Publications

review of tsetse control measures taken in the lambwe valley in 1980-1984.	during an outbreak of rhodesian sleeping sickness in the lambwe valley in 1980 initial tsetse control measures consisted of applications of dieldrin to the periphery of the ruma national park. this activity had a marked effect on the prevalence of sleeping sickness. concern about the use of dieldrin caused the cessation of this programme and justified an aerial spray programme using endosulfan. although the lambwe valley did not appear to be a good candidate for aerial spray, the endosulfan had ...	1989	2619385
mechanical transmission of trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense by glossina morsitans morsitans (diptera:glossinidae).	interrupted feedings of teneral, laboratory-reared glossina morsitans morsitans were used to study mechanical transmission of trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense. intervals between exposure of individual flies on parasitaemic rats and refeeding on clean rats were varied from five minutes to 24 hours. direct transmissions were demonstrated at each interval up to 160 minutes after exposure. proboscis dissections showed that active trypanosomes were present up to 320 minutes after exposure. no mechanica ...	1989	2619386
trypanosoma vivax: disseminated intravascular coagulation in cattle.	five crossbred cattle infected with trypanosoma vivax (likoni) by glossina morsitans developed capillary haemorrhages at the onset of parasitaemia, followed by the presence of occult blood in faecal samples and eventually melena. two animals required treatment to survive, on days 13 and 38 respectively. the other three animals cleared their parasitaemias without treatment. packed cell volume (pcv) levels decreased in all animals to levels ranging from 7.5 to 17%. relapse in a treated animal init ...	1989	2619392
natural and acquired resistance to trypanosoma vivax in cattle.	zebu x european (z x e) crossbred cattle suffered a more severe course of disease than boran cattle when infected with trypanosoma vivax (likoni) by glossina morsitans. all z x e animals in this study required berenil treatment while all borans self-cured the infection without treatment. the more severe disease in z x e animals was characterized by longer periods of patent infection and fever, more severe anaemia and greater likelihood of haemorrhage. cattle previously infected and cured with be ...	1989	2619393
effects of gamma irradiation on the midgut ultrastructure of glossina palpalis subspecies.	in the sterile insect technique, insects are sterilized prior to release in areas where they are pests. the sterile males compete for and with fertile wild individuals for mates, thus reducing the population's reproductive rate. tsetse fly (glossina spp.) populations have been eradicated after release of laboratory-bred flies sterilized by gamma irradiation. however, no studies exist on radiation-induced damage to the midgut morphology and function of the radiation-sterilized insects. after g. p ...	1989	2727263
[a community battle against a tropical endemic disease: supernatural beliefs and tsetse fly traps in the congo].	community participation in the control of tropical diseases is of major importance nowadays, particularly for sleeping sickness (gambian trypanosomiasis). indeed, the authoritarian measures used with success to control this disease during the colonial period are difficult to apply now. moreover, in the congo, cultural and financial restrictions are such that patients sometimes refuse treatment. thus, it has become highly desirable for vector control to be carried out at the same time as the trea ...	1989	2734626
evidence for diploidy in metacyclic forms of african trypanosomes.	the dna contents of bloodstream form trypanosomes (life cycle stages circulating in the blood of the vertebrate host) of four african trypanosoma species and of metacyclic forms (the life cycle stage that is injected into the vertebrate by the tsetse fly during its bite) of the same four species were measured by cytofluorometry of individual cells or nuclei. the results showed unambiguously that the metacyclic forms cannot be considered to be products of meiosis containing only half of the dna o ...	1989	2748597
high frequency of antigenic variation in trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense infections.	rates at which trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense trypanosomes switch from expression of one variable antigen type (vat) to that of another have been determined in cloned populations that have been recently tsetse-fly transmitted. switching rates have been determined between several, specific pairs of vats in each population. high rates of switching were observed in 2 cloned trypanosome lines, each derived from a separate cyclical transmission of the same parental stock and each expressing a differe ...	1989	2797873
rickettsial infections of midgut cells are not associated with susceptibility of glossina morsitans centralis to trypanosoma congolense infection.	teneral and 30-day old non-teneral glossini morsitans centralis, from a laboratory-bred colony, were fed on a goat infected with trypanosoma congolense clone il 1180. they were then maintained on an uninfected rabbit, and dissected on day 30 after the infected feed. the midgut infection rates were 38.1% and 8.1%, with the mature infection rates of 28.7% and 4.3%, respectively. electron microscopical examination revealed the presence of rickettsia-like organisms (rlos) within the mycetomes and th ...	1989	2571249
implications of genetic exchange in the study of protozoan infections.	genetic exchange is now known to occur during the life-cycle of many parasitic protozoa, including malaria parasites, coccidia and trypanosomes. the process is studied by making deliberate crosses between cloned organisms differing in clearly defined markers. in malaria parasites, crosses have been made between parasites differing in characters such as isoenzymes, antigens and other proteins, drug sensitivity, and chromosome and other dna polymorphisms. crosses are made by transmitting a mixture ...	1989	2573031
trypanosoma brucei: posttranscriptional control of the variable surface glycoprotein gene expression site.	the arrest of variable surface glycoprotein (vsg) synthesis is one of the first events accompanying the differentiation of trypanosoma brucei bloodstream forms into procyclic forms, which are characteristic of the insect vector. this is because of a very fast inhibition of vsg gene transcription which occurs as soon as the temperature is lowered. we report that this effect is probably not controlled at the level of transcription initiation, since the beginning of the vsg gene expression site, ab ...	1989	2779574
use of dna probes to identify trypanosoma congolense and t. simiae in tsetse flies from the gambia.	species- and strain-specific dna probes were used to identify patent midgut infections in glossina morsitans submorsitans and g. palpalis gambiensis captured at four sites in the gambia. 52% of mature nannomonas infections and 12% of immature infections were identified. trypanosoma (nannomonas) simiae accounted for the majority of identified infections in g.m. submorsitans, indicating the importance of distinguishing this species from the closely related t.(n) congolense when assessing the trypa ...	1989	2566262
