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the systematics of the culex pipiens complex.it was concluded in 1951 that the culex pipiens complex could best be treated as a single polytypic species. since then observations on morphologically and biologically intermediate forms have strengthened this conclusion. these observations are supported by the results of experimental work on temperature tolerances, winter diapause and mating behaviour and by crossing experiments. discussions of the possible role of cytoplasmic isolating factors in initiating speciation within the complex have ...19675300063
a possible model for speciation by cytoplasmic isolation in the culex pipiens complex.evidence so far available indicates that in the culex pipiens complex there exists a genetic system with unique properties not comparable with those of the chromosomal gene system and probably involved in a mode of speciation peculiar to this complex. in a long series of backcrosses it has been shown that probably every culex pipiens population contains a factor that is inherited through the cytoplasm, the only phenotypic expression of which is the crossability or non-crossability (incompatibili ...19675300064
hybridization in the culex pipiens complex.studies of crosses of different strains of c. p. molestus in widely separated countries have given very similar results: crosses between certain combinations may be fully fertile or partly sterile.in the melbourne area of australia, molestus x fatigans hybrids are common during summer and autumn; a similar situation occurs in kansas, usa. in victoria (australia) cross-breeding between molestus and fatigans is common, but both retain their identity because of the existence of ecological barriers. ...19675300065
population structure in the culex pipiens complex of mosquitos.mosquitos of the culex pipiens complex offer unique opportunities for study of the mechanisms that separate populations and of the possible advantages of the blood-feeding habit. c. pipiens is a polytypic species in which there are at least three major adaptations to environment. the tropical quinquefasciatus (fatigans) is a generalized blood-feeder dependent on the year-round availability of a variety of hosts. the obligate blood-feeding pipiens form of the temperate zone appears to be adapted ...19675300066
[insecticide resistance in culex pipiens fatigans wiedmann]. 19675300067
insecticide-resistance in culex pipiens fatigans.the three main subspecies of the culex pipiens complex-pipiens, fatigans and molestus-have similar "normal" levels of susceptibility to insecticides. c. p. fatigans larvae resemble those of anopheline mosquitos in sensitivity to dieldrin, but are more resistant to ddt; the adults are unusually resistant to chlorinated insecticides, but do not differ greatly from other species of mosquito in susceptibility to organophosphorus compounds.there is evidence of conversion of ddt to dde in c. p. fatiga ...19675300068
occurrence and distribution of the culex pipiens complex.culex pipiens is the most widely distributed species of mosquito in the world, the typical form being found in temperate regions and the subspecies, fatigans, in the tropics. fatigans is morphologically and biologically uniform in different geographical regions, whereas c. p. pipiens is very variable. where the two forms come into contact, hybrid swarms occur. the only clear distinction between the two forms is in the nature of the male genitalia.molestus should not be considered to be distinct ...19675300069
the present status of control of culex pipiens fatigans.at present, larvicidal attack is the only feasible measure for the control of culex pipiens fatigans. however, in the cities of the tropics, which are the principal sites of the filariasis problem, this has usually been a losing battle. the proper method of larval control is to eliminate the breeding sites; instead there has been a great increase in polluted waters, where c. p. fatigans breed.the present situation in the control of this subspecies represents a victory for the adaptive powers of ...19675300070
larvicides and larvicidal formulations for the control of culex pipiens fatigans.it is generally agreed that no single approach can solve the culex pipiens fatigans problem at present. the use of larvicides must be integrated and co-ordinated with control techniques utilizing sanitary measures and, in suitable habitats, the use of predacious fish.in the testing of larvicides, factors such as mammalian toxicity and the persistence of toxic residues are important. organochlorine larvicides persist and accumulate in food-chain organisms, but organophosphorus compounds readily d ...19675300071
