Publications

the transmission of mixed infections of pathogenic trypanosoma species to susceptible hosts by glossina morsitans morsitans.		1982	6131589
the dynamics of the cellular reactions elicited in the skin of goats by glossina morsitans morsitans infected with trypanosoma (nannomonas) congolense or t. (duttonella) vivax.	local skin reactions were elicited in goats by tsetse infected with either t. (n.) congolense of t. (d.) vivax. for the former trypanosomes, the skin reaction was detected initially 7 days after challenge and was maximal 3 days later. histologically, the cellular response involved an initial influx of polymorphonuclear leucocytes (pmn) which was followed by a substantial infiltration of lymphocytes and macrophages. large numbers of plasma cells remained in the skin reaction during its decline. m ...	1981	6111913
infectivity of monomorphic and pleomorphic trypanosoma brucei stocks cultivated at 28 c with various tsetse fly tissues.	noninfective procyclic forms of trypanosoma brucei stocks derived from the pleomorphic eve 10 were cultivated at 28 c in cunningham's liquid medium in the presence of head-salivary gland, alimentary tract, and abdominal body wall explants of glossina morsitans morsitans. after 8 to 10 days of cultivation some of the procyclic forms transformed into metacyclic stages infective for mice. infectivity persisted for varying periods up to 66 days, when the experiments were terminated. only 10 explants ...	1981	6115002
effects of maintaining glossina morsitans morsitans on different hosts upon the vector's subsequent infection rates with pathogenic trypanosomes.	the percentage infection rates of trypanosoma vivax in glossina morsitans morsitans maintained after the infected meal on a cow, goats, rabbit, rats or mice were 88.0, 86.7, 94.8, 76.4 and 6.1, respectively. there were not significant differences between the males and females in this respect. the mortality rates of the tsetse maintained on mice or sheep were relatively high; the infection rate of the few survivors (5%) maintained on the latter host was 44.4%. the rates of t. congolense infection ...	1981	6115552
genetic polymorphism in three species of tsetse flies (diptera: glossinidae) in upper volta.	natural populations of glossina morsitans submorsitans newstead, glossina palpalis gambiensis vanderplank and glossina tachinoides westwood occurring within 150 km of bobo-dioulasso, upper volta were examined using polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. no variation was found in the banding pattern for arginine phosphokinase (ec 2.7.3.3). g. p. gambiensis and g. tachinoides had three alleles for each of the thoracic enzymes octanol dehydrogenase (ec 1.1.1.73), malic dehydrogenase (ec 1.1.1.37) and ...	1981	6115554
cultivation of infective forms of trypanosoma congolense from trypanosomes in the proboscis of glossina morsitans.	two stocks of trypanosoma congolense were established in culture at 28 degrees c using trypanosomes from the proboscides of infective glossina morsitans. successful primary cultures were initiated by placing an infected tsetse proboscis beside a bovine dermal collagen explant in eagle's minimum essential medium supplemented with foetal calf serum. the trypanosomes multiplied rapidly in the medium and also gradually formed an adherent layer o the plastic surface of the culture vessel. three prima ...	1981	7208105
some phenomena associated with the development of trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense infections in the tsetse fly, glossina morsitans.	immature salivary gland (sg) infections averaging 10(3) parasites per fly can apparently develop into mature gland infections averaging 10(5) parasites per fly in as little as 4 days. frequently flies which extrude parasites in their saliva prove to have no parasites in the sg, but often show trypanosomes in the esophagus, cibarial pump, and proboscis. in some instances, sg infections have cleared, resulting in a loss of infectivity. results of studying numbers of parasites regurgitated upon fee ...	1981	7258478
two platelet aggregation inhibitors in tsetse (glossina) saliva with studies of roles of thrombin and citrate in in vitro platelet aggregation.	two inhibitors of platelet aggregation have been identified in saline extracts of glossina morsitans (tsetse) salivary glands. a protein fraction (mw greater than 30 000) inhibited primary and secondary aggregation to adp, secondary aggregation to adrenalin, and aggregation to collagen. it also caused disaggregation of platelets stimulated by adp and adrenalin. these properties could be explained by adp hydrolytic activity. a previously identified antithrombin fraction (mw 11 000-13 000) abolish ...	1981	7272218
studies on the transmission of a west african stock of trypanosoma vivax to rabbits, rats, mice and goats by glossina morsitans morsitans and g. m. centralis.		1981	7275475
probing by glossina morsitans morsitans and transmission of trypanosoma (nannomonas) congolense.	successive probings on nine mice each by 32 glossina morsitans morsitans infected with trypanosoma (nannomonas) congolense resulted in 54% of the mice (156/288) becoming parasitemic. a second trial with 25 surviving infected flies resulted in transmission by probing to 37.3% (84/225) of the host mice. the patterns of transmission were similar in the two trials, with transmission rates in the first and second probings higher than those for feedings to repletion after nine consecutive probings. in ...	1981	7283013
