Publications

uncovering genomic regions associated with trypanosoma infections in wild populations of the tsetse fly glossina fuscipes.	vector-borne diseases are responsible for more than one million deaths every year but genomic resources for most species responsible for their transmission are limited. this is true for neglected diseases such as sleeping sickness (human african trypanosomiasis), a disease caused by trypanosoma parasites vectored by several species of tseste flies within the genus glossina we describe an integrative approach that identifies statistical associations between trypanosome infection status of glossin ...	2018	29343494
a pilot study to delimit tsetse target populations in zimbabwe.	tsetse (glossina sensu stricto) are cyclical vectors of human and animal trypanosomoses, that are presently targeted by the pan african tsetse and trypanosomiasis eradication campaign (pattec) coordinated by the african union. in order to achieve effective control of tsetse, there is need to produce elaborate plans to guide intervention programmes. a model intended to aid in the planning of intervention programmes and assist a fuller understanding of tsetse distribution was applied, in a pilot s ...	2017	28467409
the wing venation patterns to identify single tsetse flies.	this is the first study to explore the potential of various geometric morphometrics methods to help the morphological diagnostic of tsetse species, vectors of human and animal trypanosomiases in sub-saharan africa. we compared landmarks, semilandmarks and outlines techniques on male and female samples of species, and suggested adapted strategies according to the countries and their own glossina fauna. we could compare up to 7 taxa belonging to the three main subgenera of the glossina genus: nemo ...	2017	27765637
host-seeking efficiency can explain population dynamics of the tsetse fly glossina morsitans morsitans in response to host density decline.	females of all blood-feeding arthropod vectors must find and feed on a host in order to produce offspring. for tsetse-vectors of the trypanosomes that cause human and animal african trypanosomiasis-the problem is more extreme, since both sexes feed solely on blood. host location is thus essential both for survival and reproduction. host population density should therefore be an important driver of population dynamics for haematophagous insects, and particularly for tsetse, but the role of host d ...	2017	28672001
polymerase chain reaction identification of trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense in wild tsetse flies from nkhotakota wildlife reserve, malawi.	trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense is the causative agent of acute human african trypanosomiasis. identification of t. b. rhodesiense in tsetse populations is essential for understanding transmission dynamics, assessng human disease risk, and monitoring spatiotemporal trends and impact of control interventions. accurate detection and characterisation of trypanosomes in vectors relies on molecular techniques. for the first time in malawi, a molecular technique has been used to detect trypanosomes in ...	2017	28567189
comparative genomics of glossina palpalis gambiensis and g. morsitans morsitans to reveal gene orthologs involved in infection by trypanosoma brucei gambiense.	blood-feeding glossina palpalis gambiense (gpg) fly transmits the single-celled eukaryotic parasite trypanosoma brucei gambiense (tbg), the second glossina fly african trypanosome pair being glossina morsitans/t.brucei rhodesiense. whatever the t. brucei subspecies, whereas the onset of their developmental program in the zoo-anthropophilic blood feeding flies does unfold in the fly midgut, its completion is taking place in the fly salivary gland where does emerge a low size metacyclic trypomasti ...	2017	28421044
remarkable richness of trypanosomes in tsetse flies (glossina morsitans morsitans and glossina pallidipes) from the gorongosa national park and niassa national reserve of mozambique revealed by fluorescent fragment length barcoding (fflb).	trypanosomes of african wild ungulates transmitted by tsetse flies can cause human and livestock diseases. however, trypanosome diversity in wild tsetse flies remains greatly underestimated. we employed fflb (fluorescent fragment length barcoding) for surveys of trypanosomes in tsetse flies (3086) from the gorongosa national park (gnp) and niassa national reserve (nnr) in mozambique (mz), identified as glossina morsitans morsitans (gnp/nnr=77.6%/90.5%) and glossina pallidipes (22.4%/9.5%). trypa ...	2017	28688979
tsetse fly (glossina pallidipes) midgut responses to trypanosoma brucei challenge.	tsetse flies (glossina spp.) are the prominent vector of african trypanosome parasites (trypanosoma spp.) in sub-saharan africa, and glossina pallidipes is the most widely distributed species in kenya. this species displays strong resistance to infection by parasites, which are typically eliminated in the midgut shortly after acquisition from the mammalian host. although extensive molecular information on immunity for the related species glossina morsitans morsitans exists, similar information i ...	2017	29258576
hsp70/j-protein machinery from glossina morsitans morsitans, vector of african trypanosomiasis.	tsetse flies (glossina spp.) are the sole vectors of the protozoan parasites of the genus trypanosoma, the causative agents of african trypanosomiasis. species of glossina differ in vector competence and glossina morsitans morsitans is associated with transmission of trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense, which causes an acute and often fatal form of african trypanosomiasis. heat shock proteins are evolutionarily conserved proteins that play critical roles in proteostasis. the activity of heat shock pr ...	2017	28902917
comparative genomics identifies male accessory gland proteins in five glossina species.	accessory gland proteins (acps) are important reproductive proteins produced by the male accessory glands (mags) of most insect species. these proteins are essential for male insect fertility, and are transferred alongside semen to females during copulation. acps are poorly characterized in glossina species (tsetse fly), the principal vector of the parasite that causes life-threatening human african trypanosomiasis and animal trypanosomiasis in endemic regions in africa. the tsetse fly has a pec ...	2017	29260004
transcriptome profiling of trypanosoma brucei development in the tsetse fly vector glossina morsitans.	african trypanosomes, the causative agents of sleeping sickness in humans and nagana in animals, have a complex digenetic life cycle between a mammalian host and an insect vector, the blood-feeding tsetse fly. although the importance of the insect vector to transmit the disease was first realized over a century ago, many aspects of trypanosome development in tsetse have not progressed beyond a morphological analysis, mainly due to considerable challenges to obtain sufficient material for molecul ...	2016	28002435
the dermis as a delivery site of trypanosoma brucei for tsetse flies.	tsetse flies are the sole vectors of trypanosoma brucei parasites that cause sleeping sickness. our knowledge on the early interface between the infective metacyclic forms and the mammalian host skin is currently highly limited. glossina morsitans flies infected with fluorescently tagged t. brucei parasites were used in this study to initiate natural infections in mice. metacyclic trypanosomes were found to be highly infectious through the intradermal route in sharp contrast with blood stream fo ...	2016	27441553
