Publications

interactions between trypanosomes and tsetse flies.	african trypanosomes are insect-borne parasites that cause sleeping sickness in humans and nagana in domesticated animals. successful transmission is the outcome of crosstalk between the trypanosome and its insect vector, the tsetse fly. this enables the parasite to undergo successive rounds of differentiation, proliferation and migration, culminating in the infection of a new mammalian host. several stage- and species-specific parasite surface molecules have been identified and there are new in ...	2008	18621142
analysis of milk gland structure and function in glossina morsitans: milk protein production, symbiont populations and fecundity.	a key process in the tsetse reproductive cycle is the transfer of essential nutrients and bacterial symbionts from mother to intrauterine offspring. the tissue mediating this transfer is the milk gland. this work focuses upon the localization and function of two milk proteins (milk gland protein (gmmmgp) and transferrin (gmmtsf)) and the tsetse endosymbionts (sodalis and wigglesworthia), in the context of milk gland physiology. fluorescent in situ hybridization (fish) and immunohistochemical ana ...	2008	18647605
complete rpob gene sequencing as a suitable supplement to dna-dna hybridization for bacterial species and genus delineation.	dna-dna hybridization (ddh), the gold standard for bacterial species delineation, is a laborious method and the alternative, average nucleotide identity (ani), a genomic sequence-derived parameter, is not applicable to non-sequenced species. a universal cut-off value to delineate bacterial species does not exist, yet a ddh value <70 % and ani <95+/-0.5 % have proved useful in selected examples. we herein compare published values for ddh and ani with sequence similarity of rpob gene sequences ret ...	2008	18676461
the role of b-cells and igm antibodies in parasitemia, anemia, and vsg switching in trypanosoma brucei-infected mice.	african trypanosomes are extracellular parasitic protozoa, predominantly transmitted by the bite of the haematophagic tsetse fly. the main mechanism considered to mediate parasitemia control in a mammalian host is the continuous interaction between antibodies and the parasite surface, covered by variant-specific surface glycoproteins. early experimental studies have shown that b-cell responses can be strongly protective but are limited by their vsg-specificity. we have used b-cell (micromt) and ...	2008	18688274
the obligate mutualist wigglesworthia glossinidia influences reproduction, digestion, and immunity processes of its host, the tsetse fly.	tsetse flies (diptera: glossinidae) are vectors for trypanosome parasites, the agents of the deadly sleeping sickness disease in africa. tsetse also harbor two maternally transmitted enteric mutualist endosymbionts: the primary intracellular obligate wigglesworthia glossinidia and the secondary commensal sodalis glossinidius. both endosymbionts are transmitted to the intrauterine progeny through the milk gland secretions of the viviparous female. we administered various antibiotics either contin ...	2008	18689507
what happens when trypanosoma brucei leaves africa.	julius lukes and co-workers evaluated the evolutionary origin of trypanosoma equiperdum and trypanosoma evansi, parasites that cause horse and camel diseases. although similar to t. brucei, the sleeping-sickness parasite, these trypanosomes do not cycle through the tsetse fly and have been able to spread beyond africa. transmission occurs sexually, or via blood-sucking flies or vampire bats. they concluded that these parasites, which resemble yeast petite mutants, are t. brucei sub-species, whic ...	2008	18715829
the continuing problem of human african trypanosomiasis (sleeping sickness).	human african trypanosomiasis, also known as sleeping sickness, is a neglected disease, and it continues to pose a major threat to 60 million people in 36 countries in sub-saharan africa. transmitted by the bite of the tsetse fly, the disease is caused by protozoan parasites of the genus trypanosoma and comes in two types: east african human african trypanosomiasis caused by trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense and the west african form caused by trypanosoma brucei gambiense. there is an early or hemo ...	2008	18756506
land cover and tsetse fly distributions in sub-saharan africa.	this study aims to provide trypanosomiasis-affected countries with standardized datasets and methodologies for mapping the habitat of the tsetse fly (glossina spp., the disease vector) by customizing and integrating state-of-the-art land cover maps on different spatial scales. using a combination of inductive and deductive approaches, land cover and fly distribution maps are analysed in a geographic information system (gis) to estimate the suitability of different land cover units for the three ...	2008	18785934
an insect symbiosis is influenced by bacterium-specific polymorphisms in outer-membrane protein a.	beneficial bacterial symbioses are ubiquitous in nature. however, the functional and molecular basis of host tolerance to resident symbiotic microbes, in contrast to resistance to closely related bacteria that are recognized as foreign, remain largely unknown. we used the tsetse fly (glossina morsitans), which depends on symbiotic flora for fecundity and has limited exposure to foreign microbes, to investigate the tolerance phenomenon exhibited during symbiosis. we examined the potential role of ...	2008	18815366
trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense transmitted by a single tsetse fly bite in vervet monkeys as a model of human african trypanosomiasis.	we have investigated the pathogenicity of tsetse (glossina pallidipes)-transmitted cloned strains of trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense in vervet monkeys. tsetse flies were confirmed to have mature trypanosome infections by xenodiagnosis, after which nine monkeys were infected via the bite of a single infected fly. chancres developed in five of the nine (55.6%) monkeys within 4 to 8 days post infection (dpi). all nine individuals were successfully infected, with a median pre-patent period of 4 (rang ...	2008	18846231
differential expression of fat body genes in glossina morsitans morsitans following infection with trypanosoma brucei brucei.	to determine which fat body genes were differentially expressed following infection of glossina morsitans morsitans with trypanosoma brucei brucei we generated four suppression subtractive hybridisation (ssh) libraries. we obtained 52 unique gene fragments (ssh clones) of which 30 had a known orthologue at e-05 or less. overall the characteristics of the orthologues suggest: (i) that trypanosome infection has a considerable effect on metabolism in the tsetse fly; (ii) that self-cured flies are m ...	2008	17697681
thermal tolerance in a south-east african population of the tsetse fly glossina pallidipes (diptera, glossinidae): implications for forecasting climate change impacts.	for tsetse (glossina spp.), the vectors of human and animal trypanosomiases, the physiological mechanisms linking variation in population dynamics with changing weather conditions have not been well established. here, we investigate high- and low-temperature tolerance in terms of activity limits and survival in a natural population of adult glossina pallidipes from eastern zambia. due to increased interest in chilling flies for handling and aerial dispersal in sterile insect technique control an ...	2008	17889900
