| a comparison between a syringe-passaged and a tsetse-fly-transmitted line of a strain of trypanosoma rhodesiense. | | 1960 | 13794710 |
| the sex ratio of infected flies found in transmission experiments with glossina morsitans and trypanosoma rhodesiense and t. brucei. | | 1959 | 13794713 |
| demonstration of trehalose in the vector of african trypanosomiasis: the tsetse fly. | | 1959 | 13827118 |
| tsetse-fly tissue culture and the development of trypanosomes to the infective stage. | | 1959 | 13839145 |
| the effect of atmospheric pressure on aedes aegypti exposed to dirofilaria immitis and on glossina morsitans exposed to trypanosoma rhodesiense or t. congolense. | | 1959 | 13844915 |
| free amino-acids of the tsetse fly (glossina). | | 1960 | 13848146 |
| cyclical infection of glossina morsitans with culture forms of trypanosoma rhodesiense. | | 1961 | 13900491 |
| the distribution of the vectors of african pathogenic trypanosomes. | the author lists the species, subspecies and races of tsetse fly now recognized in three morphologically distinct groups. the distribution of each group is mapped and described in relation to climate and vegetation, with some indication of the part played by past climates and orogenies in determining the modern pattern. the importance of different species as vectors of human or bovine trypanosomiasis, or both, is noted, and examples are given of the part played by human settlement as a secondary ... | 1963 | 13958704 |
| tsetse-fly control and eradication. | in many instances the cheapest and quickest way of controlling trypanosomiasis is to reduce the number of vectors and the opportunities for contact between man and vector. for permanent results, moreover, eradication of the vectors is necessary, since eradication of trypanosomiasis by chemotherapeutic means has so far not proved feasible.for a variety of reasons, game destruction as a method of fly control is gradually being replaced by other methods. of these, the complete removal of bush cover ... | 1963 | 13963757 |
| human trypanosomiasis in south-east uganda. a further study of the epidemiology of the disease among fishermen and peasant cultivators. | during the past two decades there has been an increase in the incidence and spread of sleeping-sickness due to trypanosoma rhodesiense throughout the north-eastern shore area of lake victoria; this increase has been associated with heightened finishing activity and increasing and irregular settlement of the tsetse-fly belt of south-east uganda.the author describes a number of epidemiological factors affecting the occurrence of the disease among fishermen, placing emphasis on the correct developm ... | 1963 | 13974352 |
| an unidentified trypanosome found in the blood of a goat infected by wild glossina morsitans. | | 1962 | 13983882 |
| an attempt to produce resistance to homidium in a strain of trypanosoma vivax transmitted by tsetse fly. | | 1963 | 13983884 |
| [on the extreme variation in the virulence of strains of trypanosoma brucei isolated from glossina morsitans in mutara (rwanda)]. | | 1963 | 13996002 |
| [variable receptivity of glossina morsitans according to the zoological species of the host carrier of trypanosoma brucei]. | | 1963 | 13996003 |
| the epidemiology and control of human trypanosomiasis in glossina morsitans fly-belts. | | 1963 | 13996004 |
| the feeding habits of glossina. | the feeding habits of 15 species of glossina have been studied by the identification of their blood meals. representative samples of the blood meals from each of these species of tsetse fly and from different habitats were collected and 22 640 blood meals were identified. the feeding patterns are characteristic for each species of tsetse fly and do not appear to depend entirely on the availability of different hosts, suggesting that the feeding habits of glossina are genetically determined. howe ... | 1963 | 13999790 |
| trypanosomiasis and the tsetse fly problem in africa. | | 1963 | 14000804 |
| the effects of trypanosomiasis on rural economy with special reference to the sudan, bechuanaland and west africa. | trypanosomiasis, both of humans and of livestock, is one of the most important factors restricting economic development in africa today. the present paper outlines how this disease is limiting agricultural, veterinary and forestry development in the sudan, bechuanaland and west africa.the present tsetse-fly distribution is reviewed. glossina palpalis and g. morsitans occur in the south sudan and g. morsitans in the ngamiland district of bechuanaland; g. morsitans, g. palpalis and g. tachinoides ... | 1963 | 14001093 |
| tsetse-fly physiology. a review of recent advances and current aims. | a review of the literature on tsetse-fly physiology published during the last decade shows that substantial advances have been made in elucidation of the problem of water balance, and in the fields of reproductive and developmental physiology. it is suggested that further studies of reproduction, with particular reference to the reproductive potential of natural populations, are urgently needed; and also that research could fruitfully be directed towards an assessment of the role of starvation a ... | 1963 | 14017193 |
| effect of two chemosterilants on glossina morsitans. | | 1964 | 14217983 |
| rearing tsetse-fly parasites in blowfly puparia. | | 1964 | 14272455 |
