Publications

binding of western equine encephalomyelitis virus to brush border fragments isolated from mesenteronal epithelial cells of mosquitoes.	brush border fragments (bbf) were isolated from mesenteronal epithelial cells of mosquitoes that are either susceptible (ws culex tarsalis) or refractory (wr cx. tarsalis; culex pipiens) to peroral infection by western equine encephalomyelitis (wee) virus. the isolated bbf were combined with radiolabeled wee virus in a binding assay to compare the amount of virus bound by bbf from susceptible and refractory mosquitoes. bbf and wee virus were mixed in a microcentrifuge tube, incubated for 1 h and ...	1990	2291333
transfer of the toxin protein genes of bacillus sphaericus into bacillus thuringiensis subsp. israelensis and their expression.	the genes encoding the toxic determinants of bacillus sphaericus have been expressed in a nontoxic and a toxic strain of bacillus thuringiensis subsp. israelensis. in both cases, the b. sphaericus toxin proteins were produced at a high level during sporulation of b. thuringiensis and accumulated as crystalline structures. b. thuringiensis transformants expressing b. sphaericus and b. thuringiensis subsp. israelensis toxins did not show a significant enhancement of toxicity against aedes aegypti, ...	1990	2306087
characterization of amplification core and esterase b1 gene responsible for insecticide resistance in culex.	organophosphorus insecticide (op) resistance in several culex species is associated with increased esterase activity resulting from amplification of the corresponding structural gene. in culex pipiens quinquefasciatus, high levels of op resistance (approximately 800 times) are due to the esterase b1 gene, which is amplified at least 250-fold. this gene has now been sequenced, and the structure of the amplification unit (amplicon) encompassing the structural gene has been partially characterized. ...	1990	2320576
control of culex pipiens by bacillus sphaericus and role of nontarget arthropods in its recycling.	bacillus sphaericus was used to control culex pipiens breeding in a water treatment settling basin near montpellier, france. four treatments with 4 liters/ha (3.6 lb/acre) of commercially available b. sphaericus formulation (vectolex) reduced the larval population of cx. pipiens with 50-600 spores of b. sphaericus/ml recorded in the treated portions of the water plant 14 days following the last treatment. natural recycling of the bacteria was shown to take place at the water surface where germin ...	1990	2324725
chromosomal organization of the amplified esterase b1 gene in organophosphate-resistant culex pipiens quinquefasciatus say (diptera, culicidae).	in culex pipiens quinquefasciatus from california, high resistance to organophosphorus insecticides is due to an increased production of the detoxifying esterase b1 resulting from a 250-fold amplification of the structural gene. the chromosomal organization of this amplified gene was studied by in situ hybridization techniques. esterase b1 gene copies were found to be clustered on a single chromosome, tentatively identified as chromosome ii.	1990	2332161
methacrylate embedding as a new technique for histopathological studies on the effect of bacillus thuringiensis against culex pipiens.	studies on the pathogen bacillus thuringiensis in egypt and its possible role as a biological control agent have been reviewed. more emphasis in research was given to some lepidopterous cotton pests and few other species. histopathological changes in b. thuringiensis treated larvae could be observed in the midgut. the methacrylate embedding technique achieved satisfactory results in concern of better preservation of histological fine details.	1990	2332647
changes in free amino acid concentration in the hemolymph of the female culex pipiens pallens (diptera: culicidae), after a blood meal.	the analysis of the free amino acids in the hemolymph of female culex pipiens pallens l. indicated that asparagine, glutamine, glycine, leucine, serine, threonine, tyrosine, and valine noticeably increased in concentration during a blood meal digestion at 22 degrees c. the concentrations started to rise at about 4 h, reaching maximal level at 12-24 h, and then gradually returned to the prefeeding level by the fifth day after the blood meal. before the sharp increase, the concentrations of aspara ...	1990	2332874
cytochemical studies of developmental stages during oogenesis in culex pipiens molestus (forskål). i. lipids and carbohydrates.	lipids and carbohydrates were studied in the polytrophic ovaries of culex pipiens molestus during oogenesis. the cytoplasm of both the oocyte and the nurse cells contains lipid structures at all stages of development--granules in the early stages and spheres in the later stages. intranuclear lipid bodies can be demonstrated in the oocyte and in the nurse cells. after leaving the nucleus, lipids are deposited in the peripheral cytoplasm. from the third to the seventh adult phase, lipid granules a ...	1990	2341083
[the mass rearing of the mermithid nematode romanomermis culicivorax].	the procedure of mass laboratory rearing of mermithid nematode romanomermis culicivorax, a parasite of mosquito larvae, is described. culex pipiens molestus larvae are used as a host for cultivation at the host: preparasites ratios of 1:4-1:6, enabling to obtain the greatest mass of nematodes (over 500 mg per 1 thousand of infested mosquito larvae) when the male female ratio in culture was 1:1. this rearing technique allows to obtain on average 350 thousand invasive mermithid preparasites per 1 ...	1990	2352520
aedes albopictus and other container-inhabiting mosquitoes in the united states: results of an eight-city survey.	extensive surveys were conducted in 1987 in baytown, tx; lafayette, shreveport and baton rouge, la; memphis, tn; kansas city, mo; evansville, in; and jacksonville, fl. the program objective was to determine the intensity of aedes albopictus infestations, to evaluate the degree to which ae. albopictus had spread into residential areas, to document habitat selection and to obtain background information for possible suppression or eradication projects. this report describes the survey methods and p ...	1990	2370523
cloning of the gene for the larvicidal toxin of bacillus sphaericus 2362: evidence for a family of related sequences.	during sporulation, bacillus sphaericus 2362 produces a parasporal crystalline protein which is toxic for the larvae of a number of mosquito species. using the escherichia coli cloning vector lambda gt11, in which gene products of the inserts may be fused to beta-galactosidase, we isolated 29 bacteriophages which produced peptides-reacting with antiserum to crystal protein. on the basis of restriction enzyme analyses of the recombinants and ouchterlony immunodiffusion experiments with induced ly ...	1987	2442136