a novel, high-throughput technique for species identification reveals a new species of tsetse-transmitted trypanosome related to the trypanosoma brucei subgenus, trypanozoon.	we describe a novel method of species identification, fluorescent fragment length barcoding, based on length variation in regions of the 18s and 28salpha ribosomal dna. fluorescently tagged primers, designed in conserved regions of the 18s and 28salpha ribosomal dna, were used to amplify fragments with inter-species size variation, and sizes determined accurately using an automated dna sequencer. by using multiple regions and different fluorochromes, a barcode unique to each species was generate ...	2008	17964224
tsetse fly host preference from sleeping sickness foci in cameroon: epidemiological implications.	to determine the tsetse fly host preferences in two sleeping sickness foci of southern cameroon, four entomological surveys (two in each focus) were carried out. for the whole study, 4929 tsetse flies were caught: 3933 (79.8%) glossina palpalis palpalis, 626 (12.7%) glossina pallicera pallicera, 276 (5.6%) glossina nigrofusca and 94 (1.9%) glossina caliginea. one hundred and thirty-eight blood meals were collected and the origin of 118 (85.5%) meals was successfully identified: 38.4% from man, 2 ...	2008	17977803
the direct route: a simplified pathway for protein import into the mitochondrion of trypanosomes.	trypanosoma brucei is a unicellular eukaryote that causes the deadly human african trypanosomiasis ('sleeping sickness') in humans. the parasite has a complicated lifestyle, it developmentally changes aspects of its mitochondrial function as it alternates from forms in the tsetse fly to forms adapted for life in the human bloodstream. the single mitochondrion found in each trypanosome has to be duplicated precisely in each round of the cell cycle in order for parasites to replicate, and this dep ...	2008	18068984
adaptations of trypanosoma brucei to gradual loss of kinetoplast dna: trypanosoma equiperdum and trypanosoma evansi are petite mutants of t. brucei.	trypanosoma brucei is a kinetoplastid flagellate, the agent of human sleeping sickness and ruminant nagana in africa. kinetoplastid flagellates contain their eponym kinetoplast dna (kdna), consisting of two types of interlocked circular dna molecules: scores of maxicircles and thousands of minicircles. maxicircles have typical mitochondrial genes, most of which are translatable only after rna editing. minicircles encode guide rnas, required for decrypting the maxicircle transcripts. the life cyc ...	2008	18245376
polymorphic microsatellite markers for the tsetse fly glossina fuscipes fuscipes (diptera: glossinidae), a vector of human african trypanosomiasis.	our understanding of glossina fuscipes fuscipes, a major vector of sleeping sickness, has been severely constrained by a lack of genetic markers for mapping and population genetic studies. here we present 10 newly developed microsatellite loci for this tsetse species. heterozygosity levels in moyo, an ugandan population, averaged 0.57, with only two loci showing very low heterozygosity. five loci carried more than six alleles. together with five recently published microsatellite loci, this bring ...	2008	21586090
an alternative approach to detect trypanosoma in glossina (diptera, glossinidae) without dissection.	determining if a tsetse fly is infected by trypanosomes and thus potentially able to transmit trypanosome-related human and animal diseases is an extremely laborious and time-consuming task to perform, especially under field conditions. in this study we tested a possible alternative approach that uses the entire insect vector for dna extraction and pcr analysis to detect and identify trypanosoma spp. in field collected tsetse flies.	2008	19736390
the flagellum of trypanosoma brucei: new tricks from an old dog.	african trypanosomes, i.e. trypanosoma brucei and related sub-species, are devastating human and animal pathogens that cause significant human mortality and limit sustained economic development in sub-saharan africa. t. brucei is a highly motile protozoan parasite and coordinated motility is central to both disease pathogenesis in the mammalian host and parasite development in the tsetse fly vector. therefore, understanding unique aspects of the t. brucei flagellum may uncover novel targets for ...	2008	18472102
characterization of the antimicrobial peptide attacin loci from glossina morsitans.	the antimicrobial peptide attacin is an immune effector molecule that can inhibit the growth of gram-negative bacteria. in glossina morsitans morsitans, which serves as the sole vectors of african trypanosomes, attacins also play a role in trypanosome resistance, and in maintaining parasite numbers at homeostatic levels in infected individuals. we characterized the attacin encoding loci from a bacterial artificial chromosome (bac) library. the attacin genes are organized into three clusters. clu ...	2008	18477243
investigations on the transmissibility of trypanosoma congolense by the tsetse fly glossina morsitans morsitans during its development in a mammalian host.	experiments were conducted to investigate the effect of the developmental stage of a monomorphic t. congolense il1180 strain, in a vertebrate host, on its transmissibility by the tsetse fly glossina morsitans morsitans westwood (diptera: glossinidae). batches of 160 male teneral tsetse flies were given a single bloodmeal on mice infected with this t. congolense strain 4, 5, 6, 7 or 10 days post-infection. the proportion of infected flies in each of those batches showed that the stage of developm ...	2008	18485324
repellent properties of delta-octalactone against the tsetse fly, glossina morsitans morsitans.	delta-octalactone, produced by several bovidae, has been suggested as a potential repellant of tsetse fly attack. racemic delta-octalactone was synthesized via an abbreviated route. the product was assayed against 3-day old starved teneral female tsetse flies, glossina morsitans morsitans wiedemann (diptera: glossinidae), in a choice wind tunnel and found to be a potent tsetse repellent at doses >or=0.05 mg in 200 microl of paraffin oil (0.05 >p >0.01).	2008	20298116
evaluation of the cost-effectiveness of pyramidal, modified pyramidal and monoscreen traps for the control of the tsetse fly, glossina fuscipes fuscipes, in uganda.	several trap designs have been used for sampling and control of the tsetse fly, glossina fuscipes fuscipes, newstead (diptera: glossinidae) based on preferences of individual researchers and program managers with little understanding of the comparative efficiency and cost-effectiveness of trap designs. this study was carried out to evaluate the cost-effectiveness of four commonly used trap designs: monoscreen, modified pyramidal and pyramidal, relative to the standard biconical trap. the study w ...	2007	20345292
predicted distribution and movement of glossina palpalis palpalis (diptera: glossinidae) in the wet and dry seasons in the kogo trypanosomiasis focus (equatorial guinea).	the aim of this study was to predict the distribution and movement of populations of the tsetse fly, glossina palpalis palpalis (diptera: glossinidae), in the wet and dry seasons and to analyze the impact of the use of mono-pyramidal traps on fly populations in the kogo focus in 2004 and 2005. three glossina species are present in kogo: glossina palpalis palpalis, major hat vector in west-central africa, glossina caliginea, and glossina tabaniformis. the apparent density (ad) of g. p. palpalis c ...	2007	18260511
heterogeneity in the trypanosomosis incidence in zebu cattle of different ages and sex on the plateau of eastern zambia.	on the plateau of eastern zambia, trypanosomosis is endemic. glossina morsitans morsitans westwood (diptera: glossinidae), the only tsetse species present, is almost entirely dependent on livestock as its source of food with cattle being the most preferred host. to determine if tsetse challenge is distributed equally over the various age categories and sexes within a cattle herd, a longitudinal study of trypanosomosis incidence was conducted during the rainy season. a total of 354 head of cattle ...	2007	17618594
