Publications

the effect of cattle infection by trypanosoma congolense on the attraction, and feeding success, of the tsetse fly glossina pallidipes.	an incomplete ring of electric nets was placed around uninfected cattle and cattle infected with trypanosoma congolense. the numbers of fed and unfed glossina pallidipes caught on the nets were used to estimate the attractiveness of infected and uninfected cattle to tsetse, and the feeding success of tsetse on the cattle. there was no difference in the attractiveness of infected and uninfected cattle to g. pallidipes. however, the feeding success of g. pallidipes on infected cattle was 75% great ...	1993	8316432
cloning of a novel surface antigen from the insect stages of trypanosoma brucei by expression in cos cells.	trypanosoma brucei cdna libraries constructed in the vector pcdm8 were screened selectively for insect (procyclic) stage surface antigen cdnas by transient expression in mammalian cos-7 fibroblasts and "panning" with a rabbit polyclonal antiserum. this strategy yielded two surface antigen cdnas termed pssa-1 and pssa-2. the pssa-1 cdna encoded an isotype of procyclin, the major phosphatidylinositol-linked stage-specific glycoprotein antigen of the tsetse fly infective forms of t. brucei. the pss ...	1993	8420963
inhibition of glossina morsitans midgut trypsin activity by d-glucosamine.	the effect of the amino sugar d-glucosamine on trypsin in crude midgut homogenates of glossina morsitans morsitans was studied in vitro. the results showed that the midgut trypsin was specifically and competitively inhibited by d-glucosamine. glucose, fructose, mannose, inositol, galactose, galactosamine, n-acetyl-d-glucosamine, and methyl-alpha-d-glucosamine were ineffective as inhibitors, even at concentrations exceeding 600 mm. d-glucosamine also had a similar inhibitory effect on bovine panc ...	1993	8475038
a trial to control the tsetse fly, glossina morsitans centralis, with low densities of odour-baited targets in west zambia.	a large-scale trial investigated the possibility of eradicating g.m.centralis from a traditional cattle rearing area using odour-baited targets at a reduced overall target density from 4 to 0.5-2.3 per km2, thus cutting down initial material costs by about 50%. only the periphery of what was thought to be prime tsetse habitat (dense woodland) was treated with targets. these were all black or blue/black cloth (1.8 x 1 m), sprayed with deltamethrin suspension concentrate and baited with butanone a ...	1993	8481533
monitoring trypanosomiasis in space and time.	the paper examines the possible contributions to be made by geographic information systems (gis) to studies on human and animal trypanosomiasis in africa. the epidemiological characteristics of trypanosomiasis are reviewed in the light of the formula for the basic reproductive rate or number of vector-borne diseases. the paper then describes how important biological characteristics of the vectors of trypanosomiasis in west africa may be monitored using data from the noaa series of meteorological ...	1993	8488074
derivation and characterization of a quinapyramine-resistant clone of trypanosoma congolense.	over a period of 208 days a quinapyramine-resistant population was derived in vivo from a quinapyramine-susceptible clone of trypanosoma congolense: il 1180. while the dose of quinapyramine sulfate required to cure 50% of mice infected with the parental clone was 0.23 mg/kg of body weight, the 50% curative dose for the resistant derivative, il 1180/stabilate 12, was greater than 9.6 mg/kg. this approximately 40-fold increase in resistance to quinapyramine was shown to be associated with an 8-fol ...	1993	8517707
trypanosoma congolense in the microvasculature of the pituitary gland of experimentally infected boran cattle (bos indicus).	the pituitary glands of seven boran cattle (bos indicus), five infected with a clone of trypanosoma congolense il 1180 (ilnat 3.1) transmitted by glossina morsitans centralis and two uninfected controls, were examined by light and electron microscopy 43 (experiment 2) or 56 (experiment 1) days after fly challenge. the three cattle used in the first experiment included a 15-month-old female (no. 1), a 24-month-old female (no. 2), and a 21-month-old male (no. 3) as a control. in the second experim ...	1993	8266622
agricultural development paths and pest management: a pragmatic view of sustainability.	historical profiles can be used to portray past pathways of agricultural development, the factors that affected pest status and the responses made by farmers in the form of pest management. understanding the key factors affecting these historical developments is thought to be crucial for identifying likely future scenarios and associated opportunities and constraints for improving pest management. evidence for this view is provided by four case studies: brassica pests in the united kingdom; tset ...	1993	8149816
a comparison of african buffalo, n'dama and boran cattle as reservoirs of trypanosoma vivax for different glossina species.	teneral glossina morsitans centralis were fed on the flanks of african buffalo, n'dama or boran cattle infected with trypanosoma vivax il 2337. the infected tsetse were maintained on goats and on day 25 after the infected feed, the surviving tsetse were dissected to determine the infection rates. the mean mature infection rates (% +/- s.e.) in the tsetse fed on buffalo, n'dama and boran cattle were 34.3 +/- 9.9, 33.7 +/- 13.4 and 58.9 +/- 7.1, respectively. logistic regression analysis indicated ...	1993	8098147
the isolation and genetic heterogeneity of trypanosoma brucei gambiense from north-west uganda.	fifty-two samples of blood were taken from sleeping sickness patients in north-west uganda. all samples failed to infect immunosuppressed mice. ten cryopreserved blood samples were fed to laboratory bred glossina morsitans morsitans; eight flies developed midgut infections from which procyclic cultures were established in vitro. isoenzyme electrophoretic analysis of 9 enzymes revealed that 7 of the 8 trypanosome isolates had a combination of enzyme patterns already described for trypanosoma bruc ...	1993	8103626
rickettsia-like organisms and chitinase production in relation to transmission of trypanosomes by tsetse flies.	rickettsia-like organisms (rlo) from testse midguts and mosquito cell cultures showed high levels of endochitinase activity. a line of glossina morsitans morsitans highly susceptible to midgut trypanosome infection and with high incidence of rlo infection showed significantly greater chitinolytic activity than g. austeni which had low rlo incidence and were correspondingly refractory to midgut infection. midgut infection rates of trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense in g. m. morsitans showed a dose-re ...	1993	8414668
ubombo and the site of david bruce's discovery of trypanosoma brucei.	the site and remains believed to be those of the camp where sir david bruce and his wife mary worked between 1894 and 1897, and where bruce discovered the causative agent of nagana and its transmission by the tsetse fly, have recently been discovered at the small village of ubombo in northern kwazulu (zululand), south africa. the site where these remnants were found fits the meagre, albeit significant, information presented by bruce in his writings on the location of the camp.	1993	8249096
