Publications
| Title | Abstract | Year(sorted ascending) Filter | PMID Filter |
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| genetics of hybrid male sterility between drosophila sibling species: a complex web of epistasis is revealed in interspecific studies. | to study the genetic differences responsible for the sterility of their male hybrids, we introgressed small segments of an x chromosome from drosophila simulans into a pure drosophila mauritiana genetic background, then assessed the fertility of males carrying heterospecific introgressions of varying size. although this analysis examined less than 20% of the x chromosome (roughly 5% of the euchromatic portion of the d. simulans genome), and the segments were introgressed in only one direction, a ... | 1994 | 7828817 |
| molecular evolution of the metallothionein gene mtn in the melanogaster species group: results from drosophila ananassae. | three distinctly different alleles of the metallothionein gene mtn have been identified in natural drosophila melanogaster populations: mtn.3, mtn1, and dp(mtn1), where the latter designates a tandem duplication of mtn1. in drosophila simulans, only mtn.3-type alleles have been found. it has been suggested that mtn.3 is the ancestral allele and demonstrated that a presumed two-step transition from mtn.3 to mtn1 to dp(mtn1) is accompanied by an approximate 5-fold increase in rna levels. we analyz ... | 1994 | 8001781 |
| a prokaryotic dnaa sequence in drosophila melanogaster: wolbachia infection and cytoplasmic incompatibility among laboratory strains. | using oligonucleotide primers derived from the aligned polypeptide sequences of several prokaryotic dnaa genes, we amplified from drosophila melanogaster dna a 557 bp fragment containing a single open reading frame. the predicted peptide sequence shows a significant similarity to previously characterized protein sequences that are encoded by the dnaa genes of several prokaryotes. the dnaa sequences are also detectable by pcr in dna from drosophila simulans and nasonia vitripennis flies which are ... | 1994 | 7894745 |
| replacement of the natural wolbachia symbiont of drosophila simulans with a mosquito counterpart. | inherited rickettsial symbionts of the genus wolbachia occur commonly in arthropods and have been implicated in the expression of parthenogenesis, feminization and cytoplasmic incompatibility wolbachia from the asian tiger mosquito, aedes albopictus, to replace the natural infection of drosophila simulans by means of embryonic microinjection techniques. the transferred wolbachia infection behaves like a natural drosophila infection with regard to its inheritance, cytoskeleton interactions and ab ... | 1994 | 7906391 |
| cytoplasmic incompatibility in australian populations of drosophila melanogaster. | in drosophila melanogaster, weak incompatibility in crosses between infected and uninfected strains is associated with a wolbachia microorganism. crosses between infected males and uninfected females show a reduction (15-30%) in egg hatch. progeny tests indicated that the infection is widespread in australian d. melanogaster populations and that populations are polymorphic for the presence of the infection. the infection status of 266 lines from 12 populations along the eastern coast of australi ... | 1994 | 8005448 |
| evolutionary inferences from dna variation at the 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase locus in natural populations of drosophila: selection and geographic differentiation. | several allozyme-coding genes in drosophila melanogaster show patterns suggesting that polymorphisms at these loci are targets of balancing selection. an important question is whether these genes have similar distributions of underlying dna sequence variation which would indicate similar evolutionary processes occurring in this class of loci. one such locus, 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase (pgd), has previously been shown to exhibit clinal variation for fast/slow electromorph variation in the u ... | 1994 | 8138153 |
| properties of drosophila simulans strains experimentally infected by different clones of the bacterium wolbachia. | maternally inherited bacteria of the genus wolbachia are responsible for reproductive incompatibilities between strains of drosophila simulans. such incompatibilities are known in several types of crosses, including both directions of crossing between two types of infected strains, 'r' and 's'. to determine whether the bidirectional incompatibility between r and s flies is due only to differences between their bacteria, flies from an uninfected strain have been experimentally infected with bacte ... | 1994 | 8200813 |
| mating propensity of indian drosophila melanogaster populations with d. simulans: a nonadaptive latitudinal cline. | crosses were investigated between a single strain of drosophila simulans and 28 natural indian populations of d. melanogaster. in each case, a mass culture and 10 isofemale lines of d. melanogaster were studied. crosses were much easier between d. melanogaster females and d. simulans males than in the reciprocal case. also, hybrid offspring were easier to obtain by using d. melanogaster flies (either males or females) from isofemale lines than from mass cultures. finally, the crossability, estim ... | 1995 | 7759292 |
| cytoplasmic incompatibility in drosophila simulans: dynamics and parameter estimates from natural populations. | in drosophila simulans, cytoplasmically transmitted wolbachia microbes cause reduced egg hatch when infected males mate with uninfected females. a wolbachia infection and an associated mtdna variant have spread northward through california since 1986. pcr assays show that wolbachia infection is prevalent throughout the continental us and central and south america, but some lines from florida and ecuador that are pcr-positive for wolbachia do not cause incompatibility. we estimate from natural po ... | 1995 | 7498773 |
| evolution of single and double wolbachia symbioses during speciation in the drosophila simulans complex. | maternally inherited bacteria of the genus wolbachia are responsible for the early death of embryos in crosses between uninfected females and infected males in several insect species. this phenomenon, known as cytoplasmic incompatibility, also occurs between strains infected by different symbionts in some species, including drosophila simulans. wolbachia was found in two species closely related to d. simulans, drosophila mauritiana, and drosophila sechellia, and shown to cause incompatibility in ... | 1995 | 7604001 |
| variability within the seychelles cytoplasmic incompatibility system in drosophila simulans. | in drosophila simulans, we described a cytoplasmic incompatibility (ci) system (seychelles) restricted to insular populations that harbor the mitochondrial type sii. since then, these populations have been shown to be heterogeneous, some being infected by one wolbachia genetic variant only (wha), while others are infected simultaneously by wha and by another variant (wno) always found in association with wha. we have experimentally obtained two d. simulans strains only infected by the wno varian ... | 1995 | 8582608 |
| wolbachia superinfections and the expression of cytoplasmic incompatibility. | strains of drosophila simulans from riverside, california (dsr) and hawaii (dsh) harbour distinct strains of the cytoplasmic incompatibility microorganism wolbachia, resulting in the expression of bidirectional incompatibility when crossed. d. simulans lines carrying both of these (superinfected) wolbachia strains were generated by the transfer of infected dsh cytoplasm into dsr embryos by microinjection. the superinfected flies were unidirectionally incompatible with both dsr and dsh individual ... | 1995 | 8587875 |