isolation and cultivation in vitro to the infective, metacyclic stage of trypanosoma (nannomonas) simiae from glossina morsitans submorsitans.	two separate trypanosome isolations were made from a single nannomonas-infected glossina morsitans submorsitans from the gambia. inoculation of a piglet with the infected hypopharynx produced an infection with trypanosoma simiae. dna was isolated from the bloodstream forms to prepare a probe specific for this species. trypanosomes isolated from the fly midgut were frozen in liquid nitrogen and then cultivated in vitro. amplification of this population and elimination of a yeast contaminant were ...	1989	2566272
a single trypanosome is sufficient to infect a tsetse fly.		1989	2604482
the trypanosome surface glycoprotein procyclin is expressed only on tsetse fly vector stages of the parasite.		1989	2616568
a new method for isolating trypanosoma brucei gambiense from sleeping sickness patients.	low infectivity to laboratory mammals and low virulence make trypanosoma brucei gambiense difficult to isolate and grow in amounts sufficient for biochemical characterization. we report the isolation of t.b. gambiense by feeding cryopreserved primary isolates to laboratory-reared glossina morsitans morsitans, followed by rapid cultivation in vitro of procyclic forms dissected from infected tsetse fly midguts. this technique allows the characterization of hitherto unsampled populations and avoids ...	1989	2617625
trypanosome infection rate of glossina morsitans submorsitans in bahr el arab, south darfur province, sudan.	trypanosome infection rate of glossina morsitans submorsitans in bahr el arab fly belt, sudan was investigated in four areas using fly rounds with screen and bait animals together with traps during the dry season february to may 1985. the overall infection rate of tests flies captured in the four areas was 5.1%. the infection rate of vivax group trypanosomes comprised 64.7% of total infections, congolense group 31.2% and brucei group trypanosomes 3.9%: 27.3% of the vivax and 31.3% of the congole ...	1989	2617680
problems of field testing theoretical models: a case study.	the problems of field-testing models are discussed with reference to a population simulation model for the tsetse fly glossina pallidipes austen developed by us at nguruman in southwestern kenya. model predictions showed a reasonable fit to the changes in the biconical trap index of population size, but tended to overestimate some changes and underestimate others. a more rigorous test for the model is to manipulate one of the population parameters and compare model predictions with the observed ...	1989	2802817
procyclin gene expression and loss of the variant surface glycoprotein during differentiation of trypanosoma brucei.	in the mammalian host, the unicellular flagellate trypanosoma brucei is covered by a dense surface coat that consists of a single species of macromolecule, the membrane form of the variant surface glycoprotein (mfvsg). after uptake by the insect vector, the tsetse fly, bloodstream-form trypanosomes differentiate to procyclic forms in the fly midgut. differentiation is characterized by the loss of the mfvsg coat and the acquisition of a new surface glycoprotein, procyclin. in this study, the chan ...	1989	2645304
trypanosome sociology and antigenic variation.	survival of the trypanosome (trypanosoma brucei) population in the mammalian body depends upon paced stimulation of the host's humoral immune response by different antigenic variants and serial sacrifice of the dominant variant (homotype) so that minority variants (heterotypes) can continue the infection and each become a homotype in its turn. new variants are generated by a spontaneous switch in gene expression so that the trypanosome puts on a surface coat of a glycoprotein differing in antige ...	1989	2682484
a history of sleeping sickness in kenya.	gambian sleeping sickness entered what is now kenya from uganda in about 1901 and quickly spread along the kenyan shores and islands of lake victoria, reaching tanzania in 1902. by 1910 the disease had spread 25 miles inland along the kuja and migori rivers and their tributaries. sleeping sickness waxed and waned in these areas despite attempts to control tsetse fly populations by various methods. it was not until 1950, when the use of insecticides (ddt) applied by backpack sprayer proved succes ...	1989	2694984
[effects of sublethal doses of deltamethrin on the pair glossina morsitans morsitans-trypanosoma (nannomonas) congolense].	the presence of trypanosoma in glossina morsitans morsitans induced a decrease in the physiological activity which is expressed in particular by a statistically higher mortality rate of infected flies. a similar effect appears with sublethal doses of deltamethrin either in infected or non infected insects. a cumulative activity of both effects was also observed in infected and treated flies. sublethal doses of the pyrethroid compound showed a delay in feeding, abortions and larval clampings. mor ...	1988	3142654
survival and reproductive performance of female glossina morsitans morsitans when maintained on the blood of different species of wild mammals.	a study was carried out to determine the effect on the reproductive performance of female glossina morsitans morsitans westwood when allowed to feed, in vitro, for 63 days on fresh defibrinated blood of buffalo, bushbuck, cattle, eland, oryx, warthog, waterbuck or wildebeest. there were marginal differences in the survival and reproductive performance between eight different groups of tsetse, 200 per group, when fed on the blood of these mammalian species. when allowed to feed for 14 consecutive ...	1988	2980193
selection for drug resistance in trypanosoma congolense during cyclic transmissions through glossina morsitans morsitans and drug treated rabbits.	a drug-sensitive trypanosoma congolense (il 1180 strain), with a known cd50 and cd90 (doses required to cure 50 and 90% of the infected animals) was cyclically passaged through tsetse flies. the infected flies were then fed on rabbits which received weekly prophylactic treatment of samorin. it was observed that the infections arising from flies maintained for over 60 days on drug-treated rabbits required higher curative doses to achieve a 50 and 90% cure. the results of this work suggest that a ...	1988	2896442
[house effect and family contamination in sleeping sickness: interpretative trial of the phenomenon. study of 3 congolese foci].	a review is given of the different hypotheses concerning the concentration of trypanosomiasis cases at the house or family level: 1. mechanical transmission by haematophagous insects. 2. interrupted feeding of a tsetse fly with cyclic infection on different people. 3. family biological factor. these hypotheses are used as a introduction to an epidemiological field study in three congolese foci. whereas their distribution among village districts is random, patients are significantly aggregated at ...	1988	3059954
