Publications

the importance of cattle as a food source for glossina morsitans morsitans katete district, eastern province, zambia.	the feeding habits of glossina morsitans morsitans in the eastern province of zambia were studied. a total of 687 meals were identified. results show that 75.1% of the meals were taken on cattle. these results are discussed in relation to the published data on feeding patterns of glossina morsitans morsitans and the control of tsetse or tsetse-transmitted trypanosomosis in the study area.	1997	9164604
control of trypanosoma brucei brucei infections in tsetse, glossina morsitans.	numbers of immature trypanosoma brucei brucei within a tsetse midgut remain remarkably constant after establishment throughout the course of an infection, irrespective of whether the infection eventually matures. these results suggest a system of self regulation of the parasite population in the insect gut based on a form of programmed cell death which would carry advantages for both the parasite and the vector.	1997	9330261
commitment to differentiation and cell cycle re-entry are coincident but separable events in the transformation of african trypanosomes from their bloodstream to their insect form.	african trypanosomes undergo extensive changes in cellular morphology, biochemistry and surface antigen expression as they differentiate from their bloodstream form to those forms that colonise the midgut of their tsetse fly vector. if initiated with stumpy-form cells, a non-dividing sub-type of the bloodstream parasite, differentiation and cell cycle re-entry occur synchronously in the population and provide a means to dissect the respective controls of proliferation and transformation. we have ...	1997	9372450
position-dependent and promoter-specific regulation of gene expression in trypanosoma brucei.	trypanosoma brucei evades the mammalian immune response by a process of antigenic variation. this involves mutually exclusive and alternating expression of telomere-proximal variant surface glycoprotein genes (vsgs), which is controlled at the level of transcription. to examine transcription repression in t.brucei we inserted reporter genes, under the control of either rrna or vsg expression site (es) promoters, into various chromosomal loci. position-dependent repression of both promoters was o ...	1997	9405371
genetics of hybridization of glossina swynnertoni with glossina morsitans morsitans and glossina morsitans centralis.	reciprocal crosses were performed with glossina swynnertoni and glossina morsitans morsitans and with g.swynnertoni and glossina morsitans centralis, using strains that carried marker genes in all three linkage groups. glossina swynnertoni males can inseminate, but not fertilize, g.m.morsitans; all other crosses produced some fertile females. hybridization did not cause sex ratio distortion among f1 flies. most f1 and backcross females were fertile, but all f1 males were sterile. sterility among ...	1997	9430118
comparison between tsetse fly synthetic diet and bovine blood on reproduction and survivorship in tabanus nigrovittatus (diptera: tabanidae).	a synthetic diet, developed for tsetse flies and fed to tabanus nigrovittatus macquart before the 2nd gonotrophic cycle, supported complete egg maturation. t. nigrovittatus is autogenous only during the 1st cycle. overall, 52% of females fed bovine blood and 46% fed the synthetic diet produced mature, stage 10 follicles. of these, 76% of the blood-fed females and 65% of those fed the synthetic diet laid egg masses, all of which hatched. the median adult survivorship was 9 d for blood-fed and 8 d ...	1997	9439131
effect of the life-span of female glossina palpalis gambiensis on the weight and size of its progeny.	pupae and teneral flies of glossina palpalis gambiensis originating from three successive reproductive cycles were compared for their size and weight. in general, pupal weight and fly weight increased, whereas fly size, measured as wing vein length, decreased with the number of reproductive cycles. the linear regression observed between weight and wing vein length of the fly demonstrated that, particularly for flies originating from the first and second larvipositions, small changes in wing vein ...	1997	9061683
phylogeny and potential transmission routes of midgut-associated endosymbionts of tsetse (diptera:glossinidae).	many tsetse species (diptera: glossinidae) harbour two morphologically different intracellular endosymbiotic microorganisms associated with gut tissue: primary (p) and secondary (s) endosymbionts. the p-endosymbionts of tsetse (wigglesworthia glossinidia) are sequestered in specialized epithelial cells, bacteriocytes, which form a structure (bacteriome) in the anterior portion of the gut. phylogenetic characterization of p-endsymbionts from the three subgenera of genus glossina has shown that th ...	1997	9099582
kinetoplastid glucose transporters.	protozoa of the order kinetoplastida have colonized many habitats, and several species are important parasites of humans. adaptation to different environments requires an associated adaptation at a cell's interface with its environment, i.e. the plasma membrane. sugar transport by the kinetoplastida as a phylogenetically related group of organisms offers an exceptional model in which to study the ways by which the carrier proteins involved in this process may evolve to meet differing environment ...	1997	9271074
prophylactic effects of isometamidium- and ethidium-sustained release devices against trypanosoma congolense in cattle.	two successive experiments were carried out in which three cows were treated by intramuscular injection of either 0.5 mg/kg isometamidium or 1 mg/kg ethidium and compared with another group of three cows which received a subcutaneously implanted sustained release device (srd) containing the same dose of drug. the prophylactic effect of both drug formulations was evaluated by exposing the animals at monthly intervals to glossina morsitans morsitans infected with trypanosoma congolense. the averag ...	1997	9140511
univariate analysis of tsetse habitat in the common fly belt of southern africa using climate and remotely sensed vegetation data.	tsetse are vectors of trypanosomes that cause diseases both in humans and livestock. traditional tsetse surveys, using sampling methods such as epsilon traps and black screen fly rounds, are often logistically difficult, costly and time-consuming. the distribution of tsetse, as revealed by such survey methods, is strongly influenced by environmental conditions, such as climate and vegetation cover, which may be readily mapped using satellite data. these data may be used to make predictions of th ...	1997	9330253
effect of diminazene aceturate on the infectivity and transmissibility of drug-resistant trypanosoma congolense in glossina morsitans centralis.	to determine the duration after treatment of cattle with diminazene aceturate that the drug influences the tsetse infectivity and transmissibility of a drug-resistant trypanosoma congolense, six boran cattle were infected with t. congolense il 3338 via the bites of glossina morsitans centralis. at the first peak of parasitaemia, different groups of 120 teneral g. m. centralis were fed on one occasion on each animal, 1 h before treatment with diminazene aceturate at a dose of 3.5 mg kg-1 body wei ...	1997	9195705