| localization of pheromonal sexual dimorphism in drosophila melanogaster and its effect on sexual isolation. | drosophila melanogaster is sexually dimorphic for cuticular hydrocarbons, with males and females having strikingly different profiles of the long-chain compounds that act as contact pheromones. gas-chromatographic analysis of sexual mosaics reveals that the sex specificity of hydrocarbons is located in the abdomen. this explains previous observations that d. melanogaster males display the strongest courtship toward mosaics with female abdomens. we also show that males of the sibling species dros ... | 1995 | 7568163 |
| the distribution of transposable elements on x chromosomes from a natural population of drosophila simulans. | the distribution of 13 transposable element families along 15 x chromosomes from an african natural population of drosophila simulans was determined by in situ hybridization to polytene chromosomes. the transposable elements cloned from drosophila melanogaster all hybridized with drosophila simulans chromosomes. the number of copies per family was 3.5 times lower in the latter species and correlated with the copy number per family in drosophila melanogaster. with the exception of 297, the copy n ... | 1995 | 8522157 |
| somatic movement of the mariner transposable element and lifespan of drosophila species. | the effect of somatic movement of the mariner transposable element on lifespan was measured in drosophila simulans and drosophila melanogaster males at 25 degrees c. in d. simulans this movement significantly decreased lifespan, whereas in d. melanogaster no correlation between transposon movement and lifespan was found. the results in d. simulans support the hypothesis that somatic genetic damage induced by dna element movement can reduce lifespan. | 1995 | 7565881 |
| nucleotide polymorphism in the 5' promoter region of esterase 6 in drosophila melanogaster and its relationship to enzyme activity variation. | a 974-bp region immediately 5' of the esterase 6 gene was sequenced in 17 field derived third chromosome isoallelic lines. twenty-three polymorphisms were identified, only two in the first 400 bp 5' but 16 in a 325-bp region from -494 to -819 bp. this distribution differs from previously published patterns in drosophila simulans and d. mauritiana, where the first 800 bp are highly conserved. fourteen common polymorphisms in the 325-bp region above are all in strong linkage disequilibrium with ea ... | 1995 | 8536969 |
| inferring weak selection from patterns of polymorphism and divergence at "silent" sites in drosophila dna. | patterns of codon usage and "silent" dna divergence suggest that natural selection discriminates among synonymous codons in drosophila. "preferred" codons are consistently found in higher frequencies within their synonymous families in drosophila melanogaster genes. this suggests a simple model of silent dna evolution where natural selection favors mutations from unpreferred to preferred codons (preferred changes). changes in the opposite direction, from preferred to unpreferred synonymous codon ... | 1995 | 7713409 |
| the distribution of the transposable element bari-1 in the drosophila melanogaster and drosophila simulans genomes. | the distribution of the transposable element bari-1 in d. melanogaster and d. simulans was examined by southern blot analysis and by in situ hybridization in a large number of strains of different geographical origins and established at different times. bari-1 copies mostly homogeneous in size and physical map are detected in all strains tested. both in d. melanogaster and in d. simulans a relatively high level of intraspecific insertion site polymorphism is detectable, suggesting that in both s ... | 1995 | 8522166 |
| nucleotide variation at the hypervariable esterase 6 isozyme locus of drosophila simulans. | esterase 6 (est-6/est6) is polymorphic in both drosophila melanogaster and d. simulans for two common allozyme forms, as well as for several other less common variants. parallel latitudinal clines in the frequencies of the common est6-f and est6-s allozymes in these species have previously been interpreted in terms of a shared amino acid polymorphism that distinguishes the two variants and is subject to selection. here we compare the sequences of four d. simulans est-6 isolates and show that ove ... | 1995 | 7877486 |
| haplotype test reveals departure from neutrality in a segment of the white gene of drosophila melanogaster. | restriction map studies previously revealed extensive linkage disequilibria in the transcriptional unit of the white locus in natural drosophila melanogaster populations. to understand the causes of these disequilibria, we sequenced a 4722-bp region of the white gene from 15 lines of d. melanogaster and 1 line of drosophila simulans. statistical tests applied to the entire 4722-bp region do not reject neutrality. in contrast, a test for high-frequency haplotypes ("haplotype test") revealed an 83 ... | 1995 | 8601488 |
| evolutionary dynamics of the enhancer region of even-skipped in drosophila. | we report findings on naturally occurring variation in the regulatory region of even-skipped in drosophila. this pair-rule gene encodes a homeobox-containing transcription factor, is expressed as a series of seven transverse stripes in developing embryos, and defines parasegmental boundaries. the 5' flanking region of the gene contains a 671-bp enhancer governing stripe 2 expression. the stripe 2 enhancer contains multiple binding sites for four transcription factors that provide positional info ... | 1995 | 8524036 |
| malathion resistance levels in sympatric populations of drosophila simulans (diptera: drosophilidae) and d. melanogaster differ by two orders of magnitude. | malathion resistance levels were determined in populations of the sympatric species drosophila melanogaster (meigen) and drosophila simulans (sturtevant) from a collection site in tampa bay, fl, with a 20+ yr history of intensive malathion exposure. bioassays of insecticide resistance were done by using a desiccation technique that reduces both the effects of avoidance behavior on the results and the total time of the assay. resistance levels in isofemale lines of d. simulans are as much as 2 or ... | 1995 | 7593892 |
| genetic studies on premating isolation in drosophila simulans. i.ad. simulans line highly crossable with d. melanogaster. | the s2 line of drosophila simulans, an isofemale line from a natural population at mishima, japan, was found to have high crossability with d. melanogaster. over 80% of the s2 females mated with d. melanogaster males, while only 2.4- 14.2% of control females from other d. simulans lines mated. the reciprocal mating (d. melanogaster female x s2 males) was in normal range (35-50%). the crossability of the f1 females between the s2 and other normal simulans lines was slightly higher than the contro ... | 1995 | 7632441 |
| molecular structure of the transposable element ninja in drosophila simulans. | genetically unstable dna sequences of 16.1 kb in length were isolated from the white locus of the w(mky) strain of drosophila simulans. this insertional dna has some unique characteristics as a transposon. it is found in high numbers in this strain and its revertant strains w(psm1) and w(cho), but not elsewhere, and the sequence is a tandem triplication of a basic repeating unit. in order to determine the structure of the insert as whole and the functional unit as a transposon, we analyzed nine ... | 1996 | 8925473 |