responses of glossina pallidipes and glossina morsitans morsitans tsetse flies to analogues of δ-octalactone and selected blends.	previous studies have shown that δ-octalactone is an important component of the tsetse-refractory waterbuck (kobus defassa) repellent odour blend. in the present study, structure-activity comparison was undertaken to determine the effects of the length of the side chain and ring size of the lactone on adult glossina pallidipes and glossina morsitans morsitans. the responses of the flies to each compound were studied in a two-choice wind tunnel. increasing the chain length from c3 (δ-octalactone) ...	2016	27143219
molecular identification of different trypanosome species and subspecies in tsetse flies of northern nigeria.	animal african trypanosomiasis (aat) is caused by several species of trypanosomes including trypanosoma congolense, t. vivax, t. godfreyi, t. simiae and t. brucei. two of the subspecies of t. brucei also cause human african trypanosomiasis. although some of them can be mechanically transmitted by biting flies; these trypanosomes are all transmitted by tsetse flies which are the cyclical vectors of trypanosoma congolense, t. godfreyi, t. simiae and t. brucei. we present here the first report asse ...	2016	27216812
the cyclical development of trypanosoma vivax in the tsetse fly involves an asymmetric division.	trypanosoma vivax is the most prevalent trypanosome species in african cattle. it is thought to be transmitted by tsetse flies after cyclical development restricted to the vector mouthparts. here, we investigated the kinetics of t. vivax development in glossina morsitans morsitans by serial dissections over 1 week to reveal differentiation and proliferation stages. after 3 days, stable numbers of attached epimastigotes were seen proliferating by symmetric division in the cibarium and proboscis, ...	2016	27734008
an atlas of tsetse and bovine trypanosomosis in sudan.	after a long period of neglect, initiatives are being implemented in sudan to control tsetse and trypanosomosis. their planning, execution and monitoring require reliable information on the geographic distribution of the disease and its vectors. however, geo-referenced and harmonized data at the national level are lacking, despite the fact that a number of epidemiological studies were conducted over the years. the atlas of tsetse and bovine trypanosomosis in sudan tries to fill this gap.	2016	27056678
characterization of a neuropeptide f receptor in the tsetse fly, glossina morsitans morsitans.	neuropeptides related to mammalian neuropeptide y (npy) and insect neuropeptide f (npf) are conserved throughout metazoa and intimately involved in a wide range of biological processes. in insects npf is involved in regulating feeding, learning, stress and reproductive behavior. here we identified and characterized an npf receptor of the tsetse fly, glossina morsitans morsitans, the sole transmitter of trypanosoma parasites causing sleeping sickness. we isolated cdna sequences encoding tsetse np ...	2016	27677695
molecular characterization of a short neuropeptide f signaling system in the tsetse fly, glossina morsitans morsitans.	neuropeptides of the short neuropeptide f (snpf) family are widespread among arthropods and found in every sequenced insect genome so far. functional studies have mainly focused on the regulatory role of snpf in feeding behavior, although this neuropeptide family has pleiotropic effects including in the control of locomotion, osmotic homeostasis, sleep, learning and memory. here, we set out to characterize and determine possible roles of snpf signaling in the haematophagous tsetse fly glossina m ...	2016	27288635
characterization and pharmacological analysis of two adipokinetic hormone receptor variants of the tsetse fly, glossina morsitans morsitans.	adipokinetic hormones (akh) are well known regulators of energy metabolism in insects. these neuropeptides are produced in the corpora cardiaca and perform their hormonal function by interacting with specific g protein-coupled receptors (gpcrs) at the cell membranes of target tissues, mainly the fat body. here, we investigated the sequences, spatial and temporal distributions, and pharmacology of akh neuropeptides and receptors in the tsetse fly, glossina morsitans morsitans. the open reading fr ...	2016	26690928
comparative performance of traps in catching tsetse flies (diptera: glossinidae) in tanzania.	this study was conducted to determine the efficiency of different tsetse traps in 28 sites across tanzania. the traps used were biconical, h, ngu, nzi, pyramidal, s3, mobile, and sticky panels. stationary traps were deployed at a distance of 200 m apart and examined 72 h after deployment. the results showed that 117 (52.2%) out of the 224 traps deployed captured at least one glossina species. a total of five glossina species were captured, namely glossina brevipalpis, glossina pallidipes, glossi ...	2016	27380654
tsetse fly tolerance to t. brucei infection: transcriptome analysis of trypanosome-associated changes in the tsetse fly salivary gland.	for their transmission, african trypanosomes rely on their blood feeding insect vector, the tsetse fly (glossina sp.). the ingested trypanosoma brucei parasites have to overcome a series of barriers in the tsetse fly alimentary tract to finally develop into the infective metacyclic forms in the salivary glands that are transmitted to a mammalian host by the tsetse bite. the parasite population in the salivary gland is dense with a significant number of trypanosomes tightly attached to the epithe ...	2016	27884110
horizontally transferred genetic elements in the tsetse fly genome: an alignment-free clustering approach using batch learning self-organising map (blsom).	tsetse flies (glossina spp.) are the primary vectors of trypanosomes, which can cause human and animal african trypanosomiasis in sub-saharan african countries. the objective of this study was to explore the genome of glossina morsitans morsitans for evidence of horizontal gene transfer (hgt) from microorganisms. we employed an alignment-free clustering method, that is, batch learning self-organising map (blsom), in which sequence fragments are clustered based on the similarity of oligonucleotid ...	2016	28074180
computational characterization of iron metabolism in the tsetse disease vector, glossina morsitans: ire stem-loops.	iron metabolism and regulation is an indispensable part of species survival, most importantly for blood feeding insects. iron regulatory proteins are central regulators of iron homeostasis, whose binding to iron response element (ire) stem-loop structures within the utrs of genes regulate expression at the post-transcriptional level. despite the extensive literature on the mechanism of iron regulation in human, less attention has been given to insect and more specifically the blood feeding insec ...	2016	27503259
duplication and diversification of dipteran argonaute genes, and the evolutionary divergence of piwi and aubergine.	genetic studies of drosophila melanogaster have provided a paradigm for rna interference (rnai) in arthropods, in which the microrna and antiviral pathways are each mediated by a single argonaute (ago1 and ago2) and germline suppression of transposable elements is mediated by a trio of piwi-subfamily argonaute proteins (ago3, aub, and piwi). without a suitable evolutionary context, deviations from this can be interpreted as derived or idiosyncratic. here we analyze the evolution of argonaute gen ...	2016	26868596
identification of a tsal152-75 salivary synthetic peptide to monitor cattle exposure to tsetse flies.	the saliva of tsetse flies contains a cocktail of bioactive molecules inducing specific antibody responses in hosts exposed to bites. we have previously shown that an indirect-elisa test using whole salivary extracts from glossina morsitans submorsitans was able to discriminate between (i) cattle from tsetse infested and tsetse free areas and (ii) animals experimentally exposed to low or high numbers of tsetse flies. in the present study, our aim was to identify specific salivary synthetic pepti ...	2016	26979518