| the maintenance of a laboratory colony of glossina morsitans since 1959. | the authors present the results of the first successful attempt to rear a single-line colony of glossina in the laboratory. starting with 43 adults (21 males and 22 females) which emerged in the laboratory from g. morsitans pupae from mozambique, this colony has been maintained under controlled environmental conditions at the lisbon institute of tropical medicine since 1959.guinea-pigs are used as the sole food source, and are offered to the tsetse flies daily for six days each week.the colony k ... | 1964 | 14277262 |
| trypanosome infections in the mouthparts of glossina morsitans westw.: a correlation between extent of labral infection and invasion of the hypopharynx. | | 1965 | 14345290 |
| the breeding sites of the tsetse fly glossina morsitans. | | 1954 | 14349752 |
| determination of physiological age for female glossina morsitans. | | 1960 | 14441951 |
| ovaries of glossina morsitans. | | 1960 | 14441952 |
| a method of determining insecticide persistence in tsetse fly control operations. | | 1962 | 14455301 |
| monitoring the developmental status of trypanosoma brucei gambiense in the tsetse fly by means of pcr analysis of anal and saliva drops. | teneral glossina palpalis gambiensis (diptera: glossinidae) were infected with a culture of procyclic forms of trypanosoma brucei gambiense using a single-bloodmeal membrane feeding technique. the infection was monitored by analysing the saliva (mature infection) and anal drop (midgut infection) of each fly at different post-infection times both by microscopic observation and polymerase chain reaction (pcr). amplification revealed many more positive anal drops than microscopy. the monitoring sho ... | 2003 | 14516928 |
| adult midgut expressed sequence tags from the tsetse fly glossina morsitans morsitans and expression analysis of putative immune response genes. | tsetse flies transmit african trypanosomiasis leading to half a million cases annually. trypanosomiasis in animals (nagana) remains a massive brake on african agricultural development. while trypanosome biology is widely studied, knowledge of tsetse flies is very limited, particularly at the molecular level. this is a serious impediment to investigations of tsetse-trypanosome interactions. we have undertaken an expressed sequence tag (est) project on the adult tsetse midgut, the major organ syst ... | 2003 | 14519198 |
| cleavage of trypanosome surface glycoproteins by alkaline trypsin-like enzyme(s) in the midgut of glossina morsitans. | ep and gpeet procyclin, the major surface glycoproteins of procyclic forms of trypanosoma brucei, are truncated by proteases in the midgut of the tsetse fly glossina morsitans morsitans. we show that soluble extracts from the midguts of teneral flies contain trypsin-like enzymes that cleave the n-terminal domains from living culture-derived parasites. the same extract shows little activity against a variant surface glycoprotein on living bloodstream form t. brucei (mitat 1.2) and none against gl ... | 2003 | 14527515 |
| framing tropical disease in london: patrick manson, filaria perstans, and the uganda sleeping sickness epidemic, 1891-1902. | much of the historical literature on tropical medicine represents the periphery as the chief site for the production of western knowledge about disease in the british empire. this study on the filaria perstans-sleeping sickness hypothesis revises this perspective by showing how the imperial metropole functioned as a culture space for the construction of knowledge about the empire. beginning in 1891, patrick manson used the publicity resources of london to generate a rhetorical imperative for the ... | 2000 | 14535273 |
| proventriculus (cardia) plays a crucial role in immunity in tsetse fly (diptera: glossinidiae). | fat body and hemocytes play a central role in cellular and humoral responses for systemic infections in invertebrates, similar to the mammalian liver and blood cells. epithelial surfaces, in particular the midgut, participate in the initial local immune responses in order to aid in the generation of the terminal cytotoxic molecules that mediate non-self recognition. here, we describe for the first time the immune responses of a cluster of cells at the foregut/midgut junction--known as proventric ... | 2003 | 14563366 |
| comparative genomics of insect-symbiotic bacteria: influence of host environment on microbial genome composition. | commensal symbionts, thought to be intermediary amid obligate mutualists and facultative parasites, offer insight into forces driving the evolutionary transition into mutualism. using macroarrays developed for a close relative, escherichia coli, we utilized a heterologous array hybridization approach to infer the genomic compositions of a clade of bacteria that have recently established symbiotic associations: sodalis glossinidius with the tsetse fly (diptera, glossina spp.) and sitophilus oryza ... | 2003 | 14602646 |
| local skin reaction (chancre) induced following inoculation of metacyclic trypanosomes in cattle by tsetse flies is dependent on cd4 t lymphocytes. | the first visible response in livestock to the bite of a trypanosome-infected tsetse fly is the formation of a localized skin reaction, also known as a chancre. this is an inflammatory response in the skin associated with swelling and an influx of cells. it is thought to be associated with an acquired immune response to the injected metacyclic trypanosomes. in this study, we examined the role of t lymphocytes in the development of the inflammatory response, by depleting cattle of t cell subpopul ... | 2003 | 14651588 |
