Publications
| Title | Abstract | Year(sorted ascending) Filter | PMID Filter |
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| insecticide susceptibility status in mexican populations of stegomyia aegypti (= aedes aegypti): a nationwide assessment. | in mexico, mosquito vector-borne diseases are of public health concern as a result of their impact on human morbidity and mortality. the use of insecticides against adult mosquitoes is one of the most common ways of controlling mosquito population densities. however, the use of these compounds has resulted in the development of insecticide resistance. the aim of this study was to estimate susceptibility to six pyrethroids, two carbamates and two organophosphates in mexican populations of stegomy ... | 2017 | 29165810 |
| larvicidal, histopathological efficacy of penicillium daleae against larvae of culex quinquefasciatus and aedes aegypti plus biotoxicity on artemia nauplii a non-target aquatic organism. | mosquitoes can transmit the terrible diseases to human beings. soil-borne fungal products act as potential source for low-cost chemicals, used for developing eco-friendly control agents against mosquito-vector borne diseases. the prime aim of study was to check the larvicidal potential of fungus mycelia (by ethyl acetate solvent) extract from penicillium daleae (kx387370) against culex quinquefasciatus and aedes aegypti and to test the toxicity of brine shrimp artemia nauplii, by observing the p ... | 2017 | 29163159 |
| involvement of cecropin b in the formation of the aedes aegypti mosquito cuticle. | in this study, we found a mosquito antimicrobial peptide (amp), aedes aegypti cecropin b (aacec b), was expressed constitutively in pupae. knockdown in the pupae of aacec b using double-stranded rna (dsrna) resulted in high mortality, the emergence of deformed adults and an impairment of pharate adult cuticle formation with fewer lamellae being deposited and the helicoidal pattern of the chitin microfibrils being disorganized. simultaneous injection of aacec b dsrna and aacec b peptide into pupa ... | 2017 | 29180688 |
| a peptide signaling system that rapidly enforces paternity in the aedes aegypti mosquito. | female aedes aegypti mosquitoes typically mate only once with one male in their lifetime, a behavior known as "monandry" [1]. this single mating event provisions the female with sufficient sperm to fertilize the >500 eggs she will produce during her ∼4- to 6-week lifespan in the laboratory [2]. successful mating induces lifetime refractoriness to subsequent insemination by other males, enforcing the paternity of the first male [3-5]. ae. aegypti mate in flight near human hosts [6], and females b ... | 2017 | 29174895 |
| designing ecofriendly bionanocomposite assembly with improved antimicrobial and potent on-site zika virus vector larvicidal activities with its mode of action. | dialyzed natural polymer, fibroin, from bombyx mori was used to synthesize biocompatible silver and gold nanoparticles in-situ in dispersion form. the films of pure fibroin (pf), fibroin-silver nanocomposite (fsnc) and fibroin-gold nanocomposite (fgnc) were fabricated by drop casting method. the characterization of the resultant dispersion and films was performed by visual color change, uv-vis spectroscopy and atomic force microscopy. the dispersions of pf, fsnc and fgnc were tested for antibact ... | 2017 | 29138496 |
| germline cas9 expression yields highly efficient genome engineering in a major worldwide disease vector, aedes aegypti. | the development of crispr/cas9 technologies has dramatically increased the accessibility and efficiency of genome editing in many organisms. in general, in vivo germline expression of cas9 results in substantially higher activity than embryonic injection. however, no transgenic lines expressing cas9 have been developed for the major mosquito disease vector aedes aegypti here, we describe the generation of multiple stable, transgenic ae. aegypti strains expressing cas9 in the germline, resulting ... | 2017 | 29138316 |
| chikungunya: molecular aspects, clinical outcomes and pathogenesis. | the alarming worldwide emergence of the chikungunya virus began in the last decade. since the first autochthonous transmission in mexico in november of 2014, the virus has spread throughout the country, resulted in multiple outbreaks. this virus produces an acute and self-limiting disease characterized by fever, polyarthralgia, myalgia, exanthema, and general malaise. it is transmitted to humans by the bite of aedes aegypti and a. albopictus mosquitoes. the fact that the clinical presentation is ... | 2017 | 29265115 |
| characteristics of aedes aegypti adult mosquitoes in rural and urban areas of western and coastal kenya. | aedes aegypti is the main vector for yellow fever, dengue, chikungunya and zika viruses. recent outbreaks of dengue and chikungunya have been reported in kenya. presence and abundance of this vector is associated with the risk for the occurrence and transmission of these diseases. this study aimed to characterize the presence and abundance of ae. aegypti adult mosquitoes from rural and urban sites in western and coastal regions of kenya. presence and abundance of ae. aegypti adult mosquitoes wer ... | 2017 | 29261766 |