the spermatophore in glossina morsitans morsitans: insights into male contributions to reproduction.	male seminal fluid proteins (sfps) transferred during copulation modulate female reproductive physiology and behavior, impacting sperm storage/use, ovulation, oviposition, and remating receptivity. these capabilities make them ideal targets for developing novel methods of insect disease vector control. little is known about the nature of sfps in the viviparous tsetse flies (diptera: glossinidae), vectors of human and animal african trypanosomiasis. in tsetse, male ejaculate is assembled into a c ...	2016	26847001
description of a nanobody-based competitive immunoassay to detect tsetse fly exposure.	tsetse flies are the main vectors of human and animal african trypanosomes. the tsal proteins in tsetse fly saliva were previously identified as suitable biomarkers of bite exposure. a new competitive assay was conceived based on nanobody (nb) technology to ameliorate the detection of anti-tsal antibodies in mammalian hosts.	2015	25658871
tss seq based core promoter architecture in blood feeding tsetse fly (glossina morsitans morsitans) vector of trypanosomiasis.	transcription initiation regulation is mediated by sequence-specific interactions between dna-binding proteins (transcription factors) and cis-elements, where bre, tata, inr, dpe and mte motifs constitute canonical core motifs for basal transcription initiation of genes. accurate identification of transcription start site (tss) and their corresponding promoter regions is critical for delineation of these motifs. to this end, the genome scale analysis of core promoter architecture in insects has ...	2015	26394619
tsetse gmmsrpn10 has anti-complement activity and is important for successful establishment of trypanosome infections in the fly midgut.	the complement cascade in mammalian blood can damage the alimentary tract of haematophagous arthropods. as such, these animals have evolved their own repertoire of complement-inactivating factors, which are inadvertently exploited by blood-borne pathogens to escape complement lysis. unlike the bloodstream stages, the procyclic (insect) stage of trypanosoma brucei is highly susceptible to complement killing, which is puzzling considering that a tsetse takes a bloodmeal every 2-4 days. in this stu ...	2015	25569180
geographic range of vector-borne infections and their vectors: the role of african wildlife.	the role of african wildlife in the occurrence of vector-borne infections in domestic animals has gained renewed interest as emerging and re-emerging infections occur worldwide at an increasing rate. in africa, biodiversity conservation and the expansion of livestock production have increased the risk of transmitting vector-borne infections between wildlife and livestock. the indigenous african pathogens with transboundary potential, such as rift valley fever virus, african horse sickness virus, ...	2015	26470454
dopamine receptor antagonists as new mode-of-action insecticide leads for control of aedes and culex mosquito vectors.	new mode-of-action insecticides are sought to provide continued control of pesticide resistant arthropod vectors of neglected tropical diseases (ntds). we previously identified antagonists of the aadop2 d1-like dopamine receptor (dar) from the yellow fever mosquito, aedes aegypti, with toxicity to ae. aegypti larvae as leads for novel insecticides. to extend dar-based insecticide discovery, we evaluated the molecular and pharmacological characteristics of an orthologous dar target, cqdop2, from ...	2015	25793586
immunogenicity and serological cross-reactivity of saliva proteins among different tsetse species.	tsetse are vectors of pathogenic trypanosomes, agents of human and animal trypanosomiasis in africa. components of tsetse saliva (sialome) are introduced into the mammalian host bite site during the blood feeding process and are important for tsetse's ability to feed efficiently, but can also influence disease transmission and serve as biomarkers for host exposure. we compared the sialome components from four tsetse species in two subgenera: subgenus morsitans: glossina morsitans morsitans (gmm) ...	2015	26313460
peptidomics of neuropeptidergic tissues of the tsetse fly glossina morsitans morsitans.	neuropeptides and peptide hormones are essential signaling molecules that regulate nearly all physiological processes. the recent release of the tsetse fly genome allowed the construction of a detailed in silico neuropeptide database (international glossina genome consortium, science 344, 380-386 (2014)), as well as an in-depth mass spectrometric analysis of the most important neuropeptidergic tissues of this medically and economically important insect species. mass spectrometric confirmation of ...	2015	26463237
an immunoregulatory peptide from tsetse fly salivary glands of glossina morsitans morsitans.	tsetse fly glossina morsitans morsitans is an important insect vector of african trypanosomes, which cause human african trypanosomiasis (hat). as other hematophagous arthropods, tsetse fly relies heavily on the pharmacological propriety of their saliva to suppress host's immune reactions and get blood meal. however little information is available on immune regulators from testes fly. an immunoregulatory peptide named gloss 2 containing amino acid sequence of qkndtafschffeiyl sncfnkekyiknylqim h ...	2015	26342879
impact of habitat fragmentation on tsetse populations and trypanosomosis risk in eastern zambia.	fragmentation of tsetse habitat in eastern zambia is largely due to encroachments by subsistence farmers into new areas in search of new agricultural land. the impact of habitat fragmentation on tsetse populations is not clearly understood. this study was aimed at establishing the impact of habitat fragmentation on physiological and demographic parameters of tsetse flies in order to enhance the understanding of the relationship between fragmentation and african animal trypanosomosis (aat) risk.	2015	26238201
microbiome frequency and their association with trypanosome infection in male glossina morsitans centralis of western zambia.	tsetse flies (diptera: glossinidae) are considered primary cyclical vectors that transmit pathogenic trypanosomes in africa. they harbour a variety of microbes including wolbachia, sodalis and the salivary gland hypertrophy virus (sghv) which are all vertically transmitted. knowledge on tsetse microbiome and their interactions may identify novel strategies for tsetse fly and trypanosomiasis control. area-wide application of such strategies requires an understanding of the natural microbiome freq ...	2015	25983231
repellency of tsetse-refractory waterbuck (kobus defassa) body odour to glossina pallidipes (diptera: glossinidae): assessment of relative contribution of different classes and individual constituents.	our earlier studies on the comparative behavioural responses of caged savanna tsetse (glossina morsitans morsitans and glossina pallidipes) on a preferred host (ox) and a non-host (waterbuck) suggested the presence of allomonal constituents on the latter. follow up comparison of the compositions of odours of waterbuck with those of ox and buffalo led to the identification of a series of compounds (15) specific to waterbuck, including straight chain carboxylic acid (c5-c10), phenols (guaiacol and ...	2015	25746973
