-histidine, (a histaminergic precursor), after hemilabyrinthectomy in goldfish. in this lesion model, the unilateral removal of the labyrinth induces a transient postural imbalance in response to light. after the lesion, the animals were injected intr ... | 2004 | 15331143 |
| acoustical stress and hearing sensitivity in fishes: does the linear threshold shift hypothesis hold water? | mammals exposed to loud aerial sounds exhibit temporary threshold shifts (tts) that are linearly related to increases of sound pressure above baseline hearing levels. it was unknown if this relationship held true for aquatic ectotherms such as fishes. to test this linear threshold shift hypothesis (lints) in fishes, we examined the effects of increased ambient sound on hearing of two species differing in hearing capabilities: goldfish (carassius auratus; a hearing specialist) and tilapia (oreoch ... | 2004 | 15339955 |
| [genetic analysis on diversity of reproductive modes of silver crucian carp inferred by transferrin and isozyme markers]. | silver crucian carp (carassius auratus gibelio) has been known for its gynogenetic reproduction. in this paper, eggs from clone f of gynogenetic silver crucian carp were inseminated respectively by sperms of clone d, clone a and common carp, and polymorphic patterns of transferrin and isozymes of the produced three offspring fd, fa and fl were studied comparatively to explore the diversity in reproductive modes of silver crucian carp. as control, zymograms of fl progenies exhibited a maternally ... | 2002 | 15346982 |
| identification of two novel interferon-stimulated genes from cultured cab cells induced by uv-inactivated grass carp hemorrhage virus. | interferon (ifn) exerts its antiviral effect by inducing the expression of a number of ifn-stimulated genes (isgs) to establish a host antiviral state. earlier studies identified some important fish ifn system genes from ifn-induced cab cells (crucian carp carassius auratus l. embryonic blastulae cells) after treatment with uv-inactivated gchv (grass carp hemorrhage virus). herein, the cloning of 2 novel ifn-stimulated genes, termed gig1 and gig2, is described for the same cell system. the compl ... | 2004 | 15352519 |
| a globin gene of ancient evolutionary origin in lower vertebrates: evidence for two distinct globin families in animals. | hemoglobin, myoglobin, neuroglobin, and cytoglobin are four types of vertebrate globins with distinct tissue distributions and functions. here, we report the identification of a fifth and novel globin gene from fish and amphibians, which has apparently been lost in the evolution of higher vertebrates (amniota). because its function is presently unknown, we tentatively call it globin x (gbx). globin x sequences were obtained from three fish species, the zebrafish danio rerio, the goldfish carassi ... | 2005 | 15356282 |
| the endothelin/sarafotoxin-induced increase of the proliferation of undifferentiated and dmso-differentiated gem-81 goldfish erythrophoroma cells is mediated by etb receptors. | endothelins (ets) and sarafotoxins (srtxs) have been reported to exert et(b)-mediated effects on vertebrate pigment cells. gem-81 cell line, a red pigment cell-derived cutaneous tumor of the teleost carassius auratus, expresses et(b) receptors and can be differentiated with 1.5% dmso treatment, thus constituting an useful model to investigate et and srtx effects on cultured fish pigment cells. our aim was to characterize the pharmacology and biological effects mediated by et receptors in dmso-di ... | 2004 | 15357834 |
| increased gad67 mrna levels are correlated with in vivo gaba synthesis in the mptp-treated catecholamine-depleted goldfish brain. | the role of catecholamine neuronal input on gabaergic activity in the hypothalamus, telencephalon, optic tectum, and cerebellum was investigated in early recrudescent female goldfish (carassius auratus). a new quantitative technique was developed and validated, permitting concomitant quantification and correlational analysis of glutamic acid decarboxylase 65 (gad65), gad67, and gad3 mrna levels and in vivo gaba synthesis. catecholamine depletion was achieved by the administration of 1-methyl-4-p ... | 2004 | 15363887 |
| immunotoxicity of pentachlorophenol on macrophage immunity and igm secretion of the crucian carp (carassius auratus). | 2004 | 15386086 | |
