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molecular epidemiology of japanese encephalitis virus in mosquitoes during an outbreak in china, 2013.japanese encephalitis virus (jev) can cause serious encephalitis and culex mosquitoes are the primary vector. in 2013, a je outbreak occurred in shandong province, china with 407 confirmed cases, including 11 deaths. an investigation on jev in mosquitoes during the outbreak was conducted. a total of 14,719 mosquitoes were collected at 3 sites. for the 12,695 culex tritaeniorhynchus mosquitoes, 88/201 pooled samples were positive by rt-pcr for the presence of the pre-membrane or envelope protein ...201424809635
investigation of dengue and japanese encephalitis virus transmission in hanam, viet nam.this study investigated whether a large dengue epidemic that struck hanoi in 2009 also affected a nearby semirural area. seroconversion (dengue virus-reactive immunoglobulin g enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay) was high during 2009 compared with 2008, but neutralization assays showed that it was caused by both dengue virus and japanese encephalitis virus infections. the findings highlight the importance of continued japanese encephalitis virus vaccination and dengue surveillance.201424615123
preliminary evaluation on the efficiency of the kit platelia dengue ns1 ag-elisa to detect dengue virus in dried aedes aegypti: a potential tool to improve dengue surveillance.surveillance is a critical component of any dengue prevention and control programme. herein, we investigate the efficiency of the commercial kit platelia dengue ns1 ag-elisa to detect dengue virus (denv) antigens in aedes aegypti mosquitoes infected under laboratory conditions.201424690324
development of conventional and real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction assays to detect tembusu virus in culex tarsalis mosquitoes.tembusu virus (tmuv) is an important emerging arthropod-borne virus that may cause encephalitis in humans and has been isolated in regions of southeast asia, including malaysia, thailand, and china. currently, detection and identification of tmuv are limited to research laboratories, because quantitative rapid diagnostic assays for the virus do not exist. we describe the development of sensitive and specific conventional and real-time quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction ...201425114013
a case series of three us adults with japanese encephalitis, 2010-2012.japanese encephalitis (je) virus is the leading cause of vaccine-preventable encephalitis in asia. although the risk for acquiring je for most travelers to asia is low, it varies based on the destination, season, trip duration, and activities.201424861145
regional variation in pig farmer awareness and actions regarding japanese encephalitis in nepal: implications for public health education.japanese encephalitis (je) is a mosquito-borne zoonotic disease that has pigs as the major amplifying hosts. it is the most important cause of viral encephalitis in people in nepal and is spreading in its geographic distribution in that country. pig farming is increasing in nepal due to reducing cultural biases against pigs and government programs to support pig farming for poverty alleviation. major strategies for je prevention and control include education, vector control, and immunization of ...201424416402
voltage dependent anion channel is redistributed during japanese encephalitis virus infection of insect cells.despite the availability of an effective vaccine, japanese encephalitis remains a significant cause of morbidity and mortality in many parts of asia. japanese encephalitis is caused by the japanese encephalitis virus (jev), a mosquito transmitted flavivirus. many of the details of the virus replication cycle in mosquito cells remain unknown. this study sought to determine whether grp78, a well-characterized flavivirus e protein interacting protein, interacted with jev e protein in insect cells, ...201425126612
the incidence of japanese encephalitis in taiwan--a population-based study.a mass japanese encephalitis (je) vaccination program targeting children was launched in taiwan in 1968, and the number of pediatric je cases substantially decreased thereafter. the aim of this study was to elucidate the long-term trend of je incidence, and to investigate the age-specific seroprevalence of je-neutralizing antibodies.201425058573
mosquito cell lines: history, isolation, availability and application to assess the threat of arboviral transmission in the united kingdom.mosquitoes are highly effective vectors for transmission of human and animal pathogens. understanding the relationship between pathogen and vector is vital in developing strategies to predict and prevent transmission. cell lines derived from appropriate mosquito hosts provide a relatively simple tool for investigating the interaction between the host and viruses transmitted by mosquitoes. this review provides a brief overview of the development of mosquito cell lines, methods of isolation, their ...201425141888
out of the bush: the asian bush mosquito aedes japonicus japonicus (theobald, 1901) (diptera, culicidae) becomes invasive.the asian bush or rock pool mosquito aedes japonicus japonicus is one of the most expansive culicid species of the world. being native to east asia, this species was detected out of its original distribution range for the first time in the early 1990s in new zealand where it could not establish, though. in 1998, established populations were reported from the eastern us, most likely as a result of introductions several years earlier. after a massive spread the mosquito is now widely distributed i ...201424495418
tropical fevers: management guidelines.tropical fevers were defined as infections that are prevalent in, or are unique to tropical and subtropical regions. some of these occur throughout the year and some especially in rainy and post-rainy season. concerned about high prevalence and morbidity and mortality caused by these infections, and overlapping clinical presentations, difficulties in arriving at specific diagnoses and need for early empiric treatment, indian society of critical care medicine (isccm) constituted an expert committ ...201424678147
species composition, seasonal occurrence, habitat preference and altitudinal distribution of malaria and other disease vectors in eastern nepal.it is increasingly recognized that climate change can alter the geographical distribution of vector-borne diseases (vbds) with shifts of disease vectors to higher altitudes and latitudes. in particular, an increasing risk of malaria and dengue fever epidemics in tropical highlands and temperate regions has been predicted in different climate change scenarios. the aim of this paper is to expand the current knowledge on the seasonal occurrence and altitudinal distribution of malaria and other dise ...201425430654