cloning and expression of a bacillus thuringiensis (l1-2) gene encoding a crystal protein active against glossina morsitans morsitans and chilo partellus.	a local isolate of bacillus thuringiensis,designated l1-2, that is toxic to chilo partellus was found to be toxic to the adult tsetse fly, glossina morsitans morsitans. the delta-endotoxin crystals derived from the isolate gave a major protein band with a molecular weight of mr 130,000-140,000 on denaturing polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. the sequence of the cloned gene was found to be similar to that of the b. thuringiensis subsp. kurstaki hd-73 cryia(c) gene, having one amino acid differen ...	1997	9003589
degradation of a radiolabeled juvenile hormone analog using two insect species.	a synthetic insect juvenile hormone analog (a juvenoid), ethyl n-[2-[4-[[2,2-(ethylenedioxy)cyclohexyl]methyl]phenox]ethyl]carbam ate, which has displayed high biological activity against different insect species and high stability under field conditions, was selected as a biologically active model compound for a study of a juvenile hormone analog degradation. the biologically active compound itself and its three diversely radiolabeled derivatives were applied to the flesh fly (sarcophaga bullat ...	1997	9783444
survival of trypanosoma brucei in the tsetse fly is enhanced by the expression of specific forms of procyclin.	african trypanosomes are not passively transmitted, but they undergo several rounds of differentiation and proliferation within their intermediate host, the tsetse fly. at each stage, the survival and successful replication of the parasites improve their chances of continuing the life cycle, but little is known about specific molecules that contribute to these processes. procyclins are the major surface glycoproteins of the insect forms of trypanosoma brucei. six genes encode proteins with exten ...	1997	9182668
mapping tsetse habitat suitability in the common fly belt of southern africa using multivariate analysis of climate and remotely sensed vegetation data.	the distribution of glossina morsitans centralis, glossina morsitans morsitans and glossina pallidipes are described in part of southern africa, using a range of multivariate techniques applied to climate and remotely sensed vegetation data. linear discriminant analysis is limited in its predictive power by the assumption of common covariances in the classes within multivariate environment space. maximum likelihood classification is one of a variety of alternative methods that do not have this c ...	1997	9330254
comparison of the susceptibility of different glossina species to simple and mixed infections with trypanosoma (nannomonas) congolense savannah and riverine forest types.	teneral glossina morsitans mositans, g.m.submorsitans, g.palpalis gambiensis and g.tachinoides were allowed to feed on rabbits infected with trypanosoma congolense savannah type or on mice infected with t.congolense riverine-forest type. the four tsetse species and subspecies were also infected simultaneously in vitro on the blood of mice infected with the two clones of t.congolense via a silicone membrane. the infected tsetse were maintained on rabbits and from the day 25 after the infective fe ...	1997	9330255
localization of genes controlling resistance to trypanosomiasis in mice.	tsetse fly-transmitted trypanosomes (trypanosoma spp.) cause "sleeping sickness' in man and have a serious impact on livestock-based agriculture in large areas of africa. multigene control of variation in susceptibility to trypanosomiasis is known to occur in mice, where the c57bi/6 (b6) strain is relatively resistant and the a/j (a) and balb/c (b) strains are susceptible. such resistance is also well described among several types of west african cattle. we report here the results of genome-wide ...	1997	9171834
factors affecting trypanosome infection rate in tsetse fly (diptera: glossinidae) populations.	wide variations in trypanosome infection rate are observed in different tsetse fly (glossina spp.) populations environmental factors and features proper to the vector, mammalian host and infecting-trypanosome species acting in the acquisition and development of infective-trypanosome infection in tsetse are examined.	1997	9419848
molecular characterization of trypanosome isolates from naturally infected domestic animals in burkina, faso.	a total of 33 trypanosome cryostabilates isolated from domestic animals (bovine and dogs) were analysed using the polymerase chain reaction (pcr). the pcr was undertaken on diluted and treated buffy coat solutions according to an easy protocol of purification, using primers specific to trypanosoma (nannomonas) congolense of savannah, riverine-forest, kilifi and tsavo types, t. (n) simiae, t. (trypanozoon) brucei and t. (duttonella) vivax. the results showed a lack of pcr sensitivity when target ...	1997	9299694
cross-resistance associated with development of resistance to isometamidium in a clone of trypanosoma congolense.	resistance to isometamidium was increased 94-fold in a clone of trypanosoma congolense (clone il 1180) by repeated subcurative treatment of infected mice for 11 months. this was associated with 3.4-, 33-, and 4.2-fold increases in resistance to diminazene, homidium, and quinapyramine, respectively. both t. congolense il 1180 and the resistant derivative were able to undergo cyclical development in glossina morsitans centralis tsetse flies, producing hypopharyngeal infection rates of 40.0 and 39. ...	1997	9210695
anaphylactic reaction after bites by glossina morsitans (tsetse fly) in a laboratory worker.		1996	8828549
is point mutagenesis a mechanism for antigenic variation in trypanosoma brucei?	antigenic variation in african trypanosomes proceeds by switching between different variant surface glycoprotein (vsg) molecules, whose extensive epitope differences enable evasion of antibody responses. each trypanosome has approximately 1000 basic copy vsg genes inside chromosomes and a subset located at telomeres. switching usually involves different individual basic copy genes being duplicated, as an expression linked copy, into a transcriptionally active site. in a few cases expression link ...	1996	8844670
intracellular endosymbiotic bacteria of camponotus species (carpenter ants): systematics, evolution and ultrastructural characterization.	intracellular endosymbiotic bacteria inherent to ants of the genus camponotus were characterized. the bacteria were localized in bacteriocytes, which are specialized cells of both workers and queen ants; these cells are intercalated between epithelial cells of the midgut. the bacteriocytes show a different morphology from the normal epithelial cells and carry a large number of the rod-shaped gram-negative bacteria free in the cytoplasm. the bacteria were never observed in the neighbouring epithe ...	1996	8866472
genetic exchange in trypanosomes.	the process of genetic exchange in trypanosomes was first described 10 years ago, when jenni and colleagues obtained hybrid trypanosomes after cotransmitting 2 trypanosoma brucei ssp. clones through the tsetse fly. the process is a non-obligatory part of the trypanosome life cycle and takes place in the fly, probably during development in the salivary glands. nuclear dna markers are inherited for the most-part in a mendelian fashion, indicating that meiosis is involved. however, there is no evid ...	1996	8989895