| [triploid crucain carp-allotetraploid hybrids (male) x goldfish( hermaphrodite)]. | a new type of triploid crucian carp was generated by mating the males of the allotetraploid hybrids of red crucian carp (carassius auratus red var.) (female) x common carp (cyprinus carpio l.) (male), with the females the goldfish( carassius auratus red var.) which was red in color and possessed the biforked tails. the biological characteristics of one-year old triploid crucian carp including the number and karotype of chromosome, gonadosomatic indices and gonadal structures, appearance and grow ... | 2004 | 15468916 |
| cytoplasmic impact on cross-genus cloned fish derived from transgenic common carp (cyprinus carpio) nuclei and goldfish (carassius auratus) enucleated eggs. | in previous studies of nuclear transplantation, most cloned animals were obtained by intraspecies nuclear transfer and are phenotypically identical to their nuclear donors; furthermore, there was no further report on successful fish cloning since the report of cloned zebrafish. here we report the production of seven cross-genus cloned fish by transferring nuclei from transgenic common carp into enucleated eggs of goldfish. nuclear genomes of the cloned fish were exclusively derived from the nucl ... | 2005 | 15469998 |
| use of a complex approach for assessment of metamizole sodium and acetylsalicylic acid toxicity, genotoxicity and cytotoxicity. | a complex approach based on the use of test organisms belonging to different systematic groups (plants, invertebrates and vertebrates), as well as the nucleolar biomarker and the micronucleus test on their cells, was applied to assess the toxicity, cytotoxicity and genotoxicity of two pharmaceutical substances (metamizole sodium and acetylsalicylic acid) applied at ic(50) concentrations for mammalian cells. the compound acetylsalicylic acid was evaluated at a concentration (1.6 x 10(3) mg l(-1)) ... | 2015 | 15478170 |
| [karyotypic analysis from two clones of gynogenetic pengze crucian carp (carassius auratus of pengze)]. | pengze crucian carp (carassius auratus of pengze), one of the most popular cultural fishes in china, is an endemic bisexual population with natural gynogenetic reproduction mode. just like silver crucian carp, investigation on the karyotype of pengze crucian carp is important to understanding the diversity and the evolution of the unisexual vertebrates. two distinguishable gynogenetic clones of pengze crucian carp, named clone h and clone l, respectively,were detected recently. in this study, th ... | 2004 | 15481531 |
| acid-base regulation in isolated gill cells of the goldfish (carassius auratus). | mechanisms of acid release and intracellular ph (ph(i)) homeostasis were analysed in goldfish (carassius auratus) gill cells in primary culture. the rate of acid secretion was measured using a cytosensor microphysiometer, and ph(i) was determined using the fluorescent probe 2',7'-bis-(3-carboxypropyl)-5-(and-6)-carboxyfluorescein (bcpcf). amiloride, a na(+) channel and na(+)/h(+) exchanger (nhe) inhibitor, had no effect on ph(i), but acid secretion of the gill cells was significantly impaired. i ... | 2004 | 15503056 |
| quantification of the effects of resperine on gonadotroph expression in the pituitary of goldfish (carassius auratus). | in many teleosts, the control of gonadotropin ii (or luteinizing hormone) secretion is under the dual control of stimulatory and inhibitory neuroendocrine factors. the principal stimulating factor is gonadotropin-releasing hormone and the main inhibitor is dopamine. inhibiting the activities of dopamine by antidopaminergic drugs potentiates the actions of exogenous gonadotropin-releasing hormone analogs, resulting in a surge release of luteinizing hormone and ovulation and spawning in a number o ... | 2004 | 15503816 |
| molecular basis of transferrin polymorphism in goldfish (carassius auratus). | transferrin (tf) polymorphism was investigated in a color variety of goldfish (carassius auratus), and its molecular basis analyzed. three tf variants (a1, a2 and b1) were identified from an inbred strain of the goldfish, of which a1 and b1 displayed a large electrophoretic difference on both native and sds-page gels. the tf cdnas corresponding to variants a1 and b1 were cloned and sequenced from a1a1, a1b1 and b1b1 individuals, and their deduced amino acid sequences were analyzed. substantial a ... | 2004 | 15521429 |