cultivation of the life cycle stages of trypanosoma brucei sspp.	a culture system was devised for the production of the various stages in the developmental cycle of trypanosoma brucei brucei and t. b. rhodesiense. the bloodstream forms were grown at 37 degrees c on a feeder layer of fibroblasts from embryos of microtus montanus or cd-1 mice in hepes-buffered minimum essential medium with earle's salts, supplemented with 15% heat-inactivated rabbit serum. when they were transferred to hepes-buffered cunningham's medium and incubated at 27 degrees c, they trans ...	1988	2896444
biology of african trypanosomes in the tsetse fly.	african trypanosomes present several features of interest to cell biologists. these include: a repressible single mitochondrion with a large mass of mitochondrial dna, the kinetoplast; a special organelle, the glycosome, which houses the enzymes of the glycolytic chain; a surface coat of variable glycoprotein which enables the parasite to evade the mammalian host's immune response; and a unique flagellum-to-host attachment mechanism associated with novel cytoskeletal elements. trypanosome develo ...	1988	3067793
evolution of the secondary structures and compensatory mutations of the ribosomal rnas of drosophila melanogaster.	this paper examines the effects of dna sequence evolution on rna secondary structures and compensatory mutations. models of the secondary structures of drosophila melanogaster 18s ribosomal rna (rrna) and of the complex between 2s, 5.8s, and 28s rrnas have been drawn on the basis of comparative and energetic criteria. the overall au richness of the d. melanogaster rrnas allows the resolution of some ambiguities in the structures of both large rrnas. comparison of the sequence of expansion segmen ...	1988	3136295
suppression of cyclical development of trypanosoma brucei brucei in glossina morsitans centralis by an anti-procyclics monoclonal antibody.	five hundred and sixty teneral male glossina morsitans centralis were fed, at the height of parasitaemia, on a goat infected with trypanosoma brucei brucei. thereafter, the tsetse were divided into 4 equal groups. group i was fed in vitro once weekly for 4 weeks and group ii twice weekly for 4 weeks on fresh defibrinated ox blood containing 2 mg/ml purified monoclonal antibody against t. b. brucei procyclics, while group iii was fed twice a week for 4 weeks on blood containing 2 mg/ml anti-t. vi ...	1988	2901200
infection rates in sterile males of morsitans, palpalis and fusca groups glossina for pathogenic trypanosoma species from east and west africa.	infection rates in sterile male glossina morsitans centralis, g. austeni, g. palpalis palpalis, g.p. gambiensis, g. fuscipes fuscipes, g. tachinoides and g. brevipalpis for trypanosoma vivax, t. congolense and t. brucei isolated from east and west africa, were studied. five groups of the sterile males, together with the five groups of sexually fertile males, of each of the respective species and subspecies were allowed to feed for 24 days on a boran calf or goats infected with t. vivax or t. con ...	1988	2901201
the timing and frequency of hybrid formation in african trypanosomes during cyclical transmission.	the frequency of hybrid formation between two trypanosoma brucei clones during cyclical transmission through glossina morsitans centralis was analyzed. in two independent experiments, teneral g. m. centralis were infected with an equal mixture of two t. brucei clones showing different homozygous isoenzyme patterns for isocitrate dehydrogenase (icd; e.c.1.1.1.42) and alkaline phosphatase (ap; e.c. 3.1.3.1). trypanosomes were cyclically transmitted to mice from 23 infective flies and the subsequen ...	1988	3237678
juvenile hormone mimics as effective sterilants for the tsetse fly glossina morsitans morsitans.	the development of puparia of glossina morsitans morsitans westwood was disrupted by topical applications of the juvenile hormone mimics s-methoprene (the resolved enantiomer of 11-methoxy-3,7,11-trimethyl-2,4-dodecadienoic acid 1-methyl ester) (zoecon), s21149 (propionaldoxime-0-4-phenoxyphenoxyethylether) (sumitomo), or s31183 (2-[1-methyl-2-(4-phenoxyphenoxy)ethoxy]pyridine) (sumitomo) dissolved in acetone. puparia so treated during the first 4 days of life suffered developmental abnormalitie ...	1988	2980157
comparative study on the infection rates of different laboratory strains of glossina species by trypanosoma congolense.	teneral glossina morsitans centralis machado, g.austeni newstead, g.palpalis palpalis robineau-desvoidy, g.p.gambiensis vanderplank, g.fuscipes fuscipes newstead, g.tachinoides westwood and g.brevipalpis newstead, from laboratory-bred colonies, were fed at the same time on the flanks of ten goats infected with trypanosoma congolense broden isolated in tanzania or in nigeria. the seven tsetse species were infected over the range 0.3-49.2%. survival of both t.congolense isolates was best in g.m.ce ...	1988	2980181
the humoral defense system in tsetse: differences in response due to age, sex and antigen types.	inoculation of live escherichia coli into tsetse flies, glossina morsitans morsitans, stimulated a higher antibacterial immune response in females than in males. it increased with age in females from emergence to approximately 2 weeks and thereafter declined. in males, there was also a significant decrease in immune response with aging. inoculation of killed bacteria failed to stimulate antibacterial activity but stimulated a lysozyme response which was weaker than that stimulated by live bacter ...	1988	3384155
development of trypanosoma congolense, t vivax and t brucei in the skin reaction induced in goats by infected glossina morsitans centralis: a light and electron microscopical study.	the development and distribution of trypanosoma congolense, t vivax and t brucei in the skin of goats was examined after the animals were bitten by infected glossina morsitans centralis. following the tsetse bite, the trypanosomes in the skin multiplied, reaching maximum numbers when the skin reaction (chancre) of the host attained its maximum size. in goats infected with t vivax and t brucei, trypanosomes were observed circulating in the blood before the peak of the chancre, while in t congolen ...	1988	3387665
[breeding of glossina morsitans submorsitans newstead, 1910 (diptera-glossinidae in the crta of bobo-dioulasso, burkina faso. i. adaptation of a wild strain to the laboratory breeding conditions on feeding hosts].		1988	3194566
comparative study on the susceptibility of different glossina species to trypanosoma brucei brucei infection.	teneral glossina morsitans centralis, g. austeni, g. palpalis palpalis, g. p. gambiensis, g. fuscipes fuscipes, g. tachinoides and g. brevipalpis from laboratory-bred colonies, were allowed to feed simultaneously for 34 days on the flanks of ten goats infected with trypanosoma brucei brucei isolated in tanzania or in nigeria, and then the tsetse were dissected. the seven tsetse species and subspecies showed salivary glands infections over the range of 0% to 40.4%. survival of the tanzanian and n ...	1988	3194664
[trypanosoma (nannomonas) congolese broden, 1904 (kinetoplastida, trypanosomatidae) in epithelial cells of the anterior segment of the midgut of glossina morsitans morsitans westwood, 1850 (diptera, glossinidae)].		1988	3217562
[comparison of the attractive power of zébu and baoulé cattle for glossina tachinoides westwood, 1850 and glossina morsitans submorsitans newstead, 1910 in sudano-guinean savanna, burkina faso].		1988	3217566