the effect of host blood in the in vitro transformation of bloodstream trypanosomes by tsetse midgut homogenates.	midgut homogenates prepared from glossina morsitans morsitans, that had previously been fed on different host blood samples, were tested for their abilities to transform bloodstream trypanosoma brucei into procyclic (midgut) forms in vitro. compared to rat and goat blood samples, eland blood had the least capacity to support trypanosome transformation, whereas buffalo blood showed intermediate capacity. fractionation of rat blood showed the importance of the cellular portion since both rat and e ...	1996	8994132
remotely sensed surrogates of meteorological data for the study of the distribution and abundance of arthropod vectors of disease.	this paper gives an overview of how certain meteorological data used in studies of the population dynamics of arthropod vectors of disease may be predicted using remotely sensed, satellite data. details are given of the stages of processing necessary to convert digital data arising from satellite sensors into ecologically meaningful information. potential sources of error in these processing steps are also highlighted. relationships between ground-measured meteorological variables (saturation de ...	1996	8729623
electrical transients in the cell-volume response to cyclic amp of the tsetse fly malpighian tubule	1. using cyclic amp to stimulate perfused tsetse fly malpighian tubules bathed in so42- ringer frequently causes an immediate but transient peak in transtubular potential (vt), before stabilisation of vt at an increased value. 2. these transients were investigated by monitoring the associated changes in cable properties and currentvoltage (i/v) relationships. tubules were perfused and bathed in either cl- ringer or so42- ringer (containing 8 mmol l-1 cl-). 3. tubules bathed in cl- ringer sh ...	1996	9319501
composition of the peritrophic matrix of the tsetse fly, glossina morsitans morsitans.	the three-layered peritrophic matrix of glossina morsitans morsitans is shown, by histochemistry, to be formed of a mixture of glycosaminoglycans, glycoproteins and chitin. in all three layers the glycosaminoglycans contain glcnac-hexuronic and gal-glcnac moieties, together with chitin. glycosaminoglycans in layer 3 are sulphated and sulphated sites have a mean interspace distance of 53 nm - similar to the spacing of fixed charge sites in glomerular basement membrane suggesting a rôle for these ...	1996	8593667
the parp promoter of trypanosoma brucei is developmentally regulated in a chromosomal context.	african trypanosomes are extracellular protozoan parasites that are transmitted from one mammalian host to the next by tsetse flies. bloodstream forms express variant surface glycoprotein (vsg); the tsetse fly (procyclic) forms express instead the procyclic acidic repetitive protein (parp). parp mrna is abundant in procyclic forms and almost undetectable in blood-stream forms. post-transcriptional mechanisms are mainly responsible for parp mrna regulation but results of nuclear run-on experiment ...	1996	8614620
are stable flies (diptera: stomoxyinae) vectors of trypanosoma vivax in the central african republic?	the epidemiology of trypanosoma vivax infections was studied at a riverside site in the ouro-djafoun livestock area situated in the central african republic during the period between july 1991 and july 1992. this paper examines the possibility that stable flies (diptera: stomoxyinae) were also vectors of this trypanosome species in a non-cyclic way. previous studies have revealed that the usual cyclic transmission by the tsetse fly glossina fuscipes fuscipes was probably not the only transmissio ...	1996	8721295
pharmacokinetics of diminazene in plasma and lymph of goats.	to characterize the pharmacokinetics of diminazene in plasma and pseudo-afferent lymph of east africa x galla goats.	1996	8723887
predicting the distribution of tsetse flies in west africa using temporal fourier processed meteorological satellite data.	an example is given of the application of remotely-sensed, satellite data to the problems of predicting the distribution and abundance of tsetse flies in west africa. the distributions of eight species of tsetse, glossina morsitans, g. longipalpis, g. palpalis, g. tachinoides, g. pallicera, g. fusca, g. nigrofusca and g. medicorum in côte d'ivoire and burkina faso, were analysed using discriminant analysis applied to temporal fourier-processed surrogates for vegetation, temperature and rainfall ...	1996	8758138
a promotor directing alpha-amanitin-sensitive transcription of garp, the major surface antigen of insect stage trypanosoma congolense.	the major surface antigen of procyclic and epimastigote forms of trypanosoma congolense in the tsetse fly is garp (glutamic acid/alanine-rich protein), which is thought to be the analogue of procyclin/parp in trypanosoma brucei. we have studied two t.congolense garp loci (the 4.3 and 4.4 loci) whose transcription is alpha-amanitin sensitive. whilst a transcriptional gap 5' of the first garp gene in the cloned region of the 4.4 locus could not be detected, such a gap was present in the 5' flank o ...	1996	8628650
isolation and characterization of the tsetse thrombin inhibitor: a potent antithrombotic peptide from the saliva of glossina morsitans morsitans.	a potent and specific inhibitor of the human coagulation protease thrombin was identified in salivary gland extracts of the tsetse fly, glossina morsitans morsitans, an important vector of african trypanosomiasis. this low molecular weight peptide (mw = 3,530 da as determined by laser desorption mass spectrometry) was purified using a combination of size-exclusion chromatography and reverse-phase, high-performance liquid chromatography, respectively. amino terminal sequencing of the purified pro ...	1996	8644901
the effect of experimental infection of boran cattle in early and mid-pregnancy with trypanosoma vivax.	six susceptible galana and five trypanotolerant orma boran (bos indicus) cattle were infected experimentally with trypanosoma vivax ketri 2501 by cyclical transmission using glossina morsitans during early and mid-pregnancy. four pregnant animals, two of each boran type were used as controls and remained uninfected throughout the study period. three out of the six infected susceptible galana borans aborted, whilst one had a stillborn calf. none of the trypanotolerant orma boran cattle aborted an ...	1996	8791852
[human african trypanosomiasis].	human african trypanosomiasis (hat) is caused by infestation with a flagellate protozoan, the trypanosome which is inoculated by the bite of the tsetse fly glossina. the particular ecological conditions of parasites and vectors are such that the disease is only found in the intertropical regions of africa. although there are many species of trypanosomes, only two, belonging to the brucei group are likely to lead to hat. these two species are quite similar morphologically but have different patho ...	1996	8952890
