Publications

cyclical transmission of trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense and trypanosoma congolense by tsetse flies infected with culture-form procyclic trypanosomes.	culture procyclic forms of trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense and trypanosoma congolense were fed to glossina morsitans morsitans through artificial membranes. a very high percentage of the flies so fed produced established midgut infections, a proportion of which went on to develop into mature metacyclic trypanosomes capable of infecting mammalian hosts. the method offers a safe, clean way of infecting tsetse flies with african trypanosomes which reduces the need for trypanosome-infected animals in ...	1979	536930
trypanosoma brucei: in vitro propagation of metacyclic forms derived from the salivary glands of glossina morsitans.	1 metacyclic forms of trypanosoma brucei obtained from the salivary glands of the tsetse fly, glossina morsitans have been cultured for the first time in their infective forms for more than 200 days in continuous culture. the parasites were grown at 25 c and 30 c on a bovine embryonic spleen (besp) feeder layer in buffered rpmi 1640 medium supplemented with 20% heat-inactivated bovine fetal serum (bfs) and 5% lactalbumin hydrolysate. initial growth rate was enhanced when normal, noninfected, sal ...	1979	512767
effects of tsetse (glossina morsitans morsitans westw.) (diptera: glossinidae) salivary gland homogenate on coagulation and fibrinolysis.	the saliva of the tsetse, glossina morsitans morsitans westwood, has antithrombin anticoagulant activity and inhibits thrombin's esterolytic activity. it has no other detectable anticoagulant properties. the anticoagulant elutes in a single peak on sephadex fraction, is immediately acting, heat and storage stable, and has a molecular weight of 11-13,000. unlike heparin it is not neutralized by protamine sulphate or toluidine blue and does not require the co-factor, antithrombin iii, for optimal ...	1979	505376
effects of host anemia, local skin factors, and circulating antibodies upon biology of laboratory reared glossina morsitans morsitans westwood (diptera: glossinidae).		1979	540275
ultrastructural studies of certain aspects of the development of trypanosoma congolense in glossina morsitans morsitans.	the course of trypanosoma congolense infections in glossina morsitans morsitans was followed by electron-microscopic examination of ultrathin sections of the guts and proboscises of infected flies. guts dissected from flies 7 days after infection with culture procyclic forms of t. congolense had heavy trypanosome infections in the midgut involving both the endo- and ectoperitrophic spaces. trypanosomes were also seen in the process of penetrating the fully formed peritrophic membrane in the cent ...	1979	544799
trypanosoma theileri: in vitro cultivation in tsetse fly and vertebrate cell culture systems.		1979	120349
serological responses in rabbits used to maintain uninfected, laboratory-reared tsetses (glossina morsitans morsitans westwood) (diptera: glossinidae).		1979	117892
observations on the antigenicity and serological relationships of stocks of trypanosoma congolense from east and west africa.	antigenic relationships of 4 stocks of trypanosoma congolense from different parts of africa were examined by immunofluorescence (ifat) and neutralization tests. antisera to each stock were obtained from rabbits infected with trypanosomes transmitted by glossina morsitans. trypanosomes for use as antigens were obtained from local skin reactions developing on rabbits infected with 2 of the stocks. using the ifat and antisera at end-point dilutions approximately 40% of the trypanosomes fluoresced ...	1979	94428
[effect of bacterial infections and antibiotics on tsetse flies (diptera, glossinidae) (author's transl)].	the membrane feeding technique (in vitro feeding) used for the rearing of tsetse flies has advantages over the conventional method of feeding the flies on host animals. however, as long as blood remains the sole source of tsetse fly nutrition, the risk remains of blood being contaminated during collection, storage or feeding with bacteria pathogenic to the flies. the resulting high mortality of the tsetse flies endangers the success of this rearing. the experiments described here have shown that ...	1979	44947
the endosymbionts of glossina morsitans and g. palpalis: cultivation experiments and some physiological properties.	pyruvate, malate, and succinate are the main substrates for bacteroid respiration; oxygen uptake can be inhibited by rotenone and antimycin a, but not by cyanide. the symbionts displayed limited growth and survival for over 80 days in a medium with succinate and pyruvate as main substrates, and supplemented with nucleotides. it was not possible to cultivate the endosymbionts of g. morsitans and g. palpalis intracellularly in cell cultures of the tsetse fly or of vertebrates. a high attraction be ...	1979	43084
the sequential cellular changes in the local skin reaction produced in goats by glossina morsitans morsitans infected with trypanosoma (trypanozoon) brucei.	sequential biopsies of the skin reaction elicited in goats by glossina morsitans morsitans infected with trypanosoma (trypanozoon) brucei were examined histologically to identify and to quantify the cellular populations involved in the reaction. the peak of the tissue response occurred 7-8 days after challenge with infected tsetse and preceded the initial detection of parasitaemia by 4-5 days. microscopically, the cellular reaction was characterized initially by a marked infiltration of polymorp ...	1980	6106349
distribution and attachment of trypanosoma (nannomonas) congolense in the proximal part of the proboscis of glossina morsitans morsitans.	the distribution and attachment of trypanosoma congolense were investigated in the proximal part of the proboscis of glossina m. morsitans. in the food canal, epimastigotes and trypomastigotes formed tufts or compact layers. trypanosomes were attached to the cuticle by their flagella, which formed zonar hemidesmosomes. the flagella were mostly attached parallel to the axis of the labrum and often pointed to its tip. foot-like processes of the flagella came into contact with adjacent flagella lea ...	1980	6106351