presence of a peculiar pathway of glucose metabolism in infective forms of trypanosoma brucei cultured from salivary glands of tsetse flies.	we have studied metabolism of glucose by infective forms of trypanosoma brucei brucei isolated from tsetse fly salivary glands and grown in continuous culture for more than 700 days. the end products of glucose metabolism under aerobic conditions were found to be pyruvate and glycerol in the ratio 3:1. this changed to equimolar formation of pyruvate and glycerol when glucose was metabolized under aerobic conditions in the presence of 1.5 mm salicylhydroxamic acid (sham), a situation analogous to ...	1981	7328458
[glossina morsitans submorsitans newstead 1910, (diptera muscidae) in a sudan-guinea savanna zone in mali. i. ecodistribution and seasonal fluctuations].		1981	7335944
susceptibility to african trypanosomiasis of n'dama and zebu cattle in an area of glossina morsitans submorsitans challenge.	the use of trypanotolerant livestock is considered to be an important strategy for the control of african animal trypanosomiasis. in order to define the extent of the differences in susceptibility and productivity, 10 zebu cows (a breed considered trypanosusceptible) and 10 n'dama cows (a breed recognised for trypanotolerance) were exposed to a natural field challenge from glossina morsitans submorsitans newstead. the animals were two-and-a-half to three years old and had not been previously exp ...	1981	7340084
the distribution of repetitive dnas between regular and supernumerary chromosomes in species of glossina (tsetse): a two-step process in the origin of supernumeraries.	several species of tsetse fly within the morsitans and fusca subgenera of glossina contain supernumerary (b) chromosomes. previous studies on the meiotic behaviour of chromosomes (southern and pell, 1973) and the c-band patterns (jordan et al., 1977) have indicated a close similarity between the y chromosome and the supernumeraries. the distributions of the highly abundant families of dna (satellite dnas) between the autosomes, sex chromosomes and b chromosomes of g.m. morsitans, g. austeni and ...	1981	6258877
absence of detectable alteration in the kinetoplast dna of a trypanosoma brucei clone following loss of ability to infect the insect vector (glossina morsitans).	a monomorphic bloodstream population of trypanosoma brucei eatro 1244 was derived from a cloned pleomorphic parental population by 77 rapid passages through mice. loss of pleomorphism was accompanied by increased virulence of trypanosomes towards the mammal, by loss of ability to infect the tsetse fly, glossina morsitans, loss of ability to transform to the procyclic stage in vitro at 26 degrees c, and by loss of oligomycin-sensitive atpase activity in trypanosome homogenates. no differences in ...	1981	6275264
abstinons : male-produced deterrents of mating in flies.	glossina morsitans morsitans westwood andmusca domestica linne have an efficient strategy for preventing wasteful homosexual activity in males: hexane-soluble substances on the cuticle of the male flies terminate courting by other males on contact. the inhibitory activity of these materials is demonstrated by the abstention of males from mating with females treated with male extract.	1981	24420474
studies on trypanosoma (nannomonas) congolense iii. antigenic variation in three cyclically transmitted stocks.	cyclical transmission of different variable antigen types of trypanosoma congolense stib 228 resulted in the development of metacyclic trypanosome populations which were similar in their variable antigen composition as judged by immunofluorescence and neutralization assays. the variable antigen types present in the ingested bloodstream populations were not found in the metacyclic populations. the bloodstream populations which were obtained from cyclically infected, irradiated (900 rad.) mice con ...	1980	6992057
feeding behaviour of tsetse flies infected with salivarian trypanosomes.	although much is known about factors which determine infection rates of salivarian trypanosomes (subgenera nannomonas, duttonella and tryanozoon) in the tsetse fly glossina, it is not clear why infection rates of trypanozoon are high in mammalian hosts but low in wild-caught glossina and why trypanosomiasis occurs where glossina is not readily detectable. we report here that the feeding behaviour of trypanosome-infected glossina differed from that of uninfected control flies. infected flies prob ...	1980	7352013
the construction of laboratory studies on tsetse fly behaviour [proceedings].		1980	7385313
the dietetics of glossina morsitans [proceedings].		1980	7385315
environmental aspects of field trials with pyrethroids to eradicate tsetse fly in nigeria.		1980	7389632