some observations on ethnoveterinary medicine in northern nigeria.	the fulani are herdsmen of northern nigeria. for generations they have been moving their cattle in an annual migration pattern in search of water. the tracks are chosen carefully, however: tsetse-fly-infected areas are avoided. in his ten years of experience in nigeria's veterinary sector--part of this time as special officer in charge of eradicating rinderpest--the author saw numerous examples of indigenous knowledge and practices that will be useful for the future development of animal health ...	1993	8372425
advance of glossina morsitans submorsitans and g. pallidipes along the ghibe-river system in southwest ethiopia.		1993	7903142
insect acetyl-coa carboxylase: activity during the larval, pupal and adult stages of insect development.	1. the activity of the lipogenic enzyme, acetyl-coa carboxylase, was investigated in four insect species; bombyx mori (lepidoptera), tenebrio molitor (coleoptera), glossina morsitans and sarcophaga nodosa (diptera). 2. acetyl-coa carboxylase activity in larval, pupal and adult forms was compared with the saponifiable lipid mass at each stage of the life-cycle, and found to follow similar patterns except for tenebrio molitor. 3. the results are examined in relation to known metabolic requirements ...	1993	7905374
the nature of the teneral state in glossina and its role in the acquisition of trypanosome infection in tsetse.	teneral glossina morsitans morsitans from outbred and susceptible stocks infected with trypanosoma (nannomonas) congolense developed, respectively, three and six times higher midgut infection rates than flies of the same stock which had previously taken a bloodmeal. non-teneral g. m. morsitans remained relatively refractory to infection when infected at subsequent feeds. differences in susceptibility to midgut infection between teneral flies from susceptible and outbred lines of g. m. morsitans ...	1992	1288435
modelling trypanosomiasis prevalence and periodic epidemics and epizootics.	existing mathematical models of trypanosomiasis epidemiology and epizootiology are extended by including some relevant biology of the disease vector, the tsetse fly. rickettsia-like organisms, or rlo, are a vertically transmitted symbiont of tsetse, which confer an increased susceptibility to trypanosomiasis infection. tsetse populations are also limited by density-dependent starvation. modelling leads to the prediction of a stable dimorphism with a fraction of tsetse possessing rlo. the equilib ...	1992	1302761
therapeutic activity of isometamidium chloride in boran cattle against a tsetse-transmitted clone of trypanosoma congolense with a low level of drug resistance.	experiments were conducted with a clone of trypanosoma congolense, il 3580, which exhibited a low level of resistance to isometamidium chloride. five cattle were treated intramuscularly with isometamidium chloride at a dose rate of 0.5 mg kg-1 body weight (bw) and challenged 28 days later with 5 glossina morsitans centralis infected with t. congolense il 3580. all 5 cattle and 15 untreated steers challenged on the same day became parasitaemic by day 15 post-infection. thus, at a dose of 0.5 mg k ...	1992	1304663
trypanosomiasis in the black rhinoceros (diceros bicornis linnaeus, 1758).	a black rhinoceros (diceros bicornis) moved from a tsetse-free to a tsetse-infested area in kenya was monitored for two months following translocation. the animal acquired a trypanosoma vivax infection from natural tsetse challenge, but survived without requiring treatment with trypanocides. the infection was characterised by moderately high parasitaemia, with symptoms of anaemia, leukopaenia and thrombocytopaenia. although confirmed to be t. vivax through deoxyribonucleic acid hybridisation and ...	1992	1305862
genetic variability in the social bee lasioglossum marginatum and a cryptic undescribed sibling species, as detected by dna fingerprinting and allozyme electrophoresis.	dna fingerprints (dnafp) were obtained for three widely separated samples of bee related to lasioglossum marginatum using the m13 sequence as a probe. bee samples were obtained from france (three localities separated by at most 20 km), greece and india. all european populations exhibited almost identical profiles with similarity indices (s) of over 98% within a french sample, 94% among greek bees and 90% between greek and french bees. the dnafp profiles of indian bees showed more polymorphism (i ...	1992	1343781
influence of d(+)-glucosamine on infection rates and parasite loads in tsetse flies (glossina spp.) infected with trypanosoma brucei.	teneral glossina morsitans centralis, g. m. morsitans and g. pallidipes were infected with three different clones of trypanosoma brucei in blood containing d(+)-glucosamine, an inhibitor of tsetse midgut lectin. on average, 5 days of d(+)-glucosamine treatment tripled infection rates, without affecting the proportion of infections that matured. total infection rates were equal in males and females, but twice as many infections matured in males. counts of parasites in the guts and salivary glands ...	1992	1359749
development of multiple drug resistance of trypanosoma congolense in zebu cattle under high natural tsetse fly challenge in the pastoral zone of samorogouan, burkina faso.	preliminary data from an ongoing epidemiological survey in the pastoral zone of samorogouan (kénédougou) indicate the occurrence of multiple-drug-resistant trypanosoma congolense. despite frequent trypanocidal drug treatments with diminazene aceturate (berenil, hoechst) at 7 mg/kg body weight (bw) at intervals of 2 to 4 weeks, no significant drop in the prevalence of african animal trypanosomosis (aat) was observed. to examine a suspected drug resistance, 20 zebu cattle, naturally infected with ...	1992	1359750
characterization by isoenzyme electrophoresis of trypanozoon stocks from sleeping sickness endemic areas of south-east uganda.	an epidemic of sleeping sickness, which started in 1976 in a focus within the county of luuka in central busoga, has spread to cover the three districts of busoga and large parts of the neighbouring districts of tororo and mukono. forty-three isolates of the subgenus trypanozoon from busoga and tororo (27 from man, 9 from cows, 2 from pigs and 5 from tsetse flies) were compared by thin-layer starch-gel electrophoresis for seven enzymes. thirty zymodemes were identified; 17 of them were found cir ...	1992	1464150
suppression of t-cell responsiveness during tsetse-transmitted trypanosomiasis in cattle.	in the present study, we demonstrate that lymph node cells from cattle infected with t. congolense through tsetse fly challenge were unable to proliferate in vitro following activation with the t-cell mitogen concanavalin a. this was associated with a simultaneous suppression of interleukin 2 (il-2) production and interleukin 2 receptor (il-2r) expression. however, the capacity of the cells to secrete interferon gamma following the mitogenic activation was not affected by the infection.	1992	1355308
molecular biology of african trypanosomes: development of new strategies to combat an old disease.	african trypanosomes are protozoan parasites that cause a number of diseases of man and domesticated animals in large regions of sub-saharan africa. the diseases have proven to be particularly difficult to prevent or to effectively treat due to features of both the trypanosome and the insect vector, the tsetse fly. the habitat of the tsetse and its resistance to insecticides have rendered vector control efforts ineffective. attempts to develop a vaccine against the african trypanosomes has been ...	1992	1373267