| geographical variation in insertion site number of retrotransposon 412 in drosophila simulans. | the insertion site number of the retrotransposable element 412 was analyzed in natural populations of drosophila simulans of worldwide origin by in situ hybridization. we observe a gradient in copy number ranging from as high as 23 in europe to 1-10 in south africa, while populations in madagascar and the indian islands, which are the cradle of d. simulans, have only 3-7 copies. we find very different copy numbers in some local populations of australia and the pacific islands (with around 60 cop ... | 1996 | 8642613 |
| the relationship between structural variation and dysgenic properties of p elements in long-established p-transformed lines of drosophila simulans. | ten lines of drosophila simulans were investigated with respect to p activity, p susceptibility and the number and structure of their p copies, eight years after transformation with the p element. all 10 were found to have reached a steady state. they exhibited varying levels of p activity (from 0 per cent to 96 per cent gd sterility) and, with the exception of one line, were not p-susceptible. in contrast with p element behaviour in d. melanogaster: (i) no relationship was found between the mol ... | 1996 | 8682694 |
| high nucleotide sequence variation in a region of low recombination in drosophila simulans is consistent with the background selection model. | we surveyed nucleotide sequence variation at glucose dehydrogenase (gld), in a region of low recombination on chromosome 3r, from a population sample of drosophila simulans. the levels of nucleotide variation were surprisingly high. there was no departure from the expectation of a neutral model for the level of polymorphism, indicating no evidence of a selective sweep in this region. there was a significant deficiency of singleton polymorphisms according to the fu and li test, although tajima an ... | 1996 | 8865667 |
| the genetics of reproductive isolation in the drosophila simulans clade: x vs. autosomal effects and male vs. female effects. | a strong effect of homozygous autosomal regions on reproductive isolation was found for crosses between the species in the drosophila simulans clade. second chromosome regions were introgressed from d. mauritiana and d. sechellia into d. simulans and tested for their homozygous effects on hybrid male and hybrid female sterility and inviability. most introgressions are fertile as heterozygotes, yet produce sterile male offspring when made homozygous. the density of homozygous autosomal factors co ... | 1996 | 8807297 |
| cytoplasmic incompatibility in drosophila simulans: evolving complexity. | 1996 | 21237786 | |
| genetic analysis of a morphological shape difference in the male genitalia of drosophila simulans and d. mauritiana. | two closely related species of drosophila, d. simulans and d. mauritiana, differ markedly in morphology of the posterior lobe of the male genital arch. both size and shape aspects of lobe variation can be quantified by a morphometric descriptor based on elliptical fourier and principal components analyses. the genetic architecture of this quantitative trait (pc1) was investigated by hybridizing inbred lines to produce two backcross populations approximately 200 individuals each, which were analy ... | 1996 | 8846893 |
| genetics of sexual isolation in male hybrids of drosophila simulans and d. mauritiana. | sexual isolation between the sibling species d. simulans and d. mauritiana is due largely to the rejection of d. simulans males by d. mauritiana females. genetic analysis shows that genes on the x and third chromosomes contribute to the differences between males causing sexual isolation, while the y chromosome, second chromosome and cytoplasm have no effect. these chromosome effects differ from those observed in a previous analysis of sexual isolation in hybrid females, implying that different g ... | 1996 | 9062078 |
| population genetics of silent and replacement variation in drosophila simulans and d. melanogaster: x/autosome differences? | 1996 | 8952085 | |
| somatic activity of the mariner transposable element in natural populations of drosophila simulans. | the characteristics of the mariner transposable element in natural populations of drosophila simulans from different parts of the world were analysed. the somatic excision rate (estimated from a test-cross with a reference strain), the average number of copies (determined by southern blots), and the presence of deleted copies (detected by polymerase chain reaction amplification) were estimated for each population. there was a great variability in the somatic excision rate, measured as the percen ... | 1996 | 8952091 |
| discord between the phylogenies inferred from molecular versus functional data: uneven rates of functional evolution or low levels of gene flow? | according to measures of molecular divergence, the three species of the drosophila simulans clade are closely related to and essentially equidistant from each other. we introgressed 10% of the d. sechellia x chromosome into a pure d. simulans genetic background and found that males carrying this introgressed region were consistently fertile; in contrast, males carrying the same segment from d. mauritiana are sterile and suffer from incompatibilities at a minimum of four loci. together with other ... | 1996 | 8913771 |
| growth temperature and adult pigmentation in two drosophila sibling species: an adaptive convergence of reaction norms in sympatric populations? | phenotypic plasticity of abdomen pigmentation was investigated in populations of the sibling species drosophila melanogaster and d. simulans, living in sympatry in two french localities. ten isofemale lines of each population and species were grown at different constant temperatures spanning their complete thermal range from 12 to 31°c. genetic variability between isofemale lines was not affected by growth temperature, but was consistently less in d. simulans. for all traits, the dark pigmentati ... | 1996 | 28565663 |
| evolution of broad and specific competitive ability in novel versus familiar environments in drosophila species. | we used nine pairs of competing drosophila melanogaster and drosophila simulans populations to test three hypotheses. (1) weaker competitors undergo greater evolutionary increases in competitive ability, compared with stronger ones. (2) increased competitive ability against a specific competitor population causes a correlated increase in competitive ability against other competitor populations. (3) in a novel environment, adaptation to the abiotic environment contributes more to competitive abil ... | 1996 | 28568885 |
| genetics of a difference in male cuticular hydrocarbons between two sibling species, drosophila simulans and d. sechellia. | in seven of the eight species of the drosophila melanogaster group, the predominant cuticular hydrocarbon of males is 7-tricosene, but in the island endemic species d. sechellia it is 6-tricosene. the phylogeny of the group implies that the novel hydrocarbon profile of d. sechellia is a derived character. genetic analysis of hybrids between d. sechellia and its close relative d. simulans show that each of the five major chromosome arms carries at least one gene affecting the ratio of the two tri ... | 1996 | 8844156 |
| evolutionary changes in the expression pattern of a developmentally essential gene in three drosophila species. | the hypothesis that morphological evolution may largely result from changes in gene regulation rather than gene structure has been difficult to test. morphological differences among insects are often apparent in the cuticle structures produced. the dopa decarboxylase (ddc) and alpha-methyldopa hypersensitive (amd) genes arose from an ancient gene duplication. in drosophila, they have evolved nonoverlapping functions, including the production of distinct types of cuticle, and for ddc, the product ... | 1996 | 8692952 |