| individual co-variation between viral rna load and gene expression reveals novel host factors during early dengue virus infection of the aedes aegypti midgut. | dengue virus (denv) causes more human infections than any other mosquito-borne virus. the current lack of antiviral strategies has prompted genome-wide screens for host genes that are required for denv infectivity. earlier transcriptomic studies that identified denv host factors in the primary vector aedes aegypti used inbred laboratory colonies and/or pools of mosquitoes that erase individual variation. here, we performed transcriptome sequencing on individual midguts in a field-derived ae. aeg ... | 2017 | 29261661 |
| assessment of maldi-tof mass spectrometry for filariae detection in aedes aegypti mosquitoes. | matrix assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (maldi-tof ms) is an emerging tool for routine identification of bacteria, archaea and fungi. it has also been recently applied as an accurate approach for arthropod identification. preliminary studies have shown that the maldi-tof ms was able to differentiate whether ticks and mosquitoes were infected or not with some bacteria and plasmodium parasites, respectively. the aim of the present study was to test the efficien ... | 2017 | 29261659 |
| origin of a high-latitude population of aedes aegypti in washington, dc. | an overwintering population of aedes aegypti has been documented in the capitol hill neighborhood of washington, dc, since 2011. mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase i (mtcoi) sequence data presented in a previous study traced the origin to the new world. here, we use microsatellite and snp chip data along with more mitochondrial dna (mtdna) sequences on washington ae. aegypti samples and samples from potential sources to further narrow the origin of this population. genetically, washington ae. aegy ... | 2017 | 29260658 |
| from ground pools to treeholes: convergent evolution of habitat and phenotype in aedes mosquitoes. | invasive mosquito species are responsible for millions of vector-borne disease cases annually. the global invasive success of aedes mosquitoes such as aedes aegypti and aedes albopictus has relied on the human transport of immature stages in container habitats. however, despite the importance of these mosquitoes and this ecological specialization to their widespread dispersal, evolution of habitat specialization in this group has remained largely unstudied. we use comparative methods to evaluate ... | 2017 | 29258425 |
| zika virus exhibits lineage-specific phenotypes in cell culture, in aedes aegypti mosquitoes, and in an embryo model. | zika virus (zikv) has quietly circulated in africa and southeast asia for the past 65 years. however, the recent zikv epidemic in the americas propelled this mosquito-borne virus to the forefront of flavivirus research. based on historical evidence, zikv infections in africa were sporadic and caused mild symptoms such as fever, skin rash, and general malaise. in contrast, recent asian-lineage zikv infections in the pacific islands and the americas are linked to birth defects and neurological dis ... | 2017 | 29258204 |
| seasonal and spatial quantitative changes in aedes aegypti under distinctly different ecological areas of lahore, pakistan. | to find out the variations in larval and adult density of aedes aegypti in different seasons under different ecological conditions. | 2017 | 29256519 |
| social-ecological factors and preventive actions decrease the risk of dengue infection at the household-level: results from a prospective dengue surveillance study in machala, ecuador. | in ecuador, dengue virus (denv) infections transmitted by the aedes aegypti mosquito are among the greatest public health concerns in urban coastal communities. community- and household-level vector control is the principal means of controlling disease outbreaks. this study aimed to assess the impact of knowledge, attitudes, and practices (kaps) and social-ecological factors on the presence or absence of denv infections in the household. | 2017 | 29253873 |
| an approach of the exact linearization techniques to analysis of population dynamics of the mosquito aedes aegypti. | dengue fever, chikungunya and zika are caused by different viruses and mainly transmitted by aedes aegypti mosquitoes. these diseases have received special attention of public health officials due to the large number of infected people in tropical and subtropical countries and the possible sequels that those diseases can cause. in severe cases, the infection can have devastating effects, affecting the central nervous system, muscles, brain and respiratory system, often resulting in death. vaccin ... | 2017 | 29253493 |
| aedes aegypti resistance development to commonly used insecticides in jakarta, indonesia. | aedes aegypti is the primary vector of various relevant arthropod-borne viral infectious diseases worldwide. the mosquito control is still mainly performed by using insecticides but their effectiveness is increasingly questioned nowadays. we here conducted a study on ae. aegypti resistance development towards several commonly used insecticides in the capital city of jakarta, indonesia. in order to achieve this goal, ae. aegypti eggs from jakarta were collected with ovitraps and hatched in the in ... | 2017 | 29253003 |