proline transport by tsetse fly glossina morsitans flight muscle mitochondria.	1. proline accumulation by tsetse fly glossina morsitans flight muscle mitochondria was studied in vitro by the swelling technique and direct measurement of (u-14c) proline. 2. proline transport was inhibited by the uncharged liposoluble -sh reagent, n-ethylmaleimide but not by ionic reagent, mersalyl, suggesting that the -sh groups involved in the transport of proline are located in a hydrophobic part of the membrane or on the matrix side of the membrane. 3. the kinetic study of proline accumul ...	1992	1499295
a light and electron microscopic study of changes in blood and bone marrow in acute hemorrhagic trypanosoma vivax infection in calves.	eleven 6-month-old calves were tsetse fly challenged with a stock of trypanosoma vivax (il 2337) that causes hemorrhagic infection. the calves were randomly euthanatized every 4 to 6 days; two other calves served as controls. peripheral blood changes included anemia, thrombocytopenia, and an initial leukopenia. later in the course of infection, leukocytosis associated with lymphocytosis and neutropenia developed. moderate reticulocytosis (highest mean count 3.6 +/- 3.7%, maximum count 9.4%) acco ...	1992	1348380
isolation and properties of 600-kda and 23-kda haemolymph proteins from the tsetse fly, glossina morsitans: their possible role as biological insecticides.	the haemolymph of the tsetse fly, glossina morsitans morsitans, contains a high (lipophorin) and a low molecular weight protein of high densities, 1.11 and 1.29 g/ml, respectively. the purification of the proteins was achieved by a combination of density gradient ultracentrifugation and reported gel permeation chromatography. the lipophorin is of high molecular weight (m(r) integral of 600,000) and consists of two apoproteins, apolipophorin i (m(r) integral of 250,000) and apolipophorin ii (m(r) ...	1992	1514048
effect of puparia incubation temperature: increased infection rates of trypanosoma congolense in glossina morsitans centralis, g. fuscipes fuscipes and g. brevipalpis.	puparia of glossina morsitans centralis (machado), g.fuscipes fuscipes (newstead) and g.brevipalpis (newstead) were incubated at 25 +/- 1 degrees c, 28 +/- 1:25 +/- 1 degrees c, day:night or 29 +/- 1 degrees c throughout the puparial period, and maintained at 70-80% relative humidity. puparial mortality was higher at 29 than at 25 degrees c (optimum temperature) in all three species, particularly in g.f.fuscipes and g.brevipalpis. adults of g.m.centralis from puparia incubated at 29 degrees c, a ...	1992	1421481
an analysis of supernumerary or b-chromosomes of wild and laboratory strains of glossina morsitans morsitans.		1992	1421491
a comparison of african buffalo, n'dama and boran cattle as reservoirs of trypanosoma congolense for different glossina species.	teneral glossina morsitans centralis machado were fed on the flanks of the african buffalo (syncerus caffer sparrman), n'dama (bos taurus l.) or boran (bos indicus l.) cattle infected with trypanosoma congolense broden. the infected tsetse were maintained on rabbits and on day 30 after the infected feed, the surviving tsetse were dissected to determine the infection rates. the mean infection rates (% +/- se) in the midgut of tsetse fed on buffalo, n'damas and borans were 23.5 +/- 3.3, 31.6 +/- 2 ...	1992	1421502
sensitive detection of trypanosomes in tsetse flies by dna amplification.	african trypanosome species were identified using the polymerase chain reaction (pcr) by targeting repetitive dna for amplification. using oligonucleotide primers designed to anneal specifically to the satellite dna monomer of each species/subgroup, we were able to accurately identify trypanosoma simiae, three subgroups of t. congolense, t. brucei and t. vivax. the assay was sensitive and specific, detecting one trypanosome unequivocally and showing no reaction with non-target trypanosome dna or ...	1992	1459784
studies on tsetse midgut factors that induce differentiation of blood-stream trypanosoma brucei brucei in vitro.	an in vitro system for studying the transformation of bloodstream forms of trypanosoma brucei brucei into procylic (midgut) forms is described. in this system, transformation of the parasites was stimulated by glossina morsitans morsitans midgut homogenates at 27 degrees c but not at 4 degrees c. the transformation-stimulating capacity was irreversibly destroyed by heating the midgut homogenates at 60 degrees c for 1 h. a correlation was established between the transformation activity of the mid ...	1992	1584740
the residual effect of deltamethrin spot on when tested against glossina palpalis gambiensis under fly chamber conditions.	groups of single zebu cattle were exposed to infestations of the tsetse fly glossina palpalis gambiensis in fly chambers following treatment with a pour on formulation of deltamethrin, coopers* spot on. during the experiment one animal was maintained in a stall, the other exposed at intervals to sunlight. both mortality and knockdown of exposed flies was demonstrated. mortality rates of greater than 90% were recorded during the period 0-20 days after treatment and values in excess of 50% during ...	1992	1598506
response of trypanosoma congolense in goats to single and double treatment with diminazene aceturate.	diminazene aceturate is one of a limited number of compounds currently marketed for treatment of trypanosomiasis in cattle, sheep and goats. the pharmacokinetics of the compound in goats suggest that double treatment with diminazene aceturate might enhance the compound's therapeutic activity. a study was therefore conducted in goats using two clones of trypanosoma congolense, il 3274 and il 1180, which were previously shown to be resistant and sensitive, respectively, to single treatment with di ...	1992	1410826
activation of three species of tsetse (glossina spp.) in response to host derived stimuli.	recordings were made of the activation of hungry glossina morsitans morsitans westwood, g. pallidipes austen, and g. austeni newstead in response to odours from ox breath and ox urine, and a moving visual stimulus, in a wind tunnel. the spontaneous activity of g.m.morsitans was very low (less than 4% of males and 2% of females active per min during control periods). that of g.austeni and g.pallidipes was in the region of 20% except for g.pallidipes females when in excess of 40% were active durin ...	1992	1463900
trypanosoma brucei brucei: in vitro production of metacyclic forms.	an in vitro method has been established to obtain metacyclic form populations of trypanosoma brucei brucei. trypanosome populations containing more than 98% of metacyclic forms were obtained from cultures which were: 1) initiated with bloodstream forms in primary cultures in the presence of microtus montanus embryonic fibroblast-like cells (feeder cell layers); 2) maintained in glucose-free eagle's minimum essential medium supplemented with 10 mm l-proline, 2 mm l-glutamine and 20% (v/v) fetal b ...	1992	1522545
inhibitory effect of trypanosoma brucei brucei on glossina morsitans midgut trypsin in vitro.	the ability of trypanosoma brucei brucei to inhibit trypsin or trypsin-like enzymes in crude midgut homogenates of glossina morsitans morsitans was studied in vitro. the isolated parasites caused a concentration-dependent decrease in midgut trypsin activity. furthermore, trypanosomes lysed by repeated freeze-thawing had a similar effect on trypsin activity. in both cases, the inhibition by either intact or lysed parasites was partial as revealed by dixon plots. similarly, trypanosome membrane pr ...	1992	1409526
health and ecological dilemmas. sleeping sickness.	although trypanosomiasis is one of the major parasitic diseases facing african people, blind efforts to control the disease may cause greater human suffering by damaging the environment. trypanosomiasis, commonly known as sleeping sickness, is spread by the bite of the tsetse fly and affects both humans and cattle. the disease usually causes wasting and emaciation; the human or animal wants to sleep all the time, and death may occur within a few months or years. the tsetse fly inhabits an are ...	1992	12159268