development of real time pcr to study experimental mixed infections of t. congolense savannah and t. b. brucei in glossina morsitans morsitans.	tsetse flies are able to acquire mixed infections naturally or experimentally either simultaneously or sequentially. traditionally, natural infection rates in tsetse flies are estimated by microscopic examination of different parts of the fly after dissection, together with the isolation of the parasite in vivo. however, until the advent of molecular techniques it was difficult to speciate trypanosomes infections and to quantify trypanosome numbers within tsetse flies. although more expensive, q ...	2015	25738803
an improved temporal formulation of pupal transpiration in glossina.	the temporal aspect of a model of pupal dehydration is improved upon. the observed dependence of pupal transpiration on time is attributed to an alternation between two, essential modes, for which the deposition of a thin, pupal skin inside the puparium and its subsequent demise are thought to be responsible. for each mode of transpiration, the results of the bursell investigation into pupal dehydration are used as a rudimentary data set. these data are generalised to all temperatures and humidi ...	2015	25676558
thermal effect of blood feeding in the telmophagous fly glossina morsitans morsitans.	during feeding on warm-blooded hosts, haematophagous insects are exposed to thermal stress due to the ingestion of a meal which temperature may highly exceed their own body temperature. in order to avoid overheating and its subsequent deleterious effects, these insects respond by setting up molecular protective mechanisms such as heat shock proteins synthesis or by using thermoregulative strategies. moreover, the duration of contact with the host depends on the way of feeding displayed by the di ...	2015	25660629
"wigglesworthia morsitans" folate (vitamin b9) biosynthesis contributes to tsetse host fitness.	closely related ancient endosymbionts may retain minor genomic distinctions through evolutionary time, yet the biological relevance of these small pockets of unique loci remains unknown. the tsetse fly (diptera: glossinidae), the sole vector of lethal african trypanosomes (trypanosoma spp.), maintains an ancient and obligate mutualism with species belonging to the gammaproteobacterium wigglesworthia. extensive concordant evolution with associated wigglesworthia species has occurred through tsets ...	2015	26025907
phenotypic characteristics and trypanosome prevalence of mursi cattle breed in the bodi and mursi districts of south omo zone, southwest ethiopia.	the study was conducted to characterize the morphological features of mursi cattle breed and to identify the species of trypanosome infecting the cattle and its prevalence in these traditionally managed cattle in the bodi and mursi pastoral communities. cattle body description and measurements were made on 201 matured animals. blood samples were collected from 409 animals into heparin-treated capillary tubes and were centrifuged to 12,000 rpm for 5 min to identify trypanosome species from the we ...	2015	25510298
midgut expression of immune-related genes in glossina palpalis gambiensis challenged with trypanosoma brucei gambiense.	tsetse flies from the subspecies glossina morsitans morsitans and glossina palpalis gambiensis, respectively, transmit trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense and trypanosoma brucei gambiense. the former causes the acute form of sleeping sickness, and the latter provokes the chronic form. although several articles have reported g. m. morsitans gene expression following trypanosome infection, no comparable investigation has been performed for g. p. gambiensis. this report presents results on the different ...	2014	25426112
insights into the trypanosome-host interactions revealed through transcriptomic analysis of parasitized tsetse fly salivary glands.	the agents of sleeping sickness disease, trypanosoma brucei complex parasites, are transmitted to mammalian hosts through the bite of an infected tsetse. information on tsetse-trypanosome interactions in the salivary gland (sg) tissue, and on mammalian infective metacyclic (mc) parasites present in the sg, is sparse. we performed rna-seq analyses from uninfected and t. b. brucei infected sgs of glossina morsitans morsitans. comparison of the sg transcriptomes to a whole body fly transcriptome re ...	2014	24763140
bovine trypanosomosis and its fly vectors in three selected settlement areas of hawa-gelan district, western ethiopia.	a cross-sectional study aimed at investigating the species diversity of fly vectors and estimating the prevalence of bovine trypanosomosis was carried out from october 2009 to may 2010 in selected settlement areas of the hawa-gelan district in the western wollega zone of ethiopia. standard methods of sampling and identification were employed for both entomological and parasitological examination. three species of the genus glossina (glossina pallidipes, glossina morsitans submorsitans and glossi ...	2014	25686018
serological responses and biomarker evaluation in mice and pigs exposed to tsetse fly bites.	tsetse flies are obligate blood-feeding insects that transmit african trypanosomes responsible for human sleeping sickness and nagana in livestock. the tsetse salivary proteome contains a highly immunogenic family of the endonuclease-like tsal proteins. in this study, a recombinant version of tsal1 (rtsal1) was evaluated in an indirect elisa to quantify the contact with total glossina morsitans morsitans saliva, and thus the tsetse fly bite exposure.	2014	24853371
the homeodomain protein ladybird late regulates synthesis of milk proteins during pregnancy in the tsetse fly (glossina morsitans).	regulation of tissue and development specific gene expression patterns underlies the functional specialization of organs in multi-cellular organisms. in the viviparous tsetse fly (glossina), the female accessory gland is specialized to generate nutrients in the form of a milk-like secretion to support growth of intrauterine larva. multiple milk protein genes are expressed specifically in the female accessory gland and are tightly linked with larval development. disruption of milk protein synthes ...	2014	24763082
evolution and structural analyses of glossina morsitans (diptera; glossinidae) tetraspanins.	tetraspanins are important conserved integral membrane proteins expressed in many organisms. although there is limited knowledge about the full repertoire, evolution and structural characteristics of individual members in various organisms, data obtained so far show that tetraspanins play major roles in membrane biology, visual processing, memory, olfactory signal processing, and mechanosensory antennal inputs. thus, these proteins are potential targets for control of insect pests. here, we repo ...	2014	26462947
sodalis glossinidius prevalence and trypanosome presence in tsetse from luambe national park, zambia.	tsetse flies are the biological vectors of african trypanosomes, the causative agents of sleeping sickness in humans and nagana in animals. the tsetse endosymbiont sodalis glossinidius has been suggested to play a role in tsetse susceptibility to infection. here we investigate the prevalence of african trypanosomes within tsetse from the luambe national park, zambia and if there is an association between s. glossinidius and presence of trypanosomes within the tsetse examined.	2014	25138709
analysis of multiple tsetse fly populations in uganda reveals limited diversity and species-specific gut microbiota.	the invertebrate microbiome contributes to multiple aspects of host physiology, including nutrient supplementation and immune maturation processes. we identified and compared gut microbial abundance and diversity in natural tsetse flies from uganda using five genetically distinct populations of glossina fuscipes fuscipes and multiple tsetse species (glossina morsitans morsitans, g. f. fuscipes, and glossina pallidipes) that occur in sympatry in one location. we used multiple approaches, includin ...	2014	24814785