the appearance of trypanosoma (duttonella) vivax in lymph following challenge of goats with infected glossina morsitans morsitans.		1980	6110327
resistance of vectors of disease to pesticides. fifth report of the who expert committee in vector biology and control.	the resistance of vectors (the term includes primary and intermediate vertebrate and invertebrate hosts and animal reservoirs of human and animal diseases) of disease to pesticides is a major problem faced by who member states in the control of vectorborne diseases. since the meeting of the who expert committee on insecticides in 1975, resistance has continued to increase and to affect disease control programs in many countries. the appearance of multiresistance in several important vectors ha ...	1980	6111866
studies on trypanosoma (nannomonas) congolense iv. experimental immunization of mice against tsetse fly challenge.	groups of mice were exposed to multiple bites by tsetse flies (glossina morsitans morsitans) infected with a clone of trypanosoma congolense spread over a periof of 8 days. the mice were subsequently treated with berenil 10 days after the first fly bite as were uninfected control mice. the group of mice which received 12--15 infectious fly bites on two occasions, 21 days apart, were subsequently resistant to infection when re-challenged by flies infected with the same clone of t. congolense. the ...	1980	6155654
antigenic analysis by immunofluorescence of in vitro-produced metacyclics of trypanosoma brucei and their infections in mice.	the antigenic types in populations of metacyclic trypanosomes of trypanosoma brucei isolated from glossina morsitans head-salivary gland trypanosome cultures and bloodstream forms in the early parasitemias produced from whole culture supernatant fluids containing metacyclic forms, were analyzed by the indirect fluorescent antibody test using clone-specific antisera. metacyclic trypanosomes in cultures initiated with cloned bloodstream forms with heterogeneous with respect to their variable antig ...	1980	6161247
[glossina, domestic livestock and wild fauna: is a conciliation possible?].	animal trypanosomiasis is one of the major obstacles to livestock production in africa. south of the sahara. tsetse fly control is considered to be the best method of overcoming the disease. the adverse effect of glossina on cattle rearing and their role in the protection of the environment in west africa is discussed. meat production possibilities in infested areas, difficulties encountered in tsetse control and related problems are reviewed. lastly solutions which would assure both livestock d ...	1980	7196143
studies on trypanosoma (nannomonas) congolense iii. antigenic variation in three cyclically transmitted stocks.	cyclical transmission of different variable antigen types of trypanosoma congolense stib 228 resulted in the development of metacyclic trypanosome populations which were similar in their variable antigen composition as judged by immunofluorescence and neutralization assays. the variable antigen types present in the ingested bloodstream populations were not found in the metacyclic populations. the bloodstream populations which were obtained from cyclically infected, irradiated (900 rad.) mice con ...	1980	6992057
the construction of laboratory studies on tsetse fly behaviour [proceedings].		1980	7385313
the dietetics of glossina morsitans [proceedings].		1980	7385315
feeding behaviour of tsetse flies infected with salivarian trypanosomes.	although much is known about factors which determine infection rates of salivarian trypanosomes (subgenera nannomonas, duttonella and tryanozoon) in the tsetse fly glossina, it is not clear why infection rates of trypanozoon are high in mammalian hosts but low in wild-caught glossina and why trypanosomiasis occurs where glossina is not readily detectable. we report here that the feeding behaviour of trypanosome-infected glossina differed from that of uninfected control flies. infected flies prob ...	1980	7352013
environmental aspects of field trials with pyrethroids to eradicate tsetse fly in nigeria.		1980	7389632
the separation and structure of infective trypanosomes from cultures of trypanosomas brucei grown in association with tsetse fly salivary glands.	infective trypanosomes developed when trypanosoma brucei was cultivated at 28 c in a liquid medium containing tsetse fly head-salivary gland explants. they were separated from the noninfective culture forms using deae-cellulose column chromatography. it was demonstrated by light and electron microscopy that the separated organisms were morphologically similar to metacyclic stages found in a tsetse fly and that they had a characteristic surface coat. single metacyclic trypanosomes isolated from t ...	1980	7400995
preliminary observations on the infectivity of slender forms of trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense to glossina morsitans morsitans.		1980	7434409
studies on the transmission of a west african stock of trypanosoma vivax to rabbits, rats, mice and goats by glossina morsitans morsitans and g. m. centralis.		1981	7275475
probing by glossina morsitans morsitans and transmission of trypanosoma (nannomonas) congolense.	successive probings on nine mice each by 32 glossina morsitans morsitans infected with trypanosoma (nannomonas) congolense resulted in 54% of the mice (156/288) becoming parasitemic. a second trial with 25 surviving infected flies resulted in transmission by probing to 37.3% (84/225) of the host mice. the patterns of transmission were similar in the two trials, with transmission rates in the first and second probings higher than those for feedings to repletion after nine consecutive probings. in ...	1981	7283013