| altitudinal distribution of aedes indices during dry season in the dengue endemic area of central java, indonesia | aedes mosquitoes, mainly aedes aegypti and aedes albopictus, are the primary and secondary vectors of dengue viruses in indonesia, with transmission occurring by sucking blood. the density of the vectors is influenced by season and rainfall, but limited by altitude. the aim of the study is to describe the density and distribution of dengue vectors during the dry season based on the altitudes of recent dengue cases in five regencies of central java province, indonesia. mosquito larvae and pupae w ... | 2017 | 29274215 |
| zika virus: an emerging infectious disease with serious perinatal and neurologic complications. | zika virus (zikv) is a flavivirus that is primarily transmitted by aedes aegypti, the mosquito vector also important in the transmission of the flaviviruses responsible for dengue fever, yellow fever and chikungunya. due to occurrence in the same geographic regions, serological cross-reactivity, and similar, albeit often less severe clinical manifestations as dengue and chikungunya infections, zikv infection likely went undetected and/or misdiagnosed for many years. zikv is somewhat unique among ... | 2017 | 29273403 |
| history and emergence of zika virus. | zika virus was discovered in east africa in 1947 by the rockefeller foundation during investigations on the ecology of yellow fever. although it was subsequently shown to have widespread distribution in africa and asia, it was not known to cause epidemics until 2007. this paper describes the history of the virus discovery, emergence and evolution as an epidemic virus, and the its evolving clinical spectrum. | 2017 | 29267917 |
| zika virus mosquito vectors: competence, biology, and vector control. | zika virus (zikv) (flaviviridae, flavivirus) has become one of the most medically important mosquito-borne viruses because of its ability to cause microcephaly in utero and guillain-barré syndrome in adults. this virus emerged from its sylvatic cycle in africa to cause an outbreak in yap, federated states of micronesia in 2007, french polynesia in 2014, and most recently south america in 2015. the rapid expansion of zikv in the americas largely has been due to the biology and behavior of its vec ... | 2017 | 29267910 |
| aedes aegypti microrna mir-2b regulates ubiquitin-related modifier to control chikungunya virus replication. | arboviruses that replicate in mosquitoes activate innate immune response within mosquitoes. regulatory non-coding micrornas (mirna) are known to be modulated in mosquitoes during chikungunya infection. however, information about targets of these mirnas is scant. the present study was aimed to identify and analyze targets of mirnas that are regulated during chikungunya virus (chikv) replication in aedes aegypti cells and in the mosquito. employing next-generation sequencing technologies, we ident ... | 2017 | 29247247 |
| zika virus can be venereally transmitted between aedes aegypti mosquitoes. | alternative transmission routes have been described for zika virus (zikv). here, we assessed for the first time the venereal transmission of zikv between aedes aegypti under laboratory conditions. | 2017 | 29246237 |
| insecticide susceptibility screening against culex and aedes (diptera: culicidae) mosquitoes from the united states. | mosquitoes exposed to sublethal doses of insecticides may be selected for resistance to insecticide active ingredients (ais). mosquitoes are exposed to ais through agricultural, public/private mosquito control programs, homeowners, and other sources. hence, mosquito control programs should routinely measure the resistance/susceptibility status of mosquito populations of public health concern. the objectives here were to determine resistance status for six ais used in adult mosquito control in th ... | 2017 | 29186579 |
| emergent acoustic order in arrays of mosquitoes. | the yellow fever mosquito aedes aegypti forms aerial swarms that serve as mating aggregations [1]. despite lacking the remarkable collective order of other animal ensembles, such as fish and birds [2], the kinematic properties of these swarms bear the hallmarks of local interaction and global cohesion [3,4]. however, the mechanisms responsible for collective behaviour in mosquitoes are not well understood. mosquitoes use their antennae as hearing organs to locate and interact with one another vi ... | 2017 | 29161555 |
| dengue virus detection in aedes aegypti larvae and pupae collected in rural areas of anapoima, cundinamarca, colombia. | there is a high incidence and prevalence of dengue in the department of cundinamarca, and recently aedes aegypti, the main vector of dengue virus (denv), was detected in some of its rural areas. | 2017 | 29161491 |
| effect of the type and number of washes in the efficacy of long lasting insecticidal nets for aedes aegypti control in girardot, colombia. | the use of long lasting insecticidal materials has shown promising results in the control of aedes aegypti. | 2017 | 29161489 |