mosquito surveillance revealed lagged effects of mosquito abundance on mosquito-borne disease transmission: a retrospective study in zhejiang, china.mosquito-borne diseases (mbds) are still threats to public health in zhejiang. in this study, the associations between the time-lagged mosquito capture data and mbds incidence over five years were used to examine the potential effects of mosquito abundance on patterns of mbds epidemiology in zhejiang during 2008-2012. light traps were used to collect adult mosquitoes at 11 cities. correlation tests with and without time lag were performed to investigate the correlations between mbds incidence ra ...201425393834
molecular epidemiology of japanese encephalitis virus in mosquitoes in taiwan during 2005-2012.japanese encephalitis (je) is a mosquito-borne zoonotic disease caused by the japanese encephalitis virus (jev). pigs and water birds are the main amplifying and maintenance hosts of the virus. in this study, we conducted a jev survey in mosquitoes captured in pig farms and water bird wetland habitats in taiwan during 2005 to 2012. a total of 102,633 mosquitoes were collected. culex tritaeniorhynchus was the most common mosquito species found in the pig farms and wetlands. among the 26 mosquito ...201425275652
vaccine strategies for the control and prevention of japanese encephalitis in mainland china, 1951-2011.japanese encephalitis (je) is arguably one of the most serious viral encephalitis diseases worldwide. china has a long history of high prevalence of japanese encephalitis, with thousands of cases reported annually and incidence rates often exceeding 15/100,000. in global terms, the scale of outbreaks and high incidence of these pandemics has almost been unique, placing a heavy burden on the chinese health authorities. however, the introduction of vaccines, developed in china, combined with an in ...201425121596
dynamics of the emergence and establishment of a newly dominant genotype of japanese encephalitis virus throughout asia.in recent years, genotype i (gi) of japanese encephalitis virus (jev) has displaced genotype iii (giii) as the dominant virus genotype throughout asia. in this study, the largest collection of giii and gi envelope gene-derived viral sequences assembled to date was used to reconstruct the spatiotemporal chronology of genotype displacement throughout asia and to determine the evolutionary and epidemiological dynamics underlying this significant event. gi consists of two clades, gi-a and gi-b, with ...201424501419
comparison of genotypes i and iii in japanese encephalitis virus reveals distinct differences in their genetic and host diversity.japanese encephalitis (je) is an arthropod-borne disease associated with the majority of viral encephalitis cases in the asia-pacific region. the causative agent, japanese encephalitis virus (jev), has been phylogenetically divided into five genotypes. recent surveillance data indicate that genotype i (gi) is gradually replacing genotype iii (giii) as the dominant genotype. to investigate the mechanism behind the genotype shift and the potential consequences in terms of vaccine efficacy, human c ...201425056890
study of culex tritaeniorhynchus and species composition of mosquitoes in a rice field in greece.mosquito species composition and seasonal abundance were studied in a rice field in western greece over a three-year period (2009-2011). a total of 11,716 larvae and pupae of mosquitoes were recorded, representing seven species, namely aedes caspius (pallas), anopheles hyrcanus (pallas), anopheles sacharovi favre, culex theileri theobald, culex tritaeniorhynchus giles, culex pipiens linnaeus, uranotaenia unguiculata edwards and belonging to four genera. cx. tritaeniorhynchus constituted the most ...201424613156
host feeding patterns of mosquitoes in a rural malaria-endemic region in hainan island, china.malaria is endemic in wangxia village of hainan island. in this area little is known about the host seeking behavior and feeding habit of mosquitoes. three sites representing the most common habitat types in the village were selected to study the host seeking behavior and feeding habit of mosquitoes. of the total 9 species belonging to 4 genera (armigeres, culex, aedes, and anopheles) collected in wangxia village, culex tritaeniorhynchus and cx. pipiens quinquefasciatus were the most commonly co ...201425843138
measure post-bloodmeal dispersal of mosquitoes and duration of radioactivity by using the isotope ³²p.the radioactive isotope (32)p-labeled disodium phosphate (na₂h(32)po₄) was injected via the jugular vein into a cow kept in a shed in maozhuang village, cao township of shanxian county, china. over the following 5 d, mosquitoes feeding on the cow were captured at distances up to 400 m to determine dispersal distance. the duration of radioactivity in the cow and marked mosquitoes was 10 d. the results showed that after blood feeding, anopheles sinensis and culex tritaeniorhynchus temporarily rest ...201425502034
fluctuation of diptera larvae in phytotelmata and relation with climate variation in west sumatra indonesia.research of fluctuations in diptera's larvae in phytotelmata had been conducted at three locations in west sumatra, indonesia; padang, bukittinggi and payakumbuh; which aimed to determine the number and fluctuations diptera larvae in phytotelmata. the results obtained; the highest number of individual larvae diptera in phytotelmata was 7109 aedes albopictus larvae (49.56%), followed by larvae of culex tritaeniorhynchus with 2409 individuals (16.80%). larvae fluctuated every month and tent to inc ...201426035947
[first isolation of quang binh-like virus from mosquitoes in china].this study aims to investigate the distribution patterns of mosquito-borne viruses in menghai county, xishuangbanna prefecture, yunnan province, china and to provide evidence for the prevention and control of mosquito-borne diseases. mosquito samples were collected using mosquito lamps. viruses were isolated from the samples by cell culture, and the isolates were identified by rt-pcr. the genomes of isolates were sequenced for phylogenetic analysis. in july 2012, a total of 1468 mosquitoes were ...201424772899
chemical composition and larvicidal activity of essential oil from ocimum basilicum (l.) against culex tritaeniorhynchus, aedes albopictus and anopheles subpictus (diptera: culicidae).the toxicity of mosquito larvicidal activity of leaf essential oil and their major chemical constituents from ocimum basilicum were evaluated against culex tritaeniorhynchus, aedes albopictus and anopheles subpictus. the chemical composition of the leaf essential oil was analyzed using gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy. gc-ms revealed that the essential oil of o. basilicum contained 20 compounds. the major chemical components identified were linalool (52.42%), methyl eugenol (18.74%) and 1, 8 ...201323391742
mosquito larvicidal activity of thymol from essential oil of coleus aromaticus benth. against culex tritaeniorhynchus, aedes albopictus, and anopheles subpictus (diptera: culicidae).diseases transmitted by blood-feeding mosquitoes, such as dengue fever, dengue hemorrhagic fever, japanese encephalitis, malaria, and filariasis, are increasing in prevalence, particularly in tropical and subtropical zones. to control mosquitoes and mosquito-borne diseases, which have a worldwide health and economic impacts, synthetic insecticide-based interventions are still necessary, particularly in situations of epidemic outbreak and sudden increases of adult mosquitoes. however, the indiscr ...201323933878