the separation and structure of infective trypanosomes from cultures of trypanosomas brucei grown in association with tsetse fly salivary glands.	infective trypanosomes developed when trypanosoma brucei was cultivated at 28 c in a liquid medium containing tsetse fly head-salivary gland explants. they were separated from the noninfective culture forms using deae-cellulose column chromatography. it was demonstrated by light and electron microscopy that the separated organisms were morphologically similar to metacyclic stages found in a tsetse fly and that they had a characteristic surface coat. single metacyclic trypanosomes isolated from t ...	1980	7400995
preliminary observations on the infectivity of slender forms of trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense to glossina morsitans morsitans.		1980	7434409
[glossina, domestic livestock and wild fauna: is a conciliation possible?].	animal trypanosomiasis is one of the major obstacles to livestock production in africa. south of the sahara. tsetse fly control is considered to be the best method of overcoming the disease. the adverse effect of glossina on cattle rearing and their role in the protection of the environment in west africa is discussed. meat production possibilities in infested areas, difficulties encountered in tsetse control and related problems are reviewed. lastly solutions which would assure both livestock d ...	1980	7196143
studies on trypanosoma (nannomonas) congolense iv. experimental immunization of mice against tsetse fly challenge.	groups of mice were exposed to multiple bites by tsetse flies (glossina morsitans morsitans) infected with a clone of trypanosoma congolense spread over a periof of 8 days. the mice were subsequently treated with berenil 10 days after the first fly bite as were uninfected control mice. the group of mice which received 12--15 infectious fly bites on two occasions, 21 days apart, were subsequently resistant to infection when re-challenged by flies infected with the same clone of t. congolense. the ...	1980	6155654
antigenic analysis by immunofluorescence of in vitro-produced metacyclics of trypanosoma brucei and their infections in mice.	the antigenic types in populations of metacyclic trypanosomes of trypanosoma brucei isolated from glossina morsitans head-salivary gland trypanosome cultures and bloodstream forms in the early parasitemias produced from whole culture supernatant fluids containing metacyclic forms, were analyzed by the indirect fluorescent antibody test using clone-specific antisera. metacyclic trypanosomes in cultures initiated with cloned bloodstream forms with heterogeneous with respect to their variable antig ...	1980	6161247
the sequential cellular changes in the local skin reaction produced in goats by glossina morsitans morsitans infected with trypanosoma (trypanozoon) brucei.	sequential biopsies of the skin reaction elicited in goats by glossina morsitans morsitans infected with trypanosoma (trypanozoon) brucei were examined histologically to identify and to quantify the cellular populations involved in the reaction. the peak of the tissue response occurred 7-8 days after challenge with infected tsetse and preceded the initial detection of parasitaemia by 4-5 days. microscopically, the cellular reaction was characterized initially by a marked infiltration of polymorp ...	1980	6106349
distribution and attachment of trypanosoma (nannomonas) congolense in the proximal part of the proboscis of glossina morsitans morsitans.	the distribution and attachment of trypanosoma congolense were investigated in the proximal part of the proboscis of glossina m. morsitans. in the food canal, epimastigotes and trypomastigotes formed tufts or compact layers. trypanosomes were attached to the cuticle by their flagella, which formed zonar hemidesmosomes. the flagella were mostly attached parallel to the axis of the labrum and often pointed to its tip. foot-like processes of the flagella came into contact with adjacent flagella lea ...	1980	6106351
the appearance of trypanosoma (duttonella) vivax in lymph following challenge of goats with infected glossina morsitans morsitans.		1980	6110327
resistance of vectors of disease to pesticides. fifth report of the who expert committee in vector biology and control.	the resistance of vectors (the term includes primary and intermediate vertebrate and invertebrate hosts and animal reservoirs of human and animal diseases) of disease to pesticides is a major problem faced by who member states in the control of vectorborne diseases. since the meeting of the who expert committee on insecticides in 1975, resistance has continued to increase and to affect disease control programs in many countries. the appearance of multiresistance in several important vectors ha ...	1980	6111866
the feeding habits and ecology of the tsetse fly glossina morsitans submorsitans newstead in relation to nagana transmission in the gambia.	the source of blood meals from 174 fed glossina morsitans submorsitans newstead, captured in malaise traps in savanna woodland in the gambia, were identified by the precipitin test. warthog accounted for 90% of the meals and single bushbuck and ox feeds were identified. nagana is a major problem in the area, but contact between tsetse and livestock is reduced by restricted grazing. in this situation, warthog, with a ubiquitous distribution, appear to be major maintenance hosts for g. m. submorsi ...	1979	35933