| virological surveillance of aedes (stegomyia) aegypti and aedes (stegomyia) albopictus as support for decision making for dengue control in medellín. | dengue represents an important public health problem in colombia. no treatment is available and the vaccine has not been approved in all countries, hence, actions should be strengthened to mitigate its impact through the control of aedes aegypti, the vector mosquito. in colombia, surveillance is done using entomological indexes and case notification, which is usually informed late, leading to untimely interventions. viral detection in urban mosquitoes using molecular techniques provides more acc ... | 2017 | 29161487 |
| aedes albopictus (skuse, 1894) infected with the american-asian genotype of dengue type 2 virus in medellín suggests its possible role as vector of dengue fever in colombia. | aedes aegypti and ae. albopictus are recognized vectors of dengue, yellow fever, chikungunya and zika arboviruses in several countries worldwide. in colombia, ae. albopictus geographical distribution has increased to include highly populated cities such as cali and medellín. although this species has been frequently found in urban and semi-urban zones in the country, its role as vector of the dengue fever is poorly known. | 2017 | 29161485 |
| [laboratory susceptibility tests of aedes aegypti and culex quinquefasciatus larvae to the entomopathogenic nematode heterorhabditis bacteriophora]. | aedes aegypti is the vector of dengue, yellow fever, zika and chikungunya viruses, and culex quinquefasciatus is the vector of st. louis and west nile encephalitis viruses. | 2017 | 29161479 |
| [spatial distribution of potential and positive aedes aegypti breeding sites]. | the spatial distribution of aedes aegypti is heterogeneous, and the interaction between positive and potential breeding sites located both inside and outside homes is one of the most difficult aspects to characterize in vector control programs. | 2017 | 29161478 |
| [spatial distribution of aedes aegypti (diptera: culicidae) in the rural area of two municipalities of cundinamarca, colombia]. | it is difficult to adapt or create new strategies for dengue control in rural areas due to the dispersion of homes and the lack of knowledge about the presence and behavior of the vector in these areas. spatial data analysis could help understand time and space dynamics related to the transmission of vector-borne diseases in rural areas and, thus, contribute to the prevention and control of dengue. | 2017 | 29161476 |
| alternative control of aedes aegypti resistant to pyrethroids: lethal and sublethal effects of monoterpenes bioinsecticides. | the mosquito aedes aegypti is intensely controlled because it is vector of viruses that cause innumerous diseases, especially in tropical regions. due to the indiscriminate use of insecticides, populations from different regions have been resistant to pyrethroids. here, we analyzed the lethal and sublethal effects of essential oil of aristolochia trilobata and its major compounds on a. aegypti from susceptible and pyrethroid resistant populations. | 2017 | 29160036 |
| upregulation of aedes aegypti vago1 by wolbachia and its effect on dengue virus replication. | dengue infection along with its related disease conditions poses a significant threat to human health. the pathogen responsible for this infection is dengue virus (denv) which is primarily transmitted to humans through the bites of aedes aegypti mosquitoes. unavailability of a potent vaccine has recently sparked renewed research endeavours aimed at vector control. to date, wolbachia as an endosymbiotic bacterium has shown promise as a novel biocontrol agent to restrict denv replication in the ve ... | 2017 | 29157676 |
| a call to introduce structured zika surveillance in india. | india has the climatic conditions conducive to year-round transmission of zika virus, and a structured disease surveillance program should be implemented to prevent an outbreak. such a program should (i) start screening before an outbreak arises; (ii) collect baseline data to assess future disease risk and monitor potential birth defects; and (iii) provide new insights into the ecology of the disease and inform public health policy following the one health concept. | 2017 | 29153262 |
| effective population sizes of a major vector of human diseases, aedes aegypti. | the effective population size (ne ) is a fundamental parameter in population genetics that determines the relative strength of selection and random genetic drift, the effect of migration, levels of inbreeding, and linkage disequilibrium. in many cases where it has been estimated in animals, ne is on the order of 10%-20% of the census size. in this study, we use 12 microsatellite markers and 14,888 single nucleotide polymorphisms (snps) to empirically estimate ne in aedes aegypti, the major vecto ... | 2017 | 29151858 |
| vectors, hosts, and control measures for zika virus in the americas. | we examine zika virus (zikv) from an ecological perspective and with a focus on the americas. we assess (1) the role of wildlife in zikv disease ecology, (2) how mosquito behavior and biology influence disease dynamics, and (3) how nontarget species and ecosystems may be impacted by vector control programs. our review suggests that free-ranging, non-human primates may be involved in zikv transmission in the old world; however, other wildlife species likely play a limited role in maintaining or t ... | 2017 | 29150828 |