field studies on animal trypanosomiasis in mozambique. i. effectiveness of the prophylactic drugs isometamidium chloride and pyrithidium bromide.	the efficacy of the trypanocides samorin and prothidium to protect beef cattle in areas of different trypanosome challenge was studied in muabsa, mozambique during an 18 month period. the performance of two groups of 1.5- to 3-year old bulls was observed, the first group in an area of high tsetse density, the second in an area of low to medium tsetse density. glossina morsitans and g. pallidipes were present and their respective densities were determined using standard fly rounds, a mobile elect ...	1988	3238772
a model of tsetse-transmitted animal trypanosomiasis.	the data needed to develop analytical models of trypanosomiasis transmission have become available only recently. by making some simplifying assumptions, models of the dynamics of the disease in vector, cattle and wild mammal populations can be constructed in order to determine criteria for successful disease control by mass and targetted chemotherapy, and by vector control. the heterogeneity in transmission due to tsetse fly feeding preferences and the variability of immunological characteristi ...	1988	3362578
[localization of trypanosoma (nannomonas) congolense broden, 1904 (kinetoplastida, trypanosomatidae) in the proboscis of glossina morsitans morsitans westwood, 1850 (diptera, glossinidae)].	transverse sections of the proboscis of g. m. morsitans infected with t. (n.) congolense initiated after a single infective blood meal were studied. trypanosomes were located in the lateral, dorso-ventral and latero-ventral regions of the food canal. parasites were also found around the whole of the circumference of the canal. such localizations influence the transmission of trypanosomes and the epidemiology of trypanosomiasis.	1988	3190120
factors influencing the duration of isometamidium chloride (samorin) prophylaxis against experimental challenge with metacyclic forms of trypanosoma congolense.	the duration of a single isometamidium chloride (samorin) prophylactic treatment against trypanosoma congolense ilnat. 3.1 and t. congolense il 285 was examined in 24 boran steers with regard to (1) the dose of drug, (2) the level of metacyclic challenge and (3) the influence of infection with an unrelated serodeme at the time of treatment. the cattle were repeatedly challenged at monthly intervals between 2 and 7 months following treatment, either by five infected glossina morsitans centralis o ...	1988	3388736
detection of antigens common to salivary glands and other tissues of tsetse fly, glossina palpalis palpalis (diptera: glossinidae).	the study demonstrates the common antigens to salivary gland, fat body, mesenteron, thorax muscle, native whole body, and dried whole body homogenates of tsetse flies, g. palpalis palpalis. the possibilities of their origin and the role in hypersensitivity induction and its propagation are discussed.	1988	3198018
prevalence of trypanosomiasis in cattle in south-west zambia.	a trypanosomiasis survey was conducted in south-west zambia. from a total of 3,346 cattle sampled 342 cattle showed a positive trypanosomiasis parasitaemia. during the survey trypanosome species and pcv values were also recorded. with simple statistical analysis populations with higher and lower prevalence rates were differentiated. the results indicated that the kwando river basin tsetse fly belt and the kafue river basin tsetse fly belt infested a larger area than originally assumed and that a ...	1988	3400114
[comparison of the longevity of tsetse flies (glossina morsitans morsitans westwood, 1850) infected with trypanosomes (trypanosoma nannomonas congolense broden, 1904) and uninfected tsetse flies].	this preliminary note results from a comparative study on susceptibility to pyrethroid insecticides of tsetse flies infected and not with trypanosomes. trypanosoma infection increases the susceptibility to insecticides as previous study showed it (golder et al., 1982, 1984). moreover, infected control flies showed a significant lower longevity than uninfected ones.	1988	3421645
loss of variable antigen during transformation of trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense from bloodstream to procyclic forms in the tsetse fly.	a pleomorphic line of trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense expressing a single variable antigen was used to quantify the rate of loss of the surface coat from bloodstream forms transforming to procyclics in the tsetse fly, glossina morsitans, and in in vitro culture. loss of variable antigen occurred at similar rates in the crop and anterior portion of the midgut of tsetse flies and in in vitro culture, but in the posterior portion of the fly midgut it occurred 2-3 times faster. the posterior portion ...	1988	3194363
the role of lectins and trypanosome genotype in the maturation of midgut infections in glossina morsitans.	feeding d + glucosamine to glossina morsitans throughout their life significantly reduced the proportions of midgut infections which developed into mature infections with three different stocks of trypanosoma congolense. in one stock of t. congolense, maturation was completely blocked by this carbohydrate, which is known to specifically inhibit tsetse midgut lectin activity. similar experiments with t. brucei showed that d + glucosamine also inhibited maturation and, when combined with results f ...	1988	3387828
production of metacyclic forms by cyclical transmission of west african trypanosoma (t.) brucei isolates from man and animals.	fifteen west african trypanosoma (t.) brucei isolates from man and animals were cyclically transmitted. five stocks, belonging to the non-gambiense group, could easily be transmitted through glossina morsitans morsitans or glossina m. centralis infected on mice, whereas successful transmission of the 10 isolates, identified as trypanosoma brucei gambiense, was performed using g. palpalis gambiensis as vector. glossina p. gambiensis was infected with culture-derived procyclic trypanosomes by repe ...	1988	2467539
procyclin: an unusual immunodominant glycoprotein surface antigen from the procyclic stage of african trypanosomes.	an immunodominant species-specific surface glycoprotein antigen was purified from procyclic culture forms of trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense using lectin affinity chromatography and a monoclonal antibody immunoadsorbent. the purified molecule appears on a 10% polyacrylamide gel as a wide, dark silver staining band having an apparent molecular mass of between 30 and 40 kda, identical to that revealed by immunoblotting using anti-procyclic lysates. the molecule, which we have named procyclin, was s ...	1988	2464763
tsetse immunity and the transmission of trypanosomiasis.	cyclical transmission of african trypanosomes - trypanosoma congolense and subspecies of t. brucei - depends on their uptake by and development within their tsetse fly vectors. tsetse susceptibility to such trypanosome infection seems to be controlled by maternally inherited rickettsia-like organisms (rlos) (fig. 1) and it now seems that the rlos may exert this effect by controlling midgut lectins in the fly. ian maudlin and susan welburn explain the latest findings.	1988	15463060