| responses of glossina morsitans morsitans to blends of electroantennographically active compounds in the odors of its preferred (buffalo and ox) and nonpreferred (waterbuck) hosts. | in a previous study, comparison of the behavior of teneral glossina morsitans morsitans on waterbuck, kobus defassa (a refractory host), and on two preferred hosts, buffalo, syncerus caffer, and ox, bos indicus, suggested the presence of allomones in the waterbuck odor. examination of the volatile odors by coupled gas chromatography-electroantennographic detection showed that the antennal receptors of the flies detected constituents common to the three bovids (phenols and aldehydes), as well as ... | 2003 | 14682515 |
| the transmission of mixed trypanosoma brucei brucei/t. congolense infections by tsetse (glossina morsitans morsitans). | laboratory experiments and field observations clearly show that tsetse flies can be carriers of mixed trypanosome infections. question remains how easy it is for the tsetse fly to acquire such a mixed infection during the first bloodmeal. this is of particular importance in the epidemiology of trypanosoma brucei s.l., often a cryptic infection and difficult to transmit to non-teneral tsetse flies. to determine the transmission rate of t. brucei as part of a mixed infection, teneral glossina mors ... | 2004 | 14746974 |
| african labs win major role in tsetse-fly genome project. | | 2004 | 14749791 |
| abdominal pericardial sinus: a neurohemal site in the tsetse and other cyclorraphan flies. | an ultrastructural study of the heart of the tsetse fly, glossina morsitans, and of several other species of cyclorraphan flies revealed that the ventral region of the heart of adult flies is supported by a muscular septum not present in the larval stage. the pericardial septum of the adult heart is composed laterally of alary muscles and a central longitudinal muscle that extends the length of the abdominal aorta, whereas the larval heart is supported ventrally only by alary muscles and strands ... | 2003 | 14765650 |
| the persistence of ddt crystals in the coats of sprayed cattle, with special relation to tsetse control. | | 1950 | 14772570 |
| [control of the tsetse fly in africa]. | | 1950 | 14777764 |
| tsetse fly in east africa. | | 1950 | 14780241 |
| [observations on some species of glossina in east africa]. | | 1950 | 14801715 |
| [trypanosomiasis in mutuali; general aspects of the tsetse fly problem]. | | 1951 | 14894806 |
| comparison of the infection rate of tsetse, glossina morsitans morsitans, fed in vitro or in vivo. | studies were made of infection rates of trypanosomes in the tsetse fly glossina morsitans morsitans westwood (diptera: glossinidae) when maintained in vivo (rabbits) or in vitro on high quality, gamma-irradiated, sterile defibrinated bovine blood, obtained from the entomology unit of the international atomic energy agency (iaea). for both trypanosoma congolense broden and t. b. brucei plimmer & bradford, in vitro maintenance significantly reduced the proportion of flies that developed mature met ... | 2004 | 15009448 |
| tsetse flies are attracted to the invasive plant lantana camara. | in tsetse both sexes feed exclusively on the blood of vertebrates for a few minutes every 2-3 days. tsetse flies seek cover from high temperatures to conserve energy and plants provide shelter for tsetse in all the biotopes they occupy. recently, tsetse have taken cover in plantations and under the invasive bush lantana camara that has invaded large areas of the tsetse fly belt of africa. flies from such refugia are implicated in sleeping sickness epidemics. in a wind tunnel we show that both fo ... | 2004 | 15037092 |
| the trypanosoma brucei cyclin, cyc2, is required for cell cycle progression through g1 phase and for maintenance of procyclic form cell morphology. | cyc2 is an essential pho80-like cyclin that forms a complex with the cdc2-related kinase crk3 in trypanosoma brucei. in both procyclic and bloodstream form t. brucei, knock-down of cyc2 by rna interference (rnai) led to an accumulation of cells in g(1) phase. additionally, in procyclic cells, but not in bloodstream form cells, cyc2 rnai induced a specific cell elongation at the posterior end. the g(1) block, as well as the posterior end elongation in the procyclic form, was irreversible once est ... | 2004 | 15039435 |
| inhibition of the dna amplification of trypanosomes present in tsetse flies midguts: implications for the identification of trypanosome species in wild tsetse flies. | the present study was carried out in order to investigate if there was really a failure of pcr in identifying parasitologically positive tsetse flies in the field. tsetse flies (glossina palpalis gambiensis and glossina morsitans morsitans) were therefore experimentally infected with two different species of trypanosoma (trypanosoma brucei gambiense or trypanosoma congolense). a total of 152 tsetse flies were dissected, and organs of each fly (midgut, proboscis or salivary glands) were examined. ... | 2004 | 15071836 |
| metabolic rate variation in glossina pallidipes (diptera: glossinidae): gender, ageing and repeatability. | despite the importance of metabolic rate in determining flight time of tsetse and in mediating the influence of abiotic variables on life history parameters (and hence abundance and distribution), metabolic rate measurements and their repeatability have not been widely assessed in these flies. we investigate age-related changes in standard metabolic rate (smr) and its repeatability, using flow-through respirometry, for a variety of feeding, gender and pregnancy classes during early adult develop ... | 2004 | 15121455 |