ultrastructural changes in the milk gland of tsetse glossina morsitans centralis (diptera; glissinidae) female infected by a dna virus	milk glands, dissected out and collected from glossina morsitans centralis (machado) females, artificially inoculated at the third-instar larval stage with a virus suspension obtained from hypertrophied salivary glands of wild-caught virus-infected glossina pallidipes (austen), were processed for routine electron microscopy and examined for pathological changes. they were compared to milk glands dissected out from normal female g.m. centralis at the same stage of pregnancy cycle. upon dissection ...	1996	8954813
[experimental infection of glossina morsitans morsitans (mall) with trypanosoma congolense (zre/g143/90). parasite cycle and vector competence in the tsetse fly].	this report presents an experimental study of the life cycle of trypanosoma congolense (zre/g 143/90) in relation to the vectorial competence of glossina morsitans (mall). the rate of engorgement at the time of an infectious meal and the mortality before day 15 of the life cycle were not significantly different between male and female flies. the mesocyclic forms of trypanosomes were regularly observed in the proventriculus, crop duct, oesophagus, cibarium and proboscis, except in the crop. on da ...	1996	9026227
trypanosome-binding proteins of the tsetse flies glossina palpalis gambiensis and g. morsitans morsitans.	in this paper we describe a new, selective approach to identify protein ligand-receptor interactions between an arthropod vector and the parasite it transmits. biotinylated vector proteins were incubated with living parasites in physiological conditions. after extensive washing, the parasites were subjected to sds-page electrophoresis and the polypeptides were electroblotted onto nitrocellulose membrane. staining with avidin-horseradish peroxidase revealed only biotin-labeled proteins from the v ...	1996	9198586
distribution and abundance of trypanosome (subgenus nannomonas) infections of the tsetse fly glossina pallidipes in southern africa.	over 10 000 glossina pallidipes tsetse flies were collected during two field studies in the zambezi valley, zimbabwe and one in the luangwa valley, zambia. these were screened for mature trypanosome infections and 234 dot-blot preparations were made of infected midguts, which were screened using dna probes or pcr with primers specific to different species or types of the trypanosome subgenus nannomonas. over 70% of midgut infections were successfully identified as either trypanosoma godfreyi, t. ...	1996	9147687
prevalence of tsetse fly and ruminant trypanosomosis in katsina-ala local government area, nigeria.	the prevalence of ruminant trypanosomosis and tsetse flies was investigated in katsina-ala local government area--a sleeping sickness endemic area--between the valleys of river benue, katsina-ala and donga in central nigeria. analysis of three hundred and twenty blood samples showed that among semi-nomadic animals, about one cattle (21.3%; 0.213, confidence interval c1 +/- 0.06) and two sheep (38.0%; 0.380, c1 +/- 0.10) out of five carried mature trypanosome infections. significantly lower (p < ...	1996	9558969
the scourge of human african trypanosomiasis.	human african trypanosomiasis (sleeping sickness) is a parasitic disease caused by two different trypanosome subspecies, trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense and t.b. gambiense. each causes a different form of the disease. untreated, the outcome of both infections is death. sleeping sickness occurs exclusively on the african continent, south of the sahara. it is restricted to the distribution area of its vector, glassina or tsetse fly. 36 out of the 52 african countries are considered endemic for slee ...	1995	12319651
biocontrol potential of the entomogenous fungi beauveria bassiana and metarhizium anisopliae for tsetse flies (glossina spp.) at developmental sites.	spores of two entomogenous fungi, beauveria bassiana and metarhizium anisopliae, were mixed with sterile sand at two different concentrations (1.0 and 0.5 g/liter) and larvae of tsetse flies glossina morsitans morsitans allowed to pupate in it, simulating field larviposition sites. one gram weight of b. bassiana-sand mixture was estimated to contain 1.4 x 10(6) spores/g and that of m. anisopliae-sand mixture 2.3 x 10(6) spores/g. adult tsetse emerging from pupae in sand-spore mixtures suffered h ...	1995	8568279
trypanosoma brucei: stimulation of adenylate cyclase by proventriculus and esophagus tissue of the tsetse fly, glossina morsitans morsitans.		1995	8543006
successful application of deltamethrin pour on to cattle in a campaign against tsetse flies (glossina spp.) in the pastoral zone of samorogouan, burkina faso.	1,500-2,000 head of cattle were treated with deltamethrin 1% spot on in an area of high tsetse densities, notably of glossina morsitans submorsitans. after four treatments at monthly intervals, the time between two treatments was increased to two months. 11 months after the commencement of the campaign the fly population had decreased from initially 54.2 flies/trap/day to densities varying between 0.06-2.0 flies/trap/day, mostly g. palpalis gambiensis. blood-meal analysis showed that this specie ...	1995	8533022
[improving the salivation technic in the tsetse fly for the detection of infective metatripanosomes: study of the effect of biologic and non-biologic factors in the probing behavior of the tsetse fly].	the probing and salivation behaviour on a warm slide of three tsetse fly species or subspecies (glossina morsitans morsitans, glossina palpalis gambiensis, glossina tachinoides) was examined with respect to various parameters (species, sex, age, starvation period, trypanosome infection, quality of support). each fly was given the opportunity to probe the warm slide (38 degrees c) for 5 minutes (we mean by probing an attempt to touch the glass slide by the proboscis in a biting position). g.m mor ...	1995	8552846
hydrogen peroxide destaining: a new method for removing non-specific stains in nitrocellulose membrane-based dot-elisa for the detection of trypanosomes in tsetse flies (glossina spp.).	gut samples prepared from laboratory-reared tsetse flies and applied in dots onto nitrocellulose (nc) membrane were found to stain the membrane with differing coloration and intensity. the stains were, predominantly, either reddish to brown or blackish-brown to black and occasionally greenish to almost colourless, depending on the stage of digestion of the bloodmeal in the fly. nc membrane strips applied with tsetse gut samples from t. brucei infected and uninfected control flies were tested wit ...	1995	7490455
trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense: variation in human serum resistance after transmission between bushbuck and domestic ruminants by glossina morsitans morsitans.		1995	7572432
decline of glossina morsitans ugadensis in gambella, ethiopia.	gambella is the only area where sleeping sickness is endemic in ethiopia. four species of glossina had been reported from gambella out of the five species found in the country in surveys made before 1985. these are glossina morsitans ugadensis, g. pallidipes, g. fuscipes and g. tachinoides. a tsetse fly survey was carried out in parts of gambella owing to the fact that the area is undergoing ecological changes due to massive deforestation (because of resettlement and development programmes), poa ...	1995	7498005