mosquitoes and other aquatic insects in fallow field biotopes and rice paddy fields.fallow field biotopes that develop from abandoned rice fields are man-made wetlands that provide new habitats for various aquatic animals. although consideration of such biotopes generally focuses on their positive aspects, this study evaluated the negative aspects of establishing fallow field biotopes with regard to mosquito breeding sites. to determine whether fallow field biotopes become breeding habitats for vector mosquitoes, we evaluated mosquito fauna in fallow field biotopes and adjacent ...201323167444
first indigenous transmission of japanese encephalitis in urban areas of national capital territory of delhi, india.until 2010, no japanese encephalitis (je) had been reported from delhi. upon report of four confirmed cases of je in september 2011, detailed investigations were carried out to determine whether the cases were imported or indigenous.201323682856
entomopathogenic marine actinomycetes as potential and low-cost biocontrol agents against bloodsucking arthropods.a novel approach to control strategies for integrated blood-feeding parasite management is in high demand, including the use of biological control agents. the present study aims to determine the efficacy of optimized crude extract of actinomycetes strain lk1 as biological control agent against the fourth-instar larvae of anopheles stephensi and culex tritaeniorhynchus (diptera: culicidae) and adults of haemaphysalis bispinosa, rhipicephalus (boophilus) microplus (acari: ixodidae), and hippobosca ...201324013340
ecological and genetic analyses of the complete genomes of culex flavivirus strains isolated from culex tritaeniorhynchus and culex pipiens (diptera: culicidae) group mosquitoes.culex flavivirus (cxfv) is an insect-specific flavivirus that was first reported in 2007 in japan. cxfv strains were isolated from culex tritaeniorhynchus giles and culex pipiens l. group mosquitoes and genetically characterized in toyama prefecture, japan, from 2004 to 2009, to reveal host specificity, mode of transmission, and seasonal and geographical distribution. the minimum infection rate (mir) of cxfv within cx. tritaeniorhynchus populations was 0.3 and much lower than that within cx. pip ...201323540117
larvicidal activity of saponin isolated from gymnema sylvestre r. br. (asclepiadaceae) against japanese encephalitis vector, culex tritaeniorhynchus giles (diptera: culicidae).to determine the larvicidal activity of various extracts of gymnema (g.) sylvestre against the japanese encephalitis vector, culex tritaeniorynchus in tamilnadu, india. to identify the active principle present in the promising fraction obtained in chlorofom:methanol extract of fraction 2.201323740457
characterization of dak nong virus, an insect nidovirus isolated from culex mosquitoes in vietnam.in this study, we isolated and characterized an insect nidovirus from the mosquito culex tritaeniorhynchus giles (diptera: culicidae) in vietnam, as an additional member of the new family mesoniviridae in the order nidovirales. the virus, designated "dak nong virus (dknv)," shared many characteristics with cavally virus and nam dinh virus, which have also been discovered recently in mosquitoes, and these viruses should be considered members of a single virus species, alphamesonivirus 1. dknv gre ...201323728735
novel virus discovery and genome reconstruction from field rna samples reveals highly divergent viruses in dipteran hosts.we investigated whether small rna (srna) sequenced from field-collected mosquitoes and chironomids (diptera) can be used as a proxy signature of viral prevalence within a range of species and viral groups, using srnas sequenced from wild-caught specimens, to inform total rna deep sequencing of samples of particular interest. using this strategy, we sequenced from adult anopheles maculipennis s.l. mosquitoes the apparently nearly complete genome of one previously undescribed virus related to chro ...201324260463
a tyrosine-to-histidine switch at position 18 of the ross river virus e2 glycoprotein is a determinant of virus fitness in disparate hosts.arthritogenic alphaviruses are human pathogens maintained in nature through alternating replication in vertebrates and mosquitoes. using chimeric viruses, we previously reported that replacement of the pe2 coding region of the t48 strain of ross river virus (rrv-t48) with that from the attenuated dc5692 strain, which differ by 7 amino acids, resulted in an attenuated disease phenotype in a mouse model of rrv-induced rheumatic disease. here, we demonstrate that introduction of one of these amino ...201323514884
zoonotic encephalitides caused by arboviruses: transmission and epidemiology of alphaviruses and flaviviruses.in this review, we mainly focus on zoonotic encephalitides caused by arthropod-borne viruses (arboviruses) of the families flaviviridae (genus flavivirus) and togaviridae (genus alphavirus) that are important in both humans and domestic animals. specifically, we will focus on alphaviruses (eastern equine encephalitis virus, western equine encephalitis virus, venezuelan equine encephalitis virus) and flaviviruses (japanese encephalitis virus and west nile virus). most of these viruses were origin ...201324427764
zoonosis emergence linked to agricultural intensification and environmental change.a systematic review was conducted by a multidisciplinary team to analyze qualitatively best available scientific evidence on the effect of agricultural intensification and environmental changes on the risk of zoonoses for which there are epidemiological interactions between wildlife and livestock. the study found several examples in which agricultural intensification and/or environmental change were associated with an increased risk of zoonotic disease emergence, driven by the impact of an expan ...201323671097
review of insecticide resistance and behavioral avoidance of vectors of human diseases in thailand.physiological resistance and behavioral responses of mosquito vectors to insecticides are critical aspects of the chemical-based disease control equation. the complex interaction between lethal, sub-lethal and excitation/repellent ('excito-repellent') properties of chemicals is typically overlooked in vector management and control programs. the development of "physiological" resistance, metabolic and/or target site modifications, to insecticides has been well documented in many insect groups and ...201324294938
the effects of ingested mammalian blood factors on vector arthropod immunity and physiology.the blood feeding behavior of disease-transmitting arthropods creates a unique intersection between vertebrate and invertebrate physiology. here, we review host blood-derived factors that persist through blood digestion to affect the lifespan, reproduction, and immune responses of some of the most common arthropod vectors of human disease.201323370408