| characterization of a digestive carboxypeptidase from the insect pest corn earworm (helicoverpa armigera) with novel specificity towards c-terminal glutamate residues. | carboxypeptidases were purified from guts of larvae of corn earworm (helicoverpa armigera), a lepidopteran crop pest, by affinity chromatography on immobilized potato carboxypeptidase inhibitor, and characterized by n-terminal sequencing. a larval gut cdna library was screened using probes based on these protein sequences. cdna haca42 encoded a carboxypeptidase with sequence similarity to enzymes of clan mc [barrett, a. j., rawlings, n. d. & woessner, j. f. (1998) handbook of proteolytic enzymes ... | 2004 | 15128309 |
| surface sialic acids taken from the host allow trypanosome survival in tsetse fly vectors. | the african trypanosome trypanosoma brucei, which causes sleeping sickness in humans and nagana disease in livestock, is spread via blood-sucking tsetse flies. in the fly's intestine, the trypanosomes survive digestive and trypanocidal environments, proliferate, and translocate into the salivary gland, where they become infectious to the next mammalian host. here, we show that for successful survival in tsetse flies, the trypanosomes use trans-sialidase to transfer sialic acids that they cannot ... | 2004 | 15136592 |
| history of sleeping sickness (african trypanosomiasis). | infections with subspecies of the protozoan parasite trypanosoma brucei cause important wasting diseases in africa (nagana in cattle and sleeping sickness in humans). these diseases were little known until the end of the nineteenth century when serious epidemics of nagana were reported and raised concern among the colonial powers. the early history of sleeping sickness revolves around the discovery of the causative organism, its mode of transmission,and its life cycle in the tsetse fly. the hist ... | 2004 | 15145378 |
| control of human african trypanosomiasis: trap and odour preference of tsetse flies (glossina morsitans submorsitans) in the upper didessa river valley of ethiopia. | ethiopia is one of the endemic countries for human african trypanosomiasis (hat) as over 100,000 people are at risk of having the disease. the control of hat using odour preference of tsetse flies (glossina morsitans submorsitans) was studied in upper didessa river valley of ethiopia. no information exists on the effectiveness of attractants for these species of tsetse flies in ethiopia. three attractants and their combinations namely: acetone, octenol, cow urine, acetone + octenol, acetone + oc ... | 2004 | 15189461 |
| expression of a major surface protein of trypanosoma brucei insect forms is controlled by the activity of mitochondrial enzymes. | in cycling between the mammalian host and the tsetse fly vector, trypanosomes undergo major changes in energy metabolism and surface coat composition. early procyclic (insect) forms in the tsetse fly midgut are coated by glycoproteins known as ep and gpeet procyclins. ep expression continues in late procyclic forms, whereas gpeet is down-regulated. in culture, expression of gpeet is modulated by glycerol or glucose. here, we demonstrate that a glycerol-responsive element of 25 nucleotides within ... | 2004 | 15201340 |
| partial characterisation of a trypanosome-lysing factor from the midgut of the desert locust, schistocerca gregaria. | screening and biochemical characterisation of trypanosome-lysing factor (trypanolysin) from non-vector insect, schistocerca gregaria. | 2003 | 15248675 |
| catching-out the tsetse fly. | | 1985 | 15275593 |
| a conserved domain of alkaline phosphatase expression in the malpighian tubules of dipteran insects. | malpighian (renal) tubules are key components of the insect osmoregulatory system and show correspondingly great diversity in both number and length. recently, the organisation of the drosophila melanogaster tubule has been elucidated by enhancer trapping, and an array for functional properties has been shown to align with the functional domains. in drosophila, there is a lower tubule domain, which coincides with expression of alkaline phosphatase and delineates the absorptive region of the tubu ... | 2004 | 15326206 |
| observations on the control of kenya coast glossina. | | 1949 | 15397313 |
| the science of tsetse control. | | 1949 | 15398091 |
| [distribution of the tsetse fly in angola; personal contribution to its study]. | | 1950 | 15421719 |
| [tests for the destruction of the tsetse fly by means of d.d.t. fumigating bombs]. | | 1950 | 15433051 |
| surface antigens of african trypanosomes in the tsetse fly. | | 1986 | 15462804 |
| immunological approaches to the control of animal trypanosomiasis. | control of african trypanosomiasis relies heavily on attempts to eliminate the tsetse fly vectors, and the use of trypanocidal drugs which are not entirely satisfactory. but the prospects for immunological control have a long history - since the last century, explorers and settlers in africa have progressively exposed their horses and cattle to tsetse bites (a process known as 'salting') in an attempt to build up some degree of immunity to the disease. more recently, immunologists and biochemist ... | 1986 | 15462812 |
| genetics and trypanotolerance. | genetic resistance to disease and its use in domestic livestock usually ranks last, if at all, amongst preferred disease control measures - usually preceded by measures such as chemotherapy, vector control and vaccination. thus, interest in genetic resistance is often a reflection of dissatisfaction with other control strategies, and the current emphasis on trypanotolerant cattle in africa is just such a case. eighty years of tsetse fly eradication programmes have had little impact on tsetse dis ... | 1987 | 15462937 |
