Publications

in vitro cultivation of trypanosoma congolense: the production of infective metacyclic trypanosomes in cultures initiated from cloned stocks.	glossina morsitans were infected with two cloned stocks of t. congolense. the proboscides, foreguts and midguts of infected flies were then used as sources of trypanosomes in vitro at 28 degrees c in the presence of bovine dermal collagen explants. cultures were established in which trypanosomes differentiated into adhering colonies of epimastigote forms which could then be maintained and subcultured in eagle's minimum essential medium supplemented with foetal calf serum for over 40 weeks. withi ...	1984	6152116
resistance of cattle to tsetse-transmitted challenge with trypanosoma brucei or trypanosoma congolense after spontaneous recovery from syringe-passaged infections.	groups of cattle were inoculated intravenously with cloned populations of bloodstream forms of trypanosoma brucei or trypanosoma congolense. all five steers infected with t. brucei iltat 2.1 and six of the eight steers infected with t. congolense il 13-e14 became aparasitemic within 16 and 32 weeks postinfection, respectively. examination of sera from animals infected with t. brucei by indirect immunofluorescence and neutralization assays revealed the presence of antibodies against all the metac ...	1984	6693173
serum factors and the maturation of trypanosoma congolense infections in glossina morsitans.	removal of certain components from pig or cow blood greatly reduces the maturation rate of trypanosoma congolense infections in glossina morsitans fed on such diets. in particular, delipidation of serum has the same effect as complete removal of dietary serum with few midgut infections reaching maturity. the addition of gamma-globulin to red cells partially restores the ability of immature infections to transform suggesting that serum lipids or other serum factors are not acting directly on midg ...	1984	6695534
parasite development and host responses during the establishment of trypanosoma brucei infection transmitted by tsetse fly.	following inoculation of trypanosoma brucei into large mammals by the tsetse fly a local skin reaction, the 'chancre', develops due to trypanosome proliferation. we have cannulated the afferent and efferent lymphatics of the draining lymph node in goats and examined the onset of a cellular reaction, the emigration of the parasite from the chancre and the development of both antigenic variation and the specific immune response. the chancre first became detectable by day 3 post-infection, peaked b ...	1984	6709396
mechanical transmission of leishmania major by glossina morsitans morsitans (diptera: glossinidae).		1984	6726762
antigenic variation during the developmental cycle of trypanosoma brucei.	during the complex life cycle of trypanosoma brucei, changes in the exposed surface antigens occur in both the mammalian host and the insect vector (glossina spp.). these antigenic changes are associated with alterations of the variant surface glycoprotein (vsg) composition or with the loss of the vsg. in the bloodstream of the mammalian host, trypanosomes successfully evade destruction by the host's immune response by continuously expressing alternative vsgs, at low frequency, which are not des ...	1984	6204043
a mixed population of trypanozoon in glossina palpalis palpalis from ivory coast.	cloning trypanosomes clearly showed that at least two enzymically distinct populations of trypanozoon were present within the salivary glands of a wild-caught glossina palpalis palpalis from ivory coast. normal sampling techniques detected only the predominant population, which would be the only population reaching a stage suitable for enzyme characterization. thus a tsetse fly may fail to be implicated as a transmitter of man-infective trypanosomes. the enzymic relationship of the two trypanozo ...	1984	6095495
differentiation in trypanosoma brucei: host-parasite cell junctions and their persistence during acquisition of the variable antigen coat.	acquisition of the variable antigen-containing surface coat of trypanosoma brucei occurs at the metacyclic stage in the salivary glands of the tsetse fly vector. the differentiation of the metacyclic trypanosome in the gland has been studied by scanning electron microscopy and by transmission electron microscopy of thin sections and freeze-fracture replicas. the uncoated epimastigote trypanosomes (with a prenuclear kinetoplast) divide while attached to the salivary gland epithelium brush border ...	1985	4030903
trypanosomiasis 'risk' or 'challenge': a review.	definitions of the term 'challenge' as applied to the african trypanosomiases are reviewed. data from one west and one east african site show simple linear relationships between the incidence of trypanosomiasis in both humans and animals, and either the amount of man-tsetse contact, or the apparent density of flies. data from a number of east african sites are analysed and show a linear relationship between the mean berenil index of cattle and the logarithm of the challenge, where challenge is t ...	1985	2859750
octopamine distribution in the tsetse fly glossina morsitans.	tissues of glossina morsitans were assayed for octopamine using an enzymatic technique. octopamine was detected at the highest concentration in the brain (7.06-7.99 ng mg-1 tissue protein) and thoracic ganglion (10.9-13.89 ng mg-1 tissue protein). octopamine was present in haemolymph at a concentration of 1.0-1.27 x 10(-7) m. this was not found to vary when insects were flown or mechanically stressed. nervous tissue, flight muscle and haemolymph showed a significant ability to metabolize octopam ...	1985	2861950
specific immunity in rats inoculated with trypanosoma brucei brucei derived from tsetse salivary glands and cultured in vitro.	twenty rats were each immunized intraperitoneally with 1.25 x 10(7) formalin-fixed trypanosoma brucei brucei (stock eatro 1969) derived from tsetse salivary glands and propagated in culture at 29 degrees c in their infective form for more than 1000 days. another group, consisting of 10 rats, was similarly immunized with parasites of stock eatro 999 derived from salivary glands of a tsetse fly and propagated in culture for more than 360 days. immunized animals were resistant to homologous challen ...	1985	2862773
further analysis of intraspecific variation in trypanosoma brucei using restriction site polymorphisms in the maxi-circle of kinetoplast dna.	we have compared the maxi-circle kinetoplast dna of 21 trypanosoma brucei sp. stocks by analysis of restriction sites for nine restriction endonucleases. the analysis shows most of these stocks to have a maxi-circle sequence similar to that of 11 previously analysed stocks, with a difference of less than 3% between any two stocks. however, seven stocks stand out from the rest with at least two sites lost or gained for six of the nine restriction enzymes used. these seven distinctive stocks fall ...	1985	2985985