[analysis of bloodsucking population of culex tritaeniorhynchus, a vector of japanese encephalitis]. 20134311540
review of climate, landscape, and viral genetics as drivers of the japanese encephalitis virus ecology.the japanese encephalitis virus (jev), an arthropod-born flavivirus, is the major cause of viral encephalitis, responsible for 10,000-15,000 deaths each year, yet is a neglected tropical disease. since the jev distribution area has been large and continuously extending toward new asian and australasian regions, it is considered an emerging and reemerging pathogen. despite large effective immunization campaigns, japanese encephalitis remains a disease of global health concern. jev zoonotic transm ...201324069463
ecology of west nile virus in north america.the introduction, dispersal and establishment of west nile virus in north america were reviewed, focusing on factors that may have enhanced receptivity and enabled the invasion process. the overwintering persistence of this tropical virus within temperate latitudes was unexpected, but was key in the transition from invasion to endemic establishment. the cascade of temporal events allowing sporadic amplification to outbreak levels was discussed within a future perspective.201324008376
mosquitoes of western yunnan province, china: seasonal abundance, diversity, and arbovirus associations.the western borderland between yunnan province, china, and myanmar is characterized by a climate that facilitates year-round production of mosquitoes. numerous mosquito-transmitted viruses, including japanese encephalitis virus circulate in this area. this project was to describe seasonal patterns in mosquito species abundance and arbovirus activity in the mosquito populations.201324146951
circulation of japanese encephalitis virus in pigs and mosquito vectors within can tho city, vietnam.japanese encephalitis virus (jev) is a mosquito-borne, zoonotic flavivirus causing encephalitis in humans and reproductive disorder in pigs. jev is present in large parts of asia, where urbanization is high. households within and outside can tho city, south vietnam, were selected to monitor circulation of jev. a nested rt-pcr was established to detect the presence of jev in mosquitoes whereas sera from pigs belonging to households within the province were analyzed for the presence of antibodies ...201323593520
surveillance of japanese encephalitis virus infection in mosquitoes in vietnam from 2006 to 2008.japanese encephalitis virus (jev) infection in mosquitoes was monitored in vietnam from 2006 to 2008. a total of 15,225 mosquitoes, identified as 26 species in five genera were collected and 12,621 were grouped into 447 pools for examination of jev infection by assays for cytopathic effects in c6/36 cells and by rt-pcr to detect flavivirus rna. three jev strains were isolated from culex tritaeniorhynchus giles collected in northern and southern vietnam and two jev strains were isolated from cule ...201323358634
climate change and mosquito-borne diseases in china: a review.china has experienced noticeable changes in climate over the past 100 years and the potential impact climate change has on transmission of mosquito-borne infectious diseases poses a risk to chinese populations. the aims of this paper are to summarize what is known about the impact of climate change on the incidence and prevalence of malaria, dengue fever and japanese encephalitis in china and to provide important information and direction for adaptation policy making. fifty-five papers met the i ...201323497420
molecular detection and genotyping of japanese encephalitis virus in mosquitoes during a 2010 outbreak in the republic of korea.japanese encephalitis virus (jev), a mosquito-borne zoonotic pathogen, is one of the major causes of viral encephalitis. to reduce the impact of japanese encephalitis among children in the republic of korea (rok), the government established a mandatory vaccination program in 1967. through the efforts of this program only 0-7 (mean 2.1) cases of japanese encephalitis were reported annually in the rok during the period of 1984-2009. however, in 2010 there was an outbreak of 26 confirmed cases of j ...201323390520
monitoring of malaria, japanese encephalitis and filariasis vectors.vector monitoring in military stations would help in protecting the armed forces from vector borne diseases such as malaria, japanese encephalitis and filariasis.201324843200
recurrence of japanese encephalitis epidemic in wuhan, china, 2009-2010.japanese encephalitis (je) was once epidemic in most areas of china, including wuhan, a city located in the central part of china. the incidence of je dramatically decreased due to nationwide immunization with the live attenuated je virus (jev) vaccine, and no je cases were reported during 2005-2008 in wuhan. in 2009 and 2010, 31 je cases reoccurred in this area. in this study, we investigated the causes of je recurrence.201323326348
nonsuppurative encephalomyelitis in a calf in japan and isolation of japanese encephalitis virus genotype 1 from the affected calf.japanese encephalitis virus (jev) was isolated from the cerebrum of a calf which showed severe neurological symptoms in late september 2009, and the jev isolate was revealed to be of genotype 1. this is the first report describing the isolation of genotype 1 jev from cattle.201323885004
genetic diversity of japanese encephalitis virus isolates obtained from the indonesian archipelago between 1974 and 1987.five genotypes (gi-v) of japanese encephalitis virus (jev) have been identified, all of which have distinct geographical distributions and epidemiologies. it is thought that jev originated in the indonesia-malaysia region from an ancestral virus. from that ancestral virus gv diverged, followed by giv, giii, gii, and gi. genotype iv appears to be confined to the indonesia-malaysia region, as giv has been isolated in indonesia from mosquitoes only, while gv has been isolated on three occasions onl ...201323590316
a video clip of the biting midge culicoides anophelis ingesting blood from an engorged anopheles mosquito in hainan, china.biting midges are hematophagus ectoparasites of insects, humans and other animals. culicoides (trithicoides) anophelis edwards1922 is a predator of engorged mosquitoes.201324499575
preclinical and clinical development of a yfv 17 d-based chimeric vaccine against west nile virus.substantial success has been achieved in the development and implementation of west nile (wn) vaccines for horses; however, no human wn vaccines are approved. this review focuses on the construction, pre-clinical and clinical characterization of chimerivax-wn02 for humans, a live chimeric vaccine composed of a yellow fever (yf) 17d virus in which the prm-e envelope protein genes are replaced with the corresponding genes of the wn ny99 virus. pre-clinical studies demonstrated that chimerivax-wn02 ...201324351795
ecological niche modeling and land cover risk areas for rift valley fever vector, culex tritaeniorhynchus giles in jazan, saudi arabia.the mosquito, culex tritaeniorhynchus giles is a prevalent and confirmed rift valley fever virus (rvfv) vector. this vector, in association with aedimorphus arabiensis (patton), was responsible for causing the outbreak of 2000 in jazan province, saudi arabia.201323762424