the endosymbionts of glossina morsitans and g. palpalis: cultivation experiments and some physiological properties.	pyruvate, malate, and succinate are the main substrates for bacteroid respiration; oxygen uptake can be inhibited by rotenone and antimycin a, but not by cyanide. the symbionts displayed limited growth and survival for over 80 days in a medium with succinate and pyruvate as main substrates, and supplemented with nucleotides. it was not possible to cultivate the endosymbionts of g. morsitans and g. palpalis intracellularly in cell cultures of the tsetse fly or of vertebrates. a high attraction be ...	1979	43084
[effect of bacterial infections and antibiotics on tsetse flies (diptera, glossinidae) (author's transl)].	the membrane feeding technique (in vitro feeding) used for the rearing of tsetse flies has advantages over the conventional method of feeding the flies on host animals. however, as long as blood remains the sole source of tsetse fly nutrition, the risk remains of blood being contaminated during collection, storage or feeding with bacteria pathogenic to the flies. the resulting high mortality of the tsetse flies endangers the success of this rearing. the experiments described here have shown that ...	1979	44947
antigenic analysis by agglutination of trypanosoma brucei brucei parasitemias initiated in mice with in vitro-produced metacyclics.	trypanosomes from 14 first-peak parasitemias initiated in mice by injection of in vitro-produced metacyclics were stabilated. strains derived from these stabilates were analyzed for their antigenic composition by cross-agglutination with immune sera produced in rabbits against 12 of the stabilates. the antigenic composition of the 14 stabilates was compared also with two first-peak parasitemias from mice inoculated with fly-derived metacyclics, the variant-specific antigen of the strain used to ...	1979	86245
observations on the antigenicity and serological relationships of stocks of trypanosoma congolense from east and west africa.	antigenic relationships of 4 stocks of trypanosoma congolense from different parts of africa were examined by immunofluorescence (ifat) and neutralization tests. antisera to each stock were obtained from rabbits infected with trypanosomes transmitted by glossina morsitans. trypanosomes for use as antigens were obtained from local skin reactions developing on rabbits infected with 2 of the stocks. using the ifat and antisera at end-point dilutions approximately 40% of the trypanosomes fluoresced ...	1979	94428
serological responses in rabbits used to maintain uninfected, laboratory-reared tsetses (glossina morsitans morsitans westwood) (diptera: glossinidae).		1979	117892
trypanosoma theileri: in vitro cultivation in tsetse fly and vertebrate cell culture systems.		1979	120349
trypanosomes in the lymph nodes of cattle and sheep infected with trypanosoma congolense.	the prefemoral lymph nodes of two calves and a sheep infected with a stock of trypanosoma congolense transmitted by glossina morsitans were examined histologically for the presence of trypanosomes. ten days after infection trypanosomes were found in the subcapsular sinuses of the nodes of a calf and the sheep but parasites were absent from the blood at this time. trypanosomes were also detected in the prefemeral lymph node of the other calf on examination 30 days after infection, when parasites ...	1979	504804
effects of tsetse (glossina morsitans morsitans westw.) (diptera: glossinidae) salivary gland homogenate on coagulation and fibrinolysis.	the saliva of the tsetse, glossina morsitans morsitans westwood, has antithrombin anticoagulant activity and inhibits thrombin's esterolytic activity. it has no other detectable anticoagulant properties. the anticoagulant elutes in a single peak on sephadex fraction, is immediately acting, heat and storage stable, and has a molecular weight of 11-13,000. unlike heparin it is not neutralized by protamine sulphate or toluidine blue and does not require the co-factor, antithrombin iii, for optimal ...	1979	505376
trypanosoma brucei: in vitro propagation of metacyclic forms derived from the salivary glands of glossina morsitans.	1 metacyclic forms of trypanosoma brucei obtained from the salivary glands of the tsetse fly, glossina morsitans have been cultured for the first time in their infective forms for more than 200 days in continuous culture. the parasites were grown at 25 c and 30 c on a bovine embryonic spleen (besp) feeder layer in buffered rpmi 1640 medium supplemented with 20% heat-inactivated bovine fetal serum (bfs) and 5% lactalbumin hydrolysate. initial growth rate was enhanced when normal, noninfected, sal ...	1979	512767
cyclical transmission of trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense and trypanosoma congolense by tsetse flies infected with culture-form procyclic trypanosomes.	culture procyclic forms of trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense and trypanosoma congolense were fed to glossina morsitans morsitans through artificial membranes. a very high percentage of the flies so fed produced established midgut infections, a proportion of which went on to develop into mature metacyclic trypanosomes capable of infecting mammalian hosts. the method offers a safe, clean way of infecting tsetse flies with african trypanosomes which reduces the need for trypanosome-infected animals in ...	1979	536930