presence of a peculiar pathway of glucose metabolism in infective forms of trypanosoma brucei cultured from salivary glands of tsetse flies.	we have studied metabolism of glucose by infective forms of trypanosoma brucei brucei isolated from tsetse fly salivary glands and grown in continuous culture for more than 700 days. the end products of glucose metabolism under aerobic conditions were found to be pyruvate and glycerol in the ratio 3:1. this changed to equimolar formation of pyruvate and glycerol when glucose was metabolized under aerobic conditions in the presence of 1.5 mm salicylhydroxamic acid (sham), a situation analogous to ...	1981	7328458
[glossina morsitans submorsitans newstead 1910, (diptera muscidae) in a sudan-guinea savanna zone in mali. i. ecodistribution and seasonal fluctuations].		1981	7335944
cultivation of infective forms of trypanosoma congolense from trypanosomes in the proboscis of glossina morsitans.	two stocks of trypanosoma congolense were established in culture at 28 degrees c using trypanosomes from the proboscides of infective glossina morsitans. successful primary cultures were initiated by placing an infected tsetse proboscis beside a bovine dermal collagen explant in eagle's minimum essential medium supplemented with foetal calf serum. the trypanosomes multiplied rapidly in the medium and also gradually formed an adherent layer o the plastic surface of the culture vessel. three prima ...	1981	7208105
some phenomena associated with the development of trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense infections in the tsetse fly, glossina morsitans.	immature salivary gland (sg) infections averaging 10(3) parasites per fly can apparently develop into mature gland infections averaging 10(5) parasites per fly in as little as 4 days. frequently flies which extrude parasites in their saliva prove to have no parasites in the sg, but often show trypanosomes in the esophagus, cibarial pump, and proboscis. in some instances, sg infections have cleared, resulting in a loss of infectivity. results of studying numbers of parasites regurgitated upon fee ...	1981	7258478
two platelet aggregation inhibitors in tsetse (glossina) saliva with studies of roles of thrombin and citrate in in vitro platelet aggregation.	two inhibitors of platelet aggregation have been identified in saline extracts of glossina morsitans (tsetse) salivary glands. a protein fraction (mw greater than 30 000) inhibited primary and secondary aggregation to adp, secondary aggregation to adrenalin, and aggregation to collagen. it also caused disaggregation of platelets stimulated by adp and adrenalin. these properties could be explained by adp hydrolytic activity. a previously identified antithrombin fraction (mw 11 000-13 000) abolish ...	1981	7272218
susceptibility to african trypanosomiasis of n'dama and zebu cattle in an area of glossina morsitans submorsitans challenge.	the use of trypanotolerant livestock is considered to be an important strategy for the control of african animal trypanosomiasis. in order to define the extent of the differences in susceptibility and productivity, 10 zebu cows (a breed considered trypanosusceptible) and 10 n'dama cows (a breed recognised for trypanotolerance) were exposed to a natural field challenge from glossina morsitans submorsitans newstead. the animals were two-and-a-half to three years old and had not been previously exp ...	1981	7340084
absence of detectable alteration in the kinetoplast dna of a trypanosoma brucei clone following loss of ability to infect the insect vector (glossina morsitans).	a monomorphic bloodstream population of trypanosoma brucei eatro 1244 was derived from a cloned pleomorphic parental population by 77 rapid passages through mice. loss of pleomorphism was accompanied by increased virulence of trypanosomes towards the mammal, by loss of ability to infect the tsetse fly, glossina morsitans, loss of ability to transform to the procyclic stage in vitro at 26 degrees c, and by loss of oligomycin-sensitive atpase activity in trypanosome homogenates. no differences in ...	1981	6275264
the distribution of repetitive dnas between regular and supernumerary chromosomes in species of glossina (tsetse): a two-step process in the origin of supernumeraries.	several species of tsetse fly within the morsitans and fusca subgenera of glossina contain supernumerary (b) chromosomes. previous studies on the meiotic behaviour of chromosomes (southern and pell, 1973) and the c-band patterns (jordan et al., 1977) have indicated a close similarity between the y chromosome and the supernumeraries. the distributions of the highly abundant families of dna (satellite dnas) between the autosomes, sex chromosomes and b chromosomes of g.m. morsitans, g. austeni and ...	1981	6258877
the dynamics of the cellular reactions elicited in the skin of goats by glossina morsitans morsitans infected with trypanosoma (nannomonas) congolense or t. (duttonella) vivax.	local skin reactions were elicited in goats by tsetse infected with either t. (n.) congolense of t. (d.) vivax. for the former trypanosomes, the skin reaction was detected initially 7 days after challenge and was maximal 3 days later. histologically, the cellular response involved an initial influx of polymorphonuclear leucocytes (pmn) which was followed by a substantial infiltration of lymphocytes and macrophages. large numbers of plasma cells remained in the skin reaction during its decline. m ...	1981	6111913
infectivity of monomorphic and pleomorphic trypanosoma brucei stocks cultivated at 28 c with various tsetse fly tissues.	noninfective procyclic forms of trypanosoma brucei stocks derived from the pleomorphic eve 10 were cultivated at 28 c in cunningham's liquid medium in the presence of head-salivary gland, alimentary tract, and abdominal body wall explants of glossina morsitans morsitans. after 8 to 10 days of cultivation some of the procyclic forms transformed into metacyclic stages infective for mice. infectivity persisted for varying periods up to 66 days, when the experiments were terminated. only 10 explants ...	1981	6115002
effects of maintaining glossina morsitans morsitans on different hosts upon the vector's subsequent infection rates with pathogenic trypanosomes.	the percentage infection rates of trypanosoma vivax in glossina morsitans morsitans maintained after the infected meal on a cow, goats, rabbit, rats or mice were 88.0, 86.7, 94.8, 76.4 and 6.1, respectively. there were not significant differences between the males and females in this respect. the mortality rates of the tsetse maintained on mice or sheep were relatively high; the infection rate of the few survivors (5%) maintained on the latter host was 44.4%. the rates of t. congolense infection ...	1981	6115552