simplified staining in situ of neurosecretory cells of the supraoesophageal ganglion of the female culex pipiens molestus (forskal) (diptera: culicidae).	the author describes the morphology and distribution of the neurosecretory cells in the supraoesophageal ganglion of the adult female culex pipiens molestus, using paraldehyde fuchsin and paraldehyde thionine-paraldehyde fuchsin as vital staining techniques. the brain of culex pipiens molestus has three regions (the proto-, deuto- and tritocerebrum) in which principally two types of neurosecretory cells (a and b) can be detected. both a (dark) and b (light) cells are to be found in the protocere ...	1989	2481634
[sensitivity of mosquito larvae to insecticides in the region of tunis in 1984 and 1988].	three pesticides were tested in the laboratory (chlorpirifos, temephos and fenthion) against culex pipiens larvae. the study was conducted in the area of tunis during the years 1984 to 1988. after several years of treatment with there organophosphoric compounds, the resistance rates reached by the treated larval population never exceeded 15, which is much lower than the rates observed in other countries.	1989	2482709
contribution to the developmental cycle and taxonomy of neoglyphe sobolevi shaldybin, 1953 (trematoda: omphalometridae).	in europe, the life cycle of the trematode n. sobolevi was studied for the first time. following developmental stages are described in detail: daughter sporocysts, cercariae, metacercariae, adults. snails galba corvus and lymnaea stagnalis were found to be the first intermediate hosts in nature. metacercariae were obtained experimentally from larvae of the mosquitoes culex pipiens molestus, adults from the intestine of hamsters (mesocricetus auratus) and mice (mus musculus). this is the first fi ...	1989	2488047
insect growth regulators: i. biological activity of some igr's against the susceptible and resistant strains of culex pipiens larvae. ii. pattern of cross resistance to igr's in carbaryl-resistant strain.	the biological activity and cross-resistance of some igr's, dimilin, bay sir 8514 and chlorofluzuron against susceptible and carbaryl-resistant strains of culex pipiens were determined. the results indicated that these compounds are highly effective against the larvae of c. pipiens but more potent larvicides against the susceptible larvae than against the resistant ones. the pattern of cross-resistance to the used igr's in the carbaryl-resistant strain were obtained. the data revealed no three i ...	1989	2504825
ultrastructural effects of macrotetrolides of streptomyces griseus lks-1 in tissues of culex pipiens larvae.	the isolate of macrotetrolides produced by streptomyces griseus strain lks-1 was tested in its effect on the ultrastructure of larvae of culex pipiens autogenicus. changes were mainly in mitochondria where the cristae were destroyed and the outer membrane inflated. the endoplasmic reticulum was vacuolized and subsequently the nuclear membranes were seriously affected. microvilli of the midgut epithelial cells and the surface membrane of these cells were unaltered and there were no changes in the ...	1989	2509144
studies on the efficacy and persistence of the microbial agent bacillus sphaericus against larvae of culex pipiens pallens.	this paper evaluates the efficacy of the bacterial larvicide bacillus sphaericus strains bs-10 and c3-41, which are isolated in china, as well as bs2362 against larvae of culex pipiens pallens in laboratory and under field conditions. the results indicate that c3-41 has the highest toxicity with lc50 at 0.0057 ppm and the bacterial formulations are more effective in light polluted water than in heavy polluted one, but the action of b. sphaericus could persist longer in more polluted water.	1989	2512071
rapid microtitre plate test distinguishes insecticide resistant acetylcholinesterase genotypes in the mosquitoes anopheles albimanus, an. nigerrimus and culex pipiens.	a rapid method of distinguishing insecticide insensitive acetylcholinesterase (ache) genotypes was applied to three species of mosquitoes. this relies on comparing rates of an ache mediated reaction in the presence and absence of insecticides which are inhibitors, using a kinetic microtitre plate reader. clearer and more rapid resolution between genotypes was achieved than with previous assays which measure the amount of product formed at a fixed end-point. results are presented for the f1s from ...	1989	2519652
transmission of rift valley fever virus by different geographic strains of culex pipiens in egypt.	previous investigations have delt with colonized cx. pipiens and rvf virus interactions. this study evaluated the vector competence of parental cx. pipiens populations for rvf virus and investigated variations in the vector competence among different geographic strains of this mosquito in egypt. cx. pipiens females were fed on viremic hamsters circulating 9.4-10.5 log10 smicld50 of virus. mosquito samples were freezed at different intervals extending between 0-12 days of extrinsic incubation (ei ...	1989	2519963
[a new genus of microsporidans cristulospora gen. n. (amblyospiridae) with 3 new species from blood-sucking mosquitoes in uzbekistan].	three new species of microsporidans of the new genus cristulospora are described from mosquitoes of the genera culex and aedes (floodlands of the syr darya, syrdarya province, bukharskiĭ oasis). in mosquitoes microsporidans have sporogony of two types that is characteristic of the family amblyosporidae. the development in larvae ends in the formation of 8 uninucleate spores in pansporoblasts. in females single binucleate spores are formed. the new genus differs from other amblyosporids in the pr ...	1989	2526316
effect of bacillus sphaericus and bacillus thuringiensis on acid-phosphatase activity of mosquito larvae, culex pipiens and aedes caspius.	the use of bacillus sphaericus and b. thuringiensis h-14 form one of the important group of biological control agent against mosquito larvae. acid phosphatase enzyme plays a significant role in determining susceptibility of mosquito larvae to both bacterial species. biochemical assay showed activation in acid phosphatase in culex pipiens and aedes caspius treated with b. thuringiensis. variation in acid phosphatase activity occurred in both mosquitoes treated with b. sphaericus, while there was ...	1989	2565356