risk factors for mosquito house entry in the lao pdr.construction of the nam theun 2 hydroelectric project and flooding of a 450 km(2) area of mountain plateau in south-central lao pdr resulted in the resettlement of 6,300 people to newly built homes. we examined whether new houses would have altered risk of house entry by mosquitoes compared with traditional homes built from poorer construction materials.201323700411
spatiotemporal patterns of japanese encephalitis in china, 2002-2010.the aim of the study is to examine the spatiotemporal pattern of japanese encephalitis (je) in mainland china during 2002-2010. specific objectives of the study were to quantify the temporal variation in incidence of je cases, to determine if clustering of je cases exists, to detect high risk spatiotemporal clusters of je cases and to provide evidence-based preventive suggestions to relevant stakeholders.201323819000
the effect of precipitation on the transmission of japanese encephalitis (je) virus in nature: a complex effect on antibody-positive rate to je virus in sentinel pigs.japanese encephalitis (je) is one of the most important mosquito-borne viral diseases in asia. pigs are a natural host and the amplifier of je virus. the sero-conversion rate to je virus in sentinel pigs reflects the activity of je virus in the region. we analyzed whether precipitation has any effect on the sero-conversion rate to je virus in sentinel pigs. linear regression analysis was performed to determine the correlations between the levels of precipitation and sero-conversion rates to je v ...201323644830
biomarkers in japanese encephalitis: a review.je is a flavivirus generated dreadful cns disease which causes high mortality in various pediatric groups. je disease is currently diagnosed by measuring the level of viral antigens and virus neutralization igm antibodies in blood serum and csf by elisa. however, it is not possible to measure various disease-identifying molecules, structural and molecular changes occurred in tissues, and cells by using such routine methods. however, few important biomarkers such as cerebrospinal fluid, plasma, n ...201324455705
southernmost asia is the source of japanese encephalitis virus (genotype 1) diversity from which the viruses disperse and evolve throughout asia.although a previous study predicted that japanese encephalitis virus (jev) originated in the malaysia/indonesia region, the virus is known to circulate mainly on the asian continent. however, there are no reported systematic studies that adequately define how jev then dispersed throughout asia.201324069502
phylogeography of japanese encephalitis virus: genotype is associated with climate.the circulation of vector-borne zoonotic viruses is largely determined by the overlap in the geographical distributions of virus-competent vectors and reservoir hosts. what is less clear are the factors influencing the distribution of virus-specific lineages. japanese encephalitis virus (jev) is the most important etiologic agent of epidemic encephalitis worldwide, and is primarily maintained between vertebrate reservoir hosts (avian and swine) and culicine mosquitoes. there are five genotypes o ...201324009790
japanese encephalitis: the virus and vaccines.japanese encephalitis (je) is an infectious disease of the central nervous system caused by japanese encephalitis virus (jev), a zoonotic mosquito-borne flavivirus. jev is prevalent in much of asia and the western pacific, with over 4 billion people living at risk of infection. in the absence of antiviral intervention, vaccination is the only strategy to develop long-term sustainable protection against jev infection. over the past half-century, a mouse brain-derived inactivated vaccine has been ...201324161909
the anopheles community and the role of anopheles minimus on malaria transmission on the china-myanmar border.malaria around the china-myanmar border is a serious health problem in the countries of south-east asia. an. minimus is a principle malaria vector with a wide geographic distribution in this area. malaria is endemic along the boundary between yunnan province in china and the kachin state of myanmar where the local anopheles community (species composition) and the malaria transmission vectors have never been clarified.201324034528
japanese b encephalitis: an overview of the disease and use of chimerivax-je as a preventative vaccine.the japanese encephalitis virus (jev) is endemic in many countries in southern asia and the western pacific rim, with new spread to previously unrecognized countries. it is an important cause of childhood neurological disease associated with permanent neurological sequelae and death. fortunately, je is a vaccine-preventable disease. the chimerivax™-je (sanofi pasteur, lyon, france) is a live-attenuated chimeric vaccine derived from the live-attenuated yellow fever virus, yf17d, which expresses t ...201325134477
increased pathogenicity of west nile virus (wnv) by glycosylation of envelope protein and seroprevalence of wnv in wild birds in far eastern russia.in this review, we discuss the possibility that the glycosylation of west nile (wn) virus e-protein may be associated with enhanced pathogenicity and higher replication of wn virus. the results indicate that e-protein glycosylation allows the virus to multiply in a heat-stable manner and therefore, has a critical role in enhanced viremic levels and virulence of wn virus in young-chick infection model. the effect of the glycosylation of the e protein on the pathogenicity of wn virus in young chic ...201324351738
a fatal neuroinvasive west nile virus infection in a traveler returning from madagascar: clinical, epidemiological and veterinary investigations.abstract. a 58-year-old woman living in reunion island and returning from madagascar was hospitalized for neuroinvasive encephalitis and died 1 month later. west nile virus (wnv) infection was biologically confirmed by detection of immunoglobulin m (igm) reactive with wnv antigens in both cerebrospinal fluid and serum, and weak neutralizing activity was also detected. a veterinary survey performed in her traveling area showed a seroprevalence of wnv of 28.7% (95% confidence interval [ci] = 21.1- ...201323751400
west nile virus transmission in sentinel chickens and potential mosquito vectors, senegal river delta, 2008-2009.west nile virus (wnv) is an arthropod-borne flavivirus usually transmitted to wild birds by culex mosquitoes. humans and horses are susceptible to wnv but are dead-end hosts. wnv is endemic in senegal, particularly in the senegal river delta. to assess transmission patterns and potential vectors, entomological and sentinel serological was done in ross bethio along the river senegal. three sentinel henhouses (also used as chicken-baited traps) were set at 100 m, 800 m, and 1,300 m from the river, ...201324084679