critical thermal limits depend on methodological context.	a full-factorial study of the effects of rates of temperature change and start temperatures was undertaken for both upper and lower critical thermal limits (ctls) using the tsetse fly, glossina pallidipes. results show that rates of temperature change and start temperatures have highly significant effects on ctls, although the duration of the experiment also has a major effect. contrary to a widely held expectation, slower rates of temperature change (i.e. longer experimental duration) resulted ...	2007	17878142
trypanosoma brucei brucei induces alteration in the head proteome of the tsetse fly vector glossina palpalis gambiensis.	parasitic manipulations of host behaviour are known from a wide range of host-parasite associations. however, the understanding of these phenomena is far from complete and detailed investigation of their proximate causes is needed. many studies report behavioural modifications, such as altered feeding rates in tsetse fly (glossina) infected with the mature transmissible stage (i.e. metacyclic) of the trypanosomes. here, bidimensional (2d) gel electrophoresis and mass spectrometry were employed t ...	2007	18092995
activation of endocytosis as an adaptation to the mammalian host by trypanosomes.	immune evasion in african trypanosomes is principally mediated by antigenic variation, but rapid internalization of surface-bound immune factors may contribute to survival. endocytosis is upregulated approximately 10-fold in bloodstream compared to procyclic forms, and surface coat remodeling accompanies transition between these life stages. here we examined expression of endocytosis markers in tsetse fly stages in vivo and monitored modulation during transition from bloodstream to procyclic for ...	2007	17905918
copulation behaviour of glossina pallidipes (diptera: muscidae) outside and inside the female, with a discussion of genitalic evolution.	if species-specific male genitalia are courtship devices under sexual selection by cryptic female choice, then species-specific aspects of the morphology and behaviour of male genitalia should often function to stimulate the female during copulation. the morphology and behaviour of the complex, species-specific male genitalia of the tsetse fly, glossina pallidipes austen, were determined from both direct observations and dissections of flash-frozen copulating pairs; we found that some male genit ...	2007	17916266
age prevalence of trypanosomal infections in female glossina morsitans morsitans (diptera: glossinidae) on the plateau area of eastern zambia.	trypanosomal infections in female glossina morsitans morsitans were investigated in an area in the eastern province of zambia between 1992 and 1994. a total of 4416 flies were captured, aged using the ovarian ageing method and screened for trypanosomal infections in both the mouthparts, salivary glands and the midgut. congolense-type infections were identified in 4.8% of the flies. vivax-type and immature infections were identified in 1.8% and 6.8% of the flies, respectively. the prevalence of c ...	2007	17933364
spatial and temporal variability of the glossina palpalis palpalis population in the mbini focus (equatorial guinea).	human african trypanosomiasis is a vector-borne parasitic disease. the geographical distribution of the disease is linked to the spatial distribution of the tsetse fly. as part of a control campaign using traps, the spatial and temporal variability is analysed of the glossina populations present in the mbini sleeping sickness foci (equatorial guinea).	2007	17760953
bacterial endosymbiont of the slender pigeon louse, columbicola columbae, allied to endosymbionts of grain weevils and tsetse flies.	the current study focuses on a symbiotic bacterium found in the slender pigeon louse, columbicola columbae (insecta: phthiraptera). molecular phylogenetic analyses indicated that the symbiont belongs to the gamma subdivision of the class proteobacteria and is allied to sodalis glossinidius, the secondary symbiont of tsetse flies (glossina spp.) and also to the primary symbiont of grain weevils (sitophilus spp.). relative-rate tests revealed that the symbiont of c. columbae exhibits accelerated m ...	2007	17766458
the glossina morsitans tsetse fly saliva: general characteristics and identification of novel salivary proteins.	the tsetse fly (glossina spp.) is an obligate blood-sucking insect that transmits different human-pathogenic and livestock threatening trypanosome species in africa. to obtain more insight in the tsetse salivary function, some general aspects of the tsetse fly saliva and its composition were studied. direct ph and protein content measurements revealed a moderately alkaline (ph approximately 8.0) salivary environment with approximately 4.3 microg soluble proteins per gland and a constant represen ...	2007	17785195
a glycosylphosphatidylinositol-based treatment alleviates trypanosomiasis-associated immunopathology.	the gpi-anchored trypanosome variant surface glycoprotein (vsg) triggers macrophages to produce tnf, involved in trypanosomiasis-associated inflammation and the clinical manifestation of sleeping sickness. aiming at inhibiting immunopathology during experimental trypanosoma brucei infections, a vsg-derived gpi-based treatment approach was developed. to achieve this, mice were exposed to the gpi before an infectious trypanosome challenge. this gpi-based strategy resulted in a significant prolonge ...	2007	17785839
gis and multiple-criteria evaluation for the optimisation of tsetse fly eradication programmes.	tsetse flies are the vectors of trypanosomes, the causal agent of trypanosomiasis, a widespread disease of livestock and people in africa. control of tsetse may open vast areas of land to livestock-keeping, with the associated benefits of developing mixed crop-livestock production systems. however, as well as possible positive impacts there are also risks: bush clearing would accelerate and cattle numbers would rise, leading to a reduction of vegetation cover, and an increase in runoff and erosi ...	2007	17058018
replication of flock house virus in three genera of medically important insects.	flock house virus (family nodaviridae, genus alphanodavirus, fhv) was originally isolated from grass grubs costelytra zealandica (white) (coleoptera: scarabaeidae) in new zealand and belongs to a family of divided genome, plus-sense rna insect viruses. fhv replicates in insects, a nematode, plants, and yeast. we previously reported replication of fhv in four genera of mosquitoes and expression of green fluorescent protein in aedes aegypti (l.) produced by an fhv-based vector. we report here that ...	2007	17294927
factors affecting trypanosome maturation in tsetse flies.	trypanosoma brucei brucei infections which establish successfully in the tsetse fly midgut may subsequently mature into mammalian infective trypanosomes in the salivary glands. this maturation is not automatic and the control of these events is complex. utilising direct in vivo feeding experiments, we report maturation of t. b. brucei infections in tsetse is regulated by antioxidants as well as environmental stimuli. dissection of the maturation process provides opportunities to develop transmis ...	2007	17318257