| the introduction of dengue follows transportation infrastructure changes in the state of acre, brazil: a network-based analysis. | human mobility, presence and passive transportation of aedes aegypti mosquito, and environmental characteristics are a group of factors which contribute to the success of dengue spread and establishment. to understand this process, we assess data from dengue national and municipal basins regarding population and demographics, transportation network, human mobility, and ae. aegypti monitoring for the brazilian state of acre since the first recorded dengue case in the year 2000 to the year 2015. d ... | 2017 | 29149175 |
| baccharis reticularia dc. and limonene nanoemulsions: promising larvicidal agents for aedes aegypti (diptera: culicidae) control. | baccharis reticularia dc. is a plant species from the asteraceae family that is endemic to brazil. despite the great importance of baccharis genus, no study has been carried out regarding either the phytochemical composition of b. reticularia or the evaluation of its larvicidal potential. considering the intrinsic immiscibility of essential oils, this study shows larvicidal nanoemulsions containing the b. reticularia phytochemically characterized essential oil and its main constituent against ae ... | 2017 | 29149027 |
| [dengue fever : symptoms, epidemiology, entomology, pathogen diagnosis and prevention]. | dengue infections are among the most frequent causes of febrile disease in tropical climates. infections are caused by a flavivirus transmitted by the aedes mosquito. aedes aegypti mosquitos are the main transmitters of dengue viruses. since these insects are both diurnal and container breeders, particular prevention and control measures are required. symptom severity varies and can range from a mild, flu-like clinical picture to severe hemorrhage and shock. the most common symptoms experienced ... | 2017 | 29147722 |
| development and physiological effects of an artificial diet for wolbachia-infected aedes aegypti. | the endosymbiotic bacterium wolbachia spreads rapidly through populations of aedes aegypti mosquitoes, and strongly inhibits infection with key human pathogens including the dengue and zika viruses. mosquito control programs aimed at limiting transmission of these viruses are ongoing in multiple countries, yet there is a dearth of mass rearing infrastructure specific to wolbachia-infected mosquitoes. one example is the lack of a blood meal substitute, which accounts for the wolbachia-specific ph ... | 2017 | 29146940 |
| behavioral, climatic, and environmental risk factors for zika and chikungunya virus infections in rio de janeiro, brazil, 2015-16. | the burden of arboviruses in the americas is high and may result in long-term sequelae with infants disabled by zika virus infection (zikv) and arthritis caused by infection with chikungunya virus (chikv). we aimed to identify environmental drivers of arbovirus epidemics to predict where the next epidemics will occur and prioritize municipalities for vector control and eventual vaccination. we screened sera and urine samples (n = 10,459) from residents of 48 municipalities in the state of rio de ... | 2017 | 29145452 |
| zika virus: an updated review of competent or naturally infected mosquitoes. | zika virus (zikv) is an arthropod-borne virus (arbovirus) that recently caused outbreaks in the americas. over the past 60 years, this virus has been observed circulating among african, asian, and pacific island populations, but little attention has been paid by the scientific community until the discovery that large-scale urban zikv outbreaks were associated with neurological complications such as microcephaly and several other neurological malformations in fetuses and newborns. this paper is a ... | 2017 | 29145400 |
| shifting the paradigm in dirofilaria immitis prevention: blocking transmission from mosquitoes to dogs using repellents/insecticides and macrocyclic lactone prevention as part of a multimodal approach. | this study assessed the influence of a topical ectoparasiticide (dinotefuran-permethrin-pyriproxyfen, dpp, vectra® 3d, ceva animal health) combined with a macrocyclic lactone (milbemycin oxime, mbo, interceptor®, virbac) on transmission of heartworm l3 from mosquitoes to dogs and subsequent development of worms in treated dogs exposed to infected mosquitoes. | 2017 | 29143678 |
| blocking the transmission of heartworm (dirofilaria immitis) to mosquitoes (aedes aegypti) by weekly exposure for one month to microfilaremic dogs treated once topically with dinotefuran-permethrin-pyriproxyfen. | this study assessed the influence of a topical ectoparasiticide (dinotefuran-permethrin-pyriproxyfen, dpp, vectra®3d, ceva animal health) on the acquisition of heartworm microfilariae by mosquitoes exposed to microfilaremic dogs weekly for 1 month. | 2017 | 29143651 |
| corrigendum: rna-seq comparison of larval and adult malpighian tubules of the yellow fever mosquito aedes aegypti reveals life stage-specific changes in renal function. | [this corrects the article on p. 283 in vol. 8, pmid: 28536536.]. | 2017 | 29142533 |