| indirect evidence of alteration in the expression of the rdna genes in interspecific hybrids between drosophila melanogaster and drosophila simulans. | crosses between drosophila melanogaster females and d. simulans males produce viable hybrid females, while males are lethal. these males are rescued if they carry the d. simulans lhr gene. this paper reports that females of the wild-type d. melanogaster population staket do not produce viable hybrid males when crossed with d. simulans lhr males, a phenomenon which we designate as the staket phenotype. the agent responsible for this phenomenon was found to be the staket x chromosome (xmel, stk). ... | 1996 | 8569692 |
| genetics and the environment in interspecific competition: a study using the sibling species drosophila melanogaster and drosophila simulans. | the outcome of interspecific competition of two closely related species may depend upon genetic variation in the two species and the environment in which the experiment is carried out. interspecific competition in the two sibling species, drosophila melanogaster and d. simulans, is usually investigated using longterm laboratory stocks that often have mutant markers that distinguish them. to examine competition in flies that genetically more closely resemble flies in nature, we utilized freshly c ... | 1996 | 28307735 |
| cytological analysis of fertilization and early embryonic development in incompatible crosses of drosophila simulans. | cytoplasmic incompatibility (ci) is a unique form of male sterility found in numerous insect species that harbor a bacterial endosymbiont wolbachia. ci is characterized by severe reduction in the progeny produced when infected males are crossed to uninfected females. the reduction in progeny correlates with developmental defects that arise during and immediately following fertilization, suggesting that sperm function is disrupted. to investigate the nature of the cellular defects associated with ... | 1996 | 8817452 |
| a molecular taxonomy for cricket paralysis virus including two new isolates from australian populations of drosophila (diptera: drosophilidae). | two new isolates of cricket paralysis virus, tar and sim, are described that were originally isolated from laboratory colonies of drosophila melanogaster and drosophila simulans respectively. using a combination of biological, serological and molecular characters it was possible to distinguish the sim isolate from all other isolates and it is thus described as a new strain; crpvsim. the tar isolate however, was indistinguishable from the crpv reference isolate crpvvic/gm/d2(2)/gm/d2(2) (teleogry ... | 1996 | 8856030 |
| reduced variation in drosophila simulans mitochondrial dna. | we investigated the evolutionary dynamics of infection of a drosophila simulans population by a maternally inherited insect bacterial parasite, wolbachia, by analyzing nucleotide variability in three regions of the mitochondrial genome in four infected and 35 uninfected lines. mitochondrial variability is significantly reduced compared to a noncoding region of a nuclear-encoded gene in both uninfected and pooled samples of flies, indicating a sweep of genetic variation. the selective sweep of mi ... | 1996 | 8978041 |
| naturally-occurring wolbachia infection in drosophila simulans that does not cause cytoplasmic incompatibility. | microbes of the genus wolbachia are transmitted by their hosts via the maternal parent and are responsible for cytoplasmic incompatibility among insect populations. this phenomenon can result in wolbachia spreading through natural populations as previously demonstrated in drosophila simulans. here we describe another wolbachia infection in d. simulans that does not cause cytoplasmic incompatibility. this is a property of the wolbachia rather than the nuclear background. the infection occurs at a ... | 1996 | 8575931 |
| naturally occurring variation in copia expression is due to both element (cis) and host (trans) regulatory variation. | significant differences in levels of copia [drosophila long terminal repeat (ltr) retrotransposon] expression exist among six species representing the drosophila melanogaster species complex (d. melanogaster, drosophila mauritiana, drosophila simulans, drosophila sechellia, drosophila yakuba, and drosophila erecta) and a more distantly related species (drosophila willistoni). these differences in expression are correlated with major size variation mapping to putative regulatory regions of the co ... | 1996 | 8692951 |
| a genome-wide survey of hybrid incompatibility factors by the introgression of marked segments of drosophila mauritiana chromosomes into drosophila simulans. | in hybrids between drosophila simulans and d. mauritiana, males are sterile and females are fertile, in compliance with haldane's rule. the genetic basis of this phenomenon was investigated by introgression of segments of the mauritiana genome into a simulans background. a total of 87 positions throughout the mauritiana genome were marked with p-element insertions and replicate introgressions were made by repeated backcrossing to simulans for 15 generations. the fraction of hemizgyous x chromoso ... | 1996 | 8849890 |
| nucleotide sequence divergence in the a+t-rich region of mitochondrial dna in drosophila simulans and drosophila mauritiana. | we have determined the nucleotide sequences of two regions within the a+t-rich region of mitochondrial dna (mtdna) in the siiii type of drosophila simulans and the mai type of d. mauritiana. the sequences of the two regions in siiii and mai are almost identical. the sequences include elements corresponding to the type i and type ii repeats elements and the t-stretches as reported in d. melanogaster; an approximately 340-bp region (a region) adjacent to the trna(ile) gene includes a part of the t ... | 1997 | 9254919 |
| nonrandom partition of mitochondria in heteroplasmic drosophila. | in order to understand the status of heteroplasmy and its evolution within the drosophila melanogaster subgroup, cytoplasm microinjections between eggs were performed involving three lineages of drosophila simulans, carrying the sii, siii or siiii mtdna type, respectively, and two strains of drosophila mauritiana carrying the mai or maii mtdna type. progeny of eggs from all combinations of injection were analysed. the maii or sii molecules, when provided by the donor, were never detected in the ... | 1997 | 9418268 |
| behavior of wolbachia endosymbionts from drosophila simulans in drosophila serrata, a novel host. | many species harbor the incompatibility-inducing microbe wolbachia, a maternally inherited endoparasite that causes reduced egg hatch in crosses between infected males and uninfected females. infected females are immune to this effect, which gives them a relative fitness advantage that results in the spread of the infection. the strength of incompatibility, fitness deficits associated with the infection, and transmission rate from mother to offspring largely determine the rate and extent of spre ... | 1997 | 18811258 |
| wolbachia-induced delay of paternal chromatin condensation does not prevent maternal chromosomes from entering anaphase in incompatible crosses of drosophila simulans. | the behavior of parental chromosomes during the first mitosis of drosophila simulans zygotes obtained from unidirectional incompatible crosses is described and it is demonstrated that the condensation of parental chromatin complements was asynchronous. the timing of paternal chromatin condensation appeared to be delayed in these embryos, so that condensed maternal chromosomes and entangled prophase-like paternal fibers congressed in the equatorial plane of the first metaphase spindle. at anaphas ... | 1997 | 9044057 |