genetics and trypanotolerance.	genetic resistance to disease and its use in domestic livestock usually ranks last, if at all, amongst preferred disease control measures - usually preceded by measures such as chemotherapy, vector control and vaccination. thus, interest in genetic resistance is often a reflection of dissatisfaction with other control strategies, and the current emphasis on trypanotolerant cattle in africa is just such a case. eighty years of tsetse fly eradication programmes have had little impact on tsetse dis ...	1987	15462937
tryptophan metabolism in tsetse flies and the consequences of its derangement.	literature comparing salmon and wild type glossina morsitans morsitans and that comparing tan and wild type glossina palpalis palpalis is reviewed. new information is presented on behaviour and biochemistry of salmon and wild type g. m. morsitans. the eye color mutants result from two lesions in the tryptophan to xanthommatin pathway: lack of tryptophan oxygenase in g. m morsitans and failure to produce or retain xanthommatin in eyes (but not in testes) of g. p. palpalis. the salmon allele in g. ...	1987	2473378
cell adhesion in trypanosoma: in vitro studies of the interaction of trypanosoma vivax with immobilized organic dyes.	certain bloodstream forms of trypanosoma vivax have been shown to attach to amicon matrex gel green a dye beads in a manner similar to the in vivo binding of t. vivax to the inner surface of the tsetse fly proboscis. we now report an in vitro assay for trypanosome-bead attachment and show that only the 9,10-anthraquinone portion of the dye molecule is involved in the binding of trypanosomes to beads and that bead-bound dyes with similar structures also support binding to differing degrees. the b ...	1987	3430412
effect of samorin administered to a bovine host on the survival and reproductive performance of female glossina morsitans centralis.		1987	3503652
lectin mediated establishment of midgut infections of trypanosoma congolense and trypanosoma brucei in glossina morsitans.	d+glucosamine, which has been shown in vitro to specifically inhibit tsetse midgut lectin activity, when fed to glossina morsitans morsitans with the infective feed significantly increased midgut infection rates of trypanosoma congolense and t. brucei rhodesiense. all flies infected with t.b. rhodesiense and maintained on a diet of blood with d+glucosamine throughout their lives developed midgut infections. midgut extracts from flies bred for refractoriness to infection with trypanosomes showed ...	1987	3432950
onset of expression of the variant surface glycoproteins of trypanosoma brucei in the tsetse fly studied using immunoelectron microscopy.	the acquisition of the variant surface glycoprotein (variable antigen) coat by metacyclic stage trypanosoma brucei in the salivary glands of the tsetse fly, glossina morsitans, has been studied in situ by transmission and scanning electron microscopy using monoclonal antibodies raised against metacyclic variable antigen types and complexed with horseradish peroxidase or colloidal gold. the coat is acquired after binary fission has ceased but while the parasite is still attached to the gland epit ...	1987	3654788
differential protein synthesis during the life cycle of the protozoan parasite trypanosoma brucei.	two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis has been used to analyze changes in protein content and protein synthesis in three stages of the life cycle of the protozoan parasite trypanosoma brucei. the stages examined were slender and stumpy mammalian bloodstream forms and procyclic forms, which are analogous to the tsetse fly midgut stage. two-dimensional gels of 35s-methionine-labeled proteins were examined by autoradiography to analyze newly synthesized protein, and gels were stained w ...	1987	3572842
a novel arrangement of sequence elements surrounding the rdna promoter and its spacer duplications in tsetse species.	variation in organization and sequence of the rdna of six species of tsetse fly (glossina) has been investigated. several novel tsetse-specific features have been uncovered. like many other species the spacer is composed of subrepeats, which in some species contain duplications of the true promoter at the spacer-ets boundary. in tsetse, however, the first 90 base-pairs of the external transcribed spacer (ets) (that is, +1 to +90 after transcription initiation) is the 3' end of the last subrepeat ...	1987	3656412
use of species-specific dna probes for detection and identification of trypanosome infection in tsetse flies.	species- and subspecies-specific trypanosome dna hybridization probes have been employed in the detection and identification of trypanosome infections in glossina morsitans centralis. several ways of sample preparation including the use of tsetse organ suspensions, proboscides and dissected midguts, as well as tsetse abdominal content touch-blots were explored. the results of hybridization of radio-isotope-labelled species-specific dna probes to tsetse samples indicated that it was possible to d ...	1987	3670893
trypanosoma congolense: host responses following tsetse transmitted infection of kilifi isolates in goats.	east african x galla goats, when infected with trypanosoma congolense isolates from the kilifi area of kenya by glossina morsitans centralis, did not develop the characteristic chancre reaction at the bite sites, whereas bites of tsetse infected with the cloned t. congolense il.1180 from serengeti, tanzania, resulted in chancres in the same goats. histological changes could not be observed in skin biopsies collected 8 or 9 days after infection with kilifi isolates. however, all goats became para ...	1987	3582569
potential value of localized skin reactions (chancres) induced by trypanosoma congolense transmitted by glossina morsitans centralis for the analysis of metacyclic trypanosome populations.	goats infected with trypanosoma congolense transmitted by glossina morsitans centralis and then treated with the trypanocidal drug diminazene aceturate are immune to tsetse-transmitted infection with a homologous, but not heterologous trypanosome clone. immune animals fail to develop localized skin reactions (chancres) and do not become infected, whereas on heterologous challenge chancres appear followed by parasitaemia. in this study, the feasibility of using chancre reactions to characterize s ...	1987	3601446
trypanosoma congolense: lack of correlation between the resistance of cattle subjected to experimental cyclic infection or to field challenge.	twelve male cattle of the baoulé breed were exposed to natural trypanosome challenge in an area of high glossina density, to characterize them as trypanoresistant or trypanosensitive. weekly blood samples were taken for the determination of parasitemia and packed cell volume, as a measure of anemia. seven zebu cattle were also exposed to challenge at the same time. the zebu proved to be trypanosensitive with high parasitemia, pronounced anemia and died or were drug treated in extremis. five baou ...	1987	3678447