| acute toxicity of hexavalent chromium in isolated teleost hepatocytes. | acute toxic effects of hexavalent chromium [cr(vi)], a widely recognised carcinogenic, mutagenic and redox active metal, were investigated in isolated hepatocytes of goldfish (carassius auratus). exposure to 250 microm cr(vi) induced a significant decrease of cell viability from 94% in controls to 88% and 84% after 30 min and 4 h of exposure, respectively. cr-toxicity was associated with a concentration-dependent stimulation of the formation of reactive oxygen species (ros). as one potential sou ... | 2004 | 15522432 |
| oral immunization of carassius auratus with modified recombinant a-layer proteins entrapped in alginate beads. | this study was focused on the utilization of a recombinant expression system to produce a unique modified subunit vaccine possessing a self-contained delivery system which could potentially improve the uptake and delivery of vaccine products as well their immunogenic potential. for this purpose the a-layer protein (at-r) associated with the fish pathogen atypical aeromonas salmonicida was cloned and modified by the genetic fusion of the protein transduction domain (mts) derived from kaposi fibro ... | 2004 | 15530693 |
| effect of microcystin-lr on protein phosphatase activity and glycogen content in isolated hepatocytes of fed and fasted juvenile goldfish carassius auratus l. | toxic effects of microcystin-lr were studied in hepatocytes isolated from fed and fasted juvenile goldfish carassius auratus (30 g body weight). the hepatocytes were incubated with 10 microgmc-lr l(-1) during 4 h. mc-lr induces no effect in terms of cell number and viability. the toxin accumulation pattern was different in fed and fasted treatments. mc-lr accumulated more rapidly in 'fasted' cells where the highest concentration was observed by 1 h of exposure. it was delayed to 4 h in the 'fed' ... | 2004 | 15530975 |
| tissue-specific cu bioaccumulation patterns and differences in sensitivity to waterborne cu in three freshwater fish: rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss), common carp (cyprinus carpio), and gibel carp (carassius auratus gibelio). | rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss), common carp (cyprinus carpio) and gibel carp (carassius auratus gibelio) were exposed to copper (1-20 microm) in softened antwerp city tap water at ph 7.3 +/- 0.1 and with a water hardness of 292.4 +/- 8.1 mg/l caco(3) (ca 100.8 +/- 3.0 mg/l; mg 11.0 +/- 0.2 mg/l). lc50s (96 h) were determined and copper accumulation in gills, liver, and kidney assessed over a 10-day period. rainbow trout (96 h lc50: 3.3 microm/210 microg/l) were three times more sensitive to ... | 2004 | 15550275 |
| in vivo and in vitro activities of the seed extract of piper guineense schum. and thonn. against skin and gill monogenean parasites of gold fish (carassius auratus auratus). | methanol extracts of the seeds of piper guineense (piperaceae) were active against gold fish (carassius auratus auratus l. pisces cyprinidae) monogenean parasites. the seed extract of p. guineense was administered at different concentrations (0.5-2.0 mg/l) under in vivo and in vitro conditions. there was a higher efficacy of the effects of the extracts against fish parasites under in vitro situations than under in vivo. three major compounds (piperanine, n-isobutyl (e,e)-2,4 decadienamide and de ... | 2004 | 15551399 |
| [distribution and cytogenetic features of triploid male goldfish from azov basin]. | when studying uni-bisexual goldfish (carassius auratus gibelio) populations in the azov basin in 1995-2000, we found triploid males, which constituted 2.5%, on average, of the total numbers of studied samples. the areas of nuclei of erythrocytes of triploid males were, on average, 1.35 times those in diploid males. at the same optical density of dna, the sizes of mature spermatozoon heads in triploid males were, on average, 1.8 times smaller than in diploid males, as follows from the data obtain ... | 2011 | 15552577 |