| infection of the gonads of the simes strain of drosophila simulans by the hereditary reovirus dsv. | the s character of drosophila simulans simes-st strain undergoes a non-mendelian transmission. it has been postulated that a virus, drosophila s virus (dsv), could be the causative agent. electron microscopy analysis of gonads of flies showing a strong s phenotype revealed the presence of virus in or near the germ cells. the s character transmission rate is greater in females than that in males. similarly, the level of infection by dsv is higher in ovaries than that in testes. flies treated at a ... | 1997 | 9281403 |
| codon bias evolution in drosophila. population genetics of mutation-selection drift. | although non-random patterns of synonymous codon usage are a prominent feature in the genomes of many organisms, the relatives roles of mutational biases and natural selection in maintaining codon bias remain a contentious issue. in some species, patterns of codon bias and empirical findings on the biology of translation suggest 'major codon preference', a balance among mutation pressure, genetic drift, and weak selection in favor of translationally superior codons. population genetics theory ma ... | 1997 | 9461401 |
| an introgression analysis of quantitative trait loci that contribute to a morphological difference between drosophila simulans and d. mauritiana. | drosophila simulans and d. mauritiana differ markedly in morphology of the posterior lobe, a male-specific genitalic structure. both size and shape of the lobe can be quantified by a morphometric variable, pcl, derived from principal components and fourier analyses. the genetic architecture of the species difference in pcl was investigated previously by composite interval mapping, which revealed largely additive inheritance, with a minimum of eight quantitative trait loci (qtl) affecting the tra ... | 1997 | 9071588 |
| transposition rate of the 412 retrotransposable element is independent of copy number in natural populations of drosophila simulans. | the transposition and excision rates of the 412 retrotransposable element were estimated in five populations of drosophila simulans differing in their average 412 copy numbers, which ranged from 2 to 54. the transposition rate was found to equal 1 x 10(-3) to 2 x 10(-3), independently of copy number. no excision was detected. these values eliminate autoregulation as a force maintaining copy number of the 412 element in natural populations of d. simulans. | 1997 | 9029796 |
| conceptual translation of timeless reveals alternative initiating methionines in drosophila. | we have sequenced genomic fragments which encode the n-terminus of the timeless (tim) clock protein in drosophila simulans and d. yakuba. we observe that in these two species, the initiating methionine appears to lie downstream of the one proposed to encode the translational start ind.melanogaster, thereby truncating the n-terminus by 23 amino acids. we then sequenced the corresponding 5'fragment in a number of d. melanogaster individuals from different strains. we observed a polymorphism which ... | 1997 | 9016581 |
| the sex-ratio trait in drosophila simulans: genetic analysis of distortion and suppression. | the sex-ratio trait described in several drosophila species is a type of naturally occurring x-linked meiotic drive that causes males bearing a sex-ratio x chromosome to produce progenies with a large excess of females. we have previously reported the occurrence of sex-ratio x chromosomes in drosophila simulans. in this species, because of the co-occurrence of drive suppressors, the natural populations and the derived laboratory strains show an equal sex-ratio even when sex-ratio x chromosomes a ... | 1997 | 9335600 |
| chromosomal distribution of the 412 retrotransposon in natural populations of drosophila simulans. | the insertion site localization of the 412 retrotransposable element was analysed by in situ hybridization to the polytene chromosomes of 57 individual genomes from 25 natural populations of drosophila simulans. the 412 insertion sites along the chromosomes show a tendency to aggregate in the distal and proximal ends of the 2r arm, and in several local regions along the 3r arm. the distribution of the 412 insertion sites, weighted by dna content, along the chromosome arms reveals an overall tend ... | 1997 | 9279009 |
| genetic basis of sperm and testis length differences and epistatic effect on hybrid inviability and sperm motility between drosophila simulans and d. sechellia. | results are reported from a genetic study of hybrid inviability and three 'fertilization traits' (sperm motility and length, and testis size) that affect hybrid sterility between the sibling species drosophila simulans and d. sechellia. the main findings are as follows. (i) for sperm length there was a dominant effect of the d. simulans genome over that of d. sechellia, and the y chromosome of d. sechellia in the background of d. simulans reduced the sperm length. (ii) in contrast, testis length ... | 1997 | 9134705 |
| adaptation and specialization in a two-resource environment in drosophila species. | we assayed two components of performance (development time and survivorship), on food medium with and without ethanol, in laboratory populations of drosophila simulans and d. melanogaster for which ethanol-medium was a novel food resource. these assays were done before and after 12 generations of rearing in either one-(regular medium only) or two-resource (regular medium and ethanol medium) environments. initially, d. simulans was highly susceptible to ethanol, whereas d. melanogaster was relati ... | 1997 | 28568582 |
| the sex-ratio trait in drosophila simulans: geographical distribution of distortion and resistance. | the sex-ratio trait we describe here in drosophila simulans results from x-linked meiotic drive. males bearing a driving x chromosome can produce a large excess of females (about 90%) in their progeny. this is, however, rarely the case in the wild, where resistance factors, including autosomal suppressors and insensitive y chromosomes, prevent the expression of the driver. in this study, we searched for drive and resistance factors in strains of drosophila simulans collected all over the world. ... | 1997 | 28565112 |
| wolbachia infection in drosophila simulans: does the female host bear a physiological cost? | fitness traits of three drosophila simulans strains infected by endocellular bacteria belonging to the genus wolbachia have been compared with those of replicate stocks previously cured from the infection by an antibiotic treatment. the traits measured were development time, egg-to-adult viability, egg hatch, productivity, fecundity, and the number of functional ovarioles. individuals of the first strain were bi-infected by two wolbachia variants, wha and wno. the second strain was infected by w ... | 1997 | 28568785 |
| quantitative genetic analysis of divergence in male secondary sexual traits between drosophila simulans and drosophila mauritiana. | the sibling species drosophila simulans and d. mauritiana differ significantly in a number of male secondary sexual traits, providing an ideal system for genetic analysis of interspecific morphological divergence. in the experiment reported here, f1 hybrids from a cross of two inbred lines were backcrossed in both directions and about 200 flies from each backcross were scored for several traits (bristle numbers and cuticle areas), as well as 18 markers distributed throughout the genome. each tra ... | 1997 | 28568599 |