unusual polymethyl alkenes in tsetse flies acting as abstinon inglossina morsitans.	the major alkene of the male tsetse fly,glossina morsitans morsitans, was isolated for characterization by thin-layer and gas chromatography (gc). the mass spectra of the alkene and the alkene dmds derivative indicated one isomer, 19,23-dimethyltritriacont-1-ene. the material is present at 1-2μg/male fly and is partially transferred to the female preparatory to or during mating. a dose-dependent antiaphrodisiac effect was seen with exposed male flies using the isolated natural product, with 2 an ...	1991	24258725
sleeping sickness and tsetse awareness: a sociological study among the tambo and lambya of the northern luangwa valley, zambia.	data on awareness of tsetse flies and knowledge of trypanosomiasis were collected in may, 1988, in the luangwa valley of isoka district in the northern province of zambia. one thousand and nine hundred adult males and females were interviewed. there was a high level of fly awareness among all the respondents, regardless of duration of residence and age groups. malaria was considered as the most serious illness in the community, and hence overshadowed the impact of trypanosomiasis in the communit ...	1991	1807810
[incidence of trypanosoma in the population of tsetse flies at the game ranch of nazinga (burkina faso)].	the frequency of trypanosome infection in glossina morsitans submorsitans and g. tachinoides, at the game ranch of nazinga (burkina faso), was examined. considering the absence of human activities and domestic animals, the study area can be considered as "primitive" and the infection rates as "natural". these results will contribute to clarifying some points concerning the epidemiology of the transmission of the parasite, in particular in those areas where the setting up of a natural game reserv ...	1991	1818363
investigation of the efficacy of flumethrin pour-on for the control of high tsetse and trypanosomiasis challenge in kenya.	the effects of bi-weekly flumethrin pour-on treatments at 1 mg kg bodyweight on tsetse fly population and trypanosome infection rates were monitored over a one-year period (2/89-2/90) in 2000 head of cattle on a trial farm, located in the lamu district in east kenya, an adjacent control farm and a transsecting road for additional fly monitoring. the tsetse fly population on the trial farm dropped from pretreatment counts of 118 flies/trap/week (feb. 1989) to 13 in june 1989 and 32 in jan. 1990. ...	1991	1896770
the effect of isometamidium chloride on insect forms of drug-sensitive and drug-resistant stocks of trypanosoma vivax: studies in vitro and in tsetse flies.	isometamidium chloride-resistant and -sensitive trypanosoma vivax insect forms were continuously propagated in vitro without feeder-layer cells in a semi-defined liquid medium at 27 degrees c. the effect of isometamidium chloride (samorin) on t. vivax was assessed by monitoring the viability of epimastigotes and the production of metacyclic forms. populations of insect forms of t. vivax stock il 1392 and clone il 3185 showed reduced growth and died after 10 days when cultivated in the presence o ...	1991	1994365
effect of polyclonal anti-procyclic antibodies on development of trypanosoma brucei brucei in tsetse flies.	results obtained in experiments testing the efficacy of anti-procyclic-form rabbit sera on the development of homologous and heterologous stocks of trypanosoma brucei brucei in glossina morsitans morsitans indicated that this development was affected little, or not at all, by such sera. the absence of effect of anti-procyclic stage antibodies can be explained by the failure to detect by either direct or indirect fluorescent antibody methods the presence of antibodies acquired in vivo by either t ...	1991	1994370
the decline of a glossina morsitans submorsitans belt in the egbe area of the derived savanna zone, kwara state, nigeria.	in the the early 1970s the egbe area of nigeria was known to be one of high trypanosomiasis risk, with four glossina species g. morsitans submorsitans newstead, g.longipalpis wiedemann, g.palpalis palpalis robineau-desvoidy and g.tachinoides westwood present. grazing by fulani pastoralists used to be short-term and only in the dry season. in recent years these pastoralists have grazed their cattle in the area throughout the year and this has prompted a reappraisal of the tsetse situation. tsetse ...	1991	1768900
structural studies on the major milk gland protein of the tsetse fly, glossina morsitans morsitans.	1. the major protein in the milk gland secretions of the tsetse fly, glossina morsitans morsitans, was isolated by a combination of gel permeation chromatography and crystallization. 2. it has a native mr approximately 47,000 and is composed of two identical polypeptide chains (mr approximately 21,000) as determined by chemical cross-linking studies. the protein has no covalently-bound carbohydrates or lipids. amino acid analysis of the protein revealed relatively high amounts of the aromatic am ...	1991	1790673
anatomy of the parp gene promoter of trypanosoma brucei.	while growing in the tsetse fly, trypanosoma brucei expresses a major surface glycoprotein, the procyclic acidic repetitive protein (parp). the parp genes are transcribed by an alpha-amanitin-resistant rna polymerase. we have determined the sequence requirements for parp promoter activity. studies of rna produced from input dna in transiently transfected trypanosomes indicate that the rna is correctly processed by trans-splicing and polyadenylation. deletion analyses show that 330 bp are suffici ...	1991	1840521
an analysis of survey measurements of tsetse challenge to trypanotolerant cattle in relation to aspects of analytical models of trypanosomiasis.	the recent development of analytical models of trypanosomiasis has increased the general applicability of models to the strategic control of the disease. an analysis of detailed data on tsetse abundance and infection rates and trypanosome prevalence in village-based trypanotolerant cattle over 4 years in the gambia showed that seasonal patterns of abundance in glossina morsitans-infested areas were consistent, and that the rates of trypanosome infection remained relatively unchanging. however, t ...	1991	1866183
the course of experimental trypanosoma vivax infection in uda sheep.	the course of experimental trypanosoma vivax infection in eight uda rams was studied. all the infected animals became parasitaemic 2 days post-inoculation and remained so throughout the study period. a three-phase disease pattern was recognized, i.e. acute, subacute and chronic stages lasting 17-85 days. the disease was characterized by fever and a terminal decrease in rectal temperature despite an increase in parasitaemia with time for rams with acute and subacute infections. mean weight loss w ...	1991	1882495
secondary structure constraints on the evolution of drosophila 28 s ribosomal rna expansion segments.	eukaryotic ribosomal rna genes contain rapidly evolving regions of unknown function termed expansion segments. we present the comparative analysis of the primary and secondary structure of two expansion segments from the large subunit rrna gene of ten species of drosophila and the tsetse fly species glossina morsitans morsitans. at the primary sequence level, most of the differences observed in the sequences obtained are single base substitutions. this is in marked contrast with observations in ...	1991	1904940