genetic and environmental factors associated with laboratory rearing affect survival and assortative mating but not overall mating success in anopheles gambiae sensu stricto.anopheles gambiae sensu stricto, the main vector of malaria in africa, is characterized by its vast geographical range and complex population structure. assortative mating amongst the reproductively isolated cryptic forms that co-occur in many areas poses unique challenges for programs aiming to decrease malaria incidence via the release of sterile or genetically-modified mosquitoes. importantly, whether laboratory-rearing affects the ability of an. gambiae individuals of a given cryptic taxa to ...201324391719
analysis of the olive fruit fly bactrocera oleae transcriptome and phylogenetic classification of the major detoxification gene families.the olive fruit fly bactrocera oleae has a unique ability to cope with olive flesh, and is the most destructive pest of olives worldwide. its control has been largely based on the use of chemical insecticides, however, the selection of insecticide resistance against several insecticides has evolved. the study of detoxification mechanisms, which allow the olive fruit fly to defend against insecticides, and/or phytotoxins possibly present in the mesocarp, has been hampered by the lack of genomic i ...201323824998
temephos resistance in aedes aegypti in colombia compromises dengue vector control.control and prevention of dengue relies heavily on the application of insecticides to control dengue vector mosquitoes. in colombia, application of the larvicide temephos to the aquatic breeding sites of aedes aegypti is a key part of the dengue control strategy. resistance to temephos was recently detected in the dengue-endemic city of cucuta, leading to questions about its efficacy as a control tool. here, we characterize the underlying mechanisms and estimate the operational impact of this re ...201324069492
acetylcholinesterase of the sand fly, phlebotomus papatasi (scopoli): cdna sequence, baculovirus expression, and biochemical properties.millions of people and domestic animals around the world are affected by leishmaniasis, a disease caused by various species of flagellated protozoans in the genus leishmania that are transmitted by several sand fly species. insecticides are widely used for sand fly population control to try to reduce or interrupt leishmania transmission. zoonotic cutaneous leishmaniasis caused by l. major is vectored mainly by phlebotomus papatasi (scopoli) in asia and africa. organophosphates comprise a class o ...201323379291
phase iii clinical trials comparing the immunogenicity and safety of the vero cell-derived japanese encephalitis vaccine encevac with those of mouse brain-derived vaccine by using the beijing-1 strain.the immunogenicity and safety of an inactivated cell culture japanese encephalitis vaccine (cc-jev) were compared with those of an inactivated mouse brain-derived japanese encephalitis vaccine (mb-jev) in phase iii clinical multicenter trials conducted in children. the vaccines contain the same japanese encephalitis virus strain, the beijing-1 strain. two independent clinical trials (trials 1 and 2) were conducted. trial 1 was conducted in 468 healthy children. each subject was injected with 17 ...201324334689
simple life-history traits explain key effective population size ratios across diverse taxa.effective population size (ne) controls both the rate of random genetic drift and the effectiveness of selection and migration, but it is difficult to estimate in nature. in particular, for species with overlapping generations, it is easier to estimate the effective number of breeders in one reproductive cycle (nb) than ne per generation. we empirically evaluated the relationship between life history and ratios of ne, nb and adult census size (n) using a recently developed model (agene) and publ ...201323926150
small rnas tackle large viruses: rna interference-based antiviral defense against dna viruses in insects.the antiviral rna interference (rnai) pathway processes viral double-stranded rna (dsrna) into viral small interfering rnas (vsirna) that guide the recognition and cleavage of complementary viral target rnas. in rna virus infections, viral replication intermediates, dsrna genomes or viral structured rnas have been implicated as dicer-2 substrates. in a recent publication, we demonstrated that a double-stranded dna virus, invertebrate iridescent virus 6, is a target of the drosophila rnai machine ...201323974177
anopheles culicifacies breeding in polluted water bodies in trincomalee district of sri lanka.anopheles culicifacies, the major vector of malaria in sri lanka, is known to breed in clean and clear water. the main objective of the study was to detect the breeding habitat diversity of an. culicifacies.201323958454
ecology and habitat characterization of mosquitoes in saudi arabia.the kingdom of saudi arabia (ksa) contains many of the world's mosquito vectors of parasitic and arboviral diseases. however, few studies addressed their geographic distribution and larval habitat characteristics. we carried out a 14-months mosquito survey in three ksa regions: makkah and al-baha (western) and jezan (south-western). larvae were collected by dipping from various water habitats and adults by cdc light and bg sentinel traps. climatic conditions and physicochemical characteristics o ...201324189671
identification of wild collected mosquito vectors of diseases using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry in jazan province, saudi arabia.thirty-three species of mosquitoes have been reported from the kingdom of saudi arabia. several of these mosquitoes, anopheles gambiae giles s.l., anopheles stephensi liston, culex pipiens linnaeus, culex quinquefasciatus say, culex tritaeniorhynchus giles, stegomyia aegypti (linnaeus) and aedimorphus vexans arabiensis (patton) are known vectors of human and animal diseases. in this study, the cuticular hydrocarbon profiles of eight mosquito species using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry wer ...201324259205
establishment and characterization of a cell line from the mosquito culex tritaeniorhynchus (diptera: culicidae).we established a continuous cell line from the embryo of the mosquito culex tritaeniorhynchus giles (diptera: culicidae), a known major vector of the japanese encephalitis virus (family flaviviridae, genus flavivirus) in asia. the cell line, designated niid-ctr, was serially subcultured in vp-12 medium supplemented with 10 % heat-inactivated fetal bovine serum (fbs). it continued to grow for more than 60 passages over a 750-d period. the niid-ctr cell line mainly comprised two morphologically di ...201222706601
impact of weather variables on mosquitoes infected with japanese encephalitis virus in kurnool district, andhra pradesh.to assess the virus infection in mosquitoes during different seasons and correlated with various climatic factors.201222546646