observations on the habits and control of culex pipiens fatigans in guyana.investigations in guyana in 1961-63 showed that wuchereria bancrofti was the only filarial parasite causing elephantiasis and that culex pipiens fatigans was the primary vector. mansonia titillans and anopheles aquasalis were found to be secondary vectors.c. p. fatigans bred primarily in pit latrines and secondarily in the clean, confined water of drums and barrels near latrines. no breeding occurred in the relatively clean open water of trenches, ditches and drains.of 21016 mosquitos collected ...19675300072
use of repellents and attractants in filariasis control.the ways in which repellents and attractants could be used to interrupt the transmission of bancroftian filariasis, especially by culex pipiens fatigans, are assessed. dimethyl phthalate (dmp) is an effective repellent against c. p. fatigans. it is also very toxic to all larval stages of wuchereria bancrofti. the median lethal time to microfilariae of a solution of about 0.2% in normal saline is about 10 minutes. other stages are similarly sensitive. contact with dmp in very thin films is almost ...19675300073
[remarks on the transport and handling of culex pipiens fatigans]. 19675300074
studies on the mechanism of ddt-resistance in culex pipiens fatigans.since the appearance of ddt-resistance in houseflies in 1947, over 30 mosquito species have developed resistance to this and other commonly used insecticides. much knowledge has been gained concerning the mechanism of resistance in insects but, in general, this phenomenon cannot be explained in terms of a single factor common to all resistant species.enzymic detoxication of ddt to dde has been found in the study reported to be a major factor in the resistance of several mosquito species, particu ...19675301740
effects of sublethal doses of ddt on the reproduction and susceptibility of culex pipiens l.the effect of non-selecting doses of ddt on the induction of resistance was investigated in the house mosquito, culex pipiens. sublethal doses of ddt were applied to the adults in each generation, at levels which just fell short of causing mortality in these adults. a susceptible strain, a ddt-resistant strain, and a slightly ddt-tolerant strain were so treated for 6-7 generations.it was found that the treatment initially caused approximately 25% of the ovaries to degenerate, and reduced the pro ...19685302336
[culex pipiens fatigans weidemann in west africa, its eventual role in the transmission of bancroft filariasis and its sensitivity to insecticides]. 19685302339
comparative studies on some morphological and physiological characters of the culex pipiens complex of japan and southern asia. 19675303495
the studies of the behavior of culex pipiens fatigans with special reference to dispersal, mating and feeding. 19675303606
dieldrin and ddt resistance of culex pipiens fatigans in thailand. 19675303607
susceptibility of larvae of culex pipiens fatigans to organophosphorous insecticides in thailand. 19675303608
results of fenitrothion selection of culex pipiens fatigans wied. and anopheles albimanus wied.laboratory selection of culex pipiens fatigans (=c. quinquefasciatus) and anopheles albimanus by fenitrothion pressure for 30 and 25 generations, respectively, resulted in only 2.2-fold and 1.1-fold increases in tolerance to this compound. cross-resistance to arprocarb in culex increased 12.2-fold but smaller increases in tolerance to fenthion, malathion, ddt, and dieldrin, may be manifestations of vigour tolerance. since the essential conditions for selection are believed to have been fulfilled ...19695306322
duration of sterility induced in males of the tropical house mosquito, culex pipiens fatigans wiedemann, by the chemosterilants apholate and tepa.various alkylating and non-alkylating agents are known to induce sterility in culex pipiens fatigans, but the duration of the sterilizing effect they produce had not so far been studied for this species. the authors therefore investigated the duration of sterility induced by the alkylating chemosterilants apholate and tepa in c. p. fatigans, second-instar larvae being exposed to 10 ppm apholate or pupae to 3570 ppm tepa. they found that, in experiments in which treated males were mated once only ...19695306544