characterization of the role of the receptors pex5 and pex7 in the import of proteins into glycosomes of trypanosoma brucei.	peroxins 5 and 7 are receptors for protein import into the peroxisomal matrix. we studied the involvement of these peroxins in the biogenesis of glycosomes in the protozoan parasite trypanosoma brucei. glycosomes are peroxisome-like organelles in which a major part of the glycolytic pathway is sequestered. we here report the characterization of the t. brucei homologue of pex7 and provide several data strongly suggesting that it can bind to pex5. depletion of pex5 or pex7 by rna interference had ...	2007	17320990
livestock farmers' perception and epidemiology of bovine trypanosomosis in kwale district, kenya.	we did cross-sectional surveys in kwale district, kenya to determine the epidemiology of bovine trypanosomosis and livestock owners' perceptions of the disease. the surveys involved relative importance of trypanosomosis, examination of the current disease constraints, current control practices and drug-use patterns. informal meetings were held with farmers and cattle census undertaken. tsetse-fly densities and trypanosomosis prevalences in cattle were determined. a total of 132 farmers were inte ...	2007	17324481
less is more: restricted application of insecticide to cattle to improve the cost and efficacy of tsetse control.	studies were carried out in zimbabwe of the responses of tsetse to cattle treated with deltamethrin applied to the parts of the body where most tsetse were shown to land. large proportions of glossina pallidipes austen (diptera: glossinidae) landed on the belly ( approximately 25%) and legs ( approximately 70%), particularly the front legs ( approximately 50%). substantial proportions of glossina morsitans morsitans westwood landed on the legs ( approximately 50%) and belly (25%), with the remai ...	2007	17373947
tsetse and other biting fly responses to nzi traps baited with octenol, phenols and acetone.	octenol (1-octen-3-ol), acetone, 4-methylphenol, 3-n-propylphenol, and other potential attractants (human urine, stable fly faeces), as well as guiacol, creosol (potential repellents), were tested as baits for biting flies in north america using standard phthalogen blue if3gm cotton nzi traps, or similar commercial polyester traps. baits were tested during the summers of 2001-04 at a residence in canada and during january-august 2001 at a dairy in the u.s.a. behaviour in the presence of octenol ...	2007	17373949
a 4-alkyl-substituted analogue of guaiacol shows greater repellency to savannah tsetse (glossina spp.).	the responses of glossina morsitans morsitans westwood to guaiacol (2-methoxyphenol), a mild repellent constituent of bovid odors, and seven analogues comprising 2-methoxyfuran, 2,4-dimethylphenol, 2-methoxy-4-methylphenol (4-methylguaiacol), 4-ethyl-2-methoxyphenol (4-ethylguaiacol), 4-allyl-2-methoxyphenol (4-allylguaiacol; eugenol), 3,4-methylenedioxytoluene, and 3,4-dimethoxystyrene were compared in a two-choice wind tunnel. the 4-methyl-substituted derivative (2-methoxy-4-methylphenol) was ...	2007	17404820
troglitazone induces differentiation in trypanosoma brucei.	trypanosoma brucei, a protozoan parasite causing sleeping sickness, is transmitted by the tsetse fly and undergoes a complex lifecycle including several defined stages within the insect vector and its mammalian host. in the latter, differentiation from the long slender to the short stumpy form is induced by a yet unknown factor of trypanosomal origin. here we describe that some thiazolidinediones are also able to induce differentiation. in higher eukaryotes, thiazolidinediones are involved in me ...	2007	17428467
sample preparation for chromatography: an african perspective.	africa as a continent has its unique challenges for analytical chemists in sample preparation for chromatographic analyses. the areas of agriculture, environment, food and health provide formidable challenges when it comes to method development, for example, drought can result in inadequate supplies of good quality water. the testing of water quality necessitates the development of assay methods that can be employed to not only determine the quantities of pesticides associated with malaria and t ...	2007	17459398
the comparative role of cattle, goats and pigs in the epidemiology of livestock trypanosomiasis on the plateau of eastern zambia.	to determine and compare the prevalence of trypanosome infections in different livestock species (cattle, pigs and goats) in areas where game animals are scarce and livestock constitute the main food source of tsetse, a survey was conducted on the plateau of the eastern province of zambia in katete and petauke districts where glossina morsitans morsitans is the only tsetse species present. blood was collected from a total of 734 cattle, 333 goats and 324 pigs originating from 59 villages in both ...	2007	17493757
molecular aspects of transferrin expression in the tsetse fly (glossina morsitans morsitans).	iron is an essential element for metabolic processes intrinsic to life, and yet the properties that make iron a necessity also make it potentially deleterious. to avoid harm, iron homeostasis is achieved via proteins involved in transport and storage of iron, one of which is transferrin. we describe the temporal and spatial aspects of transferrin (gmmtsf) expression and its transcriptional regulation in tsetse where both the male and female are strictly hematophagous. using northern, western and ...	2007	17498733
patterns of co-evolution between trypanosomes and their hosts deduced from ribosomal rna and protein-coding gene phylogenies.	trypanosomes (genus trypanosoma) are widespread blood parasites of vertebrates, usually transmitted by arthropod or leech vectors. most trypanosomes have lifecycles that alternate between a vertebrate host, where they exist in the bloodstream, and an invertebrate host, where they develop in the alimentary tract. this raises the question of whether one type of host has had greater influence on the evolution of the genus. working from the generally accepted view that trypanosomes are monophyletic, ...	2007	17513135
epizootiological importance of glossina morsitans submorsitans (diptera: glossinidae) (newstead) in the ghibe river valley, southwest ethiopia.	the epizootiological importance of glossina morsitans submorsitans in ghibe river valley was undertaken from october 2000 to september 2001. the flies were collected using baited monoconical traps. g. m. submorsitans occurred with a mean apparent density of 4.26+/-0.49 flies/trap/day and the apparent density was characterized by an increase during the wet season and a decrease during the dry season. among 450 g. m. submorsitans, approximately 5% were found to be infected with trypanosome. of the ...	2007	17543265
dynamics of infection and competition between two strains of trypanosoma brucei brucei in the tsetse fly observed using fluorescent markers.	genetic exchange occurs between trypanosoma brucei strains during the complex developmental cycle in the tsetse vector, probably within the salivary glands. successful mating will depend on the dynamics of co-infection with multiple strains, particularly if intraspecific competition occurs. we have previously used t. brucei expressing green fluorescent protein to study parasite development in the vector, enabling even one trypanosome to be visualized. here we have used two different trypanosome ...	2007	17553128
trypanosoma brucei vacuolar protein sorting 41 (vps41) is required for intracellular iron utilization and maintenance of normal cellular morphology.	procyclic forms of trypanosoma brucei brucei remain and propagate in the midgut of tsetse fly where iron is rich. additional iron is also required for their growth in in vitro culture. however, little is known about the genes involved in iron metabolism and the mechanism of iron utilization in procyclic-form cells. therefore, we surveyed the genes involved in iron metabolism in the t. b. brucei genome sequence database. we found a potential homologue of vacuole protein sorting 41 (vps41), a gene ...	2007	17577424