survival estimates for adult culex pipiens in the nile delta.	in an endemic area for wuchereria bancrofti filariasis in the nile delta, survival of adult female culex pipiens was estimated by parity rate, mosquito infection and infectivity rates. infection rates and 4th instar larval populations, as well as infection and parity rates, were linearly correlated. infectivity correlated only with parity rates. these associations corresponded to parallel changes in ambient temperature. although survival calculated from parity rates measured longevity of both in ...	1989	2566270
variation in binding of bacillus sphaericus toxin and wheat germ agglutinin to larval midgut cells of six species of mosquitoes.	bacillus sphaericus toxin labeled with fluorescein isothiocyanate was readily ingested by culex pipiens, aedes aegypti, anopheles stephensi, anopheles gambiae, anopheles quadrimaculatus, and anopheles albimanus larvae. fluorescent toxin bound to the luminal cell surface in discrete regions of the posterior midgut and gastric caecum in c. pipiens. in anopheles spp., toxin bound in a variable pattern to these structures and central and anterior midgut as well. the toxin did not bind to midgut cell ...	1989	2566636
ecologic studies of mosquitoes and birds as hosts of ockelbo virus in sweden and isolation of inkoo and batai viruses from mosquitoes.	field studies were conducted in central sweden from 1983 through 1985 to obtain information on the etiologic agent of ockelbo disease, described in sweden in the 1960s and probably identical to pogosta disease in finland and to karelian fever in the western ussr. mosquitoes (63,644) collected during this 3 year period yielded 21 virus strains. ockelbo virus isolations were from culiseta morsitans (5 strains), culex pipiens and/or cx. torrentium (6 strains), and aedes cinereus (3 strains). inkoo ...	1989	2572178
[multiyear ecologic faunistic research on culicidae in dnepropetrovsk province. 1].	hydrologic characteristic of dnepropetrovsk, which is situated in drought steppe zone, is presented. comparative study of bloodsucking mosquito fauna in 4 regions of the town with different urbanization degree was carried out. the fauna in a town differs considerably from natural biotopes. penetration of forest-steppe and forest mosquitoes into town is explained by the features of the microclimate and hydrologic status of the town. active season of some species lasts longer in town conditions. h ...	1989	2576461
interactions between pesticide genes: model and experiment.	in response to years of intense selection pressure by organophosphate insecticides, several different insecticide resistance mechanisms have evolved in natural populations of the mosquito culex pipiens. we examined interactions between two of the most important mechanisms using a four-compartment model of insecticide pharmacokinetics. the joint effect of different mechanisms of resistance can be expressed in terms of epistasis at the physiological level in this model. the type of epistasis predi ...	1989	2599366
seasonal abundance and control of culex spp. in catch basins in illinois.	street catch basins in western cook county, il, were examined regularly june through august of 1987 to determine their seasonal larval production, adult mosquito harborage and the influence of abiotic factors on the associated mosquito population. only larvae of culex pipiens (63% of total) and cx. restuans (37% of total) were recovered. these 2 species and cx. erraticus were the most frequently collected adults. the abundance of mosquito larvae within catch basins was not correlated with water ...	1989	2614404
growth & toxicity of bacillus thuringiensis var israelensis.	chemically defined media containing glutamic acid, glutamine and aspartic acid at a 20 mm concentration individually supported abundant growth and sporulation of bacillus thuringiensis var israelensis. the parasporal crystals produced in these media were toxic to fourth instar larvae of culex pipiens quinquefasciatus say. the medium containing 20 mm of glutamine induced early sporulation of b. thuringiensis var israelensis. an lc50 value of 3.92 micrograms/l was obtained. calcium alginate and ag ...	1989	2628294
pathology of cyclosporin a in mosquito larvae.	silica gel granules coated with cyclosporin a were used for intoxication of larvae of culex pipiens. pathological changes were evident in all tissues, characterized by the formation of minute vacuoles in the cytoplasm. individual cells were affected to different degrees. the targets of cyclosporin a were mainly mitochondria which inflated their cristae, disintegrated and changed into vacuoles with ghosts of their structures remaining. minor changes were evident in the endoplasmic reticulum and t ...	1989	2635649
[epidemiological surveillance of filariasis after its being basically eradicated in shandong province].	this paper reports the results of epidemiological surveillance in areas where filariasis has been basically eradicated and control measures no longer adopted in shandong province. a 3-year longitudinal surveillance in 18 villages in 5 counties and a cross-sectional survey in 13 villages of 4 counties were carried out. the results showed that the average microfilaria rate was further reduced from 0.28% and 0.15% in 1980 to 0.19% and 0.05% in 1986, decreased by 32.1% and 66.7% respectively. 34.2% ...	1989	2670312
improved filter paper test for detecting and quantifying increased esterase activity in organophosphate-resistant mosquitoes (diptera: culicidae).	a previously described filter paper test procedure for detecting of esterases involved in organophosphate insecticide resistance in the culex pipiens l. complex was modified to permit quantification of esterase activity and resistance in single insects. the new procedure, fp/est test, was used to survey organophosphate resistance in 11 field collections from seven states. clear discrimination of increased activity was possible by visual inspection and by densitometric analysis. the proportion of ...	1989	2708625
estimates of egyptian culcine longevity in nature altered by fluctuations in biting population density.	estimates of vectorial capacity (vc) depend upon longevity of mosquito field populations, and expected longevity is estimated from the parity rate of the population. seasonal variation in parity rates confound estimates of longevity which may not reflect actual population survival but are induced by changes in the rate of emergence of female mosquitoes. by comparing parity rates and biting activity in natural population of 2 culicine mosquitoes, culex pipiens and cx. antennatus, we found that pa ...	1989	2708852