distribution of mosquitoes and mosquito-borne viruses along the china-myanmar border in yunnan province.a total of 54,673 mosquitoes were collected at 11 sites located near the china-myanmar border in the western part of yunnan province during july and august 2007. there were 29 species in 4 genera identified from the collections, including 12 species of culex, 12 species of anopheles, 3 species of aedes, and 2 species of armigeres. culex tritaeniorhynchus giles (67.9%, 37,119/54,673) and anopheles sinensis wiedemann (25.9%, 14,170/54,673) were the most abundant species in this investigation. viru ...201222627302
[genotype i japanese encephalitis virus is the main genotype in mosquito in fujian province].to grasp the infection rate and genotypes of japanese encephalitis virus (jev) in mosquito in fujian province.201223002538
insecticide resistance to organophosphates in culex pipiens complex from lebanon.analysis of culex pipiens mosquitoes collected from a single site in lebanon in 2005, revealed an alarming frequency of ace-1 alleles conferring resistance to organophosphate insecticides. following this, in 2006 the majority of municipalities switched to pyrethroids after a long history of organophosphate usage in the country; however, since then no studies have assessed the impact of changing insecticide class on the frequency of resistant ace-1 alleles in c. pipiens.201222759898
mosquito species composition and plasmodium vivax infection rates for korean army bases near the demilitarized zone in the republic of korea, 2011.vivax malaria is a significant military and civilian health threat in northern republic of korea (rok). mosquito collections were performed at two rok army installations, paju near the demilitarized zone (dmz) using black light traps in 2011. the dmz, a 4 km wide border, is the northernmost point of the rok and separates the rok from the democratic people's republic of korea (dprk). anopheles spp. were identified by polymerase chain reaction and screened for plasmodium vivax sporozoites. of 4,35 ...201223243112
mesoniviridae: a proposed new family in the order nidovirales formed by a single species of mosquito-borne viruses.recently, two independent surveillance studies in côte d'ivoire and vietnam, respectively, led to the discovery of two mosquito-borne viruses, cavally virus and nam dinh virus, with genome and proteome properties typical for viruses of the order nidovirales. using a state-of-the-art approach, we show that the two insect nidoviruses are (i) sufficiently different from other nidoviruses to represent a new virus family, and (ii) related to each other closely enough to be placed in the same virus sp ...201222527862
genetic sex separation of the malaria vector, anopheles arabiensis, by exposing eggs to dieldrin.the sterile insect technique (sit) has been used with success for suppressing or eliminating important insect pests of agricultural or veterinary importance. in order to develop sit for mosquitoes, female elimination prior to release is essential as they are the disease-transmitting sex. a genetic sexing strain (gss) of anopheles arabiensis was created based on resistance to dieldrin, and methods of sex separation at the egg stage were developed. the use of this strain for sit will require sexua ...201222713308
exploring marine cyanobacteria for lead compounds of pharmaceutical importance.the ocean, which is called the "mother of origin of life," is also the source of structurally unique natural products that are mainly accumulated in living organisms. cyanobacteria are photosynthetic prokaryotes used as food by humans. they are excellent source of vitamins and proteins vital for life. several of these compounds show pharmacological activities and are helpful for the invention and discovery of bioactive compounds, primarily for deadly diseases like cancer, acquired immunodeficien ...201222545008
genome organization, phylogenies, expression patterns, and three-dimensional protein models of two acetylcholinesterase genes from the red flour beetle.since the report of a paralogous acetylcholinesterase (ache, ec3.1.1.7) gene in the greenbug (schizaphis graminum) in 2002, two different ache genes (ace1 and ace2) have been identified in each of at least 27 insect species. however, the gene models of ace1 and ace2, and their molecular properties have not yet been comprehensively analyzed in any insect species. in this study, we sequenced the full-length cdnas, computationally predicted the corresponding three-dimensional protein models, and pr ...201222359679
rapid intraspecific evolution of mirna and sirna genes in the mosquito aedes aegypti.rna silencing, or rna interference (rnai) in metazoans mediates development, reduces viral infection and limits transposon mobility. rna silencing involves 21-30 nucleotide rnas classified into microrna (mirna), exogenous and endogenous small interfering rnas (sirna), and piwi-interacting rna (pirna). knock-out, silencing and mutagenesis of genes in the exogenous sirna (exo-sirna) regulatory network demonstrate the importance of this rnai pathway in antiviral immunity in drosophila and mosquitoe ...201223028502
north american birds as potential amplifying hosts of japanese encephalitis virus.japanese encephalitis virus (jev) is an emerging arbovirus, and inter-continental spread is an impending threat. the virus is maintained in a transmission cycle between mosquito vectors and vertebrate hosts, including birds. we detected variation in interspecies responses among north american birds to infection with strains of two different jev genotypes (i and iii). several native north american passerine species and ring-billed gulls had the highest average peak viremia titers after inoculatio ...201222927494
effectiveness of the viet nam produced, mouse brain-derived, inactivated japanese encephalitis vaccine in northern viet nam.japanese encephalitis (je) is a flaviviral disease of public health concern in many parts of asia. je often occurs in large epidemics, has a high case-fatality ratio and, among survivors, frequently causes persistent neurological sequelae and mental disabilities. in 1997, the vietnamese government initiated immunization campaigns targeting all children aged 1-5 years. three doses of a locally-produced, mouse brain-derived, inactivated je vaccine (mbv) were given. this study aims at evaluating th ...201223272262
japanese encephalitis virus in mosquitoes and swine in yunnan province, china 2009-2010.the residential regions of yunnan province, canton of jing hong, in china were surveyed for japanese encephalitis virus (jev) infection in mosquito and swine vectors to determine the frequency of jev-carrying zoonotic vectors in 2009-2010. a total of 21,500 mosquitoes were collected and divided by species, and brain tissue was collected from 108 stillborn piglets. the infection rates for the different jev species were 13.2% for culex tritaeniorhynchus, 2.7% for anopheles sinensis, 0.7% for armig ...201223199264
larval ecology of mosquitoes in sylvatic arbovirus foci in southeastern senegal.although adult mosquito vectors of sylvatic arbovirus [yellow fever (yfv), dengue-2 (denv-2) and chikungunya (chikv)] have been studied for the past 40 years in southeastern senegal, data are still lacking on the ecology of larval mosquitoes in this area. in this study, we investigated the larval habitats of mosquitoes and characterized their seasonal and spatial dynamics in arbovirus foci.201223216815