| cytological characterization of premeiotic versus postmeiotic defects producing hybrid male sterility among sibling species of the drosophila melanogaster complex. | in accordance with haldane's rule, hybridizations between species of the drosophila simulans clade produce fertile females but sterile males. in this study, a comprehensive characterization was undertaken on the six types of f1 males that were the result of the crosses between d. simulans, d. sechellia, and d. mauritiana. with the use of light and electron microscopy, it was shown that while each particular hybrid genotype exhibited a specific sterility phenotype, these phenotypes fell into two ... | 1998 | 28565214 |
| genetics of hybridization between drosophila simulans females and d. melanogaster males. | drosophila simulans and d. melanogaster are sibling cosmopolitan species with imperfect ethological isolation. hybridization is easy between d. melanogaster females and d. simulans males, but the reciprocal cross has been traditionally considered as very scarce and little is known about the environmental and genetic factors that affect it. we used classical genetic analyses to determine the influence of each major chromosome on the breakdown of sexual isolation between females of d. simulans and ... | 1998 | 9474773 |
| duplication of the rdl gaba receptor subunit gene in an insecticide-resistant aphid, myzus persicae. | resistance to cyclodiene insecticides is associated with replacements of a single amino acid (alanine 302) in a gamma-aminobutyric acid (gaba) receptor subunit encoded by the single-copy gene resistance to dieldrin (rdl). alanine 302 is predicted to reside within the second membrane-spanning region of the rdl receptor, a region that is thought to line the integral chloride ion channel pore. in all cyclodiene-resistant insects studied to date, this same alanine residue is replaced either by a ser ... | 1998 | 9862468 |
| characterization of a hypermutable strain of drosophila simulans. | a hypermutable strain of drosophila simulans that originated from a single spontaneous mutant male was characterized. seven different mutations were isolated from roughly 100 generations of offspring. the genetic analysis of the viable mutants showed two mutations on the x chromosome, one in the lozenge locus and the other in the ruby gene. the autosomic mutations characterized were a dpp-heldout-like, a blistered-like and a homoeotic dominant mutant with an antenna-to-leg transformation and ect ... | 1998 | 9849620 |
| a temperature cline in copy number for 412 but not roo/b104 retrotransposons in populations of drosophila simulans. | the copy number of the retrotransposable element 412 of drosophila simulans from populations collected worldwide shows a negative correlation with minimum temperature. no association was detected for the roo/b104 element. the possibility that selective pressures might regulate the 412 copy number in these natural populations is supported by detection of selection against the detrimental effects of 412 insertions (estimated by the proportion of insertions on the x chromosome in comparison with th ... | 1998 | 9699309 |
| describing the evolution of reaction norm shape: body pigmentation in drosophila. | if phenotypic plasticity is a trait subject to selection and evolution, we need to quantify reaction norms and to identify the potential target(s) of selection. previously we proposed the use of polynomial coefficients as reaction norm descriptors. however, the interpretation of these coefficients is not straightforward if the reaction norm is not linear. therefore, we instead propose the use of characteristic values to describe reaction norms. we depict such characteristic values for linear, qu ... | 1998 | 28565397 |
| overcoming cytoplasmic incompatibility in drosophila. | the endocellular microbe wolbachia pipientis infects a wide variety of invertebrate species, in which its presence is closely linked to a form of reproductive failure termed cytoplasmic incompatibility (ci). ci renders infected males unable to father offspring when mated to uninfected females. because ci can dramatically affect fitness in natural populations, mechanisms that abate ci can have equally large impacts on fitness. we have discovered that repeated copulation by wolbachia-infected male ... | 1998 | 9523438 |
| genetic variation and differentiation at microsatellite loci in drosophila simulans. evidence for founder effects in new world populations. | drosophila simulans isofemale lines from africa, south america, and two locations in north america were surveyed for variation at 16 microsatellite loci on the x, second, and third chromosomes, and 18 microsatellites, which are unmapped. d. simulans is thought to have colonized new world habitats only relatively recently (within the last few hundred years). consistent with a founder effect occurring as colonizers moved into these new world habitats, we find less microsatellite variability in nor ... | 1998 | 9755208 |
| hidden effects of x chromosome introgressions on spermatogenesis in drosophila simulans x d. mauritiana hybrids unveiled by interactions among minor genetic factors. | one of the most frequent outcomes of interspecific hybridizations in drosophila is hybrid male sterility. genetic dissection of this reproductive barrier has revealed that the number of responsible factors is very high and that these factors are frequently engaged in complex epistatic interactions. traditionally, research strategies have been based on contrasting introgressions of chromosome segments that produce male sterility with those that allow fertility. few studies have investigated the p ... | 1998 | 9755205 |
| the evolutionary history of drosophila buzzatii. xxxiv. the distribution of the retrotransposon osvaldo in original and colonizing populations. | the frequency distribution of the retrotransposon osvaldo in the haploid genome of drosophila buzzatii has been studied in five natural populations from the iberian peninsula and six natural populations from argentina. in iberian populations, osvaldo insertion sites do not follow a poisson distribution, most probably due to eight euchromatic sites with high occupancy, found in all populations. the estimated alpha and beta parameters, which measure the relative importance of drift and negative se ... | 1998 | 12572617 |
| molecular identification of the active ninja retrotransposon and the inactive aurora element in drosophila simulans and d. melanogaster. | how transposable elements evolve is a key facet in understanding of spontaneous mutation and genomic rearrangements in various organisms. one of the best ways to approach this question is to study a newly evolved transposable element whose presence is restricted to a specific population or strain. the retrotransposons ninja and aurora may provide insights into the process of their evolution, because of their contrasting characteristics, even though they show high sequence identity. the ninja ret ... | 1998 | 10333568 |
| survey of malathion resistance and avermectin susceptibility in field populations of drosophila melanogaster (diptera: drosophilidae) and d. simulans. | populations of drosophila melanogaster (meigen) and drosophila simulans (sturtevant) from various geographic locations in north america and elsewhere were sampled to assess the distribution of malathion resistance and avermectin tolerance. comparisons are made to previous reports of a differential response to malathion selection in these species. results indicate that for malathion, resistance is widespread in d. simulans but varies considerably in d. melanogaster. for avermectins, although the ... | 1998 | 9887681 |
| microsatellite variation in drosophila melanogaster and drosophila simulans: a reciprocal test of the ascertainment bias hypothesis. | interspecific comparisons of microsatellite loci have repeatedly shown that the loci are longer and more variable in the species from which they are derived (the focal species) than are homologous loci in other (nonfocal) species. there is debate as to whether this is due to directional evolution or to an ascertainment bias during the cloning and locus selection processes. this study tests these hypotheses by performing a reciprocal study. eighteen perfect dinucleotide microsatellite loci identi ... | 1998 | 9866198 |