| tsetse immunity and the transmission of trypanosomiasis. | cyclical transmission of african trypanosomes - trypanosoma congolense and subspecies of t. brucei - depends on their uptake by and development within their tsetse fly vectors. tsetse susceptibility to such trypanosome infection seems to be controlled by maternally inherited rickettsia-like organisms (rlos) (fig. 1) and it now seems that the rlos may exert this effect by controlling midgut lectins in the fly. ian maudlin and susan welburn explain the latest findings. | 1988 | 15463060 |
| genetic exchange in trypanosoma brucei. | the discovery of genetic exchange in african trypanosomes belonging to the trypanosoma brucei group is an important development in our understanding of these organisms. genetic exchange is a feature of major importance in relation to population structure and speciation. furthermore, a convenient laboratory-based mating system would be of considerable value as a tool in trypanosomiasis research. it is now known that although cyclical development of trypanosomes within the tsetse fly does not requ ... | 1990 | 15463300 |
| a novel purine nucleoside transporter whose expression is up-regulated in the short stumpy form of the trypanosoma brucei life cycle. | purine nucleoside and nucleobase transporters play a vital role in the metabolism and survival of trypanosoma brucei because this parasitic protozoan is unable to synthesize purines de novo and thus must acquire preformed purines from its hosts. these parasites express a variety of nucleoside and nucleobase permeases with diverse substrate specificities and distinct patterns of expression during the trypanosome life cycle. we report here that expression of the newly characterized t. brucei nucle ... | 2004 | 15478805 |
| admixture and diversity in west african cattle populations. | we present a population genetic analysis of microsatellite variation in 16 west african cattle populations. west africa represents a unique juxtaposition of different climatic and ecological zones in a relatively small geographical area. while more humid coastal regions are inhabited by the tsetse fly, a vector which spreads trypanosomiasis among cattle, the disease is not transmitted in the drier areas outside this zone. this is the most thorough study of genetic diversity in cattle within this ... | 2004 | 15488005 |
| conservation of capa peptide-induced nitric oxide signalling in diptera. | in d. melanogaster malpighian (renal) tubules, the capa peptides stimulate production of nitric oxide (no) and guanosine 3', 5'-cyclic monophosphate (cgmp), resulting in increased fluid transport. the roles of no synthase (nos), no and cgmp in capa peptide signalling were tested in several other insect species of medical relevance within the diptera (aedes aegypti, anopheles stephensi and glossina morsitans) and in one orthopteran out-group, schistocerca gregaria. nos immunoreactivity was detect ... | 2004 | 15498959 |
| tsetseep, a gut protein from the tsetse glossina morsitans, is related to a major surface glycoprotein of trypanosomes transmitted by the fly and to the products of a drosophila gene family. | african trypanosomes live in the lumen of the gut of tsetse (glossina) and may have to face an immune response. as yet, it is unclear whether they are sensitive to antimicrobial peptides in vivo, but for some years there has been indirect evidence that one or more lectins can influence the infection. we have purified a protein complex from midgut extracts that, by sds-page, is a doublet of 37 and 38 kda in a ratio of 3:1. through prediction from corresponding cdna clones, the full-length protein ... | 2004 | 15522612 |
| horn fly (diptera: muscidae) saliva targets thrombin action in hemostasis. | the horn fly, hematobia irritans (l.), is an important pest of livestock because the adult stage of both sexes are aggressive blood-feeders. remarkably, even though horn fly adults feed recurrently on their hosts as ectoparasites, these flies lack the adp-responsive antiplatelet aggregation and vasodilatory antihemostatic systems described for other blood-feeding diptera. horn fly salivary gland extracts do interfere with the normal coagulation process as demonstrated by the recalcification time ... | 2000 | 15535586 |
| the macrocyclic lactone "spinosad," a promising insecticide for tsetse fly control. | the susceptibility of tsetse flies (diptera: glossinidae), glossina palpalis gambiensis (vanderplank), and g. m. morsitans (westwood) to topically applied spinosad, a mixture of insecticidal molecules from the actinomycete saccharopolyspora spinosa, is almost as high as to deltamethrin. however, susceptibility to spinosad does not differ significantly between teneral and gravid flies, contrary to deltamethrin. spinosad might be a promising candidate for future tsetse control by the sequential ae ... | 2004 | 15535607 |
| cloning and expression of the yolk protein of the tsetse fly glossina morsitans morsitans. | two major families of nutritional proteins exist in insects, namely the vitellogenins and the yolk proteins. while in other insects only vitellogenins are found, cyclorraphan flies only contain yolk proteins. possible sites of yolk protein synthesis are the fat body and the follicle cells surrounding the oocyte. we report the cloning of the yolk protein of the tsetse fly glossina morsitans morsitans, a species with adenotrophic viviparity. the tsetse fly yolk protein could be aligned with other ... | 2004 | 15544941 |