[the appearance of the culex pipiens molestus forsk. mosquito (diptera: culicidae) in the town of pechora (komi, assr)].	for the first time there were revealed man-attacking culex pipiens molestus breeding in the basements of residential houses with an impaired water-supply in the town of pechora. the fact evidenced the continuing penetration of these posquitos to the north of the european part of the ussr.	1989	2710051
ingestion of immune bloodmeals and infection of aedes fowleri, aedes mcintoshi, and culex pipiens with rift valley fever virus.	rift valley fever (rvf) virus infection, dissemination, and transmission rates were determined for aedes fowleri, aedes mcintoshi and culex pipiens 7 or 10 days after sequentially feeding to repletion on rvf virus immune hamsters and rvf viremic hamsters, or after feeding on a mixture of rvf virus immune sheep serum and rvf viremic hamster blood through a pledget. no significant differences in infection or dissemination rates were detected among ae. fowleri and cx. pipiens feeding to repletion o ...	1989	2729509
[studies on the surveillance and purifying measures for filariasis in controlled areas].	this paper reports the results of longitudinal surveillance of filariasis for 4 years in jining city, shandong, where the disease has been controlled. it showed that the microfilaremia rate dropped from 0.48% to 0.03% and no new case was found and the natural infective rate of the main vector mosquito culex pipiens fell from 0.45% to 0.03% and no larva iii was detected. the purifying measures should put emphasis on the management of migrating persons repeatedly examining and treating old microfi ...	1989	2731451
laboratory evaluation of three mosquito pathogenic strains of bacillus sphaericus isolated in egypt.	three strains of bacillus sphaericus h-5a5b designated ghar. 1 & 10, ghar. 2 & 20, and ghar. 3 & 30 were tested for growth, virulence, and larvicidal activity against culex pipiens in the laboratory. incubation temperature was positively correlated (r = 0.91) to the rate of bacterial growth (strain ghar. 2 & 20). all three strains retained their virulence through 25 successive transfers on nutrient agar. acetone powder preparations showed high larvicidal activity against c. pipiens, although sec ...	1989	2738418
[comparative studies on diapause responses between culex tritaeniorhynchus and culex pipiens pallens].	by comparing the diapause responses between locally hibernating species, c. pipiens pallens, and c. tritaeniorhynchus the overwintering way of which is yet unknown, we found the relative identities of these 2 species in their ovarian diapause criteria, change of the mid-gut and the behaviour of refusing blood feeding. the increases in body weight and fatty contents in the dispersed tritaeniorhynchus were much less than those in diapause pipiens species. moreover, their ability to resist low temp ...	1989	2766496
inability of diapausing culex pipiens (diptera: culicidae) to use blood for producing lipid reserves for overwinter survival.	diapausing culex pipiens l. females fed 10% sucrose for 7 d following eclosion contained significantly more lipids (p less than 0.05) than nondiapausing females reared and maintained at the same temperature (22 degrees c) but at a longer photophase (14:10 [l:d] instead of 9:15). diapausing females with limited lipid reserves failed to increase their reserves after blood feeding. the average lipid content of 56 females tested decreased significantly (p less than 0.05) by day 6 after feeding and t ...	1989	2769712
fate of the blood meal in force-fed, diapausing culex pipiens (diptera: culicidae).	diapausing culex pipiens l. do not display host-seeking behavior and can be induced to take blood only by being placed in contact with or in proximity to a host for prolonged periods. such "force-fed" females do not use the blood for lipogenesis, and only some of them use the blood to initiate vitellogenesis. diapausing cx. pipiens that are induced to feed eject an average of 4.2-4.6 microliters of blood during overnight feeding periods compared with an average of 0.1 microliters for nondiapausi ...	1989	2769714
the amplification of b1 esterase gene in the mosquito culex pipiens is present in gametes.		1989	2780326
a bacillus thuringiensis subsp. israelensis gene encoding a 125-kilodalton larvicidal polypeptide is associated with inverted repeat sequences.	a gene encoding a 125-kilodalton (kda) mosquitocidal delta-endotoxin was cloned from the 72-mda resident plasmid of bacillus thuringiensis subsp. israelensis. this gene is similar in its 3' region to the gene encoding the 135-kda protein previously cloned (c. bourgouin, a. klier, and g. rapoport, mol. gen. genet. 205:390-397, 1986). escherichia coli recombinant clones harboring the 125-kda gene were toxic to larvae of the three mosquito species aedes aegypti, anopheles stephensi, and culex pipie ...	1988	2841292
overwintering of culex mosquitoes in sweden and their potential as reservoirs of human pathogens.	1. culex pipiens l. and cx torrentium martini are suspected enzootic vectors in sweden of sindbis virus causing ockelbo disease in man. to estimate their potential as virus reservoirs over the winter, mosquitoes were collected from august to may from a cellar in a rural area, central sweden. the mosquitoes were dissected and examined for blood content, gonotrophic stage, parity and insemination, and tested for fructose. 2. cx pipiens, cx torrentium and cx territans walker constituted 94% of 887 ...	1987	2856507
arbovirus investigations in argentina, 1977-1980. ii. arthropod collections and virus isolations from argentine mosquitoes.	prospective surveys for arboviruses were carried out in santa fe, corrientes, and chaco provinces, argentina, aperiodically during 1977-1980. a total of 313,233 mosquitoes and 598 biting flies other than mosquitoes were collected and tested for virus in 5,197 and 45 pools, respectively. forty virus strains were isolated, all from mosquitoes, as follows: santa fe province: 4 gamboa group viruses from aedeomyia squamipennis, 1 strain each of st. louis encephalitis virus from culex pipiens quinquef ...	1985	2863989
[experimental study of the routes of transmission of microsporidia in blood-sucking mosquitoes from southwestern siberia].	experiments were conducted on the artificial infection of larvae of 8 species of bloodsucking mosquitoes (aedes diantaeus, a. punctor, a. cinereus, a. flavescens, a. aegypti, culex pipiens, anopheles messeae, anopheles atroparvus) with spores of amblyospora opacita var. sibirica, parathelohania costatus sp. n., p. obesa, p. anophelis. negative results were obtained in all experiments.	1985	2864678