presence of extensive wolbachia symbiont insertions discovered in the genome of its host glossina morsitans morsitans.	tsetse flies (glossina spp.) are the cyclical vectors of trypanosoma spp., which are unicellular parasites responsible for multiple diseases, including nagana in livestock and sleeping sickness in humans in africa. glossina species, including glossina morsitans morsitans (gmm), for which the whole genome sequence (wgs) is now available, have established symbiotic associations with three endosymbionts: wigglesworthia glossinidia, sodalis glossinidius and wolbachia pipientis (wolbachia). the prese ...	2014	24763283
delivery of a functional anti-trypanosome nanobody in different tsetse fly tissues via a bacterial symbiont, sodalis glossinidius.	sodalis glossinidius, a vertically transmitted microbial symbiont of the tsetse fly, is currently considered as a potential delivery system for anti-trypanosomal components that reduce or eliminate the capability of the tsetse fly host to transmit parasitic trypanosomes, an approach also known as paratransgenesis. an essential step in developing paratransgenic tsetse is the stable colonization of adult flies and their progeny with recombinant sodalis bacteria, expressing trypanocidal effector mo ...	2014	25376234
an investigation into the protein composition of the teneral glossina morsitans morsitans peritrophic matrix.	tsetse flies serve as biological vectors for several species of african trypanosomes. in order to survive, proliferate and establish a midgut infection, trypanosomes must cross the tsetse fly peritrophic matrix (pm), which is an acellular gut lining surrounding the blood meal. crossing of this multi-layered structure occurs at least twice during parasite migration and development, but the mechanism of how trypanosomes do so is not understood. in order to better comprehend the molecular events su ...	2014	24763256
chemosensory receptors in tsetse flies provide link between chemical and behavioural ecology.	tsetse flies survive in a variety of environments across tropical africa, often rising to large numbers, despite their low birth rate of one offspring every seven to nine days. they use olfactory receptors to process chemical signals in their environments to find food, escape from predators, and locate suitable larviposition sites. we discuss the identification of odorant and gustatory receptors in glossina morsitans morsitans and the role genomics could play in management of nuisance insects.	2014	25017128
aquaporins are critical for provision of water during lactation and intrauterine progeny hydration to maintain tsetse fly reproductive success.	tsetse flies undergo drastic fluctuations in their water content throughout their adult life history due to events such as blood feeding, dehydration and lactation, an essential feature of the viviparous reproductive biology of tsetse. aquaporins (aqps) are transmembrane proteins that allow water and other solutes to permeate through cellular membranes. here we identify tsetse aquaporin (aqp) genes, examine their expression patterns under different physiological conditions (blood feeding, lactat ...	2014	24762803
odorant and gustatory receptors in the tsetse fly glossina morsitans morsitans.	tsetse flies use olfactory and gustatory responses, through odorant and gustatory receptors (ors and grs), to interact with their environment. glossina morsitans morsitans genome ors and grs were annotated using homologs of these genes in drosophila melanogaster and an ab initio approach based on or and gr specific motifs in g. m. morsitans gene models coupled to gene ontology (go). phylogenetic relationships among the ors or grs and the homologs were determined using maximum likelihood estimate ...	2014	24763191
expression and characterization of cathepsin b from tsetse (glossina morsitans morsitans).	digestive enzymes in tsetse fly midgut are thought to modulate the development of african trypanosome which is a causative agent of trypanosomosis in human and animal. cathepsin b is induced after the first blood meal ingestion and being higher in trypanosome infected flies. a dna fragment encoding pro-cathepsin b (930 bp) (accession no. af329480_1) was cloned and expressed in e. coli and p. pastoris protein expression systems. an active recombinant cathepsin b (rgmcathb) produced by p. pastoris ...	2013	24404748
a neglected aspect of the epidemiology of sleeping sickness: the propensity of the tsetse fly vector to enter houses.	when taking a bloodmeal from humans, tsetse flies can transmit the trypanosomes responsible for sleeping sickness, or human african trypanosomiasis. while it is commonly assumed that humans must enter the normal woodland habitat of the tsetse in order to have much chance of contacting the flies, recent studies suggested that important contact can occur due to tsetse entering buildings. hence, we need to know more about tsetse in buildings, and to understand why, when and how they enter such plac ...	2013	23469309
exposure of insect cells to ionising radiation in vivo induces persistent phosphorylation of a h2ax homologue (h2avb).	the response of eukaryotic cells to ionising radiation (ir)-induced double-strand dna breaks is highly conserved and involves a dna repair mechanism characterised by the early phosphorylation of histone protein h2ax (producing the active form γh2ax). although the expression of an induced γh2ax variant has been detected in drosophila melanogaster, the expression and radiation response of a γh2ax homologue has not been reported in economically important fruit flies. we use bactrocera tryoni (dipte ...	2013	23793612
structural characterization of the internal transcribed spacer 2 (its2) of the ribosomal dna (rdna) cluster in calyptratae (diptera: schizophora) and its implications for molecular phylogenetic analyses.	the internal transcribed spacer 2 (its2) of the eukaryotic ribosomal dna (rdna) cluster plays an essential role in processing of the ribosomal rna, which is primarily accomplished by the secondary structures acquired by the molecule after transcription. two possible structural conformation models have been proposed for the its2 region, the "ring model" and the "hairpin model," and the former has been widely used in many molecular phylogenetic analyses incorporating structural information availab ...	2013	23420176
map kinase kinase 1 (mkk1) is essential for transmission of trypanosoma brucei by glossina morsitans.	map kinase kinase 1 (mkk1) is encoded by a single copy gene in trypanosoma brucei. it has been shown recently that mkk1 is not essential for bloodstream forms [14]. to investigate the requirement for mkk1 in other life-cycle stages we generated null mutants in procyclic forms of a fly-transmissible strain. these grew normally in culture and were able to establish midgut infections in tsetse at normal rates and intensities, but were incapable of colonising the salivary glands. transformation of n ...	2012	22985893
the influence of sex and fly species on the development of trypanosomes in tsetse flies.	unlike other dipteran disease vectors, tsetse flies of both sexes feed on blood and transmit pathogenic african trypanosomes. during transmission, trypanosoma brucei undergoes a complex cycle of proliferation and development inside the tsetse vector, culminating in production of infective forms in the saliva. the insect manifests robust immune defences throughout the alimentary tract, which eliminate many trypanosome infections. previous work has shown that fly sex influences susceptibility to t ...	2012	22348165