effect of theophylline on differentiation of trypanosoma brucei.	differentiation of trypanosoma brucei in the mammal limits the degree of parasitemia and prepares the trypanosome for passage back into the tsetse fly. in an attempt to define the signals that control differentiation, we found that theophylline, in contrast to indomethacin, blocked differentiation, prolonged parasitemia, elevated prostaglandin and cyclic amp concentrations of rat plasma, and depressed intratrypanosomal cyclic amp. relatively nontoxic drugs that alter differentiation are powerful ...	1985	2993168
[ecology of tsetse flies in the preforested area of the ivory coast. relation to human trypanosomiasis and possibilities for control].	this paper gives the results of a tsetse fly research program in the preforested area of ivory coast. the main investigation tool was the challier-laveissière's biconical trap. the ecodistribution, resting and pupal sites of the principal tsetse species, g. palpalis, g. pallicera and g. nigrofusca were described in the t. b. gambiense sleeping sickness focus of vavoua. population dynamics, host preferences, activity cycles were compared between tsetse populations in plantations and village surro ...	1985	2998259
[efficacy against glossina morsitans submorsitans of screens of different colors, with or without addition of black mosquito netting].		1985	3837926
high and low responsiveness of bovine lymphocytes to trypanosoma brucei in vitro: lack of correlation with resistance to trypanosomiasis.	bovine peripheral blood lymphocytes (pbl) were stimulated to proliferate in vitro by live, irradiated or freeze-thawed trypanosoma brucei, but not by the isolated variant surface glycoprotein. the optimal dose was 10(5) trypanosomes per 5 x 10(5) lymphocytes in 0.2 ml. maximal proliferation was at day 5. of the 98 cattle tested, 36 were high-responders (stimulation indexes 20-104), 49 were low or non-responders (si 1-10) and 13 were intermediate. the responder status of individual animals did no ...	1985	3871728
mechanical transmission of rift valley fever virus by hematophagous diptera.	experimental studies were conducted to determine if hematophagous diptera were capable of mechanical transmission of rift valley fever (rvf) virus to laboratory animals. all species tested (glossina morsitans, aedes aegypti, aedes taeniorhynchus, culex pipiens, stomoxys calcitrans, lutzomyia longipalpis, and culicoides variipennis) mechanically transmitted the virus to hamsters. mechanical transmission rates for g. morsitans ranged from 0-100%, with the probability of mechanical transmission pos ...	1985	3970308
trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense: enhancement of infection rates in the tsetse fly, glossina morsitans, by feeding artificial bloodmeal mixtures.	low mature salivary gland (sg) infection rates (6%) in less than 24-hour-old flies fed on blood containing bloodform trypanosomes can be significantly enhanced by feeding flies an artificial mixture containing procyclic forms in a red cell: culture medium mixture (procyclic mixture, sg rate = 21.0%). however, enhancement is not solely a function of the use of procyclic forms since blood forms fed to flies in the same red cell: culture medium mixture produce sg rates (15.4%) intermediate to those ...	1985	3970311
neutralization of individual variable antigen types in metacyclic populations of trypanosoma brucei does not prevent their subsequent expression in mice.	the trypanosoma brucei metacyclic population in the salivary glands of the tsetse fly displays a characteristic set of variable antigen types (vats) which represents only a restricted part of the parasite's total vat repertoire. after introduction into the mammalian host by fly bite, the metacyclics transform into bloodstream forms which retain expression of the metacyclic vats. specific antibodies, both polyvalent and monoclonal, have been used to neutralize separately 4 individual vats from me ...	1985	3982856
probing by glossina morsitans centralis infected with pathogenic trypanosoma species.		1985	3992628
induction of systemic and local basophil and eosinophil responses in guinea pigs by the feeding of the tsetse fly glossina morsitans.	guinea pigs infested with glossina morsitans weekly for 5 weeks exhibited marked peripheral blood basophil and eosinophil responses to each infestation, with a dominant cutaneous basophil response to challenge infestation. g. morsitans feeding was completed within 3--10 min, depending upon prior exposure, and flies were reluctant to feed and probed longer on hyperexposed animals. blood basophil responses exhibited the greatest increases over controls (up to 12-fold) compared to eosinophils (up t ...	1985	4002604
laboratory testing of repellents against the tsetse glossina morsitans (diptera: glossinidae).		1985	4009624
characteristics of trypanosome variant antigen genes active in the tsetse fly.	trypanosoma brucei contains a repertoire of more than 100 different genes for variant surface glycoproteins (vsgs). a small and strain-specific fraction of these genes is expressed in the salivary glands of the tsetse fly (m-genes), giving rise to metacyclic variable antigen types (m-vats). antibodies produced in a chronic trypanosome infection initiated by syringe inoculation of bloodstream forms into mammals (i.e. against b-vats), will react with most of the m-vats suggesting that these b-vats ...	1985	4022771
extrachromosomal inheritance of susceptibility to trypanosome infection in tsetse flies. i. selection of susceptible and refractory lines of glossina morsitans morsitans.	differences in susceptibility to infection with trypanosoma congolense between f1 families of glossina morsitans morsitans indicated that susceptibility is maternally inherited in this species of tsetse fly. twelve f1 families, six selected for susceptibility and six selected for refractoriness to infection, have been bred for up to 13 generations. the reciprocal differences demonstrated in the f1 generation persisted in these selected families over many generations, indicating that susceptibili ...	1985	4026443
trypanosoma brucei: infectivity and immunogenicity of cultured parasites.	trypanosoma brucei brucei, derived from the salivary glands of infected tsetse flies (glossina morsitans morsitans) and maintained in culture for over 4 years, were infective to both albino rats and tsetse flies. virulence was markedly enhanced during the first passage in albino rats or tsetse flies. irradiated cultured trypanosomes induced immunity to homologous challenge but not to tsetse fly or blood-induced challenge with the same stock.	1985	4029345
suppression of trypanosoma congolense, t. vivax and t. brucei infection rates in tsetse flies maintained on goats immunized with uncoated forms of trypanosomes grown in vitro.	significant suppression in the incidence of cyclical development of trypanosoma congolense, t. vivax and t. brucei occurred in glossina morsitans centralis maintained on goats immunized with in vitro-propagated uncoated forms of t. congolense, t. vivax and t. brucei, respectively. this was observed when tsetse given a t. congolense-infected feed were subsequently maintained on uninfected immunized goats and also when uninfected tsetse were fed on immunized goats infected with t. congolense, t. v ...	1985	4034247