infectivity of trypanosoma brucei cultivated at 28 c with tsetse fly salivary glands.	when transformed procyclic noninfective trypanosomes of several unrelated stocks of trypanosoma brucei were cultivated in t-30 falcon flasks at 28 c in a liquid medium containing head-salivary gland explants of glossina morsitans morsitans some of the organisms developed into forms infective for mice. infective trypanosomes were detected 7 to 14 days after the cultures were prepared and they persisted for varying periods of up to 88 days when the cultures were terminated. a few of the salivary g ...	1979	536931
effects of host anemia, local skin factors, and circulating antibodies upon biology of laboratory reared glossina morsitans morsitans westwood (diptera: glossinidae).		1979	540275
ultrastructural studies of certain aspects of the development of trypanosoma congolense in glossina morsitans morsitans.	the course of trypanosoma congolense infections in glossina morsitans morsitans was followed by electron-microscopic examination of ultrathin sections of the guts and proboscises of infected flies. guts dissected from flies 7 days after infection with culture procyclic forms of t. congolense had heavy trypanosome infections in the midgut involving both the endo- and ectoperitrophic spaces. trypanosomes were also seen in the process of penetrating the fully formed peritrophic membrane in the cent ...	1979	544799
tsetse fly reactions to light and humidity gradients.	tsetse flies are positively phototactic below about 30 degree c and negatively phototactic above it. the flies show a preference for the wet end of a humidity gradient and the bright end of a dorsal light intensity gradient. studies of activity levels indicate that tsetse flies should aggregate in damp situations where the activity levels is minimal, whereas in practice the flies are distributed throughout the whole of gradient. analyses of the water and fat content of experimental flies indicat ...	1979	570508
phospholipases of the tsetse fly glossina morsitans.		1978	299642
the presence in salivary secretions of glossina morsitans of stages of trypanosoma (trypanozoon) brucei other than those occurring in the salivary glands.	using the bat wing membrane technique to study salivary secretions of glossina morsitans infected with trypanosoma (trypanozoon) brucei, it was shown that flies extrude infected salivary secretions as early as day six after an infective blood meal. the non-salivary-gland stages of t. (t.) brucei were extruded intermittently and flies infected with such trypanosomes were not all destined to develop metacyclic infections. once the salivary glands were involved, the trypanosomes appeared in the sec ...	1978	569915
excretion of uric acid and amino acids during diuresis in the adult female glossina morsitans.	radiometric analysis was carried out on the urine collected for one hour following feeding of the adult female glossina morsitans on day 1 of a pregnancy cycle, which had previously received haemocoelic injections of u-14c labelled arginine, histidine, leucine, lysine, phenylalanine, threonine, tyrosine or valine. mean radioactivity in the urine was quite high after labelled arginine (17.4% of injected activity) and histidine (21.8%) administration, most of the activity being in the amino acid f ...	1978	31778
studies on trypanosoma (nannomonas) congolense ii. observations on the cyclical transmission of three field isolates by glossina morsitans morsitans.	teneral flies of glossina morsitans morsitans were fed on mice infected with cloned and uncloned derivatives of three recent field isolates of trypanosoma (nannomonas) congolense. flies with mature infections were identified by the warm-slide probe method and phase-contrast microscopy. high infection rates were achieved when such flies were fed on mice at peak parasitaemia. the infection rates were low when flies were fed on mice prior to or late after peak parasitaemia. the duration of the deve ...	1978	32753
some effects of uninfected laboratory-reared tsetses (glossina morsitans morsitans westw.) (diptera: glossinidae) on host-rabbits.	rabbits (flemish giant x french lop-eared) exposed to 300 to 500 tsetses (glossina morsitans morsitans westw.) a day, 2 or 3 days a week, did not show significant differences from littermates receiving no exposure, with respect to weight changes, haematocrits, red and white blood cell counts or whole blood clotting times. in other rabbits, the same daily exposure, 6 days a week, resulted in sharp decreases in haematocrit levels and in some, changes in weights, but no change in citrated plasma th ...	1978	32754
cyclic amp is a likely mediator of ovulation in the tsetse fly.	ovulation in tsetse flies is normally induced by mating, but virgins can be stimulated to ovulate with an injection of dibutyryl cyclic amp, cholera toxin (a cyclic amp generator), or aminophylline (a phosphodiesterase inhibitor). thus, elevation of cyclic amp is a likely link in the events leading to ovulation.	1978	216570
[tsetse fly distribution in the north of the ivory coast].		1978	232290
a microscopical study of the innervation of flight muscles in the tsetse fly.	the gross morphology of the nervous system supplying the dorsal longitudinal flight muscles of tsetse flies is described. electron microscopical investigation of the nerves reveals that the dorsal longitudinal muscles are innervated by branches from four main axons. a detailed description of the neuromuscular junctions in the flight muscle is presented.	1978	619162