| in silico validation of d7 salivary protein-derived b- and t-cell epitopes of aedes aegypti as potential vaccine to prevent transmission of flaviviruses and togaviruses to humans. | mosquito (aedes aegyptii) salivary proteins play a crucial role in facilitating viral transmission from vector-to-host due to their role in facilitating the "blood meal" of the vector. three main proteins, d7, aegyptin and sialokinin play a role in this process. using in-silico programs, we identified b- and t-cell epitopes in the mosquito salivary proteins d7 long and short form. t-cell epitopes with high affinity to the most prevalent hla mhc class-i supertypes among different population group ... | 2017 | 29225429 |
| meta-analysis of aedes aegypti expression datasets: comparing virus infection and blood-fed transcriptomes to identify markers of virus presence. | the mosquito aedes aegypti (l.) is vector of several arboviruses including dengue, yellow fever, chikungunya, and more recently zika. previous transcriptomic studies have been performed to elucidate altered pathways in response to viral infection. however, the intrinsic coupling between alimentation and infection were unappreciated in these studies. feeding is required for the initial mosquito contact with the virus and these events are highly dependent. addressing this relationship, we reinterr ... | 2017 | 29376049 |
| larvicidal potential of juglans regia male flower against anopheles stephensi, aedes aegypti and culex quinquefasciatus. | the diseases vectored by mosquitoes continue to be a main cause of illnesses and death throughout the world. the methanol extract of juglans regia male flower was screened for larvicidal activity against three therapeutically important mosquito vectors viz., malarial vector, anopheles stephensi; dengue vector, aedes aegypti and the filarial vector, culex quinquefasciatus. the larvicidal activity was assayed against the early fourth-instar larvae of tested mosquito species at a concentration rang ... | 2017 | 29251995 |
| the attractiveness of the gravid aedes trap to dengue vectors in fiji. | the gravid aedes trap (gat) is a passive trap that relies on visual and olfactory cues to lure and capture gravid mosquitoes. the gat was designed as a dengue vector surveillance tool for use in conditions where power sources are not readily available. experiments were conducted over a 10-d period in fiji to determine which species of mosquitoes the gat would collect, how different infusion types affect the attractiveness of the trap, how long each infusion type took to begin attracting mosquito ... | 2017 | 29244174 |
| a small-scale investigation into the effect of a larvicidal oil on oviposition site preference by aedes aegypti. | larvicidal oils can be used to control immature aedes aegypti and other pestiferous mosquitoes. to test whether oil-based larvicides also act as oviposition deterrents, indoor and semi-field trials were conducted at the navy entomology center of excellence in jacksonville, fl. in both studies, treatment cages consisted of oviposition cups lined with seed germination paper as an oviposition substrate and filled with 1-wk-old southern live oak ( quercus virginiana) leaf litter-infused water. treat ... | 2017 | 29369032 |
| comparison of adult mosquito abundance from biogents-2 sentinel and biogents gravid aedes traps in northeastern florida. | we compared the efficacy of the biogents gravid aedes trap (bg-gat) and biogents-2 sentinel (bg2s) trap to assess differences in adult mosquito collection rates between these 2 mosquito surveillance methods in northeastern florida. species diversity of trap collections was significantly greater for bg2s than for bg-gat, with 14 mosquito species collected from the former trap and 4 species from the latter. aedes aegypti and culex quinquefasciatus were the 2 predominant species collected in both t ... | 2017 | 29369031 |
| bg-sentinel™ trap efficacy as a component of proof-of-concept for push-pull control strategy for dengue vector mosquitoes. | the efficacy of the bg-sentinel™ (bgs) trap as a "pull" component of a "push-pull" system (pps) for management of the dengue vector, aedes aegypti, was evaluated using local households in pu tuey, kanchanaburi, thailand. the pull component was the concluding phase of a 3-part investigation using a pps combination spatial repellent (sr) and bgs trap to capture adult vector mosquitoes. two sentinel households were selected for evaluation of bgs trap efficacy based on the highest pretrial indoor re ... | 2017 | 29369029 |
| laboratory evaluation of synthetic blends of l-(+)-lactic acid, ammonia, and ketones as potential attractants for aedes aegypti. | attraction of aedes aegypti to various binary, trinary, and quaternary blends of lactic acid and ketones with or without ammonia was studied using a dual choice olfactometer. a dose dependent attraction was observed in cases of single compounds where cyclopentanone attracted the highest percentage (36.9 ± 1.8%) of ae. aegypti when tested alone. no significant difference was observed between the attraction levels of trinary and binary blends of lactic acid and acetone or butanone when tested agai ... | 2017 | 29369028 |
| [estimation of underreporting of chikungunya virus infection cases in girardot, colombia, from november, 2014, to may, 2015]. | chikungunya virus infection in colombia became epidemic in 2015. it is estimated that there is underreporting of cases to the public health surveillance system which can induce bias in epidemiological projections for decision making, a serious problem, as it veils the real magnitude and actual epidemiological importance of this disease. | 2017 | 29373771 |