experimental study of the reproduction of karshi virus (togaviridae, flavivirus) in some species of mosquitoes and ticks.	the strain kaz-816 of karshi virus was isolated in 1976 from h. asiaticum ticks collected in the north of central asia (alma-ata region of the kazakh soviet socialist republic). both ticks and mosquitoes can be vectors of karshi virus as proved experimentally by reproduction of the virus in hyalomma asiaticum and dermacentor daghestanicus ticks and culex pipiens molestus, anopheles atroparvus an aedes aegypti mosquitoes as well as by transmission to newborn mice by the bite of infected mosquitoe ...	1985	2864824
biological and antigenic characterization of netivot virus, an unusual new orbivirus recovered from mosquitoes in israel.	the antigenic and biological characteristics of a new orbivirus, designated netivot virus, are described. this agent was originally recovered in cultures of the c6/36 clone of aedes albopictus cells from a pool of culex pipiens captured in israel. netivot virus is not pathogenic for newborn mice, nor did it initially produce detectable cytopathic effect (cpe) in vero cells. it is closely related antigenically to umatilla and llano seco viruses; these 3 agents appear to constitute a new serogroup ...	1986	2869707
ecdysteroid titer and oocyte growth in the northern house mosquito, culex pipiens l.	in an anautogenous strain of the northern house mosquito, culex pipiens, the ovaries reached the resting stage (follicle length = 90 microns) three days after adult emergence. follicle length increased from 90 to 550 microns between 0 and 60 hr after a blood meal. total ecdysteroids reached a peak at 400 fmol/insect at 36 hr after a blood meal then declined rapidly. the ratio of 20-hydroxyecdysone to ecdysone increased in conjunction with the total ecdysteroid level. oocyte growth beyond the res ...	1986	2869872
isolation of viruses from mosquitoes of the negev, israel.	in a survey of the mosquito population of the negev carried out between july 1982 and september 1984, over 85,000 insects belonging to 10 species were tested for the presence of viruses. they yielded 91 virus isolates in c-6/36 mosquito cell cultures; 20 of the isolates were recovered also in vero cell cultures and in suckling mice inoculated intracerebrally. of the 20 isolates recovered in the vertebrate systems 17 were identified as sindbis, and three as west nile viruses. 71 viruses which hav ...	1986	2879372
proteolysis in the gut of mosquito larvae results in further activation of the bacillus sphaericus toxin.	gut proteases from the larvae of the mosquito culex pipiens convert the 43-kilodalton (kda) toxin from bacillus sphaericus 2362 to a 40-kda peptide. the 50% lethal concentration of this peptide for tissue culture-grown cells of culex quinquefasciatus was 1.0 microgram/ml (as determined by the intracellular atp assay), 54-fold less than that of the 43-kda peptide. gut proteases from anopheles gambiae and aedes aegypti, as well as bovine pancreatic trypsin, also converted the 43-kda protein to a 4 ...	1987	2886104
recycling of bacillus sphaericus 2362 in mosquito larvae: a laboratory study.	after ingestion by culex pipiens and anopheles stephensi fourth instar larvae, spores of bacillus sphaericus strain 2362 rapidly germinated inside live mosquito midgut. bacterial counts and electron microscopic observations on intoxicated larvae revealed that the number of viable spores rapidly decreased during the first 12 h, with a minimum between 12 and 24 h. in cadavers, the number of heat-resistant spores quickly increased between the first and second day post-feeding. after one week, the n ...	1986	2893581
entomologic studies after a st. louis encephalitis epidemic in grand junction, colorado.	in 1986, after a st. louis encephalitis epidemic in grand junction, colorado, in 1985, vector mosquitoes in the city were surveyed to correlate their bionomics and infection rates with the occurrence of human disease. no human cases were reported, but mosquito surveillance disclosed st. louis encephalitis virus in culex tarsalis and culex pipiens pipiens. mosquitoes were collected with gravid traps designed to attract cx. p. pipiens and with centers for disease control light traps. culex p. pipi ...	1988	2899394
bancroftian filariasis in the igwun basin, nigeria. an epidemiological, parasitological, and clinical study in relation to the transmission dynamics.	a 12-month field and laboratory study was carried out to determine the epidemiology, clinical features, and transmission dynamics of bancroftian filariasis in the igwun basin, nigeria. a total of 1,418 individuals (768 males, and 650 females) were examined for clinical signs of filariasis. 690 day provocative blood samples (dps), and 728 night blood samples (nbs) were examined for microfilaremia. 14.3% of males and 11.1% of females were mf positive. 5.8% of dps, and 19.5% of the nbs were mf posi ...	1988	2901204
importation of aedes albopictus and other exotic mosquito species into the united states in used tires from asia.	between may 18 and december 4, 1986, 79 seagoing containers and their contents of 22,051 used tires were inspected for adult mosquitoes as well as eggs and larvae. of the total inspected, 5,507 tires (25%) contained significant amounts of water. no adults or eggs were found. fifteen tires contained mosquito larvae that were identified as ae. albopictus, ae. togoi, culex pipiens complex, tripteroides bambusa and uranotaenia bimaculata. the infestation rate for all species was 6.8 infested tires p ...	1988	2903907
purinergic reception by culicine mosquitoes.	1. adult female culex pipiens and culiseta inornata have purinergic receptors that respond to extracellular adp and related compounds. stimulation of these receptors caused ingestion of artificial diets. addition of bicarbonate to the saline solvent enhanced the phagostimulatory effect. saline-bicarbonate was as effective a solvent as blood plasma for cx. pipiens, and was used in the dose-effect determinations. ranking of the potencies was: adp greater than amp-pnp greater than atp = amp greater ...	1988	2903919
specificity of action on mosquito larvae of bacillus thuringiensis israelensis toxins encoded by two different genes.	a 135 kda protein gene and two open reading frames (orf1 and orf2) have been cloned from a large plasmid of bacillus thuringiensis israelensis (bourgouin et al. 1986). the escherichia coli recombinant clones containing these genes were highly toxic to larvae of aedes aegypti, anopheles stephensi and culex pipiens. from subcloning experiments it was deduced that the 135 kda polypeptide alone was responsible for the toxic activity on both a. aegypti and an. stephensi larvae. in contrast, the prese ...	1988	2906402