genetic polymorphism in three species of tsetse flies (diptera: glossinidae) in upper volta.	natural populations of glossina morsitans submorsitans newstead, glossina palpalis gambiensis vanderplank and glossina tachinoides westwood occurring within 150 km of bobo-dioulasso, upper volta were examined using polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. no variation was found in the banding pattern for arginine phosphokinase (ec 2.7.3.3). g. p. gambiensis and g. tachinoides had three alleles for each of the thoracic enzymes octanol dehydrogenase (ec 1.1.1.73), malic dehydrogenase (ec 1.1.1.37) and ...	1981	6115554
abstinons : male-produced deterrents of mating in flies.	glossina morsitans morsitans westwood andmusca domestica linne have an efficient strategy for preventing wasteful homosexual activity in males: hexane-soluble substances on the cuticle of the male flies terminate courting by other males on contact. the inhibitory activity of these materials is demonstrated by the abstention of males from mating with females treated with male extract.	1981	24420474
studies on transmission of two east african stocks of trypanosoma vivax to cattle, goats, rabbits, rats and mice.	transmission studies were conducted using two trypanosoma vivax stocks isolated from bovines in uganda. parasitaemia was low and transient in rabbits and rats; it persisted for relatively longer in nmri mice. the parasitaemia developed to a peak in a few a/j and balb/c mice; in nmri, c57b and c3h/he it was low and fleeting. lethally irradiated a/j, c57b and c3h/he mice with caesium 137 at 900 gy showed a high peak of parasitaemia; nmri and balb/c mice succumbed very rapidly to a similar radiatio ...	1982	6122363
anti-trypanosomal factor in the haemolymph of glossina.	the motility of cultured procyclic forms of trypanosoma brucei brucei antat serodeme derived from eatro 1125 was greatly reduced when incubated in vitro with the haemolymph of glossina morsitans morsitans at dilutions as low as 1:512 after incubation periods of 1-2 h at 27 degrees c. this effect was demonstrated in the haemolymph of male and female, teneral and non-teneral g.m. morsitans but was abolished by heat inactivation. a significant reduction in the motility of cultured forms of trypanos ...	1982	6187195
[observations on tsetse flies in a forest focus of human trypanosomiasis in ivory coast. 3. dispersal and distribution of fly populations around a village (author's transl)].	in the vavoua human trypanosomiasis focus (forest zone of ivory coast) four tsetse fly catching series, of nine days each, were made during the rainy season using eighty five biconical traps. the dispersion of flies in the study area was studied by the mark-release-recapture method. two series of two sets of capture-mark-release were carried out. in the first set flies were captured, marked and released in their point of origin and in the second set captured and marked in the village periphery b ...	1982	6287688
cyclical transmission of in vitro cultivated bloodstream forms and procyclic trypomastigotes of trypanosoma brucei brucei by glossina morsitans morsitans.	in vitro cultivated bloodstream and procyclic forms of trypanosoma b. brucei stib 247 were cyclically transmitted by glossina m. morsitans. the tsetse flies were infected artificially on a silicon membrane. metacyclic trypanosomes from mature salivary gland infections were used to initiate bloodstream form cultures. they transformed into slender bloodstream forms and gave rise to established cultures that proved to be infective for the vector. the metacyclic forms retained the strain-specific ba ...	1982	6182705
the transmission of mixed infections of pathogenic trypanosoma species to susceptible hosts by glossina morsitans morsitans.		1982	6131589
in vitro cultivation of animal-infective forms of a west african trypanosoma vivax stock.	animal-infective forms of a west african trypanosoma vivax stock were grown in culture for three months using minimum essential medium (mem) with earle's salts, supplemented with 20% inactivated goat serum over fibroblast-like cell lines isolated from the embryo of microtus montanus or of an east african galla crossbred goat at 36.5 degrees c and in 4% co2 - 96% air. the bloodstream trypanosomes used to initiate the culture had been isolated from an infected goat. the cultured organisms grown in ...	1982	6126095
[trypanosoma rhodesiense african human trypanosomiasis foci in burundi (vector : glossina morsitans). historic and present aspects (author's transl)].	from 1954, trypanosoma rhodesiense trypanosomiasis affects north east burundi in an endemic way. however, for two years (1979-1980) in spite of a constant monitoring, no new trypanosomiasic patient has been detected. the author, in order to appreciate the epidemiological prospects, reviews the history of trypanosomiasis in burundi and considers the role of the geographical environment, the socio-economic changes and the various attempts to control the disease. nowadays the existence of animal re ...	1982	7043149
early events following challenge of cattle with tsetse infected with trypanosoma congolense: development of the local skin reaction.	a local skin reaction (chancre) was elicited in susceptible cattle after the successful feeding of glossina morsitans morsitans infected with one of two different cloned isolates of trypanosoma congolense. the chancre first appeared as a small 2 to 3 mm nodule at the site of the challenge as early as day 5 and reached maximum activity by days 10 to 13 when it had developed into a raised, indurated, hot, painful swelling measuring up to 100 mm in diameter. thereafter it declined in size and activ ...	1982	7072104