methods to calculate survival rate in tsetse fly (glossina) populations.		1985	4037898
[socio-entomologic survey in human trypanosomiasis focus of yamba (peoples republic of congo)].	a study carried out at villagers level in a focus infected by human trypanosomiasis (yamba, bouenza region, congo, mikengue ethnic group) revealed that modern medicin is recognized by them as the sole possibility to treat the sleeping sickness. the witch doctor, if he cannot transmit the sickness, is perfectly able to aggravate it. he is considered as the responsible for any fatal issue. tsetse flies are charged of transmitting the sickness as well as other biting insects (black flies, ceratopog ...	1985	4068972
observations on age-grouping the tsetse fly, glossina pallidipes, by wing-fray and ovarian dissection, on the south kenya coast.	female glossina pallidipes from biconical trap collections at five localities on the south kenya coast were age-grouped by wing-fray and ovarian condition, and their trypanosome infection rates determined. from simultaneous application of the two age-grouping methods to 991 female tsetse, 17 reproductive age-categories were recognized. separation into these categories was supported by a highly significant correlation between estimated age and proportion of tsetse uninfected by trypanosomes. limi ...	1985	4073997
trypanotolerance in east african orma boran cattle.	comparative studies on two types of large east african zebu (bos indicus) boran cattle, on a beef ranch in kenya, have indicated that a boran type bred by the orma tribe has a superior response to tsetse fly challenge. the orma boran when compared with an improved boran was found to have lower trypanosome infection rates and, when untreated, better control of anaemia and decreased mortality.	1985	4090214
survival and reproductive performance of female glossina morsitans morsitans when maintained on livestock infected with salivarian trypanosomes.		1985	4096568
an enterokinase in the gut of pharate adult of glossina morsitans morsitans westwood (diptera: glossinidae).	an enterokinase (enteropeptidase, ec. 3.4.21.9) has been described in the pharate adult of glossina mositans morsitans. the enzyme is present in pharate adults, 21 days after pupation. it activated commercial crystalline bovine trypsinogen to trypsin. it showed affinity for concanavalin a bound to sepharose and was reversibly sensitive to boiling at ph 6.0. the apparent molecular weight, as determined by gel permeation on sepharose 6b-cl, suggests self-aggregation or an association with a large ...	1985	2859754
influence of the salmon mutant of glossina morsitans morsitans on the susceptibility to infection with trypanosoma congolense.	four phenotypes of a sex-linked, maternally influenced semi-lethal eye color mutant of glossina morsitans morsitans westwood were fed on trypanosoma congolense broden infected guinea pigs. infection rates were evaluated 25 days later by means of dissection. procyclic as well as mature infections were significantly more common among females with salmon-colored eyes (sal/sal) than among heterozygous (+/sal, phenotypically wild-type) females. a tendency was found for more mature infections among sa ...	1985	2862776
the sahel: drought, desertification and famine.	between the end of sahel's 1968-73 drought and the early 1980s, the production of the drought-resistant sorghum and millet was increasing at about 1% a year, but simultaneously the population was growing by about 2.5% a year. a 1982 un study of the developing world's carrying capacity found that given the current low levels of agricultural technology used, about half the sahelian countries could not be expected to feed themselves. the sahel's demographic picture is complicated by the way diffe ...	1985	12313941
catching-out the tsetse fly.		1985	15275593
surface antigens of african trypanosomes in the tsetse fly.		1986	15462804
immunological approaches to the control of animal trypanosomiasis.	control of african trypanosomiasis relies heavily on attempts to eliminate the tsetse fly vectors, and the use of trypanocidal drugs which are not entirely satisfactory. but the prospects for immunological control have a long history - since the last century, explorers and settlers in africa have progressively exposed their horses and cattle to tsetse bites (a process known as 'salting') in an attempt to build up some degree of immunity to the disease. more recently, immunologists and biochemist ...	1986	15462812
transport of peroxidase through the midgut epithelium of glossina m. morsitans (diptera, glossinidae).	the peritrophic membrane (pm) of teneral female tsetse flies, glossina morsitans morsitans, did not extend to the full length of the midgut 1-12 hr after emergence. the ingested blood did not reach the posterior part of the midgut (p-part), and the crop still contained food 12 hr after feeding. in these flies, the p-part contained the remains of the larval gut, the meconium, and bacteria. ferritin molecules fed to tsetse females together with human serum were only found in the endoperitrophic sp ...	1986	18620167
synthesis of diastereomeric mixture of 15,19,23-trimethylheptatriacontane, contact sex pheromone of tsetse fly,glossina morsitans morsitans westwood.	a nine-step synthesis is described for a diastereomeric mixture of 15,19,23-trimethylheptatriacontane, a contact sex pheromone ofglossina morsitans morsitans westwood. the compound has been synthesized by means of double alkylation of diethyl 3-oxoglutarate (deog) with 3-methyl-2-heptadecenyl methanesulfonate, which was readily prepared from 1-hexadecene, as the key step.	1986	24306402
properties of a novel dna virus from the tsetse fly, glossina pallidipes.	virus particles were isolated from hypertrophied salivary glands of the tsetse fly, glossina pallidipes collected near mombasa, kenya. purified virus particles were rod-shaped, 57 nm wide by 700 to 1300 nm long. particle lengths fell into two size classes, with 'short' particles averaging 869 nm and 'long' particles 1175 nm. the virus particles morphologically resembled elongated baculovirus nucleocapsids although, unlike baculoviruses, no fully enveloped virions were found in purified preparati ...	1986	3950581
independent expression of the metacyclic and bloodstream variable antigen repertoires of trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense.	the variable antigen repertoire expressed by metacyclic trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense is not influenced by the anamnestic expression whereby the variable antigen type (vat) ingested by a tsetse fly is present at high levels in early bloodstream populations of fly-infected mice. this has been demonstrated by feeding to glossina morsitans a trypanosome line expressing a vat which is normally a component of the metacyclic repertoire. the vat did not constitute a significantly increased proportion ...	1986	3960594