the involvement of microglial cells in japanese encephalitis infections.despite the availability of effective vaccines, japanese encephalitis virus (jev) infections remain a leading cause of encephalitis in many asian countries. the virus is transmitted to humans by culex mosquitoes, and, while the majority of human infections are asymptomatic, up to 30% of je cases admitted to hospital die and 50% of the survivors suffer from neurological sequelae. microglia are brain-resident macrophages that play key roles in both the innate and adaptive immune responses in the c ...201222919405
ecological niche modeling to estimate the distribution of japanese encephalitis virus in asia.culex tritaeniorhynchus is the primary vector of japanese encephalitis virus (jev), a leading cause of encephalitis in asia. jev is transmitted in an enzootic cycle involving large wading birds as the reservoirs and swine as amplifying hosts. the development of a jev vaccine reduced the number of je cases in regions with comprehensive childhood vaccination programs, such as in japan and the republic of korea. however, the lack of vaccine programs or insufficient coverage of populations in other ...201222724030
occurrence of japanese encephalitis virus mosquito vectors in relation to urban pig holdings.japanese encephalitis virus (jev) is transmitted to humans from pigs or birds by mosquitoes. in this study, the association between urban pig keeping and mosquito vectors was analyzed. a total of 7, 419 mosquitoes were collected overnight in urban households with and without pigs in can tho city, vietnam. the most prevalent vectors were culex tritaeniorhynchus (36%), cx. gelidus (24%), and cx. quinquefasciatus (15%), which were present in all parts of the city. pigs were associated with increase ...201223033401
salinity-tolerant larvae of mosquito vectors in the tropical coast of jaffna, sri lanka and the effect of salinity on the toxicity of bacillus thuringiensis to aedes aegypti larvae.dengue, chikungunya, malaria, filariasis and japanese encephalitis are common mosquito-borne diseases endemic to sri lanka. aedes aegypti and aedes albopictus, the major vectors of dengue, were recently shown to undergo pre-imaginal development in brackish water bodies in the island. a limited survey of selected coastal localities of the jaffna district in northern sri lanka was carried out to identify mosquito species undergoing pre-imaginal development in brackish and saline waters. the effect ...201223174003
novel ache inhibitors for sustainable insecticide resistance management.resistance to insecticides has become a critical issue in pest management and it is particularly chronic in the control of human disease vectors. the gravity of this situation is being exacerbated since there has not been a new insecticide class produced for over twenty years. reasoned strategies have been developed to limit resistance spread but have proven difficult to implement in the field. here we propose a new conceptual strategy based on inhibitors that preferentially target mosquitoes al ...201223056599
rapid molecular detection methods for arboviruses of livestock of importance to northern europe.arthropod-borne viruses (arboviruses) have been responsible for some of the most explosive epidemics of emerging infectious diseases over the past decade. their impact on both human and livestock populations has been dramatic. the early detection either through surveillance or diagnosis of virus will be a critical feature in responding and resolving the emergence of such epidemics in the future. although some of the most important emerging arboviruses are human pathogens, this paper aims to high ...201222219660
evaluation of aqueous and ethanol extract of bioactive medicinal plant, cassia didymobotrya (fresenius) irwin & barneby against immature stages of filarial vector, culex quinquefasciatus say (diptera: culicidae).to evaluate aqueous and ethanol extract of cassia didymobotrya leaves against immature stages of culex quinquefasciatus.201223569999
repellent properties of cardiospermum halicacabum linn. (family: sapindaceae) plant leaf extracts against three important vector mosquitoes.to determine repellent activity of hexane, ethyl acetate, benzene, chloroform and methanol extract of cardiospermum halicacabum (c. halicacabum) against culex quinquefasciatus (cx. quinquefasciatus), aedes aegypti (ae. aegypti) and anopheles stephensi (an. stephensi).201223569979
global climate change and its potential impact on disease transmission by salinity-tolerant mosquito vectors in coastal zones.global climate change can potentially increase the transmission of mosquito vector-borne diseases such as malaria, lymphatic filariasis, and dengue in many parts of the world. these predictions are based on the effects of changing temperature, rainfall, and humidity on mosquito breeding and survival, the more rapid development of ingested pathogens in mosquitoes and the more frequent blood feeds at moderately higher ambient temperatures. an expansion of saline and brackish water bodies (water wi ...201222723781
a review of the invasive mosquitoes in europe: ecology, public health risks, and control options.there has been growing interest in europe in recent years in the establishment and spread of invasive mosquitoes, notably the incursion of aedes albopictus through the international trade in used tires and lucky bamboo, with onward spread within europe through ground transport. more recently, five other non-european aedine mosquito species have been found in europe, and in some cases populations have established locally and are spreading. concerns have been raised about the involvement of these ...201222448724
a diagnostic algorithm to serologically differentiate west nile virus from japanese encephalitis virus infections and its validation in field surveillance of poultry and horses.abstract the detection of west nile virus (wnv) in areas endemic for japanese encephalitis virus (jev) is complicated by the extensive serological cross-reactivity between the two viruses. a testing algorithm was developed and employed for the detection of anti-wnv antibody in areas endemic for jev. using this differentiation algorithm, a serological survey of poultry (2004 through 2009) and horses (2007 through 2009) was performed. among 2681 poultry sera, 125 samples were interpreted as bein ...201222217162
reverse transcription loop-mediated isothermal amplification for rapid detection of japanese encephalitis virus in swine and mosquitoes.japanese encephalitis (je) can infect many agriculturally important animals and humans, and has a high incidence in asia. one of the natural hosts of the mosquito-borne je virus (jev) is domestic pigs, which act as amplifier hosts. porcine infection results in fatal encephalitis, abortion, and stillbirth in pregnant sows, and hypospermia in boars. in this study, a rapid jev detection method for swine and mosquitoes was developed based on reverse transcription loop-mediated isothermal amplificati ...201223176446
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