[mass breeding of culex pipiens molestus fors. mosquitos and their attack on humans in houses in several towns in the krasnoiarsk region and chita district].		1988	2906735
seasonal activity of mosquitoes in an ockelbo disease endemic area in central sweden.	in the sässman area, province of hälsingland, sweden, mosquitoes were sampled in 1983 from aquatic habitats, overwintering sites, cattle sheds, human bait, with uv-light traps, rabbit-, guinea-pig-, hen-, dove- and unbaited suction traps and similarly baited net traps. anopheles beklemishevi, an. messeae, aedes cantans, ae. cataphylla, ae. cinereus, ae. communis, ae. diantaeus, ae. excrucians, ae. hexodontus, ae. intrudens, ae. leucomelas, ae. pionips, ae. punctor, ae. vexans, culex pipiens, cx. ...	1986	2906960
vector potential of culicine mosquitoes in faiyum governorate, egypt.	culicine mosquito populations were studied for 1 year in 2 neighboring villages in faiyum governorate, egypt. dominant species in larval collections included culex pipiens, cx. univitattus, cx. antennatus, aedes caspius and uranotaenia unguiculata; culiseta longiareolata was less common. culex pipiens accounted for 98% of 3,743 mosquitoes captured in human-biting collection (164 man-nights), 96% of 1,136 mosquitoes collected inside houses and animal sheds (396 inspections), and 98% of 15,000 mos ...	1986	2906968
comparative studies of metarhizium anisopliae and tolypocladium cylindrosporum as pathogens of mosquito larvae.	mosquito fungal pathogens, metarhizium anisopliae and tolypocladium cylindrosporum, were compared with regard to virulence against the larvae of aedes aegypti, anopheles stephensi and culex pipiens. culex pipiens larvae were much more susceptible to m. anisopliae conidia than an. stephensi or ae. aegypti. but ae. aegypti and cx. pipiens larvae were equally susceptible to t. cylindrosporum propagules which weakly attack an. stephensi. using a high concentration conidial suspension (10(7) sp/ml) o ...	1986	2906985
research on parasitic arthropods of the lake zarnowieckie environs carried out in 1981-1985. part ii. mosquitoes (diptera, culicidae).	in the years 1981-1985 a total of 19,651 specimens mosquitoes were collected in the area of investigation--lake zarnowieckie environs. in that amount 15,072 specimens were identified. there were found 26 species belonging to 4 genera: anopheles, aedes, culex and culiseta. some of the species found, such as aedes cantans, aedes punctor or culex pipiens are troublesome pests and particularly aggressive to man, possible vectors of many diseases. in the cowsheds there were found 12 species, the most ...	1988	2908381
diel activity patterns of blood-seeking anthropophilic mosquitoes in central sweden.	1. blood-seeking diel activity cycles of mosquitoes are described from 24 h landing catches on human bait in a field and a forest habitat during june-august in central sweden. 2. daytime activity in the field was low or absent, whilst in the forest activity was relatively even throughout the diel. 3. in both habitats, activity peaks generally occurred about sunset and sunrise and were more distinct in the field than in the forest. 4. data from this and other studies show that, in general, aedes ...	1988	2908783
[basements as breeding places of blood-sucking mosquitoes, culex pipiens, in the territory of astrakhan and the causes of basement flooding].		1987	2952869
[resistance of culex pipiens l. to malathion, fenitrothion and ddt in the districts of baku].		1987	2957579
nectar feeding by mosquitoes in sweden, with special reference to culex pipiens and cx torrentium.	1. nectar feeding by mosquitoes collected from tansy (tanacetum vulgare) flowers was studied in july and august 1983-85 at two sites in central and south-western sweden. prior to fructose analysis, gonotrophic state and parity was determined. 2. a total of 1010 mosquitoes (70% males) of eighteen species was collected. fructose was detected in 75% of the males and 78% of the females. most (86%) mosquitoes collected belonged to culex pipiens and cx torrentium. 3. among 219 cx pipiens females, for ...	1987	2979521
physiological characteristics of culex pipiens populations in the middle east.	we determined whether exposure to a short day-light regime of 14 h 15 min induces ovarian diapause in culex pipiens l. mosquitoes from israel and whether differences occur in certain morphological, physiological and behavioural traits. samples from nineteen localities in israel, from 33 degrees 05' n to 29 degrees 35' n latitude, conformed to the morphological criteria of cx pipiens, sensu stricto (i.e. wider spread of dorsal than of ventral arms of the aedeagus) as determined by negative dv/d r ...	1988	2980171
evaluation of dispersible formulations of erythrosin b for field control of culex pipiens quinquefasciatus say (diptera: culicidae).		1985	2982938
the joint action of coprecipitated free-acid formulations of erythrosin b and fluorescein against the larvae of culex pipiens quinquefasciatus say (diptera: culicidae).		1985	2982939
phosphatidate phosphohydrolase from culex pipiens fatigans.		1986	3025079
[experimental evidence for infection of culex pipiens l. mosquitoes by west nile fever virus from rana ridibunda pallas and its transmission by bites].		1986	3029556
characterization of the genes encoding the haemolytic toxin and the mosquitocidal delta-endotoxin of bacillus thuringiensis israelensis.	the crystalline parasporal inclusions (crystals) of bacillus thuringiensis israelensis (bti), which are specifically toxic to mosquito and black fly larvae, contain three main polypeptides of 28 kda, 68 kda and 130 kda. the genes encoding the 28 kda protein and the 130 kda protein have been cloned from a large plasmid of bti. escherichia-coli recombinant clones containing the 130 kda protein gene were highly active against larvae of aedes aegypti and culex pipiens, while b. subtilis recombinant ...	1986	3031426
dopamine- and octopamine-sensitive adenylate cyclase in the brain of adult culex pipiens mosquitoes.	the effects of dopamine and octopamine on adenylate cyclase activity were studied on the head homogenate of adult culex pipiens mosquitoes in vitro. both dopamine and octopamine were shown to increase the cyclic amp content in the homogenate. the antagonist haloperidol blocked the production of cyclic amp induced from dopamine but had no effect on the production of cyclic amp induced by octopamine at the concentrations tested. the opiate agonist etorphine was ineffective at reducing cyclic amp l ...	1986	3100044