mechanisms of resistance to fenthion in culex pipiens fatigans wied.one of the insecticides of choice to control the mosquito culex pipiens fatigans, a vector of bancroftian filariasis, is fenthion. the mechanism of resistance to this insecticide which could develop in c. p. fatigans was investigated in a strain from rangoon, burma, made 8 times more fenthion-resistant than normal by laboratory selection, by exposing the larvae to (32)p-fenthion and examining the metabolites.larvae of the resistant strain were found to absorb about half as much fenthion as those ...19695306624
exposure time versus concentration in the who standard test for mosquito resistance to chlorohydrocarbon insecticides.in order that the who standard test for mosquitos may yield a median lethal dose value (lc(50)) in the case of highly tolerant species and resistant strains, it is necessary to increase the exposure period. the experiments described in this paper, done with a ddt-tolerant strain of culex pipiens fatigans, show that doubling the exposure period has the same effect as doubling the ddt concentration, since it doubles the uptake of ddt into the mosquitos, and has the result of halving the lc(50) obt ...19695306721
genetical linkage of malathio-resistance in culex pipiens l. 19695307427
the effectiveness of ultra-low-volume applications of malathion at a rate of 3 us fluid ounces per acre in controlling aedes aegypti in thailand.ultra-low-volume (ulv) aerial applications of malathion at a rate of 3 us fl oz per acre (219 ml/ha) for the control of aedes aegypti and culex pipiens fatigans were evaluated in 2 areas near bangkok, thailand. a housing project of the royal thai air force received 2 applications a week apart while the village of bang khen received 1 application. bioassays, oil-sensitive red dye cards, landing-rate counts, ovitraps, and light-traps were used to evaluate the effects of the treatment. a comparison ...19705309518
chemosterilization of culex pipiens fatigans wiedemann by exposure of aquatic stages. i. sterilization potential of certain aziridinyl compounds.the sterile-male technique has been considered to be a promising tool for the control of mosquito populations. many chemosterilants are known to sterilize insects effectively in the same way as ionizing radiations. the sterilizing activity of 8 alkylating aziridinyl compounds has been assessed on the tropical house-mosquito, culex pipiens fatigans wiedemann. the chemosterilants employed for larval and pupal treatments were apholate, metepa, tepa and 5 diaziridinyl alkoxyphosphine oxides. in gene ...19695309536
chemosterilization of culex pipiens fatigans wiedemann by exposure of aquatic stages. 2. sterilization potential of certain phosphoramides and s-triazines.many aziridinyl compounds are known to induce high sterility in culex pipiens fatigans wiedemann, but as the practical application of these chemosterilants is quite hazardous, compounds such as phosphoramides and s-triazines have been tried against this species. these compounds are relatively less reactive, thermally more stable and less toxic to mammals. the phosphoramides included hempa, n,n,n',n'-tetramethyl-p-piperidino-phosphonic diamide (ent-51007) and a compound, ent-60210, whose structur ...19695309537
resistance potentialities of aedes aegypti and culex pipiens fatigans to organophosphorus and other insecticides. 19695309539
genetics of cross-resistance to organophosphates, abate, fenitrothion and malathion in larvae of culex pipiens pallens coquillett. 19705310941
studies on the mechanism of ddt resistance in culex pipiens fatigans. lipids of susceptible and resistant strains.the mechanism of ddt resistance in culex pipiens fatigans is poorly understood. earlier studies indicated that the dehydrochlorination of ddt does not explain resistance in this species. studies on the role of lipids as a mechanism of resistance included the estimation of lipid content and the determination of the proportions of different classes of lipids in the larvae of susceptible and resistant strains. there was no evidence of any correlation between the lipid content and ddt resistance in ...19705310957
the mating ability of males of culex pipiens fatigans wiedemann sterilized with apholate or tepa.the chemosterilants apholate and tepa are known to induce a high degree of sterility in the males of culex pipiens fatigans. the studies reported show that 36-hour-old apholate-and tepa-sterilized laboratory-bred males can inseminate the same number of laboratory-bred or wild females as can normal laboratory or wild males in the first 48 hours of their lives. males sterilized by either compound were found to be more competitive in mating with normal laboratory females than were the normal labora ...19705311065