purification and characterization of a midgut lectin-trypsin complex from the tsetse fly glossina longipennis.	a blood-meal-induced lectin (agglutinin) with proteolytic activity was isolated from midgut extracts of glossina longipennis by a two-step procedure involving anion-exchange chromatography. it is a glycoprotein [native molecular weight (m(r) 61,000 +/- 3000 da) composed of two noncovalently-linked subunits designated alpha (m(r), approximately 27,000 da) and beta (m(r), approximately 33,000 da). the trypsin activity and the glycosyl residues were present on the alpha- and beta-subunits, respecti ...	1995	7624283
molecular analysis of the endosymbionts of tsetse flies: 16s rdna locus and over-expression of a chaperonin.	based on 16s rdna sequence comparison, intracellular mycetome-associated endosymbionts (p-endosymbionts) of tsetse flies (diptera: glossinidae) form a distinct lineage within the gamma-3 subdivision of proteobacteria, related to the free-living bacterium escherichia coli, midgut s-endosymbionts of various insects including tsetse flies, and to the p-endosymbiont lineage of aphids, buchnera aphidicola. gene organization and expression of several loci in intracellular microorganisms have revealed ...	1995	7538012
relationships between host blood factors and proteases in glossina morsitans subspecies infected with trypanosoma congolense.	host blood effects on trypanosoma congolense establishment in glossina morsitans morsitans and glossina morsitans centralis were investigated using goat, rabbit, cow and rhinoceros blood. meals containing goat erythrocytes facilitated infection in g.m.morsitans, whereas meals containing goat plasma facilitated infection in g.m.centralis. goat blood effects were not observed in the presence of complementary rabbit blood components. n-acetyl-glucosamine (a midgut-lectin inhibitor) increased infect ...	1995	7787223
wigglesworthia gen. nov. and wigglesworthia glossinidia sp. nov., taxa consisting of the mycetocyte-associated, primary endosymbionts of tsetse flies.	the primary endosymbionts (p-endosymbionts) of tsetse flies (diptera: glossinidae) are harbored inside specialized cells (mycetocytes) in the anterior region of the gut, and these specialized cells form a white, u-shaped organelle called mycetome. the p-endosymbionts of five tsetse fly species belonging to the glossinidae have been characterized morphologically, and their 16s ribosomal dna sequences have been determined for phylogenetic analysis. these organisms were found to belong to a distinc ...	1995	7547309
identification of a mariner element from the tsetse fly, glossina palpalis palpalis.	in the present study, the polymerase chain reaction was used initially to demonstrate the presence of mariner sequences in seven species/subspecies of tsetse flies. dna hybridization experiments show mariner sequences to be dispersed within the tsetse genome and that there are large variations in copy numbers among the various taxa. a genomic library was used to isolate and characterize a full-length mariner element from g. p. palpalis. the results indicate that this element is 1257 bp in length ...	1995	7551197
transcriptional regulation of metacyclic variant surface glycoprotein gene expression during the life cycle of trypanosoma brucei.	in antigenic variation in african trypanosomes, switching of the variant surface glycoprotein (vsg) allows evasion of the mammalian host immune response. trypanosomes first express the vsg in the tsetse fly vector, at the metacyclic stage, in preparation for transfer into the mammal. in this life cycle stage, a small, specific subset (1 to 2%) of vsgs are activated, and we have shown previously that the system of activation and expression of metacyclic vsg (m-vsg) genes is very different from th ...	1995	7565747
are cd8 t cells involved in control of african trypanosomiasis in a natural host environment?	murine models have suggested that cd8 t cells might play a major parasite-promoting role in african trypanosomiasis. to assess the role of these cells in a natural host environment, we have depleted cd8 cells from boran cattle in vivo and subsequently infected these animals with trypanosoma congolense by tsetse fly challenge. following administration of a mouse monoclonal anti-bovine cd8 antibody, we have been able to achieve a depletion of more than 99.9% in peripheral blood, spleen, prescapula ...	1995	7621872
expression of garp, a major surface glycoprotein of trypanosoma congolense, on the surface of trypanosoma brucei: characterization and use as a selectable marker.	procyclic and epimastigote forms of trypanosoma congolense express an immunodominant glutamic acid/alanine-rich protein (garp) that covers the parasite surface. although garp shows no sequence similarity to procyclins from t. brucei, the general characteristics of the two sets of surface glycoproteins suggest that they have analogous functions, in much the same way that variant surface glycoproteins with unrelated primary sequences fulfil the same function in bloodstream form trypanosomes. since ...	1995	7637714
the kinetics of maturation of trypanosome infections in tsetse.	estimates of the time delay between the infective bloodmeal and maturation (incubation or maturation time) for 4 trypanosome stocks (2 trypanozoon and 2 trypanosoma congolense) show that maturation time in tsetse is not a parasite species-specific constant. the mean incubation time of a trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense stock (eatro 2340 - 18 days) was not significantly different from one t. congolense stock (sikuda88 - 15.5 days) but was significantly greater than another (1/148 fly9 - 12.5 days). ...	1995	7675533
properties of a blood-meal-induced midgut lectin from the tsetse fly glossina morsitans.	the properties of a blood-meal-induced lectin (agglutinin) from the midgut of glossina morsitans capable of agglutinating trypanosoma brucei were studied in vitro. the midgut homogenate from flies that had been fed twice had the highest agglutination activity, followed by that from the once-fed flies and that from the unfed insects. as compared with the bloodstream-form trypanosomes, a much lower concentration of the midgut homogenate was required for agglutination of the procyclic parasites. fu ...	1995	7624282
comparative sensitivity of antigen-detection enzyme immunosorbent assay and the microhaematocrit centrifugation technique in the diagnosis of trypanosoma brucei infections in cattle.	four boran cattle were infected with trypanosoma brucei using glossina morsitans centralis and were left untreated throughout the experimental period of 18 months. during this period, sequential blood samples were collected and examined for the presence of antitrypanosome antibodies and their antigens. using the buffy coat technique (bct), trypanosomes were detected in 38 (16.3%) of the 233 blood samples. unlike the bct, antigen-detection enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ag-elisa) diagnosed in ...	1995	7732650
[standardization and evaluation of a manual salivation method for the detection of trypanosoma infection in the tsetse fly (diptera: glossinidae)].	two methods of salivation of tsetse flies, namely manual salivation and method of bruce et al. were simultaneously evaluated on 1,702 male uninfected glossina palpalis palpalis (zaire), g. palpalis gambiensis (bobo-dioulasso), g. p. gambiensis (maisons-alfort) et g. morsitans morsitans (mall) fasted for 23, 48 and 72 hours. the risk of salivation was 0.66 by the manual method and 0.01 by the method of bruce et al. the manual salivation method was standardised on 79 male g. m. morsitans (mall) in ...	1995	8552848