migration of african trypanosomes across the blood-brain barrier.	subspecies of the extracellular parasite, trypanosoma brucei, which are spread by the tsetse fly in sub-saharan africa, cause in humans sleeping sickness. in experimental rodent models the parasite can at a certain stage of disease pass through the blood-brain barrier across or between the endothelial cells and the vessel basement membranes. the laminin composition of the basement membranes determines whether they are permissive to parasite penetration. one cytokine, interferon-gamma, plays an i ...	2007	17582444
trypanosoma brucei 29-13 strain is inducible in but not permissive for the tsetse fly vector.	using green fluorescent protein as a reporter, we have shown that the strain 29-13 of trypanosoma brucei, widely used for inducible down-regulation of mrna, is inducible in, but not permissive for the tsetse flies glossina palpalis gambiensis and glossina morsitans morsitans. within two weeks post-infection, 42% males and females of teneral and non-teneral tsetse flies harboured intestinal infections, yet not a single infection progressed into the salivary glands.	2007	17603043
patterns of genetic diversity and differentiation in the tsetse fly glossina morsitans morsitans westwood populations in east and southern africa.	genetic diversity and differentiation within and among nine g. morsitans morsitans populations from east and southern africa was assessed by examining variation at seven microsatellite loci and a mitochondrial locus, cytochrome oxidase (coi). mean coi diversity within populations was 0.63+/-0.33 and 0.81 taken over all populations. diversities averaged over microsatellite loci were high (mean number of alleles/locus>or=7.4; mean he>or=65%) in all populations. diversities averaged across populati ...	2007	16897444
the tsetse fly glossina palpalis palpalis is composed of several genetically differentiated small populations in the sleeping sickness focus of bonon, côte d'ivoire.	glossina palpalis is the main vector of human african trypanosomosis (hat, or sleeping sickness) that dramatically affects human health in sub-saharan africa. because of the implications of genetic structuring of vector populations for the design and efficacy of control campaigns, g. palpalis palpalis in the most active focus of sleeping sickness in côte d'ivoire was studied to determine whether this taxon is genetically structured. high and statistically significant levels of within population ...	2007	16890499
depletion of the thioredoxin homologue tryparedoxin impairs antioxidative defence in african trypanosomes.	in trypanosomes, the thioredoxin-type protein txn (tryparedoxin) is a multi-purpose oxidoreductase that is involved in the detoxification of hydroperoxides, the synthesis of dna precursors and the replication of the kinetoplastid dna. african trypanosomes possess two isoforms that are localized in the cytosol and in the mitochondrion of the parasites respectively. here we report on the biological significance of the ctxn (cytosolic txn) of trypanosoma brucei for hydroperoxide detoxification. dep ...	2007	17040206
dynamics of reductive genome evolution in mitochondria and obligate intracellular microbes.	reductive evolution in mitochondria and obligate intracellular microbes has led to a significant reduction in their genome size and guanine plus cytosine content (gc). we show that genome shrinkage during reductive evolution in prokaryotes follows an exponential decay pattern and provide a method to predict the extent of this decay on an evolutionary timescale. we validated predictions by comparison with estimated extents of genome reduction known to have occurred in mitochondria and buchnera ap ...	2007	17108184
tsetse control in cattle from pyrethroid footbaths.	in burkina faso, we assessed the efficacy of treating cattle with a footbath containing aqueous formulations of pyrethroids to control two tsetse-fly species, glossina tachinoides westwood, 1850 (diptera, glossinidae) and glossina palpalis gambiensis vanderplank 1949. legs were the most targeted parts of the body for tsetse-fly blood meals: 81% (95% ci: 73, 89) for g. tachinoides and 88% (81, 95) for g. palpalis. the in-stable efficacy of footbath treatments was compared with manual full sprayin ...	2007	17126431
bovine transcriptome analysis by sage technology during an experimental trypanosoma congolense infection.	in central and sub-saharan africa, trypanosomosis is a tsetse fly-transmitted disease, which is considered as the most important impediment to livestock production in the region. however, several indigenous west african taurine breeds (bos taurus) present remarkable tolerance to the infection. this genetic capability, named trypanotolerance, results from numerous biological mechanisms most probably under multigenic dependences, among which are control of the trypanosome infection by limitation o ...	2006	17135528
the effect of starvation on the susceptibility of teneral and non-teneral tsetse flies to trypanosome infection.	transmission of vector-borne diseases depends largely on the ability of the insect vector to become infected with the parasite. in tsetse flies, newly emerged or teneral flies are considered the most likely to develop a mature, infective trypanosome infection. this was confirmed during experimental infections where laboratory-reared glossina morsitans morsitans westwood (diptera: glossinidae) were infected with trypanosoma congolense or t. brucei brucei. the ability of mature adult tsetse flies ...	2006	17199750
selective use of odour-baited, insecticide-treated targets to control tsetse flies glossina austeni and g. brevipalpis in south africa.	the effectiveness of odour-baited targets treated with 0.8% deltamethrin in controlling glossina austeni newstead and g. brevipalpis newstead (diptera: glossinidae) was evaluated in zululand, south africa. targets were initially deployed in the three habitat types (grassland, woodland and forest) of two adjacent areas at a density of four targets per km(2). one area functioned as the treatment block (c. 35 km(2)) and included the focus of the target deployment, and the second area functioned as ...	2006	17199759
protein tyrosine phosphatase tbptp1: a molecular switch controlling life cycle differentiation in trypanosomes.	differentiation in african trypanosomes (trypanosoma brucei) entails passage between a mammalian host, where parasites exist as a proliferative slender form or a g0-arrested stumpy form, and the tsetse fly. stumpy forms arise at the peak of each parasitaemia and are committed to differentiation to procyclic forms that inhabit the tsetse midgut. we have identified a protein tyrosine phosphatase (tbptp1) that inhibits trypanosome differentiation. consistent with a tyrosine phosphatase, recombinant ...	2006	17043136
molecular aspects of viviparous reproductive biology of the tsetse fly (glossina morsitans morsitans): regulation of yolk and milk gland protein synthesis.	tsetse fly (diptera: glossinidae) viviparous reproductive physiology remains to be explored at the molecular level. adult females carry their young in utero for the duration of embryonic and larval development, all the while supplying their offspring with nutrients in the form of a "milk" substance secreted from a modified accessory gland. flies give birth to fully developed third instar larvae that pupariate shortly after birth. here, we describe the spatial and temporal expression dynamics of ...	2006	17046784