where, when and why do tsetse contact humans? answers from studies in a national park of zimbabwe.	sleeping sickness, also called human african trypanosomiasis, is transmitted by the tsetse, a blood-sucking fly confined to sub-saharan africa. the form of the disease in west and central africa is carried mainly by species of tsetse that inhabit riverine woodland and feed avidly on humans. in contrast, the vectors for the east and southern african form of the disease are usually savannah species that feed mostly on wild and domestic animals and bite humans infrequently, mainly because the odour ...	2012	22953013
new rickettsia sp. in tsetse flies from senegal.	tsetse flies are blood-sucking insects transmitting african trypanosomiasis. they are known to harbor also three intracellular bacteria that play important role in their lifecycle: wigglesworthia glossinidia, sodalis glossinidius and wolbachia sp. we have studied 78 glossina morsitans submorsitans collected in senegal. in all studied flies we amplified genes of bacterium phylogenetically close to obligate intracellular pathogen rickettsia felis, the agent of spotted fever in humans. we also visu ...	2012	22277830
global wolbachia prevalence, titer fluctuations and their potential of causing cytoplasmic incompatibilities in tsetse flies and hybrids of glossina morsitans subgroup species.	we demonstrate the high applicability of a novel vntr-based (variable-number-tandem-repeat) molecular screening tool for fingerprinting wolbachia-infections in tsetse flies. the vntr-141 locus provides reliable and concise differentiation between wolbachia strains deriving from glossina morsitans morsitans, glossina morsitans centralis, and glossina brevipalpis. moreover, we show that certain wolbachia-infections in glossina spp. are capable of escaping standard pcr screening methods by 'hiding' ...	2012	22516306
obligate symbionts activate immune system development in the tsetse fly.	many insects rely on the presence of symbiotic bacteria for proper immune system function. however, the molecular mechanisms that underlie this phenomenon are poorly understood. adult tsetse flies (glossina spp.) house three symbiotic bacteria that are vertically transmitted from mother to offspring during this insect's unique viviparous mode of reproduction. larval tsetse that undergo intrauterine development in the absence of their obligate mutualist, wigglesworthia, exhibit a compromised immu ...	2012	22368278
detection and characterization of wolbachia infections in laboratory and natural populations of different species of tsetse flies (genus glossina).	wolbachia is a genus of endosymbiotic α-proteobacteria infecting a wide range of arthropods and filarial nematodes. wolbachia is able to induce reproductive abnormalities such as cytoplasmic incompatibility (ci), thelytokous parthenogenesis, feminization and male killing, thus affecting biology, ecology and evolution of its hosts. the bacterial group has prompted research regarding its potential for the control of agricultural and medical disease vectors, including glossina spp., which transmits ...	2012	22376025
transfer of inoculum of metarhizium anisopliae between adult glossina morsitans morsitans and effects of fungal infection on blood feeding and mating behaviors.	the transfer of conidia of metarhizium anisopliae between tsetse flies glossina morsitans and the effects of fungal inoculation on mating and blood meal feeding behaviors were investigated in the laboratory. male or female flies were inoculated with fungal conidia ("donors") and allowed to pair with fungus-free mate of opposite sex ("recipients") at 1-day-interval up to three mates. fungus-treated male or female "donor" flies as well as their mates "recipients" died from fungal infection. howeve ...	2012	23687485
towards an early warning system for rhodesian sleeping sickness in savannah areas: man-like traps for tsetse flies.	in the savannahs of east and southern africa, tsetse flies (glossina spp.) transmit trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense which causes rhodesian sleeping sickness, the zoonotic form of human african trypanosomiasis. the flies feed mainly on wild and domestic animals and are usually repelled by humans. however, this innate aversion to humans can be undermined by environmental stresses on tsetse populations, so increasing disease risk. to monitor changes in risk, we need traps designed specifically to qu ...	2012	23301107
insight into the transmission biology and species-specific functional capabilities of tsetse (diptera: glossinidae) obligate symbiont wigglesworthia.	ancient endosymbionts have been associated with extreme genome structural stability with little differentiation in gene inventory between sister species. tsetse flies (diptera: glossinidae) harbor an obligate endosymbiont, wigglesworthia, which has coevolved with the glossina radiation. we report on the ~720-kb wigglesworthia genome and its associated plasmid from glossina morsitans morsitans and compare them to those of the symbiont from glossina brevipalpis. while there was overall high synten ...	2012	22334516
tsetse-wolbachia symbiosis: comes of age and has great potential for pest and disease control.	tsetse flies (diptera: glossinidae) are the sole vectors of african trypanosomes, the causative agent of sleeping sickness in human and nagana in animals. like most eukaryotic organisms, glossina species have established symbiotic associations with bacteria. three main symbiotic bacteria have been found in tsetse flies: wigglesworthia glossinidia, an obligate symbiotic bacterium, the secondary endosymbiont sodalis glossinidius and the reproductive symbiont wolbachia pipientis. in the present rev ...	2012	22835476
VectorBase: improvements to a bioinformatics resource for invertebrate vector genomics.	VectorBase (http://www.vectorbase.org) is a NIAID-supported bioinformatics resource for invertebrate vectors of human pathogens. It hosts data for nine genomes: mosquitoes (three Anopheles gambiae genomes, Aedes aegypti and Culex quinquefasciatus), tick (Ixodes scapularis), body louse (Pediculus humanus), kissing bug (Rhodnius prolixus) and tsetse fly (Glossina morsitans). Hosted data range from genomic features and expression data to population genetics and ontologies. We describe improvements ...	2012	22135296
expression of chemosensory proteins in the tsetse fly glossina morsitans morsitans is related to female host-seeking behaviour.	chemosensory proteins (csps) are a class of soluble proteins present in high concentrations in the sensilla of insect antennae. it has been proposed that they play an important role in insect olfaction by mediating interactions between odorants and odorant receptors. here we report, for the first time, the presence of five csp genes in the tsetse fly glossina morsitans morsitans, a major vector transmitting nagana in livestock. real-time quantitative reverse transcription pcr showed that three o ...	2011	22074189
molecular bases of cytoskeleton plasticity during the trypanosoma brucei parasite cycle.	african trypanosomes are flagellated protozoan parasites responsible for sleeping sickness and transmitted by tsetse flies. the accomplishment of their parasite cycle requires adaptation to highly diverse environments. these transitions take place in a strictly defined order and are accompanied by spectacular morphological modifications in cell size, shape and positioning of organelles. to understand the molecular bases of these processes, parasites isolated from different tissues of the tsetse ...	2011	21159115
the tsetse fly glossina fuscipes fuscipes (diptera: glossina) harbours a surprising diversity of bacteria other than symbionts.	three different bacterial species are regularly described from tsetse flies. however, no broad screens have been performed to investigate the existence of other bacteria in this medically and agriculturally important vector insect. utilising both culture dependent and independent methods we show that kenyan populations of glossina fuscipes fuscipes harbour a surprising diversity of bacteria. bacteria were isolated from 72% of flies with 23 different bacterial species identified. the firmicutes p ...	2011	21203841