| distribution of the retrotransposable element 412 in drosophila species. | copy numbers of sequences homologous to the drosophila melanogaster retrotransposable element 412, their distribution between the chromosome arms and the chromocenter, and whether they contain full-size copies were analyzed for 55 species of the drosophila genus. element 412 insertion sites were detected on the chromosome arms of d. melanogaster, drosophila simulans, and a few species of the obscura group, but the chromocenter was labeled in almost all species. the presence of element 412 sequen ... | 1998 | 9866195 |
| sex-related genes, directional sexual selection, and speciation. | reproductive isolation and speciation can result from the establishment of either premating or postmating barriers that restrict gene flow between populations. recent studies of speciation have been dominated by a molecular approach to dissect the genetic basis of hybrid male sterility, a specific form of postmating reproductive isolation. however, relatively little attention has been paid to the evolution of genes involved in premating isolation and genes generally involved in other sex-related ... | 1998 | 9656489 |
| accumulation of transposable elements in the heterochromatin and on the y chromosome of drosophila simulans and drosophila melanogaster. | the elements of the transposon families g, copia, mdg 1, 412, and gypsy that are located in the heterochromatin and on the y chromosome have been identified by the southern blotting technique in drosophila simulans and d. melanogaster populations. within species, the abundance of such elements differs between transposon families. between species, the abundance in the heterochromatin and on the y chromosome of the elements of the same family can differ greatly suggesting that differences within a ... | 1998 | 9608048 |
| rate variation of dna sequence evolution in the drosophila lineages. | rate constancy of dna sequence evolution was examined for three species of drosophila, using two samples: the published sequences of eight genes from regions of the normal recombination rates and new data of the four as-c (ac, sc, l'sc and ase) and ci genes. the as-c and ci genes were chosen because these genes are located in the regions of very reduced recombination in drosophila melanogaster and their locations remain unchanged throughout the entire lineages involved, yielding less effect of a ... | 1998 | 9611206 |
| nucleotide variation in the triosephosphate isomerase (tpi) locus of drosophila melanogaster and drosophila simulans. | dna sequence variation in a 1.1-kb region including the coding portion of the tpi locus was examined in 25 homozygous third-chromosome lines of drosophila melanogaster, nine lines of drosophila simulans, and one line of drosophila yakuba. our data show that the widespread allozyme polymorphism observed in cosmopolitan d. melanogaster is due to a glutamic acid substitution occurring in a phylogenetically conserved lysine that has been identified as part of the "hinged-lid" active site of the enzy ... | 1998 | 9615457 |
| isolation of protease-free alcohol dehydrogenase (adh) from drosophila simulans and several homozygous and heterozygous drosophila melanogaster variants. | the enzyme alcohol dehydrogenase (adh) from several naturally occurring adh variants of drosophila melanogaster and drosophila simulans was isolated. affinity chromatography with the ligand cibacron blue and elution with nad+ showed similar behavior for d. melanogaster adh-ff, adh-71k, and d. simulans adh. introduction of a second cibacron blue affinity chromatography step, with gradient elution with nad+, resulted in pure and stable enzymes. d. melanogaster adh-ss cannot be eluted from the affi ... | 1998 | 9562904 |
| conservation of locus-specific microsatellite variability across species: a comparison of two drosophila sibling species, d. melanogaster and d. simulans. | fifteen microsatellite loci were studied in drosophila melanogaster and drosophila simulans, two closely related sibling species which split 2-3.5 mya. within-species variances in repeat number were found to differ up to 1,000-fold among individual microsatellite loci. a significant correlation of log variances between both species indicated a locus-specific mutation rate of microsatellites. hence, locus-specific effects are apparently among the major forces influencing microsatellite variation ... | 1998 | 9491614 |
| [analysis of differences in the structure of ribosomal dna from two sibling species: drosophila melanogaster and drosophila simulans]. | southern-blot hybridization studies have revealed structural differences within the ribosomal dna clusters of two sibling species, drosophila melanogaster and drosophila simulans. the approach used was shown to be suitable for taxonomic identification of the species examined. | 1999 | 10687091 |
| wake up of transposable elements following drosophila simulans worldwide colonization. | transposable elements (tes) make up around 10%-15% of the drosophila melanogaster genome, but its sibling species drosophila simulans carries only one third as many such repeat sequences. we do not, however, have an overall view of copy numbers of the various classes of tes (long terminal repeat [ltr] retrotransposons, non-ltr retrotransposons, and transposons) in genomes of natural populations of both species. we analyzed 34 elements in individuals from various natural populations of these spec ... | 1999 | 10486980 |
| nucleotide variation at the runt locus in drosophila melanogaster and drosophila simulans. | intra- and interspecific nucleotide variation for the major developmental gene runt in drosophila was studied in d. melanogaster and d. simulans. the 1.5-kb protein-coding region and the 0.4-kb intron of the runt gene were sequenced for 11 alleles in each species. the d. melanogaster alleles originated from east africa. estimated parameters of intraspecific variation in d. melanogaster (exons: theta = 0.018, pi = 0.018; intron: theta = 0.014, pi = 0.014) and d. simulans (exons: theta = 0.007, pi ... | 1999 | 10368951 |
| cross-order transfer of wolbachia from muscidifurax uniraptor (hymenoptera: pteromalidae) to drosophila simulans (diptera: drosophilidae). | bacteria of the genus wolbachia are widespread in arthropods and can induce different effects on the host such as cytoplasmic incompatibility (ci), thelytoky (t) or feminization (f). in some wolbachia-infected hosts, no effect (n) has been found. successful transfer of wolbachia by microinjection from one host to an uninfected one has been established with ci, f, n-wolbachia but not with t-wolbachia. in this paper a transfer experiment of t-wolbachia from the parasitoid muscidifurax uniraptor to ... | 1999 | 10098265 |
| horizontal transfer of wolbachia between phylogenetically distant insect species by a naturally occurring mechanism. | wolbachia is a genus of alpha-proteobacteria found in obligate intracellular association with a wide variety of arthropods, including an estimated 10-20% of all insect species [1]. wolbachia represents one of a number of recently identified 'reproductive parasites' [2] which manipulate the reproduction of their hosts in ways that enhance their own transmission [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] [8] [9]. the influence of wolbachia infection on the dynamics of host populations has focused considerable interest o ... | 1999 | 10209097 |