a successful backcross in trypanosoma brucei.	genetic exchange can take place between different strains of trypanosoma brucei ssp. when they are cotransmitted via the tsetse fly vector, but the mechanism and limits of compatibility between strains are ill-defined as yet. following the recovery of several hybrid genotypes with single drug resistance from a cross of drug resistant parental strains, we attempted a series of backcrosses and f1 crosses, selecting hybrids by double drug resistance. of 4 backcrosses, one produced hybrid progeny, t ...	1995	7723777
a comparison of glossina morsitans centralis originating from tanzania and zambia, with respect to vectorial competence for pathogenic trypanosoma species, genetic variation and inter-colony fertility.	two laboratory strains of glossina morsitans centralis originating from different fly-belts (one from singida, in tanzania, and the other from mumbwa, in zambia) were compared with respect to vectorial competence for pathogenic trypanosoma species, genetic variation and inter-colony fertility. the vectorial competence of g.m.centralis of tanzanian origin for trypanosma vivax and t. congolense is similar to, whereas for t.brucei brucei it is lower than the colony of zambian origin. nevertheless, ...	1995	8541585
genetic variability and segregation analysis in glossina moristans moristans (diptera: glossinidae) using dna fingerprinting.	dna hybridization, using the m13 sequence as a probe, was used to analyze the genetic variability in four inbred lines of the tsetse fly glossina morsitans morsitans westwood. an average of 11.2 bands (ranging from 2 to 10 kb) were found per fly. an average of nine loci were detected in each line; 40% of the loci were polymorphic and the mean heterozygosity per locus varied from 0.098 to 0.29. averaging the data across the four inbred lines, the band sharing estimates were 82.5% in males and 81. ...	1994	8200517
[tsetse and livestock in central african republic: retreat of glossina morsitans submorsitans (diptera, glossinidae)].	in the early 1960s, the most part of the central african republic was located inside the distribution area of glossina morsitans submorsitans newst. since the last distribution studies of this tsetse in car (in 1963), the number of cattle has increased from 400,000 to approximately two millions, mainly of the mbororo zebu breed. to set up the present distribution of g. m. submorsitans a study by trapping has been carried out in 27 livestock areas, regarding about 1,200 pastoralists' settlements. ...	1994	8003908
evidence for an interplay between cell cycle progression and the initiation of differentiation between life cycle forms of african trypanosomes.	successful transmission of the african trypanosome between the mammalian host blood-stream and the tsetse fly vector involves dramatic alterations in the parasite's morphology and biochemistry. this differentiation through to the tsetse midgut procyclic form is accompanied by re-entry into a proliferative cell cycle. using a synchronous differentiation model and a variety of markers diagnostic for progress through both differentiation and the cell cycle, we have investigated the interplay betwee ...	1994	8195296
trypanosome infections of the tsetse fly glossina pallidipes in the luangwa valley, zambia.	trypanosome infections of glossina pallidipes were investigated at a site in the luangwa valley, zambia between june 1991 and september 1992. almost 3700 flies were captured, dissected, screened for trypanosome infection, and aged using both wing fray and (for females) ovarian categories. dna probes were used to identify midgut infections. prevalences of mature infections were 6.2% trypanosoma vivax-type and 3.1% t. congolense-type (including low prevalances of t. brucei, t. simiae and another n ...	1994	7772128
trypanosoma simiae in the white rhinoceros (ceratotherium simum) and the dromedary camel (camelus dromedarius).	trypanosoma simiae was identified as the cause of a disease outbreak in dromedary camels (camelus dromedarius) introduced to tsavo east national park, confirming the susceptibility of camels to this pathogen. t. simiae was also isolated from a new host, the white rhinoceros (ceratotherium simum) through xenodiagnosis with a susceptible tsetse species (glossina morsitans centralis). a white rhinoceros showed some evidence of anaemia and lymphopaenia when harbouring t. simiae, but did not suffer a ...	1994	7975114
relationships between protease activity, host blood and infection rates in glossina morsitans sspp. infected with trypanosoma congolense, t. brucei and t. simiae.	midgut protease activity in glossina morsitans centralis and g.m. morsitans, at 48 h post bloodmeal averaged 1.8iu of trypsin-like activity. these two tsetse subspecies differ in their susceptibility to trypanosome infection. except for low levels in flies fed on waterbuck blood (0.7 iu), activity did not differ in flies fed a variety of host bloods (goat, pig, cow, buffalo, eland) and trypanosome species (trypanosoma congolense, t. brucei, t. simiae). protease activity was also not correlated w ...	1994	8161844
cattle-tsetse contact in relation to the daily activity patterns of glossina morsitans submorsitans in the gambia.	the daily flight activity patterns of one of the main vectors of animal trypanosomiasis in west africa, glossina morsitans submorsitans, were assessed using four different methods. results from all the methods showed that there was some flight activity nearly every hour in all seasons but they differed in the level of contact between grazing cattle herds and g.m.submorsitans. in the late dry season, trap data indicated that there was negligible activity from midday to late afternoon, whereas obs ...	1994	8161846
comparative study on the susceptibility of different laboratory strains of glossina species to trypanosoma simiae.	teneral tsetse of four glossina species from laboratory-reared colonies were fed on four large white pigs infected with three different stocks of trypanosoma simiae isolated in coast province, kenya. thereafter the tsetse were maintained on goats and dissected on day 28 to determine the trypanosome infection rates. glossina brevipalpis was as susceptible as g.pallidipes whilst g.palpalis gambiensis was not susceptible to t.simiae cp 11 a stock causing acute infection, which was isolated from a w ...	1994	7949313
knock down and survival of tsetse flies fed on cattle and pigs dipped in deltamethrin.	glossina morsitans, g. pallidipes and g. fuscipes fuscipes were fed on cattle or pigs that had been dipped in 0.00375% deltamethrin in water, 0-31 days previously. the knock down and survival of the tsetse were then followed in the laboratory. although mortality was generally less the longer after the dip the flies were fed, all those that fed on the animals within 7 days of the dipping were killed and all those that fed within 21 days were at least knocked down. glossina morsitans was slightly ...	1994	8192519