opposite effects of ecdysone and 20-hydroxyecdysone on in vitro uterus motility of a tsetse fly.	in order to examine the possible effects of ecdysteroids on parturition, we studied in vitro the influence of ecdysone and 20-hydroxyecdysone on the motility of isolated uterus from virgin and pregnant female tsetse fly (glossina fuscipes). ecdysone initiates phasic uterine contractions or enhances the frequency of preexisting contractile activity. in contrast, uterine contractions are decreased or abolished by 20-hydroxyecdysone. pharmacological data indicate that tsetse fly uterus exhibits myo ...	1986	3796208
susceptibility of buffaloes, cattle and goats to infection with different stocks of trypanosoma vivax transmitted by glossina morsitans centralis.	a comparison was made of the susceptibility of buffaloes, cattle and goats to infection with trypanosoma vivax transmitted either by glossina morsitans centralis or by syringe inoculation. three different isolates of t vivax (two from east africa, one from west africa) were used to compare skin reactions, parasitaemia, anaemia and the development of trypanosome-specific antibodies in buffaloes, cattle and goats. african buffaloes reared in captivity in an area free from trypanosomiasis proved to ...	1986	3827994
trypanosome hybrids generated in tsetse flies by nuclear fusion.	genetic exchange may occur between two particular trypanosoma brucei clones simultaneously transmitted by the same tsetse fly. we report here that this exchange takes place in the fly, through nuclear fusion. the resulting hybrids appear to be sub-tetraploid, some particular dna sequences from one of the parental stocks being lost before enough cloned hybrid trypanosomes could be harvested for dna analysis. a further reduction of the dna content of these hybrids occurs gradually upon growth and ...	1986	3830130
parasite kinetics and immune responses in efferent prefemoral lymph draining skin reactions induced by tsetse-transmitted trypanosoma congolense.	localised skin reactions (chancres) occurred on the flanks of cattle at the sites of deposition by tsetse flies of metacyclic forms of trypanosoma congolense. marked enlargement of the draining prefemoral lymph nodes accompanied the development of the skin reactions. lymph from these nodes was collected through polyethylene cannulae inserted into the efferent lymphatics, and examined for trypanosomes, cells and antibody content. within 6-9 days after infected tsetse fly bite, trypanosomes were d ...	1986	3705421
susceptibility and immune responses of zebu and taurine cattle of west africa to infection with trypanosoma congolense transmitted by glossina morsitans centralis.	following tsetse-transmitted infection with trypanosoma congolense, major differences in development of localised skin reactions, the ability to control parasitaemia, the degree of anaemia and in antibody response to trypanosomes were found between the reputedly trypanotolerant breeds of cattle (n'dama, n'dama/baoule crosses, baoule) and the trypanosusceptible west african zebu. the local skin reactions that developed in the zebu were large and severe while those that occurred in the other breed ...	1986	3716196
hybrid formation between african trypanosomes during cyclical transmission.	trypanosomes of the species trypanosoma brucei reproduce primarily by binary fission, but the frequency of enzyme electrophoretic variants in natural populations of t. brucei has provided indirect evidence for the existence of a sexual cycle. these studies, coupled with studies of restriction fragment length polymorphisms of genes encoding glycolytic enzymes, have also provided evidence for t. brucei being diploid. here we report direct evidence of gene exchange between two different clones of t ...	1986	3724860
infectivity of trypanosoma rhodesiense cultivated at 28 degrees c with various tsetse fly tissues.	metacyclic trypanosomes developed in populations of procyclic forms of four stocks of trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense cultivated at 28 degrees c in a liquid medium containing explants of tsetse fly head-salivary glands, alimentary tract, abdominal body wall, or thoracic muscle. the cultures became infective for mice 7-16 days after they were prepared, and infective trypanosomes were present for prolonged periods. in the culture series of stock trum 545, infectivity persisted for 138 days when the ...	1986	3735153
interference between different serodemes of trypanosoma congolense in the establishment of superinfections in goats following transmission by tsetse.	when domestic ruminants cyclically infected with trypanosoma congolense are superinfected with a different serodeme of the same species, an interference phenomenon occurs which delays the development of the second cyclical infection. experiments were carried out to investigate the influence of the time interval between the two infections on the degree of interference and to follow the course of the superinfection clinically, serologically and histologically. goats infected with tsetse-transmitte ...	1986	3748602
analysis of trypanosome variable antigen types in cultures of metacyclic and mammalian forms of trypanosoma congolense.	cultured metacyclic forms of trypanosoma congolense display a characteristic repertoire of metacyclic variable antigen types (m-vats) similar to that exhibited in vitro in the tsetse fly. there appeared to be no change in expression of m-vats in cultures of two stocks of t. congolense even after several passages, cryopreservation or long-term cultivation in vitro. metacyclic forms transformed into mammalian forms when transferred to cultures of bovine aorta endothelial cells and whilst one stock ...	1986	3528995
studies on the biochemical basis of the nutritional quality of tsetse fly diets.	batches of freeze-dried pig and cow blood, whose nutritional value to g. p. palpalis ranged from low to near optimum, were analysed for amino acid, triglyceride and cholesterol content. the results of the chemical analyses were compared with the nutritional quality parameters observed when each batch of blood was fed to g. p. palpalis in an attempt to establish a chemical basis for the nutritional quality of diets for glossina. in general, those pig or cow blood diets that had a higher nutrition ...	1986	2868828
characterization of cyclically transmitted trypanosoma (t.) brucei isolates from man.	four different trypanosome isolates from human patients isolated in 1979 during the epidemic of sleeping sickness in busoga, south-east uganda, were characterized by the following methods: isoenzyme analyses of bloodstream forms by isoelectric focusing; in vitro tests of human serum resistance of bloodstream as well as metacyclic forms; tsetse fly transmission through glossina morsitans centralis and glossina morsitans morsitans to compare the above characteristics of parasite populations before ...	1986	2872784