| a stable triple wolbachia infection in drosophila with nearly additive incompatibility effects. | drosophila simulans strains infected with three different wolbachia strains were generated by experimental injection of a third symbiont into a naturally double-infected strain. this transfer led to a substantial increase in total wolbachia density in the host strain. each of the three symbionts was stably transmitted in the presence of the other two. triple-infected males were incompatible with double-infected females. no evidence was obtained for interference between modification effects of th ... | 1999 | 10383683 |
| centromeres from telomeres? the centromeric region of the y chromosome of drosophila melanogaster contains a tandem array of telomeric het-a- and tart-related sequences. | cytological and cytogenetic studies have previously defined the region needed for centromeric function in the y chromosome of drosophila melanogaster. we have identified a yac clone that originated from this region. molecular analysis of the yac and genomic dnas has allowed the description of a satellite dna made of telomeric het-a- and tart-derived sequences and the construction of a long-range physical map of the heterochromatic region h18. sequences within the yac clone are conserved in the c ... | 1999 | 10454639 |
| evolution of driving x chromosomes and resistance factors in experimental populations of drosophila simulans. | sex-ratio drive is a particular case of meiotic drive, described in several drosophila species, that causes males bearing driving x chromosome to produce a large excess of females in their progeny. in drosophila simulans, driving x chromosomes and resistance factors located on the y chromosome and on the autosomes have been previously reported. in this paper, we report the study of the dynamics of sex-ratio factors in experimental populations. we followed the evolution in frequency of driving x ... | 1999 | 28565407 |
| population structure among african and derived populations of drosophila simulans: evidence for ancient subdivision and recent admixture. | previous studies based on allozyme variation have found little evidence for genetic differentiation in drosophila simulans. on the basis of dna sequence variation at two nuclear loci in four african populations of d. simulans, we show that there is significant structure to d. simulans populations within africa. variation at one of the loci, vermilion, appears to be neutral and supports an eastern african origin for european and american populations. samples from the west indies, europe, and nort ... | 1999 | 10471714 |
| polymorphism in structure of the retrotransposable element 412 in drosophila simulans and d. melanogaster populations. | the structure of the 412 retrotransposable element was investigated in various natural populations of d. melanogaster and d. simulans by a restriction enzyme analysis. we show that although the canonical structure of the 412 element was the same in both species, a high structural polymorphism existed with various rearranged elements. a 412 family was thus composed of heterogeneous copies of different sizes, with a large proportion of full-size copies. d. simulans had more rearranged copies than ... | 1999 | 10352229 |
| inferring the fitness effects of dna mutations from polymorphism and divergence data: statistical power to detect directional selection under stationarity and free recombination. | the fitness effects of classes of dna mutations can be inferred from patterns of nucleotide variation. a number of studies have attributed differences in levels of polymorphism and divergence between silent and replacement mutations to the action of natural selection. here, i investigate the statistical power to detect directional selection through contrasts of dna variation among functional categories of mutations. a variety of statistical approaches are applied to dna data simulated under sawy ... | 1999 | 9872962 |
| structural and genetic studies of the proliferation disrupter genes of drosophila simulans and d. melanogaster. | to examine whether structural and functional differences exist in the proliferation disrupter (prod) genes between drosophila simulans and d. melanogaster, we analyzed and compared both genes. the exon-intron structure of the prod genes was found to be the same--three exons were interrupted by two introns, although a previous report suggested that only one intron existed in d. melanogaster. the prod genes of d. simulans and d. melanogaster both turn out to encode 346 amino acids, not 301 as prev ... | 1999 | 10897796 |
| microsatellite markers for interspecific mapping of drosophila simulans and d. sechellia. | 1999 | 10620238 | |
| a quantitative genetic analysis of male sexual traits distinguishing the sibling species drosophila simulans and d. sechellia. | a quantitative trait locus (qtl) genetic analysis of morphological and reproductive traits distinguishing the sibling species drosophila simulans and d. sechellia was carried out in a backcross design, using 38 markers with an average spacing of 8.4 cm. the direction of qtl effects for the size of the posterior lobe was consistent across the identified qtl, indicating directional selection for this trait. directional selection also appears to have acted on testis length, indicating that sexual s ... | 1999 | 10581276 |
| the genetics and evolution of the mariner transposable element in drosophila simulans: worldwide distribution and experimental population dynamics. | we have studied both the frequency and biogeographical distribution of the transposable dna element mariner in natural populations of drosophila simulans and the short-term evolutionary characteristics of mariner in experimental populations. the mariner element has been identified in natural populations of d. simulans from africa, europe, the middle east, japan, australia, several pacific islands, north america, and south america. only four lines out of 296 were devoid of active mariner elements ... | 1999 | 10568259 |
| transposable elements and genome evolution: the case of drosophila simulans. | drosophila simulans presents a large variation in copy number among various transposable elements (tes) and among natural populations for a given element. some elements such as hms beagle, blood, flea, tirant, coral, prygun, jockey, f, nomade and mariner are absent in most populations, except in one or two which have copies on their chromosome arms. this suggests that some tes are being awakened in d. simulans and are in the process of invading the species while it is colonizing the world. the e ... | 1999 | 10952204 |
| location of shfr, a new gene that rescues hybrid female viability in crosses between drosophila simulans females and d. melanogaster males. | as a rule, progeny of crosses between drosophila simulans females and d. melanogaster males are formed by sterile males, because females die as embryos. however, populations of these species have been found that produce a certain frequency of viable hybrid females. we have found that 94% of the females of a d. simulans population from tel aviv gave hybrid progenies with both sexes. the segregation of phenotypes with different rescue success adjusts to the action of a single, dominant, zygotic-ac ... | 2000 | 10886378 |
| adaptive evolution of relish, a drosophila nf-kappab/ikappab protein. | nf-kappab and ikappab proteins have central roles in regulation of inflammation and innate immunity in mammals. homologues of these proteins also play an important role in regulation of the drosophila immune response. here we present a molecular population genetic analysis of relish, a drosophila nf-kappab/ikappab protein, in drosophila simulans and d. melanogaster. we find strong evidence for adaptive protein evolution in d. simulans, but not in d. melanogaster. the adaptive evolution appears t ... | 2000 | 10757765 |