susceptibility of n'dama and boran cattle to tsetse-transmitted primary and rechallenge infections with a homologous serodeme of trypanosoma congolense.	eight trypanotolerant n'dama cattle controlled an infection of trypanosoma congolense ilnat 3.1 transmitted by glossina morsitans centralis, more efficiently than a group of similarly infected trypanosusceptible boran cattle. all eight n'damas maintained their pcv above 15% throughout the primary infection whereas the pcv of six of the eight borans dropped below 15%; these latter animals were treated with diminazene aceturate to prevent possible death. lymphocyte, neutrophil and platelet counts ...	1991	1923566
variation in resistance to isometamidium chloride and diminazene aceturate by clones derived from a stock of trypanosoma congolense.	nine clones were derived from a drug-resistant trypanosoma congolense stock (il 2856) and characterized in mice for their sensitivity to isometamidium chloride and diminazene aceturate. all clones were derived from the stock without drug selection and expressed high levels of resistance to isometamidium chloride (50% curative dose [cd50] values ranging from 1.5 to 5.1 mg/kg) and intermediate to high levels of resistance to diminazene aceturate (cd50 values ranging from 5.1 to 21.0 mg/kg). by con ...	1991	2038504
differences in sensitivity of kenyan trypanosoma vivax populations to the prophylactic and therapeutic actions of isometamidium chloride in boran cattle.	isometamidium chloride was administered as a single prophylactic dose of 0.5 mg kg-1 body weight to each of 10 boran (bos indicus) steers. at monthly intervals following drug administration, groups of five cattle each were challenged with one of two different trypanosoma vivax populations transmitted by infected glossina morsitans centralis; one with a stock (il 2982) from galana, kenya and the other with a stock (il 2986) from likoni, kenya. prophylaxis was afforded for less than one month agai ...	1991	2038768
comparative study on rickettsia-like organisms in the midgut epithelial cells of different glossina species.	the midgut epithelium of glossina morsitans centralis, g. austeni, g. pallidipes, g. palpalis palpalis, g. p. gambiensis, g. fuscipes fuscipes, g. tachinoides and g. brevipalpis from ilrad-bred colonies was examined, by electron microscopy, for the presence and distribution of rickettsia-like organisms (rlos). rlos were present in the midgut epithelial cells of all non-teneral tsetse. in g.m. centralis, g. pallidipes and, to a much lesser extent, g. brevipalpis, rlos were numerous and were prese ...	1991	1852486
rickettsia-like organisms, puparial temperature and susceptibility to trypanosome infection in glossina morsitans.	maintaining the puparial stage of successive generations of a population of tsetse 3 degrees c lower than normal reduced the numbers of rickettsia-like organisms (rlo) carried by emerging flies. the susceptibility of these flies to midgut infection with trypanosoma congolense was also significantly reduced compared with control flies held at normal temperature. these results support the view that the relationship between rlo and susceptibility is quantitative-teneral flies with heavier rlo infec ...	1991	1852487
surface coat synthesis and turnover from epimastigote to bloodstream forms of trypanosoma brucei.	monoclonal antibodies to metacyclic surface coat glycoproteins of trypanosoma brucei brucei stib 247lg were produced for a study of the synthesis of metacyclic variable surface glycoproteins (vsgs) within the salivary gland of glossina morsitans morsitans, and of the first exchange of the surface glycoproteins after infection in mice. immunofluorescence antibody tests and protein a-gold labelling revealed that the vsgs are continuously integrated into the whole surface of the trypanosome while i ...	1991	1686146
a new approach to community participation in tsetse control in the busoga sleeping sickness focus, uganda. a preliminary report.	a process is described by which trapping technology is being taught to a rural community which has been affected continuously by an epidemic of sleeping sickness for over a decade. through a systematic health education programme, people are actively involved in making and setting traps and in learning about the general characteristics of the tsetse fly and the disease. a mono-screen trap has been developed for community use and is being used to trap flies. this is the first time that this kind o ...	1991	1746980
lipophorin from the tsetse fly, glossina morsitans morsitans.	1. lipophorin was isolated from the haemolymph of adult tsetse fly, glossina morsitans morsitans, by ultracentrifugation in a potassium bromide density gradient. 2. the tsetse fly lipophorin (mr congruent to 600,000) has a density of congruent to 1.11 g/ml and consists of two apoproteins, apolipophorin-i (apolp-i, mr congruent to 250,000) and apolipophorin-ii (apolp-ii, mr congruent to 80,000), both of which are glycosylated as shown by staining with periodate-schiff reagent. the protein complex ...	1991	1790674
[campaign against sleeping sickness in south-west uganda by trapping tsetse flies].	an outbreak of human trypanosomiasis due to trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense has been affecting the busoga district of uganda since 1976. more than 40,000 cases have been recorded up to 1990. since two years the epidemic area has been extending to the tororo district. the vector is glossina fuscipes. in order to stop the disease transmission a vector control project was launched in 1988 in busoga area. it is based on tsetse fly trapping, using pyramidal optic traps impregnated with deltamethrin (1 ...	1991	1793279
studies on the efficacy of deltamethrin applied to cattle for the control of tsetse flies (glossina spp.) in southern africa.	the tsetse fly (glossina spp.) inhabits 11 million km2 of africa (greekmore, 1989) where it is responsible for the transmission of trypanosomosis to man and animals. because of its slow rate of reproduction, with females producing only four to five pupae per annum, control of the tsetse fly is the best means of controlling trypanosomosis. a number of different methods have been and are used but, whilst successes have been achieved, a long term solution has not been found.	1991	1796525
modelling the probability of a single trypanosome infecting a tsetse fly.	a simple model is fitted to recent data on tsetse infection rates to estimate the probability of a single trypanosome infecting a tsetse fly. the model is extended to accommodate a possible clumping of trypanosomes in host blood.	1991	1796882
interaction between physiological status in n'dama cows and trypanosome infections and its effect on health and productivity of cattle in gambia.	data collected for three years on incidence of trypanosome infections, degree of anaemia as assessed by packed red cell volume (pcv) and live weights of four groups of cows of varying physiological status were analysed. the animals were not harbouring trypanosomes during a period of two to three months before exposure to periods of increasing density of tsetse flies (glossina morsitans submorsitans) while grazing in savannah woodlands. the groups of cows were formed on the following basis: pregn ...	1991	1685874