defence reactions of glossina morsitans morsitans against different species of bacteria and trypanosoma brucei brucei.	tsetse flies, glossina morsitans morsitans, fed on rats infected with trypanosoma brucei brucei showed wide fluctuations in total and differential haemocyte counts. similar fluctuations occurred in controls fed on non-infected rats and also between the two groups without showing any difference which could be attributed to the infection. trypanosome infection of the tsetse haemocoel occurred in 16.25% of the flies, starting from the second day after feeding on the infected rats, but salivary glan ...	1986	2872785
production and evaluation of specific antisera against sera of various vertebrate species for identification of bloodmeals of glossina morsitans centralis.	specific antisera against sera of 46 species of vertebrates were prepared. the antisera to 21 bovidae species were raised in goats except the antiserum to goat serum which was raised in sheep. the antisera to 3 suidae species were produced either in domestic pigs or warthogs, while antisera to most of the other vertebrate species were raised in rabbits. the antisera were used in an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) to identify the source of bloodmeals ingested by teneral and non-teneral ...	1986	2882665
evidence for haploidy in metacyclic forms of trypanosoma brucei.	the parasitic flagellate trypanosoma brucei undergoes a series of morphologic and metabolic changes during its passage in the digestive organs of its insect vector, a glossina or tsetse fly. this morphogenesis ends by the differentiation, in the salivary gland of the fly, of the metacyclic form, which will be transmitted in the bloodstream of the mammalian host. on the basis of dna microfluorometric measurements, we propose that these metacyclic trypanosomes have a haploid amount of dna, compare ...	1986	3461475
procyclic tsetse fly midgut forms and culture forms of african trypanosomes share stage- and species-specific surface antigens identified by monoclonal antibodies.	procyclic culture form (pcf) trypanosomes were established from a bloodstream form population of cloned trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense and were used to immunize mice for hybridoma production. indirect immunofluorescence was used to select 10 hybridomas which secreted antibodies that bound to the surface of homologous living pcf. the antibodies reacted with pcf of several clones of t.b. brucei, t.b. gambiense, and t.b. rhodesiense, but not with pcf of t. congolense or t. vivax, or with promastigo ...	1986	3512712
species identification of blood-meals from tsetse flies (glossinidae): results 1979-1985.	results from species identification of almost 6,000 tsetse fly blood-meals are reported. regarding glossina palpalis and g. pallidipes, it was shown that the preference of tsetse flies for certain host species differed according to the sampling area. consequently, results from blood-meal identification are to be interpreted with this point in view.	1986	3704476
extrachromosomal inheritance of susceptibility to trypanosome infection in tsetse flies. ii. susceptibility of selected lines of glossina morsitans morsitans to different stocks and species of trypanosome.	two lines of glossina m. morsitans, selected for susceptibility and refractoriness to infection with a single stock of trypanosoma congolense, have now been shown to be susceptible or refractory to different stocks of t. congolense and, also, to different stocks of t. b. brucei and t. b. gambiense. the mean midgut infection rates of the susceptible line obtained in different experiments with t. congolense, t. b. brucei and t. b. gambiense were, respectively, 66%, 56% and 55%; the corresponding m ...	1986	3729601
apparent exhaustion of the variable antigen repertoires of trypanosoma vivax in infected cattle.	three groups of cattle, each group comprising six animals, were inoculated intravenously with populations of bloodstream forms of trypanosoma vivax. the first group received t. vivax clone ildat 1.3 derived from an isolate from nigeria, while the other two received t. vivax stocks il 1875 or il 2133 isolated from coast province, kenya. one animal from the group that was infected with il 1875 died 8 weeks postinfection. the remaining 17 animals became aparasitemic in 8 to 12 weeks without interve ...	1986	3770950
lesions and saliva-specific antibody responses in rabbits with immediate and delayed hypersensitivity reactions to the bites of glossina morsitans centralis.	rabbits exposed to feeding tsetse flies developed cutaneous hypersensitivity responses to fly bites. these responses had characteristics of immediate and delayed type hypersensitivity. saliva components from the tsetse fly glossina morsitans centralis were electrophoretically separated by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. major salivary proteins of 160, 92, 66, 64, 55, 42, 33, 28, and 15 kilodaltons were identified. separated salivary components were transferred to nitro ...	1986	3811131
onset of expression of the variant surface glycoproteins of trypanosoma brucei in the tsetse fly studied using immunoelectron microscopy.	the acquisition of the variant surface glycoprotein (variable antigen) coat by metacyclic stage trypanosoma brucei in the salivary glands of the tsetse fly, glossina morsitans, has been studied in situ by transmission and scanning electron microscopy using monoclonal antibodies raised against metacyclic variable antigen types and complexed with horseradish peroxidase or colloidal gold. the coat is acquired after binary fission has ceased but while the parasite is still attached to the gland epit ...	1987	3654788
a novel arrangement of sequence elements surrounding the rdna promoter and its spacer duplications in tsetse species.	variation in organization and sequence of the rdna of six species of tsetse fly (glossina) has been investigated. several novel tsetse-specific features have been uncovered. like many other species the spacer is composed of subrepeats, which in some species contain duplications of the true promoter at the spacer-ets boundary. in tsetse, however, the first 90 base-pairs of the external transcribed spacer (ets) (that is, +1 to +90 after transcription initiation) is the 3' end of the last subrepeat ...	1987	3656412
use of species-specific dna probes for detection and identification of trypanosome infection in tsetse flies.	species- and subspecies-specific trypanosome dna hybridization probes have been employed in the detection and identification of trypanosome infections in glossina morsitans centralis. several ways of sample preparation including the use of tsetse organ suspensions, proboscides and dissected midguts, as well as tsetse abdominal content touch-blots were explored. the results of hybridization of radio-isotope-labelled species-specific dna probes to tsetse samples indicated that it was possible to d ...	1987	3670893