the phylogeny of sodalis-like symbionts as reconstructed using surface-encoding loci.	phylogenetic analyses of 16s rrna support close relationships between the gammaproteobacteria sodalis glossinidius, a tsetse (diptera: glossinidae) symbiont, and bacteria infecting diverse insect orders. to further examine the evolutionary relationships of these sodalis-like symbionts, phylogenetic trees were constructed for a subset of putative surface-encoding genes (i.e. ompa, spr, slyb, rcsf, ycfm, and ompc). the ompa and ompc loci were used toward examining the intra- and interspecific dive ...	2011	21251054
disappearance of some human african trypanosomiasis transmission foci in zambia in the absence of a tsetse fly and trypanosomiasis control program over a period of forty years.	we conducted a situation analysis of human african trypanosomiasis (hat) in zambia from january 2000 to april 2007. the aim of this survey was to identify districts in zambia that were still recording cases of hat. three districts namely, mpika, chama, and chipata were found to be still reporting cases of hat and thus lay in hat transmission foci in north eastern zambia. during the period under review, 24 cases of hat were reported from these three districts. we thereafter reviewed literature on ...	2011	21276598
progress towards the eradication of tsetse from the loos islands, guinea.	the tsetse fly glossina palpalis gambiensis is the main vector of sleeping sickness (human african trypanosomiasis - hat) in west africa, in particular in littoral guinea where this disease is currently very active. the loos islands constitute a small archipelago some 5 km from mainland guinea, where g. p. gambiensis is well known as a nuisance and potential disease vector by inhabitants of the three main islands, fotoba, room, and kassa. the national control program against hat of guinea has de ...	2011	21310074
identification of the meiotic life cycle stage of trypanosoma brucei in the tsetse fly.	elucidating the mechanism of genetic exchange is fundamental for understanding how genes for such traits as virulence, disease phenotype, and drug resistance are transferred between pathogen strains. genetic exchange occurs in the parasitic protists trypanosoma brucei, t. cruzi, and leishmania major, but the precise cellular mechanisms are unknown, because the process has not been observed directly. here we exploit the identification of homologs of meiotic genes in the t. brucei genome and demon ...	2011	21321215
microsatellite genotyping reveals diversity within populations of sodalis glossinidius, the secondary symbiont of tsetse flies.	the aim of this study was to develop a pcr-based microsatellite genotyping method for identifying genetic diversity in sodalis glossinidius, a symbiont associated with tsetse fly infection by trypanosomes causing human and animal trypanosomiasis. allelic polymorphism at three loci, investigated on 40 fly gut extracts, evidenced eight alleles and the existence of five genotypes. this novel approach was shown to be efficient and suitable for routine large-scale genotyping of s. glossinidius presen ...	2011	21334833
population vulnerability and disability in kenya's tsetse fly habitats.	human african trypanosomiasis (hat), also referred to as sleeping sickness, and african animal trypanosomaisis (aat), known as nagana, are highly prevalent parasitic vector-borne diseases in sub-saharan africa. humans acquire trypanosomiasis following the bite of a tsetse fly infected with the protozoa trypanosoma brucei (t.b.) spp. -i.e., t.b. gambiense in west and central africa and t.b. rhodesiense in east and southern africa. over the last decade hat diagnostic capacity to estimate hat preva ...	2011	21347453
the trypanosoma brucei zinc finger protein zc3h18 is involved in differentiation.	in mammalian cells, the degradation of mrnas that have au-rich elements in their 3'-untranslated regions is accelerated by the binding of proteins that contain two ccch-zinc-finger-domains. three ccch zinc-finger proteins, tbzfp1, tbzfp2, and tbzfp3, have been shown to have roles in trypanosome differentiation. we here studied another protein, zc3h18, which has two ccch zinc finger domains. the zc3h18 gene is not essential in bloodstream forms, but in an in vitro model of differentiation, deplet ...	2011	21354218
trypanosoma brucei s.l.: microsatellite markers revealed high level of multiple genotypes in the mid-guts of wild tsetse flies of the fontem sleeping sickness focus of cameroon.	to identify trypanosoma brucei genotypes which are potentially transmitted in a sleeping sickness focus, microsatellite markers were used to characterize t. brucei found in the mid-guts of wild tsetse flies of the fontem sleeping sickness focus in cameroon. for this study, two entomological surveys were performed during which 2685 tsetse flies were collected and 1596 (59.2%) were dissected. microscopic examination revealed 1.19% (19/1596) mid-gut infections with trypanosomes; the pcr method iden ...	2011	21376044
tracking the feeding patterns of tsetse flies (glossina genus) by analysis of bloodmeals using mitochondrial cytochromes genes.	tsetse flies are notoriously difficult to observe in nature, particularly when populations densities are low. it is therefore difficult to observe them on their hosts in nature; hence their vertebrate species can very often only be determined indirectly by analysis of their gut contents. this knowledge is a critical component of the information on which control tactics can be developed. the objective of this study was to determine the sources of tsetse bloodmeals, hence investigate their feeding ...	2011	21386971
responses of tsetse flies, glossina morsitans morsitans and glossina pallidipes, to baits of various size.	recent studies of palpalis group tsetse [glossina fuscipes fuscipes (diptera: glossinidae) in kenya] suggest that small (0.25 × 0.25 m) insecticide-treated targets will be more cost-effective than the larger (=1.0 × 1.0 m) designs currently used to control tsetse. studies were undertaken in zimbabwe to assess whether small targets are also more cost-effective for the morsitans group tsetse, glossina morsitans morsitans and glossina pallidipes. numbers of tsetse contacting targets of 0.25 × 0.25 ...	2011	21414020
a general model for mortality in adult tsetse (glossina spp.).	tsetse exhibit a u-shaped age-mortality curve, with high losses after eclosion and a well-marked ageing process, which is particularly dramatic in males. a three-parameter (k(1) -k(3) ) model for age-dependent adult instantaneous mortality rates was constructed using mark-recapture data for the tsetse fly glossina morsitans morsitans westwood (diptera: glossinidae). mortality changed linearly with k(1) over all ages; k(2) affected only losses in roughly the first week of adult life, and k(3) con ...	2011	21414021
permanent genetic resources added to molecular ecology resources database 1 december 2010-31 january 2011.	this article documents the addition of 238 microsatellite marker loci to the molecular ecology resources database. loci were developed for the following species: alytes dickhilleni, arapaima gigas, austropotamobius italicus, blumeria graminis f. sp. tritici, cobitis lutheri, dendroctonus ponderosae, glossina morsitans morsitans, haplophilus subterraneus, kirengeshoma palmata, lysimachia japonica, macrolophus pygmaeus, microtus cabrerae, mytilus galloprovincialis, pallisentis (neosentis) celatus, ...	2011	21457476