pathogenicity of tsetse-transmitted trypanosoma congolense for waterbuck (kobus defassa) and boran cattle (bos indicus).	five waterbuck (kobus defassa) and four boran cattle (bos indicus) were infected with trypanosoma congolense il2895 using glossina morsitans morsitans. at the same time, two waterbuck and two cattle were inoculated intravenously with bloodstream forms. with both methods of challenge, cattle had short prepatent periods followed by a continuous high parasitaemia. all cattle became severely anaemic and had to be treated with trypanocidal drugs to prevent death. in contrast, tsetse and intravenous c ...	1991	1685298
infection rates in glossina morsitans morsitans fed on waterbuck and boran cattle infected with trypanosoma congolense.	teneral glossina morsitans morsitans were fed on waterbuck (kobus defassa) and boran cattle (bos indicus) infected experimentally with trypanosoma congolense clone il2895. infection rates in tsetse varied from 9 to 31% when fed on cattle, and from 2 to 59% when fed on waterbuck. in waterbuck, infections were often detected through the development of parasites in tsetse at times when parasitaemia could not be detected through microscopic examination of blood. male and female, and 1- and 2-day-old ...	1991	1685299
therapeutic and prophylactic activity of isometamidium chloride against a tsetse-transmitted drug-resistant clone of trypanosoma congolense in boran cattle.	an investigation was conducted on the therapeutic and prophylactic activity of isometamidium chloride (samorinr) in boran (bos indicus) cattle against a trypanosoma congolense clone, il 3270. this clone was derived, without drug selection, from a stock originally isolated in burkina faso and has previously been shown to be resistant to isometamidium in both cattle and mice using an infection and treatment regimen. a group of 5 cattle were treated intramuscularly with 1.0 mg kg-1 isometamidium ch ...	1991	1678576
temporal changes in activity during destruction of the thoracic ventral eclosion muscle of the tsetse fly.	the spontaneous intracellular activity of the thoracic ventral longitudinal eclosion muscle (vlem) of glossina is described for the period from eclosion up to a short time before the final breakdown of recorded fibres. the vlem comprises a single motor unit with no inhibitory input. the firing frequency of the motor unit declines over 5 h after eclosion and leg release. over a period of inactivity lasting between 19-24 h in the sample fibres, there is no loss of resting membrane potential and oc ...	1991	1682956
expression and deletion analysis of the trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense cysteine protease in escherichia coli.	trypanosoma brucei, the cause of african sleeping sickness, differentiates in the mammalian bloodstream from a long, slender trypanosome into a short, stumpy trypanosome. this event is necessary for infection of the tsetse fly and maintenance of the life cycle. we have previously shown that the stumpy form contains 10- to 15-fold-greater cysteine protease activity than either the slender form or the insect midgut procyclic, and we have isolated a cdna encoding the protease. in order to determine ...	1991	1997411
[the distribution of the tsetse fly (diptera: glossinidae) in the humid savanna zone (central african republic). evaluation of prospective entomological techniques].	two trapping methods were compared during a survey of the distribution of tsetse flies in the mbororo cattle breeding area of the central african republic: (a) several traps dispersed throughout the riverine forest galleries and remaining only one day at each site: (b) one sentinel trap placed at the cattle drinking point and remaining for several days. the latter method was more reliable and is therefore recommended. the concentration of tsetse flies at the drinking points was negligible during ...	1991	1896769
first record of glossina fuscipes fuscipes newstead, 1910 and glossina morsitans submorsitans newstead, 1910 in southwestern saudi arabia.	two species of tsetse flies, glossina fuscipes fuscipes and g. morsitans submorsitans, are, for the first time, recorded from southwestern saudi arabia, near gizan. this discovery is shortly discussed in relation with the presently known distribution of these species.	1990	2291693
experimental infection of n'dama cattle with trypanosomes using glossina palpalis gambiensis caught in the wild.	the transmissibility of trypanosome infection to n'dama cattle by tsetse flies caught in the field was examined. wild-caught glossina palpalis gambiensis were transferred singly into small numbered cages and allowed to feed on 14 uninfected n'dama cattle. following a completed feed the tsetse were dissected and infection in the proboscis, the salivary glands and the gut was recorded. each animal was bitten by a number of tsetse ranging from five up to 64 flies. following dissection of the tsetse ...	1990	2321260
trypanosoma brucei: a membrane-associated protein in coated endocytotic vesicles.	membrane proteins were isolated from purified trypanosoma brucei coated endocytotic vesicles by phase separation with triton x-114. the largest abundant membrane protein was a doublet band with a molecular mass of about 77 kda. a specific antiserum was prepared against this protein by immunization with antigen bands excised from sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gels. immunoblot analyses with this antiserum showed that the 77-kda protein was present in other t. brucei, in t. congolense, and ...	1990	2404779
genomic organization, chromosomal localization, and developmentally regulated expression of the glycosyl-phosphatidylinositol-specific phospholipase c of trypanosoma brucei.	the surface of the bloodstream form of the african trypanosome, trypansoma brucei, is covered with about 10(7) molecules of the variant surface glycoprotein (vsg), a protein tethered to the plasma membrane by a glycosyl-phosphatidylinositol (gpi) membrane anchor. this anchor is cleavable by an endogenous gpi-specific phospholipase c (gpi-plc). gpi-plc activity is down regulated when trypanosomes differentiate from the bloodstream form to the procyclic form found in the tsetse fly vector. we have ...	1990	1688997
comparison of the susceptibility to deltamethrin of female glossina morsitans morsitans westwood, 1850 (diptera: glossinidae) uninfected and infected with trypanosoma (nannomonas) congolense broden, 1904 (kinetoplastida, trypanosomatidae).	the susceptibility of pregnant female glossina morsitans morsitans westwood, 1850 infected with trypanosoma (nannomonas) congolense broden, 1904 to deltamethrin, a synthetic pyrethroid insecticide, was compared to that of pregnant uninfected females. the results showed that infected flies have a significantly higher mortality rate than uninfected ones, and have a reduced longevity compared with uninfected control flies. these experiments suggest that the effects of trypanosome infection on gloss ...	1990	2256771
[relation between tsetse fly density and bovine trypanosomiasis: the case of n'dama cattle ranching (louboulou, congo)].	the authors report the results of an entomo-parasitological survey in the state ranch of louboulou, bouenza region, congo. over a period of more than five months, the average tsetse density was 0.2 glossina palpalis palpalis captured per day and trap. although some specimens of glossina fusca congolensis were also captured, the density of the latter species was quite insignificant. no trypanosomiasis was detected among the n'dama cattle of the ranch, as a result of 114 blood samples collected fo ...	1990	2263746
formulation of pyriproxyfen, a juvenile hormone mimic, for tsetse control.	a topical dose, in 1 microliter acetone, of 0.02 microgram-2-[1-methyl-2-(4-phenoxyphenoxy) ethoxy] pyridine, the juvenile hormone mimic pyriproxyfen (s-31183, sumitomo chemical co.), caused an adult female tsetse, glossina morsitans morsitans westwood, to produce non-viable offspring for the whole of her life. using 14c labelled pyriproxyfen it was determined that as little as 0.001 microgram transferred to the in utero larva was sufficient to arrest development in the pupal stage. a formulatio ...	1990	2132975