culture form and tsetse fly midgut form procyclic trypanosoma brucei express common proteins.	proteins expressed by culture form and tsetse fly midgut form procyclic trypanosomes were examined by polyacrylamide gel electrophoretic techniques. analysis of the proteins of the two forms of procyclic organisms was performed by comparison of autoradiographs of high resolution two-dimensional polyacrylamide gels prepared using [35s]methionine-labelled parasites. only eight spots were found to differ between autoradiographs of culture form and tsetse fly midgut form parasites. seven of these di ...	1987	3696176
comparative study on the infection rates of different glossina species for east and west african trypanosoma vivax stocks.	teneral male glossina morsitans centralis, g. austeni, g. palpalis palpalis, g. p. gambiensis, g. fuscipes fuscipes, g. tachinoides and g. brevipalpis were fed on the flanks of boran calves infected with trypanosoma vivax stock ilrad 2241 isolated from a cow in likoni, kenya; stock ilrad 2337 isolated from a cow in galana, kenya; stock ilrad 1392 isolated from a cow in nigeria; or, stock eatro 1721 isolated from g. m. submorsitans in nigeria. the tsetse were fed on the infected hosts for 24 days ...	1987	3696778
import of fructose bisphosphate aldolase into the glycosomes of trypanosoma brucei.	the glycolytic enzymes of trypanosomatids are compartmentalized within peroxisome-like microbodies called glycosomes. fructose bisphosphate aldolase is synthesized on free polysomes and imported into glycosomes within 5 min. peptide mapping reveals no primary structural differences between the in vivo-synthesized protein and that made in vitro from a synthetic template. however, native aldolase from glycosomes is partially protease resistant, whereas the in vitro translation product is not. puls ...	1987	3320052
monoclonal antibodies that distinguish trypanosoma congolense, t. vivax and t. brucei.	monoclonal antibodies (moabs) were derived against in-vitro-propagated procyclic forms of trypanosoma congolense, t. vivax, t. brucei brucei and t.b. rhodesiense in order to identify antigens for use in immunodiagnosis of african trypanosomiasis. the antibodies have been tested against procyclic and bloodstream form trypanosomes of 13 t. congolense, six t. vivax six t.b. brucei, four t.b. rhodesiense, five t.b. gambiense and three t. simiae isolates from different geographical areas by indirect ...	1987	3306569
the effect of trypanocidal drugs on the transmission of trypanosoma brucei brucei by glossina morsitans centralis.	the effects of trypanocidal drugs on trypanosoma b. brucei infections in glossina m. centralis have been investigated. pentamidine and suramin exhibited no significant effects but both berenil and samorin reduced the number of salivary gland infections in comparison with controls. berenil at concentrations of 10, 1.0 and 0.1 microgram/ml significantly reduced the number of mature infections when fed to flies throughout the whole period of trypanosome development. a similar result was obtained wi ...	1987	2884836
immunoelectron microscopic demonstration of pancreatic polypeptide in midgut epithelium of hematophagous dipterans.	midguts of mosquitoes, aedes aegypti and anopheles stephensi, and of the tsetse fly, glossina morsitans morsitans, as well as guinea pig pancreas, were prepared for electron microscopy by using low-temperature embedding in lowicryl k4m. rabbit antiserum to bovine pancreatic polypeptide (pp) crossreacted with secretory granules of pancreatic pp-producing cells and of the clear cells in mosquito gut. rabbit antiserum to human somatostatin crossreacted with the control tissue, guinea pig pancreas d ...	1987	2885369
dose and stage dependency for the development of local skin reactions caused by trypanosoma congolense in goats.	intradermal inoculation of metacyclic forms of trypanosoma congolense propagated in vitro caused skin reactions in goats similar to the local skin reaction (chancre) induced by the bite of an infected tsetse fly. the onset, size and duration of these local skin reactions were dose-dependent. whereas one cultured metacyclic t. congolense was sufficient to cause a local skin reaction in a goat, over 10(7) bloodstream forms of t. congolense were necessary to elicit a detectable skin reaction and wh ...	1987	2892366
the effect of trypanosoma brucei infection of the localization of salivary gland cholinesterase in glossina morsitans morsitans.	when salivary glands of the tsetse fly, glossina morsitans morsitans, are stained for cholinesterase (che) activity, a net-like pattern of reaction product is observed surrounding each epithelial cell of the gland's secretory region. glands infected with trypanosoma brucei brucei show a progressive reduction in this che activity as the parasites develop. when the infection is mature, che is rarely detected in the epithelial layer but appears in the lumen of gland. the luminal che responds to sub ...	1987	2892368
the effect of the trypanocidal drugs berenil and samorin on infections of glossina morsitans centralis by trypanosoma congolense.		1987	2892374
suppressive action of samorin on the cyclical development of pathogenic trypanosomes in glossina morsitans centralis.	male glossina sexually sterilized by gamma-irradiation are as efficient vectors of trypanosomiasis as fertile males. an attempt was made, using isometamidium chloride (samorin), to interfere with the cyclical development of trypanosomes in sterile males, destined for use in the sterile insect release (sir) method of tsetse eradication. the infection rate with mature trypanosoma congolense broden was effectively reduced in sterile male glossina morsitans centralis machado, when the flies were fed ...	1987	2979543
tryptophan metabolism in tsetse flies and the consequences of its derangement.	literature comparing salmon and wild type glossina morsitans morsitans and that comparing tan and wild type glossina palpalis palpalis is reviewed. new information is presented on behaviour and biochemistry of salmon and wild type g. m. morsitans. the eye color mutants result from two lesions in the tryptophan to xanthommatin pathway: lack of tryptophan oxygenase in g. m morsitans and failure to produce or retain xanthommatin in eyes (but not in testes) of g. p. palpalis. the salmon allele in g. ...	1987	2473378
differential protein synthesis during the life cycle of the protozoan parasite trypanosoma brucei.	two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis has been used to analyze changes in protein content and protein synthesis in three stages of the life cycle of the protozoan parasite trypanosoma brucei. the stages examined were slender and stumpy mammalian bloodstream forms and procyclic forms, which are analogous to the tsetse fly midgut stage. two-dimensional gels of 35s-methionine-labeled proteins were examined by autoradiography to analyze newly synthesized protein, and gels were stained w ...	1987	3572842