therapeutic and prophylactic activity of isometamidium chloride in boran cattle against trypanosoma vivax transmitted by glossina morsitans centralis.	ten boran steers were infected with trypanosoma vivax, transmitted by glossina morsitans centralis; five steers with a t vivax clone from nigeria and five with a t vivax clone from kenya. eleven days after infection all 10 animals were treated with 0.5 mg kg-1 isometamidium chloride. four steers infected with the nigerian t vivax and all five infected with the kenyan t vivax were completely cured. when different steers received a single prophylactic dose of 0.5 mg kg-1 isometamidium chloride and ...	1987	3685643
culture form and tsetse fly midgut form procyclic trypanosoma brucei express common proteins.	proteins expressed by culture form and tsetse fly midgut form procyclic trypanosomes were examined by polyacrylamide gel electrophoretic techniques. analysis of the proteins of the two forms of procyclic organisms was performed by comparison of autoradiographs of high resolution two-dimensional polyacrylamide gels prepared using [35s]methionine-labelled parasites. only eight spots were found to differ between autoradiographs of culture form and tsetse fly midgut form parasites. seven of these di ...	1987	3696176
[a new glossina from the congo: glossina (austenina) frezili sp. nov. (diptera: glossinidae)].	the male and female genitalia of glossina frezili sp. nov., a new tsetse fly occurring in the mangrove forest of the congo and gabon are described. g. frezili is related to g. medicorum but clearly distinct from this species by its habitat and the morphology of the genitalia.	1987	3629143
expression of a polypeptide containing a dipeptide repeat is confined to the insect stage of trypanosoma brucei.	the protozoan parasite trypanosoma brucei is transmitted between mammalian hosts by the tsetse fly (glossina spp.). trypanosomes ingested by the fly undergo a number of changes in the insect midgut during differentiation to procyclic forms. these include the loss of the variant specific glycoprotein (vsg) coat and the appearance of a common set of procyclic surface antigens. in order to investigate genes other than vsg genes which are expressed only at certain stages of the life cycle, the first ...	1987	3808022
comparative study on the infection rates of different glossina species for east and west african trypanosoma vivax stocks.	teneral male glossina morsitans centralis, g. austeni, g. palpalis palpalis, g. p. gambiensis, g. fuscipes fuscipes, g. tachinoides and g. brevipalpis were fed on the flanks of boran calves infected with trypanosoma vivax stock ilrad 2241 isolated from a cow in likoni, kenya; stock ilrad 2337 isolated from a cow in galana, kenya; stock ilrad 1392 isolated from a cow in nigeria; or, stock eatro 1721 isolated from g. m. submorsitans in nigeria. the tsetse were fed on the infected hosts for 24 days ...	1987	3696778
peripheral blood leucocytes subpopulation dynamics during trypanosoma congolense infection in boran and n'dama cattle: an analysis using monoclonal antibodies and flow cytometry.	a panel of monoclonal antibodies (moab) with specificities for bovine leucocyte subsets were used in conjunction with routine haematological procedures to analyse sequential changes in peripheral blood leucocyte populations during the course of tsetse fly-transmitted trypanosoma congolense infection in trypanotolerant n'dama and trypanosusceptible boran cattle. subsequent to the first parasitaemic wave, the n'dama cattle maintained packed cell volumes (pcv) above 22 and lower levels of parasitae ...	1987	3496577
failure of trypanosoma vivax to generate protective immunity in goats against transmission by glossina morsitans morsitans.		1987	3445345
monoclonal antibodies that distinguish trypanosoma congolense, t. vivax and t. brucei.	monoclonal antibodies (moabs) were derived against in-vitro-propagated procyclic forms of trypanosoma congolense, t. vivax, t. brucei brucei and t.b. rhodesiense in order to identify antigens for use in immunodiagnosis of african trypanosomiasis. the antibodies have been tested against procyclic and bloodstream form trypanosomes of 13 t. congolense, six t. vivax six t.b. brucei, four t.b. rhodesiense, five t.b. gambiense and three t. simiae isolates from different geographical areas by indirect ...	1987	3306569
tsetse fly rdna: an analysis of structure and sequence.	a genomic library of glossina morsitans morsitans (tsetse fly) has been constructed in the phage vector embl 4 and a complete rdna unit isolated by using a d. melanogaster rdna clone as a probe. the overall organisation is typical of higher eukaryotes, including an intergenic spacer consisting of a subrepeating structure. atypically, however, the 45s precursor rna promoter was shown to lie within the last subrepeat by s1 mapping; i.e. the last subrepeat extends 90 bp into the ets. the sequence o ...	1987	3029668
import of fructose bisphosphate aldolase into the glycosomes of trypanosoma brucei.	the glycolytic enzymes of trypanosomatids are compartmentalized within peroxisome-like microbodies called glycosomes. fructose bisphosphate aldolase is synthesized on free polysomes and imported into glycosomes within 5 min. peptide mapping reveals no primary structural differences between the in vivo-synthesized protein and that made in vitro from a synthetic template. however, native aldolase from glycosomes is partially protease resistant, whereas the in vitro translation product is not. puls ...	1987	3320052
dose and stage dependency for the development of local skin reactions caused by trypanosoma congolense in goats.	intradermal inoculation of metacyclic forms of trypanosoma congolense propagated in vitro caused skin reactions in goats similar to the local skin reaction (chancre) induced by the bite of an infected tsetse fly. the onset, size and duration of these local skin reactions were dose-dependent. whereas one cultured metacyclic t. congolense was sufficient to cause a local skin reaction in a goat, over 10(7) bloodstream forms of t. congolense were necessary to elicit a detectable skin reaction and wh ...	1987	2892366
the effect of trypanosoma brucei infection of the localization of salivary gland cholinesterase in glossina morsitans morsitans.	when salivary glands of the tsetse fly, glossina morsitans morsitans, are stained for cholinesterase (che) activity, a net-like pattern of reaction product is observed surrounding each epithelial cell of the gland's secretory region. glands infected with trypanosoma brucei brucei show a progressive reduction in this che activity as the parasites develop. when the infection is mature, che is rarely detected in the epithelial layer but appears in the lumen of gland. the luminal che responds to sub ...	1987	2892368
the effect of the trypanocidal drugs berenil and samorin on infections of glossina morsitans centralis by trypanosoma congolense.		1987	2892374
a behavioural bioassay to identify attractive odours for glossinidae.	1. a behavioural bioassay, based on antennal movement responses, was developed using glossina morsitans morsitans westwood for screening chemical attractancy to tsetse. 2. chemicals found to be attractive to male tsetse were acetone, formaldehyde, methylethylketone, methylvinylketone, 1-octen-3-ol and pentanal but not acetophenone, hexanal, lactic acid or urea. 3. female tsetse also responded to all these chemicals in a similar fashion. overall responses of females were, however, less than those ...	1987	2979547