heterosis associated with dopa-oxidase dimorphism in culex pipiens.	1. isozyme phenotypes were used to deduce genotypes at a dimorphic dopa-oxidase locus in a laboratory population of culex pipiens. the frequencies of homozygotes and heterozygotes at the inception and termination of laboratory colonization were compared. 2. co-dominant alleles f and s condition the fast and slow isozymes (allozymes) respectively at this enzyme locus. 3. the expected and observed ratios of heterozygotes (fs) to homozygotes (ff and ss) were 50:50 and 64:36 respectively for 50 pair ...	1988	3128423
[detection of a mass breeding site of culex pipiens l. blood-sucking mosquitoes and their attack on people in the area of ziadin station of the central asian railroad. measures for controlling and preventing their breeding].		1985	3162088
another bacillus sphaericus serotype harbouring strains very toxic to mosquito larvae: serotype h6.	ten isolates of bacillus sphaericus from ghana, very toxic to mosquito larvae, have been identified as belonging to serotype h6. these isolates can be represented by the head-group strain iab59. they form crystals at the sporulation stage. their larvicidal effect on culex pipiens and anopheles stephensi larvae is as high as that of the most toxic strains already known, e.g. 1593 and 2362 (serotype h5a,5b) and 2297 (serotype h25). spore-crystal extracts of all these strains contain a 43-kd polype ...	1988	3179062
a survey of mosquitoes breeding in used tire stockpiles in connecticut.	a larval survey of nine used tire disposal sites in connecticut, was conducted from june through october 1987. no larvae of aedes albopictus were uncovered indicating that this mosquito is not yet established in the state. however, eight other mosquito species in four genera were found. the most abundant and widely distributed species found breeding in permanent tire dumps were ae. atropalpus, ae. triseriatus and culex restuans. culex pipiens was the second most common culex species followed by ...	1988	3199116
is the horaana strain of the culex pipiens group culex pipiens pallens?	the validity of the horaana strain of the culex pipiens group as cx. pipiens pallens was studied. judging from the fourth instar characters and morphology of the adult male genitalia, this laboratory strain is now out of the range of ordinary cx.p. pallens in japan, and must be identified as cx. p. quinquefasciatus.	1988	3199118
reduced rift valley fever virus infection rates in mosquitoes associated with pledget feedings.	infection rates were compared in culex pipiens and aedes taeniorhynchus after they fed on rift valley fever (rvf) viremic hamsters or ingested similar doses of rvf virus from blood-soaked pledgets. infection rates were significantly lower for mosquitoes that ingested virus from a pledget than for those that ingested similar doses from viremic hamsters. the method used to prevent normal clot formation for the pledget feedings (i.e., defibrination by shaking with glass beads or addition of heparin ...	1988	3207178
acute toxicity of furazolidone on artemia salina, daphnia magna, and culex pipiens molestus larvae.	as a result of evidence of the ecotoxicity of nitrofurans, the acute toxicity of furazolidone was tested in vivo on two aquatic organisms, artemia salina and daphnia magna, which are both crustaceans. toxicity studies were also performed on larvae of culex pipiens molestus. results indicated a significant toxicity of the compound on culex pipiens and daphnia magna, while artemia salina proved to be the least sensitive.	1988	3234296
studies on life table characteristics of culex pipiens quinquefasciatus wuhan strain.		1988	3249355
[variations during developmental process of ache isoenzyme in susceptible strain and dipterex-resistant strain of the culex pipiens pallens coq].		1988	3273665
vector competence to wuchereria bancrofti in culex pipiens collected from the nile delta.		1988	3286788
st. louis encephalitis: lessons from the last decade.	in 1980 reeves wrote that epidemics of st. louis encephalitis (sle) are preventable by means of surveillance and vector abatement. this view is examined in the light of epidemic activity during the last decade (1977-1986), in which 9 discrete outbreaks occurred. in addition, 5 interactive factors (virus, vector, viremic host, human immunity, environmental temperature) described by reeves as essential to the development of an sle epidemic are reviewed in the light of recent research. although muc ...	1987	3318523
sequence analysis of the mosquitocidal toxin genes encoding 51.4- and 41.9-kilodalton proteins from bacillus sphaericus 2362 and 2297.	the nucleotide sequences of a 3,479-base-pair hindiii dna fragment from bacillus sphaericus 2362 and a 2,940-base-pair fragment from strain 2297 were determined; only minor differences were detected between them. each contained two open reading frames coding for proteins of 51.4 and 41.9 kilodaltons. both proteins were required for toxicity to larvae of the mosquito culex pipiens.	1988	3360740
the distribution of rift valley fever virus in the mosquito culex pipiens as revealed by viral titration of dissected organs and tissues.	distribution of rift valley fever virus (rvfv) was studied in the mosquito culex pipiens. mosquitoes were dissected on days 1-7 after an infectious bloodmeal, and rvfv plaque assays were performed on the legs, posterior midgut, ovaries, salivary glands, thoracic ganglia, and remaining organs and tissues (remnants). on days 7-12 and 14 following an infectious bloodmeal, mosquitoes were tested for their ability to transmit virus and then dissected. dissemination (systemic infection) rates averaged ...	1988	3407841
bacillus sphaericus asporogenous mutants: morphology, protein pattern and larvicidal activity.	asporogenous mutants from bacillus sphaericus strains 2297 and 1593-4, blocked at different stages of the sporulation process, were isolated. two mutants (2297 aspo30a and 2297 aspo34) which were blocked early in sporulation did not possess any crystalline inclusions and were poorly toxic to culex pipiens mosquito larvae. other mutants (2297 aspo115, 2297 aspo24 and 1593-4 aspo12) which were blocked at later stages synthesized crystal-like inclusions next to the forespores, and were highly toxic ...	1988	3408593
cytological study during oocyte differentiation in culex pipiens molestus (forskal).		1988	3410383
[electrophoretic research on populations of egyptian and israeli culex pipiens (diptera, culicidae)].		1986	3463236