trypanosoma brucei-cultivation in vitro of infective forms derived from the midgut of glossina morsitans.	infective forms of trypanosoma brucei derived from the midgut of glossina morsitans, have been propagated in vitro for 61 days on a bovine embryonic spleen (besp) feeder layer using rpmi 1640 medium. it was reproducibly shown that only parasites cultured from the midgut of tsetse flies 12-14 hr after feeding on infected animals could be established in vitro. cultures thus established were infective to rats and tsetse flies. only midgut vector types of the parasites were identified by light and e ...	1978	660382
antigenic variation in trypanosomes.	in its mammalian host, trypanosoma brucei is able to change the antigenic character of its glycoprotein surface coat and so evade the host's immune response. this phenotypic change seems to occur spontaneously in 1 in 10,000 individuals but is not due to genetic mutation: host antibody is not necessary for its induction but plays a selective part in bringing about the gross changes in parasite numbers and antigenic character observed in the bloodstream by destroying the main component of what is ...	1978	661969
sex pheromone of the tsetse fly: isolation, identification, and synthesis of contact aphrodisiacs.	sex pheromones isolated from the cuticle of the female tsetse fly, glossina morsitans morsitans westwood, release mating behavior in the male fly at ultrashort range or upon contact with baited decoys. three active components were identified as 15,19-dimethylheptatriacontane, 17,21-dimethylheptatriacontane, and 15,19,23-trimethylheptatriacontane. chemical and biological comparisons show that the natural and synthetic compounds are identical.	1978	675256
investigations on the prevalence of trypanosome carriers and the antibody response in wildlife in northern botswana.	605 buffalo, 60 lechwe, 23 kudu, 23 impala, 15 tsessebe, 22 sable and two reedbuck from northern botswana were examined for trypanosome infections by serological and/or parasitological means. the indirect fluorescent antibody test (ifat), the haematocrit centrifugation technique (hct) and rodent subinoculation were used. the overall prevalence of patent infection with trypanosomes in buffalo, lechwe and reedbuck was 15,7%. in the case of buffalo and lechwe it was possible to classify their origi ...	1978	675844
in vitro feeding in the rearing of tsetse flies (glossina m. morsitans and g.p. palpalis, diptera: glossinidae).	the increasing demand for laboratory reared tsetse flies for research and biological control makes it necessary to develop effective and standardized tsetse fly feeding methods without using live animals for the daily blood uptake. the in vitro feeding technique, described in this paper, has been used for rearing g. m. morsitans by feeding them defibrinated equine blood through a silicone membrane. the results obtained for female longevity and productivity and mean weight of puparia are satisfac ...	1978	675846
aposymbiotic tsetse flies, glossina morsitans morsitans obtained by feeding on rabbits immunized specifically with symbionts.		1978	701841
sleeping sickness: in vitro cultivation of trypanosoma brucei from the salivary glands of glossina morsitans.	two strains of trypanosoma brucei were propagated from the salivary glands of 5 glossina morsitans for more than 200 days on a bovine embryonic spleen feeder layer using buffered rpmi 1640 medium supplemented with 20% bovine fetal serum. in the first 2 to 3 weeks of cultivation the density of parasites in the salivary glands and culture medium remained constant probably because of defective binary fission. the parasites were infective to rodents only on days 17 and 25. electron microscopic exami ...	1978	739298
the successful use of work oxen in agricultural development of tsetse infested land in ethiopia.	for the past five years a herd of work oxen, now numbering some 450 individuals, has been maintained under the protection of trypanocidal drugs on a settlement scheme in an area of western ethiopia infested with tsetse. this paper describes the environmental conditions and the epizootiology of trypanosomiasis in the oxen and in the vector, glossina morsitans. it is concluded that with the strategic use of drugs, oxen can be kept alive and perform useful agricultural work, in areas of high tsetse ...	1978	746583
effect of gamma radiation on the tsetse fly, glossina palpalis palpalis (rob.-desv.) (diptera, glossinidae) with observations on the reproductive biology.		1978	753787
aspects of the metabolism of u-14c arginine. u-14c histidine and u-14c lysine by adult female glossina morsitans during pregnancy.		1977	122549
lethal effect of tetracycline on tsetse flies following damage to bacterioid symbionts.	high mortality was observed in tsetse flies, glossina morsitans morsitans, that had had a single blood meal on rabbits which had previously been administered tetracycline complex salts. the death of the flies was apparently effected by the killing of the fly symbionts and the destruction of the mycetomes of the gut. it is suggested that tetracycline complex salts in the food or drink of livestock may be tried for the control of tsetse flies.	1977	405237