the effect of trypanocidal drugs on the transmission of trypanosoma brucei brucei by glossina morsitans centralis.	the effects of trypanocidal drugs on trypanosoma b. brucei infections in glossina m. centralis have been investigated. pentamidine and suramin exhibited no significant effects but both berenil and samorin reduced the number of salivary gland infections in comparison with controls. berenil at concentrations of 10, 1.0 and 0.1 microgram/ml significantly reduced the number of mature infections when fed to flies throughout the whole period of trypanosome development. a similar result was obtained wi ...	1987	2884836
suppressive action of samorin on the cyclical development of pathogenic trypanosomes in glossina morsitans centralis.	male glossina sexually sterilized by gamma-irradiation are as efficient vectors of trypanosomiasis as fertile males. an attempt was made, using isometamidium chloride (samorin), to interfere with the cyclical development of trypanosomes in sterile males, destined for use in the sterile insect release (sir) method of tsetse eradication. the infection rate with mature trypanosoma congolense broden was effectively reduced in sterile male glossina morsitans centralis machado, when the flies were fed ...	1987	2979543
immunoelectron microscopic demonstration of pancreatic polypeptide in midgut epithelium of hematophagous dipterans.	midguts of mosquitoes, aedes aegypti and anopheles stephensi, and of the tsetse fly, glossina morsitans morsitans, as well as guinea pig pancreas, were prepared for electron microscopy by using low-temperature embedding in lowicryl k4m. rabbit antiserum to bovine pancreatic polypeptide (pp) crossreacted with secretory granules of pancreatic pp-producing cells and of the clear cells in mosquito gut. rabbit antiserum to human somatostatin crossreacted with the control tissue, guinea pig pancreas d ...	1987	2885369
production and evaluation of specific antisera against sera of various vertebrate species for identification of bloodmeals of glossina morsitans centralis.	specific antisera against sera of 46 species of vertebrates were prepared. the antisera to 21 bovidae species were raised in goats except the antiserum to goat serum which was raised in sheep. the antisera to 3 suidae species were produced either in domestic pigs or warthogs, while antisera to most of the other vertebrate species were raised in rabbits. the antisera were used in an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) to identify the source of bloodmeals ingested by teneral and non-teneral ...	1986	2882665
studies on the biochemical basis of the nutritional quality of tsetse fly diets.	batches of freeze-dried pig and cow blood, whose nutritional value to g. p. palpalis ranged from low to near optimum, were analysed for amino acid, triglyceride and cholesterol content. the results of the chemical analyses were compared with the nutritional quality parameters observed when each batch of blood was fed to g. p. palpalis in an attempt to establish a chemical basis for the nutritional quality of diets for glossina. in general, those pig or cow blood diets that had a higher nutrition ...	1986	2868828
characterization of cyclically transmitted trypanosoma (t.) brucei isolates from man.	four different trypanosome isolates from human patients isolated in 1979 during the epidemic of sleeping sickness in busoga, south-east uganda, were characterized by the following methods: isoenzyme analyses of bloodstream forms by isoelectric focusing; in vitro tests of human serum resistance of bloodstream as well as metacyclic forms; tsetse fly transmission through glossina morsitans centralis and glossina morsitans morsitans to compare the above characteristics of parasite populations before ...	1986	2872784
defence reactions of glossina morsitans morsitans against different species of bacteria and trypanosoma brucei brucei.	tsetse flies, glossina morsitans morsitans, fed on rats infected with trypanosoma brucei brucei showed wide fluctuations in total and differential haemocyte counts. similar fluctuations occurred in controls fed on non-infected rats and also between the two groups without showing any difference which could be attributed to the infection. trypanosome infection of the tsetse haemocoel occurred in 16.25% of the flies, starting from the second day after feeding on the infected rats, but salivary glan ...	1986	2872785
evidence for haploidy in metacyclic forms of trypanosoma brucei.	the parasitic flagellate trypanosoma brucei undergoes a series of morphologic and metabolic changes during its passage in the digestive organs of its insect vector, a glossina or tsetse fly. this morphogenesis ends by the differentiation, in the salivary gland of the fly, of the metacyclic form, which will be transmitted in the bloodstream of the mammalian host. on the basis of dna microfluorometric measurements, we propose that these metacyclic trypanosomes have a haploid amount of dna, compare ...	1986	3461475
lesions and saliva-specific antibody responses in rabbits with immediate and delayed hypersensitivity reactions to the bites of glossina morsitans centralis.	rabbits exposed to feeding tsetse flies developed cutaneous hypersensitivity responses to fly bites. these responses had characteristics of immediate and delayed type hypersensitivity. saliva components from the tsetse fly glossina morsitans centralis were electrophoretically separated by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. major salivary proteins of 160, 92, 66, 64, 55, 42, 33, 28, and 15 kilodaltons were identified. separated salivary components were transferred to nitro ...	1986	3811131
species identification of blood-meals from tsetse flies (glossinidae): results 1979-1985.	results from species identification of almost 6,000 tsetse fly blood-meals are reported. regarding glossina palpalis and g. pallidipes, it was shown that the preference of tsetse flies for certain host species differed according to the sampling area. consequently, results from blood-meal identification are to be interpreted with this point in view.	1986	3704476
extrachromosomal inheritance of susceptibility to trypanosome infection in tsetse flies. ii. susceptibility of selected lines of glossina morsitans morsitans to different stocks and species of trypanosome.	two lines of glossina m. morsitans, selected for susceptibility and refractoriness to infection with a single stock of trypanosoma congolense, have now been shown to be susceptible or refractory to different stocks of t. congolense and, also, to different stocks of t. b. brucei and t. b. gambiense. the mean midgut infection rates of the susceptible line obtained in different experiments with t. congolense, t. b. brucei and t. b. gambiense were, respectively, 66%, 56% and 55%; the corresponding m ...	1986	3729601
trypanosome hybrids generated in tsetse flies by nuclear fusion.	genetic exchange may occur between two particular trypanosoma brucei clones simultaneously transmitted by the same tsetse fly. we report here that this exchange takes place in the fly, through nuclear fusion. the resulting hybrids appear to be sub-tetraploid, some particular dna sequences from one of the parental stocks being lost before enough cloned hybrid trypanosomes could be harvested for dna analysis. a further reduction of the dna content of these hybrids occurs gradually upon growth and ...	1986	3830130