| larvicidal activity against aedes aegypti and chemical characterization of the inflorescences of tagetes patula. | the crude acetone extract (cae) of defatted inflorescences of tagetes patula was partitioned into five semipurified fractions: n-hexane (hf), dichloromethane (df), ethyl acetate (eaf), n-butanol (bf), and aqueous (aqf). bf was fractionated by reversed-phase polyamide column chromatography, obtaining 34 subfractions, which were subjected to hsccc, where patuletin and patulitrin were isolated. cae and the fractions bf, eaf, df, and aqf were analyzed by lc-dad-ms, and patuletin and patulitrin were ... | 2017 | 29362590 |
| dengue vectors in urban and suburban assam, india: entomological observations. | dengue is rapidly becoming established in north-east india and spreading, on account of rapid urbanization and population movement, with reported morbidity and attributable death cases. this study aims to determine the seasonal abundance of aedes (stegomyia) albopictus and aedes (stegomyia) aegypti in guwahati metropolis and suburban settlements; to characterize the breeding resources for these mosquitoes; and to ascertain the status of their susceptibility to adulticides and larvicides. | 2017 | 28607255 |
| species specific rna a-to-i editing of mosquito rdl modulates gaba potency and influences agonistic, potentiating and antagonistic actions of ivermectin. | the insect gaba receptor, rdl, is the target of several classes of pesticides. the peptide sequences of rdl are generally highly conserved between diverse insects. however, rna a-to-i editing can effectively alter amino acid residues of rdl in a species specific manner, which can affect the potency of gaba and possibly insecticides. we report here that rna a-to-i editing alters the gene products of rdl in three mosquito disease vectors, recoding five amino acid residues in rdl of aedes aegypti a ... | 2017 | 29223796 |
| field evaluation of indoor thermal fog and ultra-low volume applications for control of aedes aegypti in thailand. | efficacies of a handheld thermal fogger (patriot™) and a backpack ultra-low volume (ulv) sprayer (twister™) with combinations of 2 different adulticides (pyrethrin, deltamethrin) and an insect growth regulator (pyriproxyfen) were field-tested and compared for their impact on reducing indoor aedes aegypti populations in thailand. the effectiveness of the indoor space sprays was evaluated by sampling the natural ae. aegypti population in houses and determining their physiological status, by monito ... | 2017 | 28590217 |
| citrus seed oils efficacy against larvae of aedes aegypti. | dengue fever is a serious public health issue in pakistan for many years. globally plants have been reported to contain compounds with insecticidal properties. these properties have been demonstrated more recently on the larval stages of mosquitoes. therefore, citrus cultivar seeds were evaluated for larvicidal potential against the primary dengue vector aedes aegypti. | 2017 | 29322059 |
| relative insecticidal efficacy of three spatial repellent integrated light sources against aedes aegypti. | three repellent products, off! mosquito lamp, insecticandel, and rescue decoshield, were comparatively evaluated against aedes aegypti in 130-m2 enclosed areas with a 317-m3 air volume. the results showed that the off! mosquito lamp with metofluthrin had a greater effect than the insecticandel with transfluthrin, which had greater effect than the decoshield with lemongrass oil and several other plant oils against ae. aegypti. the off! mosquito lamp was the only product to exceed 50% mortality. a ... | 2017 | 29369020 |
| copper ii - polar amino acid complexes: toxicity to bacteria and larvae of aedes aegypti. | control strategies using insecticides are sometimes ineffective due to the resistance of the insect vectors.in this scenario new products must be proposed for the control of insect vectors.the complexes l-aspartate cu (ii) and l-glutamate-cu (ii) complexes were synthesized and characterized by elemental analysis, visible ultraviolet, infrared spectroscopy and potentiometric titration. the toxicity of these complexes was analyzed in aedes aegypti (diptera: culicidae) larvae and gram-negative and ... | 2017 | 28746551 |
| jaburetox: update on a urease-derived peptide. | urease from canavalia ensiformis seeds was the first enzyme ever to be crystallized, in 1926. these proteins, found in plants, bacteria and fungi, present different biological properties including catalytic hydrolysis of urea, and also enzyme-independent activities, such as induction of exocytosis, pro-inflammatory effects, neurotoxicity, antifungal and insecticidal properties. urease is toxic to insects and fungi per se but part of this toxicity relies on an internal peptide (~11 kda), which is ... | 2017 | 28638403 |
| bacteria-mediated hypoxia functions as a signal for mosquito development. | mosquitoes host communities of microbes in their digestive tract that consist primarily of bacteria. we previously reported that several mosquito species, including aedes aegypti, do not develop beyond the first instar when fed a nutritionally complete diet in the absence of a gut microbiota. in contrast, several species of bacteria, including escherichia coli, rescue development of axenic larvae into adults. the molecular mechanisms underlying bacteria-dependent growth are unknown. here, we des ... | 2017 | 28630299 |