trypanosoma congolense procyclins: unmasking cryptic major surface glycoproteins in procyclic forms.	in the tsetse fly, the protozoan parasite trypanosoma congolense is covered by a dense layer of glycosylphosphatidylinositol (gpi)-anchored molecules. these include a protease-resistant surface molecule (prs), which is expressed by procyclic forms early in infection, and a glutamic acid- and alanine-rich protein (garp), which appears at later stages. since neither of these surface antigens is expressed at intermediate stages, we investigated whether a gpi-anchored protein of 50 to 58 kda, previo ...	2006	16896226
analysis of fat body transcriptome from the adult tsetse fly, glossina morsitans morsitans.	tsetse flies (diptera: glossinidia) are vectors of pathogenic african trypanosomes. to develop a foundation for tsetse physiology, a normalized expressed sequence tag (est) library was constructed from fat body tissue of immune-stimulated glossina morsitans morsitans. analysis of 20,257 high-quality ests yielded 6372 unique genes comprised of 3059 tentative consensus (tc) sequences and 3313 singletons (available at http://aksoylab.yale.edu). we analysed the putative fat body transcriptome based ...	2006	16907828
the procyclin-associated genes of trypanosoma brucei are not essential for cyclical transmission by tsetse.	ep and gpeet procyclins are the major surface glycoproteins of trypanosoma brucei in the midgut of tsetse flies (glossina spp.). the procyclin genes are located at the beginning of polycistronic transcription units and are followed by at least one procyclin-associated gene (pag). the ep/pag1 locus on one copy of chromosome x begins with the three genes ep1, ep2 and pag1; the end of this unit has not been characterized previously. the ep/pag2 locus on the other copy of chromosome x contains the s ...	2006	16930740
interspecific transfer of bacterial endosymbionts between tsetse fly species: infection establishment and effect on host fitness.	tsetse flies (glossina spp.) can harbor up to three distinct species of endosymbiotic bacteria that exhibit unique modes of transmission and evolutionary histories with their host. two mutualist enterics, wigglesworthia and sodalis, are transmitted maternally to tsetse flies' intrauterine larvae. the third symbiont, from the genus wolbachia, parasitizes developing oocytes. in this study, we determined that sodalis isolates from several tsetse fly species are virtually identical based on a phylog ...	2006	16950907
tsetse fly saliva accelerates the onset of trypanosoma brucei infection in a mouse model associated with a reduced host inflammatory response.	tsetse flies (glossina sp.) are the vectors that transmit african trypanosomes, protozoan parasites that cause human sleeping sickness and veterinary infections in the african continent. these blood-feeding dipteran insects deposit saliva at the feeding site that enables the blood-feeding process. here we demonstrate that tsetse fly saliva also accelerates the onset of a trypanosoma brucei infection. this effect was associated with a reduced inflammatory reaction at the site of infection initiat ...	2006	16954393
the use of aerial spraying to eliminate tsetse from the okavango delta of botswana.	in botswana, 16,000 km(2) of the okavango delta were aerial sprayed five times with deltamethrin, applied at 0.26-0.3g/ha, to control glossina morsitans centralis machado (diptera: glossinidae) over a period of approximately 8 weeks. the northern half of the delta (7180 km(2)) was sprayed in june-september 2001 and the southern half (8720 km(2)) in may-august 2002. a barrier (mean width approximately 10 km) of 12,000 deltamethrin-treated targets was deployed at the interface of these two blocks ...	2006	16987491
gpi-anchored proteins and free gpi glycolipids of procyclic form trypanosoma brucei are nonessential for growth, are required for colonization of the tsetse fly, and are not the only components of the surface coat.	the procyclic form of trypanosoma brucei exists in the midgut of the tsetse fly. the current model of its surface glycocalyx is an array of rod-like procyclin glycoproteins with glycosylphosphatidylinositol (gpi) anchors carrying sialylated poly-n-acetyllactosamine side chains interspersed with smaller sialylated poly-n-acetyllactosamine-containing free gpi glycolipids. mutants for tbgpi12, deficient in the second step of gpi biosynthesis, were devoid of cell surface procyclins and poly-n-acetyl ...	2006	17035628
[return of african sleeping sickness].	at present there is a steady rise in african sleeping sickness (trypanosomiasis) transmitted by the tsetse fly, and which if left untreated, is fatal. thanks to more than so years of neglect by research, our therapeutic repertoire is limited to medications with a high level of toxicity. both who and international aid organizations are pushing hard for the development of new, more efficient drugs that can be readily applied in the field.	2006	17036906
the relative contributions of developmental plasticity and adult acclimation to physiological variation in the tsetse fly, glossina pallidipes (diptera, glossinidae).	recent reviews of the adaptive hypotheses for animal responses to acclimation have highlighted the importance of distinguishing between developmental and adult (non-developmental) phenotypic plasticity. there has been little work, however, on separating the effects of developmental plasticity from adult acclimation on physiological traits. therefore, we investigated the relative contributions of these two distinct forms of plasticity to the environmental physiology of adult tsetse flies by expos ...	2006	16513933
human african trypanosomiasis-neurological aspects.	human african trypanosomiasis (hat),which is also known as sleeping sickness, is a major cause of death and disability in 36 countries in sub-saharan africa. the disease is caused by the protozoan parasite of the trypanosoma genus which is transmitted by the bite of the tsetse fly. the two types of hat, the east african form due to trypanosoma b.rhodesiensei (t. b.rhodesiensi) and the west african form due to t. b.gambiense, differ in their tempo of infection but in both cases the disease is alw ...	2006	16541214
molecular characterization of a tsetse fly midgut proteolytic lectin that mediates differentiation of african trypanosomes.	differentiation of bloodstream-form trypanosomes into procyclic (midgut) forms is an important first step in the establishment of an infection within the tsetse fly. this complex process is mediated by a wide variety of factors, including those associated with the vector itself, the trypanosomes and the bloodmeal. as part of an on-going project in our laboratory, we recently isolated and characterized a bloodmeal-induced molecule with both lectin and trypsin activities from midguts of the tsetse ...	2006	16551548
regulation of surface coat exchange by differentiating african trypanosomes.	african trypanosomes (trypanosoma brucei) have a digenetic lifecycle that alternates between the mammalian bloodstream and the tsetse fly vector. in the bloodstream, replicating long slender parasites transform into non-dividing short stumpy forms. upon transmission into the fly midgut, short stumpy cells differentiate into actively dividing procyclics. a hallmark of this process is the replacement of the bloodstream-stage surface coat composed of variant surface glycoprotein (vsg) with a new co ...	2006	16564583
trypanosomosis prevalence in cattle on mafia island (tanzania).	during two consecutive surveys (february and august/sept 2002), a total of 970 cattle from the cattle population of mafia island (united republic of tanzania) were blood-sampled. all blood samples were microscopically screened for the presence of trypanosomes and a portion of these were checked for antibodies with an ab-elisa and for the presence of trypanosomal dna with pcr. microscopic evidence of trypanosomes of the congolense group (sub-genus nannomonas) was found in 0.8% of the animals (8/9 ...	2006	16574325