overproduction of detoxifying esterases in organophosphate-resistant culex mosquitoes and their presence in other insects.	antisera raised against the denatured polypeptide of two organophosphate-detoxifying esterases (b1 and a1) of culex mosquitoes were used in an immunoblot method to quantify esterase production in resistant versus susceptible strains and to detect the presence of immunologically related proteins in other insects. it was demonstrated that esterase b1 of culex quinquefasciatus and esterase a1 of culex pipiens are overproduced in resistant strains by factors of at least 500-fold and 70-fold, respect ...	1987	3470782
assessment of six benzyl-1,3-benzodioxole compounds for anti-juvenile hormone activity in culex pipiens.	fourth instar larvae of culex pipiens were exposed to six benzyl-1,3-benzodioxole derivatives to assess the effectiveness of these compounds as anti-juvenile hormone agents. mortality ranging from between 18 and 99% was observed in larvae and early pupae but the surviving adults showed no clearly defined anti-juvenile hormone effects. adult effects included a reduction in number of eggs developed and the presence of degenerating eggs 4 days after the blood meal.	1987	3504890
highly polluted larval habitats of the culex pipiens complex in central sweden.	larvae of the culex pipiens complex (cx. pipiens and cx. torrentium) were abundant in two highly polluted pools receiving sewage sludge in uppsala, sweden (early august through late september 1985). the water was characterized by high bod, and high ion concentration of cu, fe, al and much suspended matter. maximum larval number at the pool surface area was 26.1/ml. the ratio between species was studied and cx. torrentium comprised ca. 20% at the peak of abundance. some egg rafts showed no embryo ...	1987	3504914
laboratory evaluation of the bladderwort plant, utricularia vulgaris (lentibulariaceae), as a predator of late instar culex pipiens and assessment of its biocontrol potential.		1987	3504937
efficacy of bacillus sphaericus and bacillus thuringiensis var. israelensis for control of culex pipiens and floodwater aedes larvae in iowa.	granular and flowable concentrate formulations of bacillus thuringiensis var. israelensis provided a 90-100% reduction in aedes vexans and culex spp. larvae in natural larval habitats. a briquet formulation of b. thuringiensis was less effective, providing a 12-76% reduction. no residual activity occurred in sites treated with b. thuringiensis. granular formulations of bacillus sphaericus (2.78-8.42 kg/ha) caused a 100% reduction in culex pipiens larvae in natural sites and artificial pools. bac ...	1987	3504943
multiple incompatibilities within populations of culex pipiens l. in southern france.	strains of culex pipiens derived from natural populations collected in southern france were crossed to determine their ability to give fertile offspring. uni- and bi-directional incompatibilities occurred between these strains and each of them had its own crossing properties. compatibility or incompatibility of a cross seemed to be related to the geographic distance separating the parental colonies, but not to their ecological origin (hypogeous or epigeous). our results showed evidence for the v ...	1987	3506532
determination of chronological age in culex pipiens s.l.	daily survival rate is a major determinant of the vectorial capacity of mosquitoes, but current methods are difficult or lack the accuracy needed for epidemiologic models. we used daily growth bands on the thoracic apodemes to estimate age and survival of culex pipiens s.l. from memphis, tennessee. coded specimens of known age were used to evaluate the procedure's accuracy. field-collected specimens of unknown age were also examined. we were unable to consistently determine the age of the coded, ...	1986	3507490
evaluation of the cdc gravid trap for the surveillance of st. louis encephalitis vectors in memphis, tennessee.	collections with cdc gravid mosquito traps on 954 trap-nights from may through september 1983 are compared to 2,608 concurrent resting site collections made in the same area of memphis, tennessee. gravid traps yielded 88 times more culex per collection and 96 times more culex per man hour. the total gravid trap catch was 135,724 mosquitoes, 99% of which were either culex pipiens or cx. restuans, whereas these species comprised only 63% of the 6,613 mosquitoes collected from resting sites. gravid ...	1986	3507491
seasonal variation in populations of anopheles maculipennis, anopheles claviger and culex pipiens in turkey.	seasonal variation in larval populations of three species of mosquitoes, anopheles maculipennis, an. claviger and culex pipiens, common in the vicinity of ankara, were studied. populations of an. maculipennis and cx. pipiens disappeared in larval habitats by december but an. claviger, overwintering as larvae remained until the middle of march. animal footprints are densely populated and are preferred by cx. pipiens and an. claviger over larger water bodies.	1986	3507525
use of the avidin-biotin-peroxidase complex immunocytochemical procedure for detection of rift valley fever virus in paraffin sections of mosquitoes.	the avidin-biotin-peroxidase complex (abc) immunocytochemical procedure was used to locate rift valley fever (rvf) virus antigen in infected aedes albopictus c6/36 cultured cells and in serial paraffin sections of intrathoracically-injected egyptian culex pipiens. fixation of the cultured cells in formaldehyde or periodate-lysine-paraformaldehyde, and fixation of whole mosquitoes with formaldehyde resulted in good preservation of morphology and excellent differential staining between uninfected ...	1986	3532843
radiation sterilization and cytoplasmic incompatibility in a "tropicalized" strain of the culex pipiens complex (diptera: culicidae).		1987	3585919
genetic studies on hexokinase in the mosquito aedes togoi.	hexokinases (ec 2.7.1.1) were genetically analyzed in the mosquito aedes togoi by agar gel electrophoresis. enzyme activity was observed anodally in one major banding region (hk-1) on the gel and in another faintly stained region (hk-2). a total of six bands was detected in the hk-1 region. all six bands could be detected in three body parts, head, thorax, and abdomen, of adults with different banding intensities. the third and fourth bands, numbered from the more anodal side, showed the broades ...	1987	3619882
[formation of the peritrophic membrane in the stomach of female culex pipiens molestus forsk mosquitoes (diptera, culicidae)].		1987	3626977