trypanosoma congolense: host responses following tsetse transmitted infection of kilifi isolates in goats.	east african x galla goats, when infected with trypanosoma congolense isolates from the kilifi area of kenya by glossina morsitans centralis, did not develop the characteristic chancre reaction at the bite sites, whereas bites of tsetse infected with the cloned t. congolense il.1180 from serengeti, tanzania, resulted in chancres in the same goats. histological changes could not be observed in skin biopsies collected 8 or 9 days after infection with kilifi isolates. however, all goats became para ...	1987	3582569
potential value of localized skin reactions (chancres) induced by trypanosoma congolense transmitted by glossina morsitans centralis for the analysis of metacyclic trypanosome populations.	goats infected with trypanosoma congolense transmitted by glossina morsitans centralis and then treated with the trypanocidal drug diminazene aceturate are immune to tsetse-transmitted infection with a homologous, but not heterologous trypanosome clone. immune animals fail to develop localized skin reactions (chancres) and do not become infected, whereas on heterologous challenge chancres appear followed by parasitaemia. in this study, the feasibility of using chancre reactions to characterize s ...	1987	3601446
[a new glossina from the congo: glossina (austenina) frezili sp. nov. (diptera: glossinidae)].	the male and female genitalia of glossina frezili sp. nov., a new tsetse fly occurring in the mangrove forest of the congo and gabon are described. g. frezili is related to g. medicorum but clearly distinct from this species by its habitat and the morphology of the genitalia.	1987	3629143
peripheral blood leucocytes subpopulation dynamics during trypanosoma congolense infection in boran and n'dama cattle: an analysis using monoclonal antibodies and flow cytometry.	a panel of monoclonal antibodies (moab) with specificities for bovine leucocyte subsets were used in conjunction with routine haematological procedures to analyse sequential changes in peripheral blood leucocyte populations during the course of tsetse fly-transmitted trypanosoma congolense infection in trypanotolerant n'dama and trypanosusceptible boran cattle. subsequent to the first parasitaemic wave, the n'dama cattle maintained packed cell volumes (pcv) above 22 and lower levels of parasitae ...	1987	3496577
effect of samorin administered to a bovine host on the survival and reproductive performance of female glossina morsitans centralis.		1987	3503652
cell adhesion in trypanosoma: in vitro studies of the interaction of trypanosoma vivax with immobilized organic dyes.	certain bloodstream forms of trypanosoma vivax have been shown to attach to amicon matrex gel green a dye beads in a manner similar to the in vivo binding of t. vivax to the inner surface of the tsetse fly proboscis. we now report an in vitro assay for trypanosome-bead attachment and show that only the 9,10-anthraquinone portion of the dye molecule is involved in the binding of trypanosomes to beads and that bead-bound dyes with similar structures also support binding to differing degrees. the b ...	1987	3430412
lectin mediated establishment of midgut infections of trypanosoma congolense and trypanosoma brucei in glossina morsitans.	d+glucosamine, which has been shown in vitro to specifically inhibit tsetse midgut lectin activity, when fed to glossina morsitans morsitans with the infective feed significantly increased midgut infection rates of trypanosoma congolense and t. brucei rhodesiense. all flies infected with t.b. rhodesiense and maintained on a diet of blood with d+glucosamine throughout their lives developed midgut infections. midgut extracts from flies bred for refractoriness to infection with trypanosomes showed ...	1987	3432950
failure of trypanosoma vivax to generate protective immunity in goats against transmission by glossina morsitans morsitans.		1987	3445345
trypanosoma congolense: lack of correlation between the resistance of cattle subjected to experimental cyclic infection or to field challenge.	twelve male cattle of the baoulé breed were exposed to natural trypanosome challenge in an area of high glossina density, to characterize them as trypanoresistant or trypanosensitive. weekly blood samples were taken for the determination of parasitemia and packed cell volume, as a measure of anemia. seven zebu cattle were also exposed to challenge at the same time. the zebu proved to be trypanosensitive with high parasitemia, pronounced anemia and died or were drug treated in extremis. five baou ...	1987	3678447
therapeutic and prophylactic activity of isometamidium chloride in boran cattle against trypanosoma vivax transmitted by glossina morsitans centralis.	ten boran steers were infected with trypanosoma vivax, transmitted by glossina morsitans centralis; five steers with a t vivax clone from nigeria and five with a t vivax clone from kenya. eleven days after infection all 10 animals were treated with 0.5 mg kg-1 isometamidium chloride. four steers infected with the nigerian t vivax and all five infected with the kenyan t vivax were completely cured. when different steers received a single prophylactic dose of 0.5 mg kg-1 isometamidium chloride and ...	1987	3685643
expression of a polypeptide containing a dipeptide repeat is confined to the insect stage of trypanosoma brucei.	the protozoan parasite trypanosoma brucei is transmitted between mammalian hosts by the tsetse fly (glossina spp.). trypanosomes ingested by the fly undergo a number of changes in the insect midgut during differentiation to procyclic forms. these include the loss of the variant specific glycoprotein (vsg) coat and the appearance of a common set of procyclic surface antigens. in order to investigate genes other than vsg genes which are expressed only at certain stages of the life cycle, the first ...	1987	3808022
a behavioural bioassay to identify attractive odours for glossinidae.	1. a behavioural bioassay, based on antennal movement responses, was developed using glossina morsitans morsitans westwood for screening chemical attractancy to tsetse. 2. chemicals found to be attractive to male tsetse were acetone, formaldehyde, methylethylketone, methylvinylketone, 1-octen-3-ol and pentanal but not acetophenone, hexanal, lactic acid or urea. 3. female tsetse also responded to all these chemicals in a similar fashion. overall responses of females were, however, less than those ...	1987	2979547
tsetse fly rdna: an analysis of structure and sequence.	a genomic library of glossina morsitans morsitans (tsetse fly) has been constructed in the phage vector embl 4 and a complete rdna unit isolated by using a d. melanogaster rdna clone as a probe. the overall organisation is typical of higher eukaryotes, including an intergenic spacer consisting of a subrepeating structure. atypically, however, the 45s precursor rna promoter was shown to lie within the last subrepeat by s1 mapping; i.e. the last subrepeat extends 90 bp into the ets. the sequence o ...	1987	3029668