| gonadotropin-releasing hormone induction of apoptosis in the testes of goldfish (carassius auratus). | apoptosis, or programmed cell death, can occur via death receptor or mitochondrial pathways. normal spermatogenesis in mammals involves apoptosis mediated, in part, by the death receptor fas and its ligand. the regulation of programmed cell death in the gonads has been shown to be dependent on a number of locally produced factors, including gnrh. whereas the role of gnrh in the control of apoptosis and follicular atresia has been documented in the mammalian ovary, gnrh regulation of testicular a ... | 2005 | 15564332 |
| a drastic reduction in the basal level of heat-shock protein 90 in the brain of goldfish (carassius auratus) after administration of geldanamycin. | geldanamycin (ga), a specific inhibitor of the chaperoning function of heat-shock protein 90 (hsp90), has been shown to mimic heat shock (hs) in inducing expression of hsp90, hsp72 and other hsps in unstressed mammalian cells. in the present study, intra-cerebral treatment of goldfish with ga (at a dose of 0.1 microg/g-body weight) diminished basal hsp90 level to a 30-40% level in the brain, without affecting the basal hsp72 level, as assayed 28-48 h after treatment. whole-body exposure to hs si ... | 2004 | 15572859 |
| growth and dietary utilisation in goldfish (carassius auratus linn.) fed diets formulated with various local agro-produces. | during a 60 d feeding trial, goldfish (carassius auratus) measuring 1.66+/-0.02 g by weight and 4.2+/-0.02 mm by length were fed diets containing 23.34%, 26.21%, 29.30%, 32.24% and 42.53% crude protein in feeds i through v respectively. the four formulated-diets (feeds i, ii, iv and v) contained groundnut oil-cake, wheat bran, soybean meal, fish meal, cod liver oil, vegetable oil and vitamin-mineral mixture with tapioca as binder and a commercially-available diet (feed iii) procured from the mar ... | 2005 | 15588775 |
| molecular phylogeny of the kidney-parasitic sphaerospora renicola from common carp (cyprinus carpio) and sphaerospora sp. from goldfish (carassius auratus auratus). | the genetic relatedness of two kidney-parasitic sphaerospora species was studied. although s. renicola, the causative agent of swimbladder inflammation of common carp fingerlings (cyprinus carpio), and sphaerospora sp. originating from goldfish (carassius auratus auratus) were indistinguishable on the basis of spore morphology, they were found to be genetically different as their 18s rdna sequences shared only 71.9% identical nucleotides. in the phylogenetic trees, sphaerospora sp. from goldfish ... | 2004 | 15595280 |
| spatial learning deficits after the development of dorsomedial telencephalon lesions in goldfish. | the effects of lesions in the dorsal area of the caudal telencephalon (carassius auratus) on the retention of spatial learning in goldfish were examined. the experimental paradigm was similar to the dry version of the morris water maze for rodents. after being trained to reach a criterion, goldfish underwent surgery and were then retrained. in the retraining, dorsomedial lesions resulted in poor performance, while dorsolateral lesions did not. in a landmark task in which a small circular colored ... | 2004 | 15597037 |
| [the genetic structure of the european goldfish carassius auratus s. lato (cyprinidae) in ukrainian water bodies: an analysis of bisexual samples]. | biochemical gene mapping of goldfish populations in the middle dnieper basin demonstrated that 8 out of 17 studied enzyme and protein systems are uncoded by duplicated loci and two of them represent isoloci. noteworthily, the heterozygosity in the studied goldfish samples was significantly higher than the average for bony fish (hexp = 0.128, 0.135). cytometric analysis of the samples demonstrated that one of them includes about 20% of presumably triploid females that, nevertheless, did not demon ... | 2016 | 15615448 |
| pentachlorophenol reduces b lymphocyte function through proinflammatory cytokines in carassius auratus. | cytokines and igm levels are important parameters in the acquired immunity of fish. in the present study, the effect of pentachlorophenol (pcp) on the expression of proinflammatory cytokines, tnf-alpha (tumor necrosis factor-alpha) and il-1beta (interleukin 1) mrna levels of crucian carp, were determined by semi-quantitative reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (rt-pcr) method. to put the deduction of pcp's immunotoxicity on b cell function, b cells secretion of igm under exposure of ... | 2005 | 15621336 |