a preliminary investigation of the effect of age, sex and time of collection on the feeding patterns of glossina morsitans morsitans westw. in zambia.	glossina morsitans morsitans were collected during the dry season of 1975 from two areas in the luangwa valley (zambia) and from one of the areas in the wet season of 1976. in all, 1,190 flies were analysed for sex, wing fray category and source of bloodmeal. differences in the feeding patterns in the morning and afternoon collections reflected host behaviour. warthog consistently emerged as a major host but there appeared to be some local variation resulting from seasonal and diurnal availabili ...	1982	7200644
sex recognition pheromone in the tsetse fly glossina pallidipes austen.	sexual responses of adult male g. pallidipes towards baited decoys show that a contact sex pheromone for this species is present in the hydrocarbon fraction of the adult female cuticle. results are consistent with the view that the pheromone is a c35 compound and is present in sufficient quantity in newly emerged females to elicit maximum responses from males. thus, maturation of sexual responsiveness is considered to be behavioral in females of this species.	1982	7084410
heterosis, additive maternal and additive direct effects of the red poll and boran breeds of cattle.	data on 202 calves born, 191 calves weaned and 182 calves at 30 mo of age produced in 1969 from the boran and red poll breeds and their reciprocal crosses were analyzed to estimate heterosis, additive maternal effects and additive direct effects on survival and growth traits from birth to 30 mo of age. the calves were produced in the ankole district of south-western uganda as a part of a beef cattle research program designed to provide information to support a commercial ranching development sch ...	1982	7085511
sleeping sickness and the factors affecting it in botswana.	from the first appearance of sleeping sickness in botswana in 1934 outbreaks increased in severity up to 1971. all populated areas around the fly belt were affected. rates of infection are highest in the hot wet season and males aged between 30 and 50 years most affected. rates vary considerably between tribes and have greatly increased in one tribe since 1966. between 5 and 20% of cases die each year. increase both in area of tsetse fly infestation and in human population size can account for t ...	1982	7086926
reproductive statistics of a natural population of glossina morsitans centralis vand. (diptera: glossinidae) in zambia.		1982	7092372
inheritance of susceptibility to trypanosoma congolense infection in glossina morsitans.		1982	7092373
the behaviour of glossina morsitans morsitans near roads.		1982	7101414
trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense (trypanosomatidae): factors influencing infection rates of a recent human isolate in the tsetse glossina morsitans (diptera: glossinidae).		1982	7120305
studies on the infection rates of a west african stock of trypanosoma vivax in glossina morsitans morsitans and g. m. centralis.		1982	7125759
increased sensitivity to endosulfan of trypanosoma-infected glossina morsitans.		1982	7149839
african sleeping sickness: new evidence that mature tsetse flies (glossina morsitans) can become potent vectors.	starved mature male tsetse flies (21 to 25 days old) are capable of developing salivary gland (sg) infections of trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense at rates nearly comparable to teneral males less than 24 hours old when given an infective meal containing parasites, horse red cells and culture medium. although the over-all sg infection rate for mature males starved for three, four or five days before infection was about half that for teneral males less than 48 hours old (8.0% v. 15.6%), males starved ...	1982	6926764
cyclical transmission of pathogenic trypanosoma species by gamma-irradiated sterile male glossina morsitans morsitans.		1982	7070842
vector--parasite relationships: the effect of trypanosoma (nannomonas) congolense on glossina pallidipes.	an electron microscope study was made on the infection by trypanosoma (nannomonas) congolense of the tsetse fly glossina pallidipes. infected flies showed many clear abnormalities in their gut cells and peritrophic membrane. these features are described and illustrated.	1983	6625732
trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense: mechanical transmission by tsetse, glossina morsitans (diptera: glossinidae), in the laboratory.		1983	6644759
interference with anti-trypanosome immune responses in rabbits infected with cyclically-transmitted trypanosoma congolense.	rabbits were infected with two clones of antigenically distinct stocks of trypanosoma congolense transmitted through glossina morsitans. local skin reaction development and the appearance of neutralizing antibodies were followed in animals infected with one or other of the trypanosome stocks, with both stocks simultaneously or with both stocks consecutively. there was little difference in local skin reaction development on rabbits infected with a single stock or with both stocks simultaneously b ...	1983	6657293
infection, immunity and the development of local skin reactions in rabbits infected with cyclically-transmitted stocks of trypanosoma congolense.	the development of local skin reactions following bites by tsetse flies (glossina morsitans) infected with trypanosoma congolense was observed in normal rabbits, in rabbits with concurrent infections with t. congolense and in rabbits challenged after immunization by infection and treatment. local reactions developed in normal rabbits within seven days of fly bite and were resolved by approximately 19 days after infection. in rabbits with concurrent infections no typical local reactions developed ...	1983	6660964
the tsetse fly glossina fuscipes in the sleeping sickness epidemic area of busoga, uganda.		1983	6673958
[attempt to control glossina morsitans submorsitans using screens impregnated with deltamethrin].		1983	6685900
feeding behaviour of glossina morsitans morsitans infected with trypanosoma vivax, t. congolense or t. brucei.	the feeding behaviour of glossina morsitans morsitans infected with trypanosoma vivax, t. congolense or t. brucei was studied and compared with that of uninfected control tsetse. the following parameters were measured. (1) mean number of feeds taken in 20 consecutive days; (2) mean rate of blood meal intake in microgram/sec of the total days fed; (3) mean weight of blood meal intake/day of the total days fed; (4) mean total blood meal engorgement in 20 days; (5) mean number of probes/day of the ...	1983	6835699