| cold shock and regulation of surface protein trafficking convey sensitization to inducers of stage differentiation in trypanosoma brucei. | transmission of a protozoan parasite from a vertebrate to invertebrate host is accompanied by cellular differentiation. the signals from the environment that trigger the process are poorly understood. the model parasite trypanosoma brucei proliferates in the mammalian bloodstream and in the tsetse fly. on ingestion by the tsetse, the trypanosome undergoes a rapid differentiation that is marked by replacement of the variant surface glycoprotein (vsg) coat with gpi-anchored ep and gpeet procyclins ... | 2004 | 15545633 |
| african trypanosome interactions with an in vitro model of the human blood-brain barrier. | the neurological manifestations of sleeping sickness in man are attributed to the penetration of the blood-brain barrier (bbb) and invasion of the central nervous system by trypanosoma brucei gambiense and trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense. however, how african trypanosomes cross the bbb remains an unresolved issue. we have examined the traversal of african trypanosomes across the human bbb using an in vitro bbb model system constructed of human brain microvascular endothelial cells (bmecs) grown o ... | 2004 | 15562595 |
| african trypanosomiasis: changing epidemiology and consequences. | human african trypanosomiasis has re-emerged as a serious public health threat after near-elimination because of diminished investment in previously successful control programs. the continued, occasional importation of african trypanosomiasis to the united states can be expected as tourists and immigrants travel from high-risk areas. no vaccine or chemoprophylaxis is available for this disease, and travelers to affected areas should be counseled on tsetse fly avoidance. new diagnostic and stagin ... | 2005 | 15610672 |
| the developmental cell biology of trypanosoma brucei. | trypanosoma brucei provides an excellent system for studies of many aspects of cell biology, including cell structure and morphology, organelle positioning, cell division and protein trafficking. however, the trypanosome has a complex life cycle in which it must adapt either to the mammalian bloodstream or to different compartments within the tsetse fly. these differentiation events require stage-specific changes to basic cell biological processes and reflect responses to environmental stimuli a ... | 2005 | 15654017 |
| an antimicrobial peptide with trypanocidal activity characterized from glossina morsitans morsitans. | tsetse flies (diptera:glossinidae) are vectors of african trypanosomes, the protozoan agents of devastating diseases in humans and animals. prior studies in trypanosome infected glossina morsitans morsitans have shown induced expression and synthesis of several antimicrobial peptides in fat body tissue. here, we have expressed one of these peptides, attacin (gmatta1) in drosophila (s2) cells in vitro. we show that the purified recombinant protein (recgmatta1) has strong antimicrobial activity ag ... | 2005 | 15681221 |
| cloning and expression of a fat body-specific chitinase cdna from the spider, araneus ventricosus. | a fat body-specific chitinase cdna was cloned from the spider, araneus ventricosus. the cdna encoding a. ventricosus chitinase (avchit1) is 1515 bp long with an open reading frame (orf) of 431 amino acid residues. avchit1 possesses the chitinase family 18 active site signature and one n-glycosylation site. the deduced amino acid sequence of avchit1 cdna showed 43% identity to both glossina morsitans morsitans chitinase and a human chitotriosidase, and 30-40% to some insect chitinases which lack ... | 2005 | 15694591 |
| tetracycline induction of gene expression in trypanosoma brucei within the tsetse fly vector. | | 2005 | 15760664 |
| molecular cloning and characterization of a peroxiredoxin gene from the mole cricket, gryllotalpa orientalis. | we report the cloning, expression and characterization of a cdna encoding the antioxidant enzyme peroxiredoxin (prx) from the mole cricket, gryllotalpa orientalis. the g. orientalis prx (goprx) cdna contains an open reading frame of 660 bp encoding 220 amino acid residues and possesses one cysteine residue that is characteristic of the 1-cys subgroup of the peroxiredoxin family. the deduced amino acid sequence of the goprx cdna showed 69% identity to drosophila melanogaster dpx-2540, 50% to d. m ... | 2005 | 15763513 |
| human african trypanosomiasis: clinical presentation and immune response. | human african trypanosomiasis or sleeping sickness is caused by infection with two subspecies of the tsetse-fly-vectored haemoflagellate parasite trypanosoma brucei. historically, epidemic sleeping sickness has caused massive loss of life, and related animal diseases have had a crucial impact on development in sub-saharan africa. after a period of moderately successful control during the mid-part of the 20th century, sleeping sickness incidence is currently rising, and control is hampered by a c ... | 2004 | 15771682 |
| increased expression of unusual ep repeat-containing proteins in the midgut of the tsetse fly (glossina) after bacterial challenge. | proteins containing a glutamic acid-proline (ep) repeat epitope were immunologically detected in midguts from eight species of glossina (tsetse flies). the molecular masses of the tsetse ep proteins differed among species groups. the amino acid sequence of one of these proteins, from glossina palpalis palpalis, was determined and compared to the sequence of a homologue, the tsetse midgut ep protein of glossina m. morsitans. the extended ep repeat domains comprised between 36% (g. m. morsitans) a ... | 2005 | 15804575 |