microgeographical breeding structure of the tsetse fly, glossina pallidipes in south-western kenya.	the origins of extant glossina pallidipes austen (diptera: glossinidae) populations in the ecologically well-studied lambwe and nguruman valleys in kenya are controversial because populations have recovered after seemingly effective attempts to achieve high levels of control. the microgeographical breeding structure of the tsetse fly, g. pallidipes, was investigated by analysing spatial and temporal variation at eight microsatellite loci to test hypotheses about endemism and immigration. samples ...	2006	16608498
dynamics of multiple symbiont density regulation during host development: tsetse fly and its microbial flora.	symbiotic associations often enhance hosts' physiological capabilities, allowing them to expand into restricted terrains, thus leading to biological diversification. stable maintenance of partners is essential for the overall biological system to succeed. the viviparous tsetse fly (diptera: glossinidae) offers an exceptional system to examine factors that influence the maintenance of multiple symbiotic organisms within a single eukaryotic host. this insect harbours three different symbionts repr ...	2006	16618673
glossina proteolytic lectin does not require a carbohydrate moiety for enzymatic or trypanosome-transforming activities.	the developmental cycle of the cyclically transmitted african trypanosome involves an obligatory passage through the tsetse fly, glossina spp. this intricate relationship requires the presence of molecules within the insect vector, including a midgut lectin, that interact with the trypanosome. recently, a gene encoding for a proteolytic lectin, with trypanosome-transforming activity, was isolated from a midgut cdna library of glossina fuscipes fuscipes austen in our laboratory. using the same ap ...	2006	16619615
innate immune responses regulate trypanosome parasite infection of the tsetse fly glossina morsitans morsitans.	tsetse flies transmit the protozoan parasite african trypanosomes, the agents of human sleeping sickness in sub-saharan africa. parasite transmission in the insect is restricted by a natural resistance phenomenon (refractoriness). understanding the mechanism of parasite resistance is important as strengthening fly's response(s) via transgenic approaches can prevent parasite transmission and lead to the development of novel vector control strategies. here, we investigated the role of one of the t ...	2006	16689795
comparison of the transmissibility of trypanosoma congolense strains, isolated in a trypanosomiasis endemic area of eastern zambia, by glossina morsitans morsitans.	transmission experiments were conducted to compare the transmissibility of genetically different trypanosoma congolense (savannah subgroup) strains isolated from cattle in a trypanosomiasis endemic area of eastern zambia. a total of 17 strains were compared. three strains were extremely virulent with a short pre-patent period, high parasitaemia and a short median survival time (between 5 and 9 days) in mice. the remainder of the strains belonged to the moderate (6 strains) or low (8 strains) vir ...	2006	16719960
successful and currently ongoing parasite eradication programs.	the eradication of parasitic diseases is not a new concept. the most successful programs of parasite eradication have occurred with species of veterinary importance. the first such program, the eradication of texas cattle fever from the united states, is one of the great success stories of disease eradication. the american screwworm eradication program is ongoing and is serving as a guiding impetus for many of the ongoing or proposed vector eradication schemes around the world. the success of th ...	2006	16730411
effect of isometamidium chloride treatment on susceptibility of tsetse flies (diptera: glossinidae) to trypanosome infections.	experiments were conducted to determine the effect of a single isometamidium chloride treatment of teneral tsetse flies, glossina morsitans morsitans westwood (diptera: glossinidae), on the subsequent susceptibility to an infection with trypanosoma congolense or trypanosoma brucei brucei. flies were offered a first bloodmeal on sterile gamma-irradiated defibrinated bovine blood that contained either 10 or 100 microg ofisometamidium chloride/ml. treated flies were subsequently infected with t. co ...	2006	16739416
shared microsatellite loci in glossina morsitans sensu lato (diptera: glossinidae).	estimation of allelic frequencies at three microsatellite loci among 20 populations of glossina morsitans morsitans westwood, glossina morsitans submorsitans newstead, and glossina morsitans centralis machado indicated only two of 99 alleles were shared between three subspecies and 18 between any two subspecies; 81 alleles were unshared. the conserved flanking regions of each locus were completely shared. genetic differentiation among subspecies, based on allele size, was rst = 0.87, close to th ...	2006	16739429
tsetse fly saliva biases the immune response to th2 and induces anti-vector antibodies that are a useful tool for exposure assessment.	tsetse flies (glossina sp.) are blood-feeding dipteran insects that transmit african trypanosomes, parasites that are responsible for human sleeping sickness and veterinary infections. increasing attention is being paid to the effects of tsetse fly saliva deposited at the feeding site, which enables the blood-feeding process and putatively promotes parasite transmission. here we demonstrate that saliva induces strong humoral responses against the major 43-45 kda protein fraction (tsetse salivary ...	2006	16777113
response of four indigenous cattle breeds to natural tsetse and trypanosomosis challenge in the ghibe valley of ethiopia.	a comparative study on the response of four indigenous cattle breeds of ethiopia, namely abigar, horro, sheko and gurage, to natural challenge of trypanosomosis in the tolley-gullele area of the ghibe valley has been undertaken from august 2000 until august 2004. fifty female yearlings each of horro, sheko and abigar and 31 of the gurage were purchased from their natural habitats and introduced in to medium to high tsetse-trypanosomosis challenge area of the ghibe valley. while the natural habit ...	2006	16797843
a mitogen-activated protein kinase controls differentiation of bloodstream forms of trypanosoma brucei.	african trypanosomes undergo differentiation in order to adapt to the mammalian host and the tsetse fly vector. to characterize the role of a mitogen-activated protein (map) kinase homologue, tbmapk5, in the differentiation of trypanosoma brucei, we constructed a knockout in procyclic (insect) forms from a differentiation-competent (pleomorphic) stock. two independent knockout clones proliferated normally in culture and were not essential for other life cycle stages in the fly. they were also ab ...	2006	16835456
glossina fuscipes fuscipes in the trypanosomiasis endemic areas of south eastern uganda: apparent density, trypanosome infection rates and host feeding preferences.	a study was undertaken in three districts in south eastern uganda endemic for human and animal trypanosomiasis, to investigate the status of the vector tsetse fly population. apparent density (ad) of tsetse was between 2 and 21 flies/trap/day across the three districts, with glossinia fuscipes fuscipes identified as the predominant species. trypanosomes were observed in g.f. fuscipes with an infection rate, as determined by microscopy, of 1.55% across the three studied areas. however, trypanosom ...	2006	16870129