isometamidium concentrations in the sera of boran cattle: correlation with prophylaxis against tsetse-transmitted trypanosoma congolense.	fifteen boran cattle from a trypanosomiasis-free area were injected intramuscularly with isometamidium chloride at a dose of 1 mg/kg body weight. thereafter, the cattle were challenged at monthly intervals with glossina morsitans centralis infected with one of three populations of trypanosoma congolense (il 3893, il 3889 or il 1180) until all animals became infected. isometamidium concentrations in the sera of these cattle were measured using a competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay over ...	1994	8203294
major surface glycoproteins of procyclic stage african trypanosomes.	the procyclic stage in the life cycle of african trypanosomes is adapted for life in the harsh environment of the midgut of the tsetse fly vector. procyclic forms derived by transformation from antigenically distinct bloodstream variants are antigenically similar and have lost the variant surface glycoprotein coat of the bloodstream forms. in contrast to bloodstream forms, where the variant surface glycoprotein coat is essentially the only molecule exposed, many different proteins can be labeled ...	1994	8206145
trypanosoma (nannomonas) godfreyi sp. nov. from tsetse flies in the gambia: biological and biochemical characterization.	we provide evidence from isoenzyme analysis, hybridization with repetitive dna probes, behavioural studies and morphometrics that 4 trypanosome isolates from glossina morsitans submorsitans in the gambia constitute a new species now named trypanosoma (nannomonas) godfreyi. the bloodstream trypomastigotes of t. (n.) godfreyi are relatively small with a mean length of 13.7 microns (range: 9.1-21.8 microns) and a mean width of 1.65 microns (range: 0.65-2.69 microns). there is no free flagellum and ...	1994	7800418
bait methods for tsetse fly control.		1994	7976751
upsurge of the tsetse fly glossina swynnertoni at nguruman, kenya.		1994	8025331
dynamics of host blood effects in glossina morsitans sspp. infected with trypanosoma congolense and t. brucei.	the pattern of infection in glossina morsitans morsitans and g. m. centralis membrane-fed on eland, buffalo or goat blood mixed with trypanosoma congolense or t. brucei was studied from day 1 to day 10. tsetse were initially permissive vectors, with most flies harbouring infections of 10(4)-10(5) parasites on day 3. however, after a second blood meal on day 3, flies cleared many infections, with g. m. morsitans clearing more infections than g.m. centralis. infective feeds of goat blood consisten ...	1994	8036228
comparisons of eukaryotic genomic sequences.	a method for assessing genomic similarity based on relative abundances of short oligonucleotides in large dna samples is introduced. the method requires neither homologous sequences nor prior sequence alignments. the analysis centers on (i) dinucleotide (and tri- and tetra-) relative abundance extremes in genomic sequences, (ii) distances between sequences based on all dinucleotide relative abundance values, and (iii) a multidimensional partial ordering protocol. the emphasis in this paper is on ...	1994	7809130
a comparison of three types of "m" traps for sampling tsetse fly (diptera: glossinidae) populations at south luangwa game management area, zambia.	a field trial was conducted between 27th july and 1st august, 1992 in mfuwe, south luangwa, zambia to assess the effectiveness of locally developed "m" traps for suppressing and sampling the tsetse flies glossina pallidipes austen and glossina morsitans morsitans westwood. the tsetse catches in the "m" traps and the standard f3 traps were collected at 24 hour intervals. the highest catches of both tsetse species in the series of "m" traps were in the m3 trap. the numbers of female flies caught f ...	1994	7812999
analysis of a new genetic cross between two east african trypanosoma brucei clones.	two clones of east african trypanosoma brucei, with distinct homozygous isoenzyme patterns for one of three enzymes examined, were cotransmitted through the tsetse fly vector glossina morsitans centralis. flies with mature infections were individually fed on mice and the subsequent bloodstream from populations analysed for the presence of hybrid trypanosomes by isoenzyme analysis. several combinations have previously been detected using this approach (schweizer, tait & jenni, 1988; sternberg et ...	1994	7914691
genetic exchange in trypanosoma brucei: evidence for meiosis from analysis of a cross between drug-resistant transformants.	genetic exchange in trypanosoma brucei spp. can occur when two strains are cotransmitted through the tsetse fly vector, but it is non-obligatory and a comparatively rare event. to increase recovery of hybrids, we crossed drug resistant parental strains and selected hybrids by double drug resistance [15]. analysis of 29 hybrid clones from five separate genetic exchange events shows independent segregation of marker genes and a high frequency of triploidy, both of which phenomena have been observe ...	1994	7935602
isolation and characterization of hypervariable sequences from tsetse fly genome.	a glossina brevipalpis newstead genomic library, constructed using a charomid 9-36 vector, was used to isolate putative clones that hybridize to polymorphic regions of the tsetse genome. five types of probes, that reveal individual dna polymorphic in humans and higher animal species, were used to screen 300 tsetse charomid clones; 15% of the clones hybridized with at least one probe. twenty four recombinants were further characterized by southern blotting hybridization using dna isolated from in ...	1994	7951269
induction of resistance to melarsenoxide cysteamine (mel cy) in trypanosoma brucei brucei.	a population of trypanosoma brucei brucei with reduced sensitivity to melarsenoxide cysteamine (mel cy) was produced in immunosuppresed mice using subcurative drug treatment. melarsenoxide cysteamine resistance was stable after cyclical transmission through glossina morsitans centralis. in vitro, the blood-stream forms showed 15-fold higher values for the minimal inhibitory concentration as compared with the parental clone. cross-resistance could be determined with another arsenical drug, melars ...	1994	7709858
isolation of trypanosoma spp. from wild tsetse flies through procyclic expansion in glossina morsitans centralis.	procyclic trypanosomes from wild tsetse flies were membrane-fed to glossina morsitans centralis in order to develop an optimal technique for propagating field isolates. a 70% success rate was achieved in isolating trypanosoma simiae and a variety of genotypes of t. congolense originating from g. pallidipes, g. brevipalpis and g. swynnertoni. parasites matured into forms infective for mammals, and could be maintained by passage of gut forms to new groups of flies. in experiments with laboratory s ...	1994	8203293
insect acetyl-coa carboxylase: enzyme activity during adult development and after feeding in the tsetse fly, glossina morsitans.	acetyl-coa carboxylase (ec 6.1.4.2) activity in the adult tsetse fly (glossina morsitans) increased 2-3 days after pupation to reach a plateau of between 0.4 and 0.6 mumol/min/mg after 7 days, and between 0.6 and 0.8 mumol/min/mg after 6 days in the abdomens of male and female flies, respectively. the enzyme showed a 50-70% increase in specific activity within 20 hr after a blood meal in previously starved flies. lipogenesis and acetyl-coa carboxylase activity were detected in the thorax, the ab ...	1994	7911385