first record of a reptile trypanosome isolated from glossina pallidipes in kenya.	trypanosomes, isolated from the gut of a naturally infected glossina pallidipes in kiboko, kenya, were grown in vitro. the cultured trypanosomes ("f4"-stock) showed a wide variety in morphological stages, not characteristic of the salivarian trypanosomes that are known to occur in the kiboko area. identification of the "f4"-stock was attempted by isoenzyme studies, infection of tsetse flies and of experimental animals. electrophoretic isoenzyme patterns of the "f4"-organisms were developed for t ...	1983	6837099
african trypanosomiasis in the united states.	african trypanosomiasis of the rhodesian variety occurred in an american who recently traveled to tanzania. skin findings included a fluctuant, indurated, tsetse-fly bite site (chancre) and a fleeting, erythematous, macular eruption. the diagnosis was confirmed by the presence of the organism in peripheral blood smears. the patient's condition responded to intravenous suramin. african trypanosomiasis should be included in the differential diagnosis of patients who have visited areas where this d ...	1983	6870320
a reassessment of the expected development consequences of tsetse control efforts in africa.	since the world food conference (1974) recommended a long term program of tsetse control, increasing attention of governments and international agencies has focused on the problem. this paper briefly outlines the strategies potentially available for tsetse control operations before assessing the likely consequences of any large scale tsetse control endeavor. the implications for both natural and human systems are shown to be profound and, in many cases, counter-productive to development goals. s ...	1983	6879252
some observations on factors associated with the development of trypanosoma brucei brucei infections in glossina morsitans morsitans.	the susceptibility of glossina morsitans morsitans to trypanosoma brucei brucei infection was shown to be age-dependent during the first 12 h: the youngest age group (1-8 h after emergence) being more susceptible than the older ones. the susceptibility was enhanced by cooling the young flies to a temperature of 0-5 degrees c for 30 min. male flies were found to be more susceptible than females. the number of trypanosomes ingested did not influence the subsequent salivary-gland infection rates ob ...	1983	6136171
genetics of glossina morsitans morsitans (diptera: glossinidae). vii. location of g6pd in linkage group i, and alkph in linkage group ii.	in glossina morsitans morsitans westwood the locus for glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, g6pd, was found to be in linkage group i, approximately 35 to 42 map units to the left of ocra, the locus for body color. the locus for midgut alkaline phosphatase, alkph, was found to be in linkage group ii, within 0.41 map units of the locus for xanthine oxidase, xo. the distance from xo to the locus for aldehyde oxidase, ao, was confirmed to be about 42 map units. no evidence for genetical recombination ...	1983	6340805
the distribution of glossina morsitans subspecies in zambia.		1983	6623601
all metacyclic variable antigen types of trypanosoma congolense identified using monoclonal antibodies.	vaccination against the tsetse-borne trypanosomiases has proved impossible because of the trypanosome's ability to generate a seemingly inexhaustible number of variable antigen types in the blood or tissues of the host. each variable antigen is a glycoprotein which forms a surface coat on the trypanosome and each glycoprotein is the product of a single gene. the full repertoire of such antigens has not been identified for any trypanosome serodeme (genotype) as yet, but the number of genes coding ...	1983	6196642
analysis of the variable antigen composition of trypanosoma brucei brucei metacyclic trypanosomes using monoclonal antibodies.	the metacyclic trypanosomes of a trypanosoma brucei brucei clone (iltat 2.1) were analysed with regard to their variable antigen (vat) composition using monoclonal antibodies. the metacyclic population was antigenically heterogeneous. despite the heterogeneity, however, the overall vat composition of the metacyclic population appeared to be limited in number. a similar pattern of reactivity was observed when the monoclonal antibodies were tested on metacyclics of another clone (il tat 2.2) deriv ...	1983	6190388
trypanosoma congolense: susceptibility of cattle to cyclical challenge.	cattle primed by cyclical infection with glossina morsitans morsitans infected with cloned derivatives of trypanosoma congolense and treated with the trypanocidal drug berenil after 3 or 4 weeks were immune to cyclical challenge with homologous clones 3 to 5 weeks later. in these animals, localized skin reactions (chancres) and parasitemia did not develop. the same results were obtained in cattle given a homologous superinfection without prior treatment. on the other hand, cattle subjected to a ...	1983	6133773
comparative study of the susceptibility to infection with trypanosoma simiae of glossina morsitans and g. tachinoides.	the susceptibility to infection with trypanosoma simiae of glossina morsitans and g. tachinoides was compared. a total of 592 g. tachinoides and 348 g. morsitans were used in trying to transmit t. simiae to pigs. g. morsitans were very good at transmitting t. simiae infection to pigs while g. tachinoides were very poor. the epidemiological importance of the results is discussed.	1984	6147984
a mixed population of trypanozoon in glossina palpalis palpalis from ivory coast.	cloning trypanosomes clearly showed that at least two enzymically distinct populations of trypanozoon were present within the salivary glands of a wild-caught glossina palpalis palpalis from ivory coast. normal sampling techniques detected only the predominant population, which would be the only population reaching a stage suitable for enzyme characterization. thus a tsetse fly may fail to be implicated as a transmitter of man-infective trypanosomes. the enzymic relationship of the two trypanozo ...	1984	6095495