prevalence and incidence of bovine trypanosomosis on the adamaoua plateau in cameroon 10 years after the tsetse eradication campaign.	between march 2004 and february 2005, the monthly incidence of trypanosome infections was measured in cattle from nine sentinel herds in the adamaoua province of cameroon. three herds of 20 cattle each were kept on the plateau which has been cleared from tsetse flies about 10 years ago, three other herds were grazing in the tsetse infested valley whereas the last three were herded in the buffer zone. the cross-sectional study showed that the initial trypanosomosis prevalence was 1.8, 5.2 and 2.0 ...	2006	16887270
biting flies and trypanosoma vivax infection in three highland districts bordering lake tana, ethiopia.	an epidemiological study was conducted to determine the prevalence of trypanosomosis in cattle, small ruminants and equidae, and to identify biting flies; potential mechanical vectors of trypanosomes in the three districts of bahir dar zuria, dembia and fogera, bordering lake tana, ethiopia. about 1509 cattle, 798 small ruminants and 749 equidae were bled for the prevalence study using the buffy-coat method and the measurement of the hematocrit value. sixty-six ngu and 20 monoconical traps were ...	2006	16890359
solution structures of stomoxyn and spinigerin, two insect antimicrobial peptides with an alpha-helical conformation.	stomoxyn and spinigerin belong to the class of linear cysteine-free insect antimicrobial peptides that kill a range of microorganisms, parasites, and some viruses but without any lytic activity against mammalian erythrocytes. stomoxyn is localized in the gut epithelium of the nonvector stable fly that is sympatric with the trypanosome vector tsetse fly. spinigerin is stored and secreted by hemocytes from the fungus-growing termite. the structure of synthetic stomoxyn and spinigerin in aqueous so ...	2006	16170803
the transmissibility of trypanosoma congolense seems to be associated with its level of resistance to isometamidium chloride.	in large parts of africa the control of livestock trypanosomiasis relies on the use of trypanocidal drugs. resistance against the available compounds is developing rapidly in the trypanosome population. the effect of the development of drug resistance on the fitness of the trypanosome is not well known. to determine the effect of the development of resistance to isometamidium chloride on the trypanosome's transmissibility, transmission experiments were conducted. use was made of three isogenic c ...	2006	16303254
multiple effects of the lectin-inhibitory sugars d-glucosamine and n-acetyl-glucosamine on tsetse-trypanosome interactions.	we are studying early events in the establishment of trypanosoma brucei in the tsetse midgut using fluorescent trypanosomes to increase visibility. feeding flies with the lectin-inhibitory sugars d-glucosamine (glcn) or n-acetyl-glucosamine (glcnac) has previously been shown to enhance fly susceptibility to infection with trypanosomes and, as expected, we found that both sugars increased midgut infection rates of glossina morsitans morsitans with t. brucei. however, glcnac did not show the inhib ...	2006	16393366
sleeping sickness in uganda: revisiting current and historical distributions.	sleeping sickness is a parasitic, vector-borne disease, carried by the tsetse fly and prevalent in sub-saharan africa. the disease continues to pose a public health burden in uganda, which experienced a widespread outbreak in 1900-1920, and a more recent outbreak in 1976-1989. the disease continues to spread to uninfected districts.	2006	17604511
human african trypanosomiasis transmission, kinshasa, democratic republic of congo.	to investigate the epidemiology of human african trypanosomiasis (sleeping sickness) in kinshasa, democratic republic of congo, 2 entomologic surveys were conducted in 2005. trypanosoma brucei gambiense and human-blood meals were found in tsetse fly midguts, which suggested active disease transmission. vector control should be used to improve human african trypanosomiasis control efforts.	2006	17326955
molecular characterization of iron binding proteins from glossina morsitans morsitans (diptera: glossinidae).	the regulation of iron is critical for maintaining homeostasis in the tsetse fly (diptera: glossinidae), in which both adult sexes are strict blood feeders. we have characterized the cdnas for two putative iron-binding proteins (ibps) involved in transport and storage; transferrin (gmmtsf1) and ferritin from glossina morsitans morsitans. gmmtsf1 transcripts are detected in the female fat body and in adult reproductive tissues, and only in the adult developmental stage in a bloodmeal independent ...	2006	17098167
new polymorphic microsatellites in glossina pallidipes (diptera: glossinidae) and their cross-amplification in other tsetse fly taxa.	we report the development and characterization of three new microsatellite markers in the tsetse fly, glossina pallidipes (diptera: glossinidae). fifty-eight alleles were scored in 192 individuals representing six natural populations. allelic diversity ranged from 9 to 28 alleles per locus (mean 19.3 +/- 5.5). averaged across loci, observed heterozygosity was 0.581 +/- 0.209, and expected heterozygosity was 0.619 +/- 0.181. cross-species amplifications of the g. pallidipes loci in other tsetse f ...	2006	17103047
development of an adaptive tsetse population management scheme for the luke community, ethiopia.	since 1996, tsetse (glossina spp.) control operations, using odor-baited traps, have been carried out in the luke area of gurage zone, southwestern ethiopia. glossina morsitans submorsitans newstead was identified as the dominant species in the area, but the presence of glossina fuscipes newstead and glossina pallidipes austen also was recorded. here, we refer to the combined number of these three species and report the work undertaken from october 2002 to october 2004 to render the control syst ...	2005	16465742
ability of trypanosome-infected tsetse flies (diptera: glossinidae) to acquire an infection with a second trypanosome species.	the epidemiology of human and animal trypanosomiasis is determined to a large extent by the number of infected tsetse flies in a specific area. in the field, a substantial proportion of infected flies carry mixed trypanosome infections. the way in which these tsetse flies acquire a mixed infection is not fully understood. in particular, the susceptibility of tsetse flies to sequential infection with trypanosomes is not well understood. accordingly, laboratory studies were made of the effects of ...	2005	16465745
two tsetse fly species, glossina palpalis gambiensis and glossina morsitans morsitans, carry genetically distinct populations of the secondary symbiont sodalis glossinidius.	genetic diversity among sodalis glossinidius populations was investigated using amplified fragment length polymorphism markers. strains collected from glossina palpalis gambiensis and glossina morsitans morsitans flies group into separate clusters, being differentially structured. this differential structuring may reflect different host-related selection pressures and may be related to the different vector competences of glossina spp.	2005	16332895
macrogeographic population structure of the tsetse fly, glossina pallidipes (diptera: glossinidae).	tsetse flies are confined to sub-saharan africa where they occupy discontinuous habitats. in anticipation of area-wide control programmes, estimates of gene flow among tsetse populations are necessary. genetic diversities were partitioned at eight microsatellite loci and five mitochondrial loci in 21 glossina pallidipes austin populations. at microsatellite loci, nei's unbiased gene diversity averaged over loci was 0.659 and the total number of alleles was 214, only four of which were shared amo ...	2005	16197564