monitoring tsetse fly populations. ii. the effect of climate on trap catches of glossina pallidipes.	in part i it was shown that the sampling distribution of trap catches of tsetse flies, glossina pallidipes austen, at nguruman, kenya, using unbaited biconical traps follows a poisson distribution. in this paper we examine the effect of humidity and temperature on day-to-day and seasonal variations in the trap catches. it is shown that the seasonal variation is significantly correlated with maximum daily temperature, the catches increasing with temperature when the maximum temperature is below 3 ...	1990	2132982
specific probes for trypanosoma (trypanozoon) evansi based on kinetoplast dna minicircles.	trypanosoma evansi is difficult to distinguish from other members of subgenus trypanozoon, save for its inability to develop cyclically in the tsetse fly and its characteristic kinetoplast dna (kdna). we have used cloned kdna minicircle fragments as specific probes to distinguish t. evansi from other trypanosomes of subgenus trypanozoon. two probes were required, each specific for one of the subgroups of t. evansi previously described. probe a reacted only with the major isoenzyme group of t. ev ...	1990	2163493
duplicative activation mechanisms of two trypanosome telomeric vsg genes with structurally simple 5' flanks.	in the mammalian bloodstream, african trypanosomes express variant surface glycoprotein (vsg) genes from a family of long and complex telomeric expression sites. vsg switching generally occurs by the duplication of different vsg genes into these sites by gene conversion involving a series of 70 base pair (70bp) repeats in the 5' flank. in contrast, when vsg is first synthesised by trypanosomes in the tsetse fly at the metacyclic stage, a separate set of telomeric expression sites is activated. t ...	1990	2175429
susceptibility of african buffalo and boran cattle to trypanosoma congolense transmitted by glossina morsitans centralis.	four african buffalo (syncerus caffer) and four boran cattle (bos indicus) were each exposed to the bites of 10 tsetse flies infected with trypanosoma congolense. although both groups of animals became infected, the buffalo showed no clinical signs of trypanosomiasis while the cattle suffered from the disease characterized by pronounced skin reactions, high parasitaemia and severe anaemia. the prepatent periods in the buffalo varied from 18 to 27 days in comparison with 11 to 14 days in the catt ...	1990	2343539
monitoring tsetse fly populations. i. the intrinsic variability of trap catches of glossina pallidipes at nguruman, kenya.	during 1986 the tsetse fly glossina pallidipes austen was monitored daily at nguruman, southwestern kenya, using three unbaited biconical traps. this was done to investigate the nature and causes of daily variation in trap catches. the variability of the observed catches was compared to a model which includes the trapping probability and the stochastic variation in the sex-ratio. by comparing the catches of male and female flies we are able to establish the sampling distribution of the trap catc ...	1990	2132981
ultrastructural changes in salivary glands of tsetse, glossina morsitans morsitans, infected with virus and rickettsia-like organisms.	electron microscope observations on enlarged hypertrophied salivary glands dissected from adult laboratory-reared male glossina morsitans morsitans show a concurrent infection of the salivary gland tissue with rod-shaped virus particles and intracellular rickettsia-like organisms. the latter are found intracellular in the epithelium and in the gland lumen enclosed within lytic zones. the virus particles are found within the degenerating cytoplasm, nuclei, and lumen of the cell where they are esp ...	1990	2250102
improved identification of nannomonas infections in tsetse flies from the gambia.	trypanosomes from 36 midgut infections were isolated in procyclic culture from glossina morsitans submorsitans and g. palpalis gambiensis in the gambia. twenty-eight stocks (78%) were identified using dna probes specific for: (a) trypanosoma (nannomonas) congolense savannah type, (b) t. (n.) congolense riverine-forest type, (c) t. (n.) simiae and (d) trypanozoon, t. simiae and savannah type t. congolense were found only in g.m. submorsitans while the riverine-forest type t. congolense was restri ...	1990	1980568
parasite kinetics and cellular responses in goats infected and superinfected with trypanosoma congolense transmitted by glossina morsitans centralis.	trypanosoma congolense infected tsetse were fed on the flanks of goats at sites drained by the prefemoral lymph node. the efferent lymphatic of this lymph node was surgically cannulated and the lymph was collected daily and examined for appearance of parasites, lymph flow and cells. trypanosomes were detected in the lymph 4 days after infection, which was 2 days prior to the appearance of the local skin reaction or the presence of parasites in the blood. once the animal became parasitaemic, tryp ...	1990	1967506
expression of resistance to isometamidium and diminazene in trypanosoma congolense in boran cattle infected by glossina morsitans centralis.	investigations were conducted on the sensitivity to isometamidium chloride (samorin) and diminazene aceturate (berenil) of derivatives of three of the trypanosoma congolense stocks isolated between 1978 and 1983 from zebu cattle in the bobo-dioulasso region of burkina faso. boran cattle were used in the drug-sensitivity tests and were infected using glossina morsitans centralis. the results showed that t. congolense stock il 2466 isolated in 1978 was sensitive to the standard therapeutic dose of ...	1990	1969704
evidence that the mechanism of gene exchange in trypanosoma brucei involves meiosis and syngamy.	all pairwise combinations of three cloned stocks of trypanosoma brucei (stib 247l, stib 386aa and treu 927/4) were co-transmitted through tsetse flies (glossina morsitans) and screened for the production of hybrid trypanosomes. clones of metacyclic and bloodstream trypanosomes from flies harbouring mature infections containing hybrid trypanosomes were established and screened for several isoenzyme and restriction fragment length polymorphisms. for each of the three combinations of parents, some ...	1990	1982633
[east african sleeping sickness (trypanosoma rhodesiense infection) in 2 swiss travelers to the tropics].	we report on two swiss travellers who acquired african sleeping sickness (trypanosoma rhodesiense) the same day while visiting the akagera park in rwanda. the first patient developed clinical signs of sleeping sickness 8 days after being bitten by a tsetse fly. trypanosomes were demonstrated in the blood and csf. the other patient fell ill 13 days after the bite and trypanosomes were found only in blood samples. the first patient (cerebral trypanosomiasis), was treated with melarsoprol. he devel ...	1990	2218457
the effect of intersubspecific hybridization and gamma radiation on the reproductive biology of glossina palpalis palpalis (robineau-desvoidy) and glossina palpalis gambiensis vanderplank.	the closely related tsetse fly subspecies glossina palpalis palpalis (nigeria origin) and glossina palpalis gambiensis (burkina faso origin) hybridize readily in the laboratory. hybridized g.p.palpalis females produced less offspring than the parental intrasubspecific crosses. adult emergence was below 70% with at least 78% being females. most female hybrids were fertile whereas most of the male hybrids were sterile when backcrossed to the g.p.palpalis parental line. all f1 males were capable of ...	1990	2222007