opposite effects of ecdysone and 20-hydroxyecdysone on in vitro uterus motility of a tsetse fly.	in order to examine the possible effects of ecdysteroids on parturition, we studied in vitro the influence of ecdysone and 20-hydroxyecdysone on the motility of isolated uterus from virgin and pregnant female tsetse fly (glossina fuscipes). ecdysone initiates phasic uterine contractions or enhances the frequency of preexisting contractile activity. in contrast, uterine contractions are decreased or abolished by 20-hydroxyecdysone. pharmacological data indicate that tsetse fly uterus exhibits myo ...	1986	3796208
apparent exhaustion of the variable antigen repertoires of trypanosoma vivax in infected cattle.	three groups of cattle, each group comprising six animals, were inoculated intravenously with populations of bloodstream forms of trypanosoma vivax. the first group received t. vivax clone ildat 1.3 derived from an isolate from nigeria, while the other two received t. vivax stocks il 1875 or il 2133 isolated from coast province, kenya. one animal from the group that was infected with il 1875 died 8 weeks postinfection. the remaining 17 animals became aparasitemic in 8 to 12 weeks without interve ...	1986	3770950
interference between different serodemes of trypanosoma congolense in the establishment of superinfections in goats following transmission by tsetse.	when domestic ruminants cyclically infected with trypanosoma congolense are superinfected with a different serodeme of the same species, an interference phenomenon occurs which delays the development of the second cyclical infection. experiments were carried out to investigate the influence of the time interval between the two infections on the degree of interference and to follow the course of the superinfection clinically, serologically and histologically. goats infected with tsetse-transmitte ...	1986	3748602
hybrid formation between african trypanosomes during cyclical transmission.	trypanosomes of the species trypanosoma brucei reproduce primarily by binary fission, but the frequency of enzyme electrophoretic variants in natural populations of t. brucei has provided indirect evidence for the existence of a sexual cycle. these studies, coupled with studies of restriction fragment length polymorphisms of genes encoding glycolytic enzymes, have also provided evidence for t. brucei being diploid. here we report direct evidence of gene exchange between two different clones of t ...	1986	3724860
parasite kinetics and immune responses in efferent prefemoral lymph draining skin reactions induced by tsetse-transmitted trypanosoma congolense.	localised skin reactions (chancres) occurred on the flanks of cattle at the sites of deposition by tsetse flies of metacyclic forms of trypanosoma congolense. marked enlargement of the draining prefemoral lymph nodes accompanied the development of the skin reactions. lymph from these nodes was collected through polyethylene cannulae inserted into the efferent lymphatics, and examined for trypanosomes, cells and antibody content. within 6-9 days after infected tsetse fly bite, trypanosomes were d ...	1986	3705421
susceptibility of buffaloes, cattle and goats to infection with different stocks of trypanosoma vivax transmitted by glossina morsitans centralis.	a comparison was made of the susceptibility of buffaloes, cattle and goats to infection with trypanosoma vivax transmitted either by glossina morsitans centralis or by syringe inoculation. three different isolates of t vivax (two from east africa, one from west africa) were used to compare skin reactions, parasitaemia, anaemia and the development of trypanosome-specific antibodies in buffaloes, cattle and goats. african buffaloes reared in captivity in an area free from trypanosomiasis proved to ...	1986	3827994
infectivity of trypanosoma rhodesiense cultivated at 28 degrees c with various tsetse fly tissues.	metacyclic trypanosomes developed in populations of procyclic forms of four stocks of trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense cultivated at 28 degrees c in a liquid medium containing explants of tsetse fly head-salivary glands, alimentary tract, abdominal body wall, or thoracic muscle. the cultures became infective for mice 7-16 days after they were prepared, and infective trypanosomes were present for prolonged periods. in the culture series of stock trum 545, infectivity persisted for 138 days when the ...	1986	3735153
analysis of trypanosome variable antigen types in cultures of metacyclic and mammalian forms of trypanosoma congolense.	cultured metacyclic forms of trypanosoma congolense display a characteristic repertoire of metacyclic variable antigen types (m-vats) similar to that exhibited in vitro in the tsetse fly. there appeared to be no change in expression of m-vats in cultures of two stocks of t. congolense even after several passages, cryopreservation or long-term cultivation in vitro. metacyclic forms transformed into mammalian forms when transferred to cultures of bovine aorta endothelial cells and whilst one stock ...	1986	3528995
procyclic tsetse fly midgut forms and culture forms of african trypanosomes share stage- and species-specific surface antigens identified by monoclonal antibodies.	procyclic culture form (pcf) trypanosomes were established from a bloodstream form population of cloned trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense and were used to immunize mice for hybridoma production. indirect immunofluorescence was used to select 10 hybridomas which secreted antibodies that bound to the surface of homologous living pcf. the antibodies reacted with pcf of several clones of t.b. brucei, t.b. gambiense, and t.b. rhodesiense, but not with pcf of t. congolense or t. vivax, or with promastigo ...	1986	3512712
susceptibility and immune responses of zebu and taurine cattle of west africa to infection with trypanosoma congolense transmitted by glossina morsitans centralis.	following tsetse-transmitted infection with trypanosoma congolense, major differences in development of localised skin reactions, the ability to control parasitaemia, the degree of anaemia and in antibody response to trypanosomes were found between the reputedly trypanotolerant breeds of cattle (n'dama, n'dama/baoule crosses, baoule) and the trypanosusceptible west african zebu. the local skin reactions that developed in the zebu were large and severe while those that occurred in the other breed ...	1986	3716196
properties of a novel dna virus from the tsetse fly, glossina pallidipes.	virus particles were isolated from hypertrophied salivary glands of the tsetse fly, glossina pallidipes collected near mombasa, kenya. purified virus particles were rod-shaped, 57 nm wide by 700 to 1300 nm long. particle lengths fell into two size classes, with 'short' particles averaging 869 nm and 'long' particles 1175 nm. the virus particles morphologically resembled elongated baculovirus nucleocapsids although, unlike baculoviruses, no fully enveloped virions were found in purified preparati ...	1986	3950581