digestive processes of haematophagous insects. xiv. haemolytic activity in the midgut of glossina morsitans morstians westwood (diptera: glossinidae).		1977	589527
monthly and seasonal variations in size of uterine contents of wild female glossina morsitans morsitans (diptera: glossinidae) in the republic of zambia, africa.		1977	606813
first tsetse fly transmission of the "antat" serodeme of trypanosoma brucei.		1977	610616
insemination, pregnancy and suspected abortion rates in a natural population of glossina morsitans morsitans (diptera: glossinidae) in the republic of zambia.		1977	561849
digestive processes of haematophagous insects. xii. secretion of trypsin and carboxypeptidase b gy glossina morsitans morsitans westwood (diptera: glossinidae).		1977	837276
observations of resting sites of glossina morsitans morsitans (diptera: muscidae) during the wet season in the republic of zambia, africa.		1977	845902
host preference and trypanosome infection rates of glossina morsitans morsitans westwood in the republic of zambia.	examination of data on the host preference and trypanosome infection rates of glossina morsitans morsitans westwood in central zambia showed a marked preference for suids (62%); bovids (17%), 'other mammals' (14%), primates (4%), reptiles (3%) and birds (less than 1%) accounted for the remaining feeds. trypanosome infection rates in g. m. morsitans were very low (0-3-66%), with higher rates in males; only vivax-type trypanosomes were encountered. the heterogeneity of monthly and seasonal infecti ...	1977	849014
long term variations in trypanosome infection rates in highly infected tsetse flies on a cattle route in south-western nigeria.	one thousand, nine hundred and ninety-seven male and 1988 female glossina morsitans submorsitans were dissected at ogbomosho, on a trade cattle route in south-western nigeria, from june 1970 to august 1973. of male flies, 1307 (65-45%) were infected by trypanosoma vivax trypanosomes, 66 (3-31%) by the subgenus nannomonas (congolense group) and three (0.15%) by the subgenus trypanozoon (brucei group). of flies, 1236 (62-17%) had t. vivax infections, 80 (4-02%) had infections of the subgenus nanno ...	1977	849015
the effects of dietary sodium and potassium on rapid diuresis in the tsetse fly glossina morsitans.		1977	858930
the role of laboratory testing of insecticides for tsetse-fly control.		1977	860315
hormonal growth stimulation and inhibition of pupal cells of the tsetse fly, glossina m. morsitans, in vitro.		1977	865642
metabolism of u-14c leucine and u-14c valine by adult female glossina morsitans during pregnancy.		1977	881566
passage of trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense through the peritrophic membrane of glossina morsitans morsitans.		1977	895841
aspects of the nutrition of adult female glossina morsitans during pregnancy.		1976	950478
storage of nutriments by adult female glossina morsitans and their transfer to the intra-uterine larva.		1976	965773
sterility in tsetse flies (glossina morsitans westwood) caused by loss of symbionts.		1976	986317
digestive processes of haematophagous insects. xi. partial purification and some properties of six proteolytic enzymes from the tsetse fly glossina morsitans morsitans westwood (diptera: glossinidae).		1976	991018
fluid secretion by the malpighian tubules of the tsetse fly glossina morsitans: the effects of ouabain, ethacrynic acid and amiloride.	the effects of three inhibitors of sodium transport on the secretion of fluid by the malpighian tubules of glossina morsitans have been observed. the cardiac glycoside, ouabain, affects neither the rate of secretion nor the sodium concentration of the fluid secreted when isolated tubules are bathed by solutions containing a range of sodium and potassium concentrations. secretion is inhibited, however, by ethacrynic acid and amiloride. the results confirm that fluid secretion by the malpighian tu ...	1976	1003084
micro-organisms in the midgut of tsetse fly larvae.	two types of micro-organisms were found in the midgut of glossina morsitans larvae, a large gram-negative bacterial rod and a small gram-negative rickettsia-like micro-organism, although the occurrence of the rickettsial type is restricted. the location of these micro-organisms in a small area of the proventriculus of all three larval instars is discussed. the large micro-organisms resemble milk-gland bacteria, and further evidence is presented in support of a milk transmission hypothesis for th ...	1976	1031837
active transport of sodium by the malpighian tubules of the tsetse fly glossian morsitans.	isolated malpighian tubules of glossina morsitans are able to transport sodium against its concentration gradient. their rate of secretion is dependent on the sodium concentration of the bathing medium. potassium must be present in the bathing solution for rapid secretion to be maintained, but it does not play an active role in fluid secretion. lithium and ammonium ions are able to substitute partially for sodium, other monovalent cations cannot. ouabain does not affect rapid secretion by glossi ...	1976	180227