genetic exchange in trypanosoma brucei.	the discovery of genetic exchange in african trypanosomes belonging to the trypanosoma brucei group is an important development in our understanding of these organisms. genetic exchange is a feature of major importance in relation to population structure and speciation. furthermore, a convenient laboratory-based mating system would be of considerable value as a tool in trypanosomiasis research. it is now known that although cyclical development of trypanosomes within the tsetse fly does not requ ...	1990	15463300
lectin signalling of maturation of t. congolense infections in tsetse.	the process of maturation of trypanosoma congolense broden in tsetse has been shown to be initiated by lectin secreted in the fly midgut. in the present study the duration of lectin signal required to induce maturation was determined by the sequential addition or removal of a specific lectin inhibitor (d+glucosamine) to the diet of infected male glossina morsitans westwood. an established midgut infection of t.congolense was found to require, at most, 72 h exposure to midgut lectin to begin the ...	1989	2519657
the roles of vision and olfaction in mate location by males of the tsetse fly glossina morsitans morsitans.	the roles of visual and/or olfactory stimuli in eliciting mating responses from male glossina morsitans morsitans westwood were examined, using a system for automatically recording the number and duration of mating strikes made towards decoys, under controlled conditions. the results confirm that there is no olfactory component of the female sex recognition pheromone sensed by the male antennae, and the attraction of males to females appears to be visual. the absence of male-male mating strikes ...	1989	2519658
mortality in adult tsetse, glossina morsitans morsitans, caused by entomopathogenic bacteria.	mortality in adult tsetse, glossina morsitans morsitans, caused by pseudomonas aeruginosa, serratia marcescens, bacillus sphaericus, bacillus cereus, bacillus thuringiensis h-14, b. thuringiensis 1, b. thuringiensis 5, b. thuringiensis var. insraelensis, and providentia rettgeri was determined. when bacteria were smeared on rabbit skin and tsetse allowed to feed only once on the contaminated area, mortality 8 days postingestion was significantly higher (p less than 0.01) in tsetse fed on p. aeru ...	1989	2738417
evaluations of permethrin-impregnated clothing and three topical repellent formulations of deet against tsetse flies in zambia.	permethrin-impregnated clothing and three topical repellent formulations of deet (diethyltoluamide) were field tested against natural populations of tsetse flies, mostly glossina morsitans centralis machado, in central zambia. volunteers wore different combinations of clothing impregnated with permethrin 0.125 mg ai/cm2 and repellents while riding in a vehicle that was driven slowly (4-6 km/h), with the windows and rear door open, through fly-infested areas. the mean rate of tsetse bites was abo ...	1989	2519659
responses of tsetse flies (glossina spp.) to compounds on the skin surface of an ox: a laboratory study.	the behaviour of male glossina morsitans morsitans westwood and glossina pallidipes austen (diptera: glossinidae) alighting on targets with or without ox sebum was compared. the presence of ox sebum did not increase significantly the number of flies alighting on the target in either species. however, after contact with the sebum coated target, both species showed an increase in flight activity, and g. m.morsitans showed a greater tendency to return to the target. this behaviour resulted in a num ...	1989	2519690
purification and characterization of two fibrinolysins from the midgut of adult female glossina morsitans centralis.	1. adult female tsetse flies (glossina morsitans centralis) have at least five midgut fibrinolytic proteases, the two most active of which we have purified using de-52 cellulose. 2. the purified proteases appeared as single bands in sodium dodecylsulphate polyacrylamide gels and had mol. wts of 24,000 and 23,500 and pi values of 6.0 and 5.3, respectively. 3. both proteases hydrolyse tosyl-gly-pro-arg-pna optimally at ph 8.0 (with km of 20 and 30 microm) and were inhibited by diisopropylfluoropho ...	1989	2523272
trypanosome infection rate of glossina morsitans submorsitans in bahr el arab, south darfur province, sudan.	trypanosome infection rate of glossina morsitans submorsitans in bahr el arab fly belt, sudan was investigated in four areas using fly rounds with screen and bait animals together with traps during the dry season february to may 1985. the overall infection rate of tests flies captured in the four areas was 5.1%. the infection rate of vivax group trypanosomes comprised 64.7% of total infections, congolense group 31.2% and brucei group trypanosomes 3.9%: 27.3% of the vivax and 31.3% of the congole ...	1989	2617680
glossina morsitans morsitans: mortalities caused in adults by experimental infection with entomopathogenic fungi.	various strains of the entomopathogenic fungi: beauveria bassiana, metarhizium anisopliae, paecilomyces fumosoroseus and p. farinosus were found to be pathogenic for adult tsetse, glossina morsitans morsitans but b. bassiana and m. anisopliae were the most pathogenic, often causing mortalities of up to 100%. dose-mortality relationships were demonstrated for both b. bassiana and m. anisopliae and male tsetse were observed to be more susceptible to infection than females. pure cultures of b. bass ...	1989	2565071
genetics of two populations of glossina morsitans centralis (diptera: glossinidae) from zambia.	glossina morsitans centralis machado was collected from the main fly belt west of mumbwa zambia and from the apparently isolated 'keembe pocket' and 11 gene-enzyme systems were examined by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. there were no significant differences in allele frequencies among flies collected entering a vehicle, from fly-rounds, or from f3 traps in the main fly belt. mean heterozygosity per locus is slightly higher in flies from the main fly belt than it is in flies from the 'keembe ...	1989	2566257
isolation and cultivation in vitro to the infective, metacyclic stage of trypanosoma (nannomonas) simiae from glossina morsitans submorsitans.	two separate trypanosome isolations were made from a single nannomonas-infected glossina morsitans submorsitans from the gambia. inoculation of a piglet with the infected hypopharynx produced an infection with trypanosoma simiae. dna was isolated from the bloodstream forms to prepare a probe specific for this species. trypanosomes isolated from the fly midgut were frozen in liquid nitrogen and then cultivated in vitro. amplification of this population and elimination of a yeast contaminant were ...	1989	2566272
rickettsial infections of midgut cells are not associated with susceptibility of glossina morsitans centralis to trypanosoma congolense infection.	teneral and 30-day old non-teneral glossini morsitans centralis, from a laboratory-bred colony, were fed on a goat infected with trypanosoma congolense clone il 1180. they were then maintained on an uninfected rabbit, and dissected on day 30 after the infected feed. the midgut infection rates were 38.1% and 8.1%, with the mature infection rates of 28.7% and 4.3%, respectively. electron microscopical examination revealed the presence of rickettsia-like organisms (rlos) within the mycetomes and th ...	1989	2571249