carbamate resistance in mosquitos. the metabolism of propoxur by susceptible and resistant larvae of culex pipiens fatigans.toxicity tests on culex pipiens fatigans with propoxur (o-isopropoxyphenyl methylcarbamate) and carbofuran (2,2-dimethyl-2,3-dihydrobenzofuranyl-7-methylcarbamate) indicated that both compounds are fast-acting insecticides. transfer of treated larvae to fresh water results in their partial recovery from knockdown.propoxur is metabolized by resistant and susceptible larvae by their homogenate-reduced nicotinamide-adenine dinucleotide phosphate (nadph(2)) enzyme system and by the microsome-plus-so ...19705312255
the salivary gland chromosomes of culex pipiens fatigans wiedemann. 19705313051
laboratory studies on radiation-induced dominant lethality in sperms in population control of the mosquito culex pipiens fatigans wied. 19705313095
inheritance of resistance to fenthion in culex pipiens fatigans wied.the insecticide fenthion, which shows great promise for controlling the filariasis vector culex pipiens fatigans, has been found in the laboratory to induce a certain amount of resistance. as the biochemical nature of fenthion resistance was known to be due to an increase in a particular esterase activity, the inheritance of the character was investigated in the present study. it was found to be mainly due to a single slightly recessive gene associated with linkage-group 2, and the increase in d ...19705313263
studies on culex pipiens molestus in israel. iv. desensitization attempts on children showing strophulus-like skin eruptions following bites of the mosquito. 19695349688
lipids of culex pipiens fatigans during metamorphosis. 19695359070
divided-eye, a sex-linked mutation in culex pipiens l. 19695360487
esterase isozymes in the mosquito culex pipiens fatigans. developmental and genetic variation. 19695374168
biological studies of culex pipiens in the nile-delta. i. screening to filarial infection. 19695374587
assays of juvenile hormone activity in soy bean meal on the larvae of culex pipiens molestus forsk. 19695388093
laboratory colonisation of culex pipiens fatigans wied. 19695400696
[evaluation in field studies of the effectiveness of 2 organo-phosphate insecticides, abate and drusban, against the larvae of culex pipiens fatigans weidemann, 1828]. 19695400835
crowding effect on the growth of filarial larvae (wuchereria bancrofti) inside the insect vector (culex pipiens fatigans). 19695401883
effects of gamma rays on eggs of culex pipiens fatigans, wied, 1928. 19695407737
thalidomide as a mutagenic agent in the mosquito (culex pipiens molestus). 19705431163
studies on the control of mosquitoes in egypt by means of chemosterilants. ii. chemosterilization of culex pipiens by tepa and hempa. 19705437455
incorporation of tritiated thymidine in male and female mosquitoes, culex pipiens with particular reference to spermatogenesis. 19705438064
quantitative experiments on the vector capability of culex (culex) pipiens fatigans wiedemann with west nile and sindbis viruses. 19705451045
[evaluation on a large scale of dursban and abate for the control of larvas of culex pipiens fatigans wiedemann, 1828, in the town of bobo-dioulasso (upper volta)]. 19705464549
genetics of ddt resistance in culex pipiens fatigans. 19705469125
studies on the control of mosquitoes in egypt by means of chemosterilants. 3. sterilization of anopheles pharoensis and culex pipiens by metepa. 19705475199
[testing of methylnitrophos in water reservoirs for larvae of culex pipiens in moscow]. 19705482474
laboratory and field studies of the southern house mosquito, culex pipiens quinquefasciatus say, infected with the dog heartworm, dirofilaria immitis (leidy), in louisiana. 19705485388
relationship between filtering activity and ingestion of solids by larvae of the mosquito culex pipiens: a method for assessing phagostimulant factors. 19705501239
continued susceptibility of culex pipiens quinquefasciatus to petroleum hydrocarbons. 19705508367
[the biology and ecology of the culex pipiens pipiens l. mosquitoes of odessa and environs]. 19705511252
[experimental infection of culicidae family mosquitoes with entomophthorosis. ii. entomophthorosis susceptibility of the preimaginal phases of development and adults of culex pipiens l. mosquitoes]. 19705516303
[the toxicity of methylnitrophos for culex pipiens molestus mosquito larvae]. 19705516306
[structure and development of the integument and the oenocytes of culex pipiens l. (dipt.)]. 19705521465
crowding effect on the survival of infective stage filarial larvae wuchereria bancrofti inside the insect vector culex pipiens fatigans. 19705525720