| identification of midgut proteins that are differentially expressed in trypanosome-susceptible and normal tsetse flies (glossina morsitans morsitans). | molecules in the midgut of tsetse flies (diptera: glossinidiae) are thought to play important roles in the life cycle of african trypanosomes by influencing initial parasite establishment and subsequent differentiation events that ultimately lead to maturation of mammal-infective trypanosomes. the molecular composition of the tsetse midgut is, therefore, of critical importance to disease transmission by these medically important vectors. in this study we compared protein expression profiles of m ... | 2005 | 15804576 |
| knowledge and attitudes of cattle owners regarding trypanosomosis control in tsetse-infested areas of uganda. | a pilot survey using a structured questionnaire was conducted in tororo and busia districts of uganda on the knowledge and attitudes of cattle owners regarding tsetse fly and trypanosomosis control, in order to understand factors that hindered their full participation. a total of 81 cattle owners was randomly selected and interviewed, of which 92.5% were aware of tsetse flies and trypanosomosis and 87.6% recognised animal trypanosomosis as a problem in the area. most cattle owners were aware of ... | 2004 | 15830601 |
| the effect of age on the mating competitiveness of male glossina fuscipes fuscipes and g. palpalis palpalis. | the effect of age on male glossina fuscipes fuscipes, newstead, and glossina palpalis palpalis, austin (diptera: glossinidae) competiveness were investigated with a view to estimate optimal age for sterile male release. sterile insect technique involves the mass production, sterilization and sequential release of males of the target species to out compete the wild male population. mating between released sterile males and wild females produce inviable progeny and the population is reduced over s ... | 2003 | 15841229 |
| immunization of rabbits with glossina pallidipes tsetse fly midgut proteins: effects on the fly and trypanosome transmission. | proteins isolated from the midgut of glossina pallidipes were used to immunize rabbits and their efficacy as vaccine candidate(s) against the fly, and their potential to block transmission of trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense assessed. two fractions, detergent (det) and aqueous (aq) fractions were separated using a non-ionic detergent (triton x-114) and a series of bioassay experiments carried out using serum obtained from rabbits immunized with either of the two fractions. the mortality rates of t ... | 2005 | 15893620 |
| interactions among multiple genomes: tsetse, its symbionts and trypanosomes. | insect-borne diseases exact a high public health burden and have a devastating impact on livestock and agriculture. to date, control has proved to be exceedingly difficult. one such disease that has plagued sub-saharan africa is caused by the protozoan african trypanosomes (trypanosoma species) and transmitted by tsetse flies (diptera: glossinidae). this presentation describes the biology of the tsetse fly and its interactions with trypanosomes as well as its symbionts. tsetse can harbor up to t ... | 2005 | 15894186 |
| using bacteria to express and display anti-parasite molecules in mosquitoes: current and future strategies. | vector-borne diseases impose enormous health and economical burdens throughout the world. unfortunately, as insecticide and drug resistance spread, these burdens will increase unless new control measures are developed. genetically modifying vectors to be incapable of transmitting parasites is one possible control strategy and much progress has been made towards this goal. numerous effector molecules have been identified that interfere with parasite development in its insect vectors, and techniqu ... | 2005 | 15894187 |
| temperature-dependence of metabolic rate in glossina morsitans morsitans (diptera, glossinidae) does not vary with gender, age, feeding, pregnancy or acclimation. | while variation in metabolic rate at a single temperature can occur for a variety of reasons and the effect of temperature is well established in insects, within-generation variation of metabolic rate-temperature relationships has been relatively poorly explored. in this study, we investigate the effects of gender, age, feeding and pregnancy, as well as three acclimation temperatures (19, 24, 29 degrees c), on standard metabolic rate and its temperature-dependence within post-developmental (i.e. ... | 2005 | 15927198 |
| sodalis glossinidius (enterobacteriaceae) and vectorial competence of glossina palpalis gambiensis and glossina morsitans morsitans for trypanosoma congolense savannah type. | sodalis glossinidius is an endosymbiont of glossina palpalis gambiensis and glossina morsitans morsitans, the vectors of trypanosoma congolense. the presence of the symbiont was investigated by pcr in trypanosoma congolense savannah type-infected and noninfected midguts of both fly species, and into the probosces of flies displaying either mature or immature infection, to investigate possible correlation with the vectorial competence of tsetse flies. sodalis glossinidius was detected in all midg ... | 2005 | 15942697 |
| sex separation of tsetse fly pupae using near-infrared spectroscopy. | implementation of the sterile insect technique for tsetse (glossina spp.) requires that only sterile male insects be released; thus, at some stage of the fly production process the females have to be removed. a further constraint in the use of the sterile insect technique for tsetse is that the females are needed for colony production and hence, a non-destructive method of sex separation is required. in most tsetse sterile insect technique programmes thus far, females have been eliminated from t ... | 2005 | 15960879 |