antigenic variation during the developmental cycle of trypanosoma brucei.	during the complex life cycle of trypanosoma brucei, changes in the exposed surface antigens occur in both the mammalian host and the insect vector (glossina spp.). these antigenic changes are associated with alterations of the variant surface glycoprotein (vsg) composition or with the loss of the vsg. in the bloodstream of the mammalian host, trypanosomes successfully evade destruction by the host's immune response by continuously expressing alternative vsgs, at low frequency, which are not des ...	1984	6204043
tsetse and trypanosomiasis survey of southern darfur province, sudan. ii. entomological aspects.	atsetse survey of southern darfur province, sudan showed that the distribution of the only species present, glossina morsitans submorsitans, had not appreciably altered over 10 years. fly populations are most dense south of the wadi umbelasha but light infestations are found in the woodlands north of this riverine system to a latitude of about 10 degrees 15' n. data are given on host availability which is thought to be the major factor determining tsetse distribution. the relative importance of ...	1984	6485102
tsetse fly feeding preference as determined by vehicular trapping in tanzania.	in eastern tanzania an electric grid trap carried in the back of a moving pick-up truck was used to capture engorged glossina morsitans morsitans and g. pallidipes for an analysis of their food sources. although 12 000 head of domestic cattle represented c. 75% of the animal biomass in the survey area, they provided only 5.6% of the total blood meals, while 74.8% were from warthogs and bushpigs. the percentage of females among the captured flies was 12 and 47 for g. m. morsitans and g. pallidipe ...	1984	6486936
the acquisition of human serum resistance during cyclical passage of a trypanosoma brucei brucei clone through glossina morsitans morsitans maintained on human serum.		1984	6464124
variations in the mitotic chromosome of glossina morsitans centralis in zambia.		1984	6464118
unexpectedly slow homogenisation within a repetitive dna family shared between two subspecies of tsetse fly.	repetitive dna families in sexual species are subject to a variety of turnover mechanisms capable of homogenising newly arising mutations. very high levels of homogeneity in dna families in some species of drosophila indicate that the rate of turnover is fast relative to that of mutation. to gauge the generality of such phenomena, we cloned and sequenced individual members of homologous repetitive dna families from two subspecies of tsetse fly, glossina morsitans centralis and g. morsitans morsi ...	1984	6439886
in vitro cultivation of trypanosoma congolense: the production of infective metacyclic trypanosomes in cultures initiated from cloned stocks.	glossina morsitans were infected with two cloned stocks of t. congolense. the proboscides, foreguts and midguts of infected flies were then used as sources of trypanosomes in vitro at 28 degrees c in the presence of bovine dermal collagen explants. cultures were established in which trypanosomes differentiated into adhering colonies of epimastigote forms which could then be maintained and subcultured in eagle's minimum essential medium supplemented with foetal calf serum for over 40 weeks. withi ...	1984	6152116
electron-microscopic localization of trypanosoma brucei gambiense transmitted by glossina morsitans centralis in microtus montanus.	in microtus montanus infected with t. b. gambiense, electron microscopic examination of lymph nodes, spleen, liver, heart, choroid plexus and brain demonstrated extravascular populations of trypanosomes distributed throughout interstitial spaces, accompanied by a moderate cellular infiltration of plasma cells. the trypanosomes exhibited numerous profiles; some were dividing, others were in different stages of lysis, or phagocytosed. penetration of trypanosomes into hepatocytes was observed. the ...	1984	6152114
analysis by flow cytometry of dna synthesis during the life cycle of african trypanosomes.	dna content, at different stages in the life cycle of the hemoprotozoan parasite trypanosoma brucei, has been analysed with a fluorescence activated cell sorter. it was observed that the long slender bloodstream form stage and procyclic culture forms (analogous to the tsetse fly midgut stage) are dividing cell populations with cells in g1, s, g2 and mitosis. short stumpy bloodstream form and metacyclic fly salivary gland form populations are composed of non-dividing parasites stabilized in g1 or ...	1984	6152113
antigenic variation in its biological context.	the biology of antigenic variation is discussed, and the problems that must be solved to provide a full understanding of antigenic variation are considered. these are (i) the induction of v.s.g. synthesis in the salivary glands of the tsetse fly; (ii) the nature of the restriction on v.s.g. genes that allows only some of them to be expressed in the salivary glands; (iii) the nature of 'predominance' in v.s.g. expression in the mammalian host, and the mechanism by which it operates; (iv) the repr ...	1984	6151685
maintenance of glossina morsitans morsitans on antiserum to procyclic trypanosomes reduces infection rates with homologous and heterologous trypanosoma congolense stocks.	three experimental groups of male glossina morsitans morsitans were infected at their first feed with procyclic forms of different stocks of trypanosoma congolense and subsequently maintained on a diet containing rabbit antiserum to one of these stocks. control flies were similarly infected but were then maintained on normal rabbit serum. dissection of the flies 19-21 days post infection showed a reduction in both immature and mature infection rates in all groups fed on antiserum by comparison w ...	1984	6150620