antimicrobial peptide killing of african trypanosomes.	the diseases caused by trypanosomes are medically and economically devastating to the population of sub-saharan africa. parasites of the genus trypanosoma, infect both humans, causing african sleeping sickness, and livestock, causing nagana. the development of effective treatment strategies has suffered from the severe side effects of approved drugs, resistance and major difficulties in delivering drugs. antimicrobial peptides are ubiquitous components of immune defense and are being rigorously ...	2011	21517904
tsetse immune system maturation requires the presence of obligate symbionts in larvae.	beneficial microbial symbionts serve important functions within their hosts, including dietary supplementation and maintenance of immune system homeostasis. little is known about the mechanisms that enable these bacteria to induce specific host phenotypes during development and into adulthood. here we used the tsetse fly, glossina morsitans, and its obligate mutualist, wigglesworthia glossinidia, to investigate the co-evolutionary adaptations that influence the development of host physiological ...	2011	21655301
polyandry is a common event in wild populations of the tsetse fly glossina fuscipes fuscipes and may impact population reduction measures.	glossina fuscipes fuscipes is the main vector of human and animal trypanosomiasis in africa, particularly in uganda. attempts to control/eradicate this species using biological methods require knowledge of its reproductive biology. an important aspect is the number of times a female mates in the wild as this influences the effective population size and may constitute a critical factor in determining the success of control methods. to date, polyandry in g.f. fuscipes has not been investigated in ...	2011	21666797
population genetics of trypanosoma evansi from camel in the sudan.	genetic variation of microsatellite loci is a widely used method for the analysis of population genetic structure of microorganisms. we have investigated genetic variation at 15 microsatellite loci of t. evansi isolated from camels in sudan and kenya to evaluate the genetic information partitioned within and between individuals and between sites. we detected a strong signal of isolation by distance across the area sampled. the results also indicate that either, and as expected, t. evansi is pure ...	2011	21666799
sleeping sickness.	human african trypanosomiasis (hat), or sleeping sickness, is a vector-borne disease that flourishes in impoverished, rural parts of sub-saharan africa. it is caused by infection with the protozoan parasite trypanosoma brucei and is transmitted by tsetse flies of the genus glossina. the majority of cases are caused by t. b. gambiense, which gives rise to the chronic, anthroponotic endemic disease in western and central africa. infection with t. b. rhodesiense leads to the acute, zoonotic form of ...	2011	21722252
impact of microscopic motility on the swimming behavior of parasites: straighter trypanosomes are more directional.	microorganisms, particularly parasites, have developed sophisticated swimming mechanisms to cope with a varied range of environments. african trypanosomes, causative agents of fatal illness in humans and animals, use an insect vector (the tsetse fly) to infect mammals, involving many developmental changes in which cell motility is of prime importance. our studies reveal that differences in cell body shape are correlated with a diverse range of cell behaviors contributing to the directional motio ...	2011	21698122
post eclosion age predicts the prevalence of midgut trypanosome infections in glossina.	the teneral phenomenon, as observed in glossina sp., refers to the increased susceptibility of the fly to trypanosome infection when the first bloodmeal taken is trypanosome-infected. in recent years, the term teneral has gradually become synonymous with unfed, and thus fails to consider the age of the newly emerged fly at the time the first bloodmeal is taken. furthermore, conflicting evidence exists of the effect of the age of the teneral fly post eclosion when it is given the infected first b ...	2011	22087240
Multiple Trypanosoma infections are common amongst Glossina species in the new farming areas of Rufiji district, Tanzania.	ABSTRACT: BACKGROUND: Tsetse flies and trypanosomiasis are among several factors that constrain livestock development in Tanzania. Over the years Rufiji District was excluded from livestock production owing to tsetse fly infestation, however, a few years ago there was an influx of livestock following evictions aimed at conserving the Usangu wetlands. METHODS: A study was conducted to determine the efficiency of available traps for catching tsetse flies, Glossina species infesting the area, thei ...	2011	22093363
the salivary secretome of the tsetse fly glossina pallidipes (diptera: glossinidae) infected by salivary gland hypertrophy virus.	the competence of the tsetse fly glossina pallidipes (diptera; glossinidae) to acquire salivary gland hypertrophy virus (sghv), to support virus replication and successfully transmit the virus depends on complex interactions between glossina and sghv macromolecules. critical requisites to sghv transmission are its replication and secretion of mature virions into the fly's salivary gland (sg) lumen. however, secretion of host proteins is of equal importance for successful transmission and require ...	2011	22132244
attenuation of the sensing capabilities of phoq in transition to obligate insect-bacterial association.	sodalis glossinidius, a maternally inherited endosymbiont of the tsetse fly, maintains genes encoding homologues of the phop-phoq two-component regulatory system. this two-component system has been extensively studied in facultative bacterial pathogens and is known to serve as an environmental magnesium sensor and a regulator of key virulence determinants. in the current study, we show that the inactivation of the response regulator, phop, renders s. glossinidius sensitive to insect derived cati ...	2011	22072980
wolbachia symbiont infections induce strong cytoplasmic incompatibility in the tsetse fly glossina morsitans.	tsetse flies are vectors of the protozoan parasite african trypanosomes, which cause sleeping sickness disease in humans and nagana in livestock. although there are no effective vaccines and efficacious drugs against this parasite, vector reduction methods have been successful in curbing the disease, especially for nagana. potential vector control methods that do not involve use of chemicals is a genetic modification approach where flies engineered to be parasite resistant are allowed to replace ...	2011	22174680
genetic diversity and population structure of the secondary symbiont of tsetse flies, sodalis glossinidius, in sleeping sickness foci in cameroon.	previous studies have shown substantial differences in sodalis glossinidius and trypanosome infection rates between glossina palpalis palpalis populations from two cameroonian foci of human african trypanosomiasis (hat), bipindi and campo. we hypothesized that the geographical isolation of the two foci may have induced independent evolution in the two areas, resulting in the diversification of symbiont genotypes.	2011	21886849
native microbiota shape insect vector competence for human pathogens.	the resident microbiota of insect vectors can impede transmission of human pathogens. recent studies have highlighted the capacity of endogenous bacteria to decrease viral and parasitic infections in mosquito and tsetse fly vectors by activating their immune responses or directly inhibiting pathogen development. these microbes may prove effective agents for manipulating the vector competence of malaria and other important human pathogens.	2011	22018231