culex pipiens and aedes aegypti: whole body extracts and development of plasmodium gallinaceum in aedes aegypti. 19715545024
disc-electrophoretic analysis of some members of the culex pipiens complex. 19715554998
ultrastructural investigation of the melanization process in culex pipiens (culicidae) in response to a nematode. 19715568354
inherited semisterility for control of harmful insects. i. productions of semisterility due to translocation in the mosquito, culex pipiens l., by x-rays. 19715581127
resistance to ddt isomers in culex pipiens fatigans. 19675583091
[synthesis of bytex and its insecticidal properties for culex pipiens l. mosquitoes]. 19675609993
[the status of knowledge of mosquitoes of the culex pipiens complex and tasks of research in the soviet union]. 19675612810
[on ecologo-biological characteristics of population of culex pipiens l. in localities near moscow]. 19675618836
[on morphology, taxonomy and biology of the moscow country-side population of culex pipiens l. 1. on morphology and taxonomy of culex-pipiens l]. 19675618837
preliminary observations on oviposition by culex pipiens fatigans and the hatching of eggs following blood meal containing microfilariae (wuchereria bancrofti). 19675629560
[infection of culex pipiens autogenicus roubaud from france with an american strain of wuchereria bancrofti]. 19675632557
metabolism of insecticides by culex pipiens quinquefasciatus. i. in vivo metabolism of ddt by larvae. 19685642115
changes in fatty acid composition of culex pipiens pipiens during hibernation. 19685655799
toxicity, pick-up and metabolism of p,p'-ddt and related compounds in culex pipiens fatigans and aedes aegypti. 19685666035
[sensitivity to insecticides of culex pipiens fatigans in west africa]. 19685678521
structure and protective devices of the egg of the mosquito culex pipiens. 19685688893
the effect of temperature and photoperiod on blood-feeding and ovarian development in mosquitoes of the culex pipiens complex. 19685688903
linkage of gold, its recessive lethality and sex-related variation in crossing-over in culex pipiens (diptera: culicidae). 19685699833
accessory glands of female culex pipiens quinquefasciatus say and autogenous culex pipiens pipiens l. (diptera, culicidae): appearance and behavior in relation to oögenesis. 19685699967
[salivary gland chromosomes of the mosquito culex pipiens. i. the normal chromosome complement]. 19685711092
susceptibility of the filaria vector mosquito culex pipiens to insecticides in egypt, u.a.r. 19685728816
[experimental infection of canaries with plasmodium cathemerium hartman, 1927, by bites of infected mosquitoes (culex pipiens l) and by inoculation of isolated sporozoites]. 19685731191
[findings on seasonal incidence changes, gonotrophic cycle and longevity of culex pipiens fatigans in rio de janeiro city]. 19685731918
[gonotrophic cycle in culex mosquitoes. ii. some characteristics of the status of ovaries in hibernating females culex pipiens pipiens l]. 19685732630
[on biology of culex pipiens mosquitoes of the moscow country-side]. 19685734359
development of foleyella philistinae schacher and khalil, 1967 (nematoda: filarioidea) in culex pipiens molestus with notes on pathology in the arthropod. 19685757676
resistance to chlorinated hydrocarbons in culex pipiens quinquefasciatus in egypt. 19695778309
[contribution to the knowledge of changes in body weight, water content, organic and inorganic substances in mosquitoes culex pipiens molestus forsk. grown under laboratory conditions]. 19695792266
studies on the phospholipase a in larvae of culex pipiens fatigans. 19695795921
the laboratory infection of culex pipiens complex with brugia pahangi. 19695820855
vectorial capacity of culex pipiens fatigans in ceylon. 19655839004
[experimental cycle of wuchereria bancrofti in culex pipiens ssp fatigans wiedmann in majunga]. 19655840831
[a red-eyed mutant of culex pipiens l]. 19645856354
culex pipiens molestus as a laboratory vector of brugia pahangi. 19655857281
acriflavin-induced loss of kinetoplast deoxyribonucleic acid in crithidia fasciculata (culex pipiens strain). 19655884646
development and characterization of resistance to o-isopropoxyphenyl methylcarbamate in the mosquito culex pipiens quinquefasciatus say. 19655885961
variation in crossing-over between two autosomal loci in males of culex pipiens. 19665925487
inheritance of a lethal affecting larval antennae in culex pipiens l. (diptera: culicidae). 19665926341
studies on culex pipiens molestus in israel. i. clinical observations on the bite reaction in man. 19665934927
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