| experimental trypanosomiasis in yankasa ewes: the body weight response. | sleeping sickness (african trypanosomasis) is an anthropozoonosis transmitted primarily by the tsetse fly. it is associated with a host of clinical indices ranging from fever, aneamia and anorexia to reproductive failures in man and his domestic animals. the main objective of this study is to appraise the responsiveness of the body weight as a clinical indicator of sleeping sickness in experimentally infected yankasa ewes. twelve mature yankasa sheep (6 infected and 6 control ewes) were used in ... | 2004 | 15977439 |
| extrachromosomal dna of the symbiont sodalis glossinidius. | the extrachromosomal dna of sodalis glossinidius from two tsetse fly species was sequenced and contained four circular elements: three plasmids, psg1 (82 kb), psg2 (27 kb), and psg4 (11 kb), and a bacteriophage-like psg3 (19 kb) element. the information suggests s. glossinidius is evolving towards an obligate association with tsetse flies. | 2005 | 15995217 |
| disruption of the developmental programme of trypanosoma brucei by genetic ablation of tbzfp1, a differentiation-enriched ccch protein. | the regulation of differentiation is particularly important in microbial eukaryotes that inhabit multiple environments. the parasite trypanosoma brucei is an extreme example of this, requiring exquisite gene regulation during transmission from mammals to the tsetse fly vector. unusually, trypanosomes rely almost exclusively on post-transcriptional mechanisms for regulated gene expression. hence, rna binding proteins are potentially of great significance in controlling stage-regulated processes. ... | 2005 | 16045615 |
| spontaneous cure of domestic pigs experimentally infected by trypanosoma brucei gambiense. implications for the control of sleeping sickness. | the existence of a pig reservoir for human african trypanosomosis (hat) due to trypanosoma brucei gambiense complicates the fight against this disease. this study, reports results obtained from pigs, which were inoculated with the blood of a person, suffering from hat in cameroon. the pigs were reared and kept in the shelter from all contact with glossina, and monitored for 188 days. the seroconversion was checked by agglutination assays for trypanosomosis (catt 1.3 and latex/t.b.gambiense). the ... | 2005 | 16076528 |
| antioxidant gene expression in the blood-feeding fly glossina morsitans morsitans. | we report the characterization of 11 antioxidant genes from the tsetse fly glossina m. morsitans. through similarity searches which detected homology we suggest that these genes consist of two superoxide dismutases (one with a putative signal peptide), three thioredoxin peroxidases (one with a putative signal peptide), three peroxiredoxins, one further signal peptide-containing peroxidase with its closest similarity to a glutathione peroxidase, one catalase and one thioredoxin reductase. we desc ... | 2005 | 16164604 |
| solution structures of stomoxyn and spinigerin, two insect antimicrobial peptides with an alpha-helical conformation. | stomoxyn and spinigerin belong to the class of linear cysteine-free insect antimicrobial peptides that kill a range of microorganisms, parasites, and some viruses but without any lytic activity against mammalian erythrocytes. stomoxyn is localized in the gut epithelium of the nonvector stable fly that is sympatric with the trypanosome vector tsetse fly. spinigerin is stored and secreted by hemocytes from the fungus-growing termite. the structure of synthetic stomoxyn and spinigerin in aqueous so ... | 2006 | 16170803 |
| macrogeographic population structure of the tsetse fly, glossina pallidipes (diptera: glossinidae). | tsetse flies are confined to sub-saharan africa where they occupy discontinuous habitats. in anticipation of area-wide control programmes, estimates of gene flow among tsetse populations are necessary. genetic diversities were partitioned at eight microsatellite loci and five mitochondrial loci in 21 glossina pallidipes austin populations. at microsatellite loci, nei's unbiased gene diversity averaged over loci was 0.659 and the total number of alleles was 214, only four of which were shared amo ... | 2005 | 16197564 |
| expression of procyclin mrnas during cyclical transmission of trypanosoma brucei. | trypanosoma brucei, the parasite causing human sleeping sickness, relies on the tsetse fly for its transmission. in the insect, ep and gpeet procyclins are the major surface glycoproteins of procyclic (midgut) forms of the parasite, with gpeet predominating in the early procyclic form and two isoforms of ep in the late procyclic form. ep procyclins were previously detected on salivary gland trypanosomes, presumably epimastigotes, by immunoelectron microscopy. however, no procyclins could be dete ... | 2005 | 16276404 |
| the transmissibility of trypanosoma congolense seems to be associated with its level of resistance to isometamidium chloride. | in large parts of africa the control of livestock trypanosomiasis relies on the use of trypanocidal drugs. resistance against the available compounds is developing rapidly in the trypanosome population. the effect of the development of drug resistance on the fitness of the trypanosome is not well known. to determine the effect of the development of resistance to isometamidium chloride on the trypanosome's transmissibility, transmission experiments were conducted. use was made of three isogenic c ... | 2006 | 16303254 |