genetics and trypanotolerance.	genetic resistance to disease and its use in domestic livestock usually ranks last, if at all, amongst preferred disease control measures - usually preceded by measures such as chemotherapy, vector control and vaccination. thus, interest in genetic resistance is often a reflection of dissatisfaction with other control strategies, and the current emphasis on trypanotolerant cattle in africa is just such a case. eighty years of tsetse fly eradication programmes have had little impact on tsetse dis ...	1987	15462937
tsetse immunity and the transmission of trypanosomiasis.	cyclical transmission of african trypanosomes - trypanosoma congolense and subspecies of t. brucei - depends on their uptake by and development within their tsetse fly vectors. tsetse susceptibility to such trypanosome infection seems to be controlled by maternally inherited rickettsia-like organisms (rlos) (fig. 1) and it now seems that the rlos may exert this effect by controlling midgut lectins in the fly. ian maudlin and susan welburn explain the latest findings.	1988	15463060
[house effect and family contamination in sleeping sickness: interpretative trial of the phenomenon. study of 3 congolese foci].	a review is given of the different hypotheses concerning the concentration of trypanosomiasis cases at the house or family level: 1. mechanical transmission by haematophagous insects. 2. interrupted feeding of a tsetse fly with cyclic infection on different people. 3. family biological factor. these hypotheses are used as a introduction to an epidemiological field study in three congolese foci. whereas their distribution among village districts is random, patients are significantly aggregated at ...	1988	3059954
biology of african trypanosomes in the tsetse fly.	african trypanosomes present several features of interest to cell biologists. these include: a repressible single mitochondrion with a large mass of mitochondrial dna, the kinetoplast; a special organelle, the glycosome, which houses the enzymes of the glycolytic chain; a surface coat of variable glycoprotein which enables the parasite to evade the mammalian host's immune response; and a unique flagellum-to-host attachment mechanism associated with novel cytoskeletal elements. trypanosome develo ...	1988	3067793
the role of lectins and trypanosome genotype in the maturation of midgut infections in glossina morsitans.	feeding d + glucosamine to glossina morsitans throughout their life significantly reduced the proportions of midgut infections which developed into mature infections with three different stocks of trypanosoma congolense. in one stock of t. congolense, maturation was completely blocked by this carbohydrate, which is known to specifically inhibit tsetse midgut lectin activity. similar experiments with t. brucei showed that d + glucosamine also inhibited maturation and, when combined with results f ...	1988	3387828
[comparison of the longevity of tsetse flies (glossina morsitans morsitans westwood, 1850) infected with trypanosomes (trypanosoma nannomonas congolense broden, 1904) and uninfected tsetse flies].	this preliminary note results from a comparative study on susceptibility to pyrethroid insecticides of tsetse flies infected and not with trypanosomes. trypanosoma infection increases the susceptibility to insecticides as previous study showed it (golder et al., 1982, 1984). moreover, infected control flies showed a significant lower longevity than uninfected ones.	1988	3421645
juvenile hormone mimics as effective sterilants for the tsetse fly glossina morsitans morsitans.	the development of puparia of glossina morsitans morsitans westwood was disrupted by topical applications of the juvenile hormone mimics s-methoprene (the resolved enantiomer of 11-methoxy-3,7,11-trimethyl-2,4-dodecadienoic acid 1-methyl ester) (zoecon), s21149 (propionaldoxime-0-4-phenoxyphenoxyethylether) (sumitomo), or s31183 (2-[1-methyl-2-(4-phenoxyphenoxy)ethoxy]pyridine) (sumitomo) dissolved in acetone. puparia so treated during the first 4 days of life suffered developmental abnormalitie ...	1988	2980157
the humoral defense system in tsetse: differences in response due to age, sex and antigen types.	inoculation of live escherichia coli into tsetse flies, glossina morsitans morsitans, stimulated a higher antibacterial immune response in females than in males. it increased with age in females from emergence to approximately 2 weeks and thereafter declined. in males, there was also a significant decrease in immune response with aging. inoculation of killed bacteria failed to stimulate antibacterial activity but stimulated a lysozyme response which was weaker than that stimulated by live bacter ...	1988	3384155
development of trypanosoma congolense, t vivax and t brucei in the skin reaction induced in goats by infected glossina morsitans centralis: a light and electron microscopical study.	the development and distribution of trypanosoma congolense, t vivax and t brucei in the skin of goats was examined after the animals were bitten by infected glossina morsitans centralis. following the tsetse bite, the trypanosomes in the skin multiplied, reaching maximum numbers when the skin reaction (chancre) of the host attained its maximum size. in goats infected with t vivax and t brucei, trypanosomes were observed circulating in the blood before the peak of the chancre, while in t congolen ...	1988	3387665
factors influencing the duration of isometamidium chloride (samorin) prophylaxis against experimental challenge with metacyclic forms of trypanosoma congolense.	the duration of a single isometamidium chloride (samorin) prophylactic treatment against trypanosoma congolense ilnat. 3.1 and t. congolense il 285 was examined in 24 boran steers with regard to (1) the dose of drug, (2) the level of metacyclic challenge and (3) the influence of infection with an unrelated serodeme at the time of treatment. the cattle were repeatedly challenged at monthly intervals between 2 and 7 months following treatment, either by five infected glossina morsitans centralis o ...	1988	3388736
prevalence of trypanosomiasis in cattle in south-west zambia.	a trypanosomiasis survey was conducted in south-west zambia. from a total of 3,346 cattle sampled 342 cattle showed a positive trypanosomiasis parasitaemia. during the survey trypanosome species and pcv values were also recorded. with simple statistical analysis populations with higher and lower prevalence rates were differentiated. the results indicated that the kwando river basin tsetse fly belt and the kafue river basin tsetse fly belt infested a larger area than originally assumed and that a ...	1988	3400114
procyclin: an unusual immunodominant glycoprotein surface antigen from the procyclic stage of african trypanosomes.	an immunodominant species-specific surface glycoprotein antigen was purified from procyclic culture forms of trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense using lectin affinity chromatography and a monoclonal antibody immunoadsorbent. the purified molecule appears on a 10% polyacrylamide gel as a wide, dark silver staining band having an apparent molecular mass of between 30 and 40 kda, identical to that revealed by immunoblotting using anti-procyclic lysates. the molecule, which we have named procyclin, was s ...	1988	2464763