inhibition of bloodmeal digestion in glossina morsitans fed on rabbits immunized with tsetse midgut homogenate.	the efficacy of bloodmeal digestion in teneral glossina morsitans centralis fed on rabbits immunized with tsetse fly midgut extracts was progressively monitored over a period of 96 hours. flies fed on immunized rabbits showed reduced rate of bloodmeal digestion as compared to the controls. although there was insignificant difference in the rate of bloodmeal digestion upto 24 hours post-feeding in later stages of digestion there was quite a significant difference. polyacrylamide gel electrophoret ...	1994	7821245
a study on the maturation of procyclic trypanosoma brucei brucei in glossina morsitans centralis and g. brevipalpis.	teneral glossina morsitans centralis and g. brevipalpis were fed in vitro upon medium containing procyclic trypanosoma brucei brucei derived from the midguts of g. m. centralis or g. brevipalpis which had immature trypanosome infections. the tsetse were then maintained on rabbits and, on day 31, were dissected to determine the infection rates. in g. m. centralis the midgut and salivary gland infection rates by t. b. brucei were 46.0% and 27.0% with procyclic trypanosomes from g. m. centralis, an ...	1994	7841491
concealed transepithelial potentials and current rectification in tsetse fly malpighian tubules	1. electrophysiological techniques have been applied to tsetse fly malpighian tubules for the first time. 2. in either cl- or so42- ringer, both non-perfused and perfused tubules displayed transtubular potentials (vt) at or close to 0 mv. exposure to cyclic amp elicited a marked secretory response and, in so42- ringer, a sharp (lumen-positive) increase in vt. in cl- ringer, despite more than double the secretory response, there was little or no change in vt. 3. replacing cl- with so42- ringer, i ...	1994	9317633
a conserved stem-loop structure in the 3' untranslated region of procyclin mrnas regulates expression in trypanosoma brucei.	african trypanosomes that cycle between mammalian hosts and the tsetse fly vector must be poised to survive in different environments. the control of stage-specific gene expression is undoubtedly one of the keys to successful adaptation, but no regulatory elements have been defined to date. procyclins (also known as procyclic acidic repetitive proteins) are specifically expressed on the surface of procyclic and epimastigote forms in the fly. procyclin genes are already transcribed in bloodstream ...	1994	8278396
the effect of cattle infection by trypanosoma congolense on the attraction, and feeding success, of the tsetse fly glossina pallidipes.	an incomplete ring of electric nets was placed around uninfected cattle and cattle infected with trypanosoma congolense. the numbers of fed and unfed glossina pallidipes caught on the nets were used to estimate the attractiveness of infected and uninfected cattle to tsetse, and the feeding success of tsetse on the cattle. there was no difference in the attractiveness of infected and uninfected cattle to g. pallidipes. however, the feeding success of g. pallidipes on infected cattle was 75% great ...	1993	8316432
genetic analysis by dna fingerprinting in tsetse fly genomes.	genomic dna from tsetse flies (diptera: glossinidae: glossina wiedemann) was analyzed by hybridization using the whole m13 phage as a probe to reveal dna fingerprinting (dnafp) profiles. intrapopulation variability, measured by comparison of dnafp profiles of tsetse flies from a large colony of g. brevipalpis, showed a high degree of polymorphism similar to that found in other animal species. different lines of g. m. morsitans, g. m. centralis, g. m. submorsitans, g. p. palpalis and g. p. gambie ...	1993	8220390
epidemiology of trypanosome infections of the tsetse fly glossina pallidipes in the zambezi valley.	the epidemiology of trypanosome infections of glossina pallidipes was studied at a riverine site in the zambezi valley, zimbabwe for a period of 13 months. over 9000 flies were captured using a single trap. these flies were dissected, screened for trypanosome infection, sexed, and aged using both wing fray and (for females) ovarian category indices. midgut infections were identified to species using recently developed dna probes. the overall prevalence of mature infections was 5.5%, comprising 3 ...	1993	8341584
bacteria may provide access to the tsetse fly.		1993	8342015
temporal synthesis of cuticle proteins during larval development in glossina morsitans.	1. larval development in glossina species occurs in utero with the mature third instar larva being deposited after a developmental period of 7 days. 2. in this study, the patterns of cuticular protein synthesis during larval development were analysed by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis. 3. from the results, four types of cuticle proteins were identified: those specific to larval, pupal and adult cuticles, and others common to all the stages. 4. few cuticular proteins were synthesized between ...	1993	8359019
genetic exchange in trypanosoma brucei: selection of hybrid trypanosomes by introduction of genes conferring drug resistance.	genetic exchange in trypanosoma brucei ssp. can occur when 2 different strains are cotransmitted through the tsetse fly vector. we have introduced heterologous genes for drug resistance (neo or hph) into parental trypanosome lines by electroporation. drug resistant lines were then crossed in vivo in the fly or in vitro. hybrids were subsequently selected by double drug resistance. analysis of trypanosomes from both fly midguts and salivary glands showed the latter to be the probable site of gene ...	1993	8366892
some observations on ethnoveterinary medicine in northern nigeria.	the fulani are herdsmen of northern nigeria. for generations they have been moving their cattle in an annual migration pattern in search of water. the tracks are chosen carefully, however: tsetse-fly-infected areas are avoided. in his ten years of experience in nigeria's veterinary sector--part of this time as special officer in charge of eradicating rinderpest--the author saw numerous examples of indigenous knowledge and practices that will be useful for the future development of animal health ...	1993	8372425
rickettsia-like organisms and chitinase production in relation to transmission of trypanosomes by tsetse flies.	rickettsia-like organisms (rlo) from testse midguts and mosquito cell cultures showed high levels of endochitinase activity. a line of glossina morsitans morsitans highly susceptible to midgut trypanosome infection and with high incidence of rlo infection showed significantly greater chitinolytic activity than g. austeni which had low rlo incidence and were correspondingly refractory to midgut infection. midgut infection rates of trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense in g. m. morsitans showed a dose-re ...	1993	8414668
inhibition of glossina morsitans midgut trypsin activity by d-glucosamine.	the effect of the amino sugar d-glucosamine on trypsin in crude midgut homogenates of glossina morsitans morsitans was studied in vitro. the results showed that the midgut trypsin was specifically and competitively inhibited by d-glucosamine. glucose, fructose, mannose, inositol, galactose, galactosamine, n-acetyl-d-glucosamine, and methyl-alpha-d-glucosamine were ineffective as inhibitors, even at concentrations exceeding 600 mm. d-glucosamine also had a similar inhibitory effect on bovine panc ...	1993	8475038