nutrition of glossina morsitans: metabolism of u-14c threonine during pregnancy.	following injection of u-14c threonine into the haemolymph of adult female glossina morsitans during late pregnancy, radioactivity was detected in the postparturient female and in its offspring, in threonine, lipids, and a range of non-essential amino acids. the level of radioactivity recovered from the larva was higher than that remaining in the injected adult, and the radioactivity recovered was considerably higher in the amino acid than in the lipid fraction. administration of labelled threon ...	1976	8973
development of trypanosoma (trypanozoon) brucei in glossina morsitans inoculated into the tsetse haemocoel.	classically, infective development of trypanosoma (trypanozoon) brucei in tsetse flies is thought to take the route crop-midgut-hindgut proventriculus-hypopharynx-salivary gland, where the parasites reach their infective phase. it has been shown experimentally that t. (t.) brucei is capable of developing up to the infective stage in g. morsitans following inoculation of bloodstream form trypanosomes into the haemocoel. the rabbit on which flies were maintained became infected 18 days after expos ...	1976	8974
physiology of an atp receptor in labellar sensilla of the tsetse fly glossina morsitans morsitans westw. (diptera: glossinidae).	electrophysiological recordings have been made from cells in the eight large, labellar sensilla of g. morsitans. one of these cells in each sensillum was shown to respond to atp over a concentration range of 10(-6)-10(-3) m. it was also sensitive to several other adenosine phophates, but much less sensitive to ctp, gtp and itp. the activity of the receptor was depressed below ph 7, and sometimes considerably increased above ph 9. these aspects the receptor's physiology support the results of beh ...	1976	11268
salivary secretion in wild glossina pallidipes austen. (diptera, glossinidae).	the salivation behaviour of wild g. pallidipes obtained from lambwe valley and kbwezi was studied. salivation was measured by counting the number of salivary drops secreted per minute and measuring the sizes of the stained saliva after drawing them with a camera lucida. the results confirmed observations obtained from laboratory bred flies. the quantity of saliva secreted by tsetse flies was significantly increased as the flies became hungrier. the proportion of flies salivating also increased w ...	1976	14492
nuclear coat and viruslike particles in the midgut epithelium of glossina morsitans sspp.	the ultrastructural aspects of the nuclear coat formation in midgut epithelial cells of pupae and adult flies of g. morsitans sspp. are described. out of four different species of glossina examined, this peculiar structure was only found in g. morsitans sspp. three different types of viruslike particles were found in midgut epithelial cells. one type which is of the same kind of particle found in the salivary glands, lies inside of cytoplasmic vesicles. two other types of particles were detected ...	1976	14494
nutrition of glossina morsitans: metabolism of u-14c glucose during pregnancy.		1976	1249435
atp reception by the tsetse fly, glossina morsitans west.		1976	1269607
maternal nutritive secretions as possible channels for vertical transmission of microorganisms in insects: the tsetse fly example.		1975	801109
sumbionts in the female tsetse fly glossina morsitans morsitans.	a rickettsia-like symbiont, located in the ovaries of g. m. morsitans is maternally transmitted to the offspring via the egg. it is suggested that they may be essential for normal ovarian development.	1975	806465
pathogen transmission in relation to feeding and digestion by haematophagous arthropods.	the blood feeding habit, especially among opportunist feeders such as tabanids and stomoxys is known to result in transmission of diseases for which the vectors are not the obligate or alternate hosts. thus, mechanical transmission of trypanosomes such as t. vivax can occur in cattle herds outside tsetse fly areas where tabanids are actively feeding. in the case of yaws, mechanical transmission of the spirochaetes by eye flies (hippelates pallipes) in the west indies is thought to be most likely ...	1975	240257
the micro-organisms of tsetse flies.	micro-organisms from tsetse fly mycetomes were maintained in culture, where they were more pleomorphic than in the mycetomes, but were in some cases very similar to those observed in ovaries by other authors. agglutination tests on the cultured forms indicated in affinity to rickettsia. they were sensitive to antibiotics introduced by feeding flies on hosts treated with ampicillin; this reduced the longevity and fecundity of the tsetse flies and appeared to disturb normal digestion of bloodmeals ...	1975	1986
sex recognition pheromone in tsetse fly glossina morsitans.		1975	1113875
'hunger' in the tsetse fly: the nutritional correlates of behaviour.		1975	1127248
sound production in the tsetse fly glossina morsitans morsitans.		1975	1133267
tsetse fly glossina morsitans morsitans produces ultrasound related to behavior.	the spectrum of the sounds produced by the tsetse fly glossina morsitans morsitans extends to above 80 khz and the energy distribution between 20 and 70 khz is related to behavior.	1975	1140314
temperature receptors on tarsi of the tsetse fly glossina morsitans west.		1975	1143318