resistance of cattle to tsetse-transmitted challenge with trypanosoma brucei or trypanosoma congolense after spontaneous recovery from syringe-passaged infections.	groups of cattle were inoculated intravenously with cloned populations of bloodstream forms of trypanosoma brucei or trypanosoma congolense. all five steers infected with t. brucei iltat 2.1 and six of the eight steers infected with t. congolense il 13-e14 became aparasitemic within 16 and 32 weeks postinfection, respectively. examination of sera from animals infected with t. brucei by indirect immunofluorescence and neutralization assays revealed the presence of antibodies against all the metac ...	1984	6693173
serum factors and the maturation of trypanosoma congolense infections in glossina morsitans.	removal of certain components from pig or cow blood greatly reduces the maturation rate of trypanosoma congolense infections in glossina morsitans fed on such diets. in particular, delipidation of serum has the same effect as complete removal of dietary serum with few midgut infections reaching maturity. the addition of gamma-globulin to red cells partially restores the ability of immature infections to transform suggesting that serum lipids or other serum factors are not acting directly on midg ...	1984	6695534
failure of trypanosomal membrane antigens to induce protection against tsetse-transmitted trypanosoma vivax or t. brucei in goats and rabbits.	a purified protein, relative molecular weight 83 kilodalton (kd), and plasma membranes from trypanosoma brucei were tested as potential vaccines against tsetse-transmitted t. vivax and t. brucei in goats and rabbits. the 83 kd protein was found in lysates of all clones of t. brucei examined, as well as in lysates of t. vivax, t. congolense and t. rhodesiense. rabbits and goats were immunized with various amounts of antigen in freund's complete adjuvant and boosted twice with antigen in freund's ...	1984	6150617
mechanical transmission of leishmania major by glossina morsitans morsitans (diptera: glossinidae).		1984	6726762
change in levels of cyclic amp and cyclic gmp during pregnancy and larval development of the tsetse fly, glossina morsitans.	cyclic amp and cyclic gmp levels change very little in response to feeding and mating, but during pregnancy and at parturition major changes can be detected in both the mother and larva. in both the female head and larva (whole body) cyclic amp levels reach a peak at parturition. in the larval brain and ring gland cyclic amp is at its lowest at parturition but rises sharply, reaching a peak 1.5 hr later at the time of pupariation . though cyclic amp levels in the head and thorax are consistently ...	1984	6144421
increased sensitivity to a natural pyrethrum extract of trypanosoma-infected glossina morsitans.	topical application of a natural pyrethrum extract on male and pregnant female glossina morsitans morsitans resulted in higher mortality for flies infected with trypanosoma brucei brucei than for uninfected control flies. infected males showed a significantly higher mortality while infected pregnant females showed a marginally significant increase in mortality. results support the hypothesis that infected flies are less healthy than uninfected flies. results also parallel previous findings using ...	1984	6143486
trypanosoma vivax, t. congolense or t. brucei infection rates in glossina morsitans when maintained in vitro on the blood of goat or calf.	tenerals of glossina morsitans morsitans and g. m. centralis were infected with trypanosoma vivax, t. congolense or t. brucei by feeding mainly on infected goats and then maintained either in vivo on uninfected calves, goats or rabbits, or fed in vitro upon heparinised or defibrinated blood of goats or calves for 21 days for t. vivax and t. congolense and 30 days for t. brucei and then dissected. the observed differences in the infection rates for all three trypanosome species maintained on diff ...	1984	6143482
occurrence of glossina nashi potts 1955 diptera-glossinidae in the republic of gabon.	glossina nashi, a little known species of tsetse fly, inhabits the forests of central africa. it has recently been detected in the province of haut ogooué in the south-east of the republic of gabon.	1984	6506846
genetic relationships between subspecies of the tsetse fly glossina morsitans inferred from variation in mitochondrial dna sequences.	a 750 base pair segment of dna from the tsetse fly glossina morsitans morsitans was isolated by means of molecular cloning. it was shown by dna hybridization to have substantial sequence homology with a defined region of the mitochondrial genomes of several drosophila species. when used as a probe against dna prepared from single tsetse flies, the cloned sequence revealed local restriction site variation between members of the g. morsitans subspecies complex. this feature was used to demonstrate ...	1984	6525570
genetics of glossina morsitans morsitans (diptera: glossinidae). x. a mutant (sabr) having long scutellar apical bristles in females.	a line of glossina morsitans morsitans westwood was established in which females have scutellar apical bristles approximately three times as long as normal. in other respects the flies appear normal. the mutant allele, sabr, is recessive to the wild-type allele. the locus for sabr is located in linkage group iii, 50 or more map units from the locus for malic dehydrogenase. scutellar apical bristles in mutant flies are longer in flies emerging from puparia maintained at 30 degrees c than in flies ...	1984	6525573
detection of circulating trypanosomal antigens by enzyme immunoassay.	antisera raised against trypanosoma evansi and t. congolense were used in a double antibody sandwich enzyme immunosorbent assay (elisa) to detect trypanosomal antigens in sera from experimentally infected rabbits and goats. assays quantitated using reference antigen preparations and the homologous antisera showed that antigens could be detected at protein concentrations of 1.5 microgram ml-1. the antisera also cross-reacted with soluble antigens prepared from t. brucei and t. vivax at similar pr ...	1984	6532328
[glossina morsitans submorsitans newstead 1910 in the sudano-guinean savannah zone in mali. ii. spatial distribution of a population].		1984	6544950