| new insights into hcv replication in original cells from aedes mosquitoes. | the existing literature about hcv association with, and replication in mosquitoes is extremely poor. to fill this gap, we performed cellular investigations aimed at exploring (i) the capacity of hcv e1e2 glycoproteins to bind on aedes mosquito cells and (ii) the ability of hcv serum particles (hcvsp) to replicate in these cell lines. | 2017 | 28830495 |
| larvicidal potency of marine actinobacteria isolated from mangrove environment against aedes aegypti and anopheles stephensi. | the marine soil samples were collected from different locations of parangipettai mangrove ecosystem, vellar estuary, southeast coast of india. totally 30 different marine actinobacteria were isolated by serial dilution plate technique on starch casein agar medium. the isolated actinobacteria were investigated for their larvicidal activity against aedes aegypti and anopheles stephensi mosquitoes. streptomyces fungicidicus, s. griseus, s. albus, s. alboflavus and s. rochei were identified as poten ... | 2017 | 28615847 |
| efficacy of the vegetative cells of lysinibacillus sphaericus for biological control of insecticide-resistant aedes aegypti. | the control of aedes aegypti is usually based on chemical insecticides, but the overuse of these compounds has led to increased resistance. the binary toxin produced by lysinibacillus sphaericus in the final stages of sporulation is used for mosquito control due to its specificity against the culicid larvae; however, it has been proved that ae. aegypti is refractory for this toxin. currently, there is no evidence of the use of l. sphaericus vegetative cells for mosquito biocontrol. therefore, in ... | 2017 | 28490350 |
| mycobacterium ulcerans low infectious dose and mechanical transmission support insect bites and puncturing injuries in the spread of buruli ulcer. | addressing the transmission enigma of the neglected disease buruli ulcer (bu) is a world health organization priority. in australia, we have observed an association between mosquitoes harboring the causative agent, mycobacterium ulcerans, and bu. here we tested a contaminated skin model of bu transmission by dipping the tails from healthy mice in cultures of the causative agent, mycobacterium ulcerans. tails were exposed to mosquito (aedes notoscriptus and aedes aegypti) blood feeding or punctur ... | 2017 | 28410412 |
| vector competence of aedes albopictus (skuse) and aedes aegypti (linnaeus) for plasmodium gallinaceum infection and transmission. | avian malaria caused by plasmodium gallinaceum is an important mosquito-borne disease. eradication of this disease remains problematic since its competent vectors are diverse and widely distributed across the globe. several mosquito species were implicated as competent vectors for this parasite. however, studies on vector competence for p. gallinaceum remain limited. in this study, vector competence in the two most predominant mosquito vectors in tropical countries, aedes albopictus and ae. aegy ... | 2017 | 28579025 |
| persistence of toxic activity of fermentation extracts from bacillus thuringiensis var. israelensis after more than three decades of storage. | this study was carried out to determine the persistence of toxicity of fermentation extracts of bacillus thuringiensis var. israelensis after more than three decades of storage. for this purpose, a population of aedes aegypti was established. the mortality rate of 20 spore-crystal extracts purified using the acetone-lactose coprecipitation method was measured and evaluated by bioassays according to a modified who protocol. the extracts with the highest mortality rate were determined in triplicat ... | 2017 | 29358951 |
| synergistic effect of fertilizer and plant material combinations on the development of aedes aegypti (diptera: culicidae) and anopheles gambiae (diptera: culicidae) mosquitoes. | chemical fertilizers are used everywhere, which often pollute the breeding sites of mosquitoes. in this laboratory study, the consequences on aedes aegypti (l.) (diptera: culicidae) and anopheles gambiae (giles) (diptera: culicidae) of water-containing plant matter (pm) alone, or in association with an npk type of fertilizer (pm+npk), were evaluated. to obtain a 20% imaginal emergence of an. gambiae (iet20), the bioassays carried out with pm have evidenced that its larvae need four times as much ... | 2017 | 29309617 |
| dengue and yellow fever virus vectors: seasonal abundance, diversity and resting preferences in three kenyan cities. | the transmission patterns of dengue (denv) and yellow fever (yfv) viruses, especially in urban settings, are influenced by aedes (stegomyia) mosquito abundance and behavior. despite recurrent dengue outbreaks on the kenyan coast, these parameters remain poorly defined in this and other areas of contrasting dengue endemicity in kenya. in assessing the transmission risk of denv/yfv in three kenyan cities, we determined adult abundance and resting habits of potential aedes (stegomyia) vectors in ki ... | 2017 | 29284522 |
| genetically modified aedes aegypti to control dengue: a review. | dengue is an acute infectious disease of viral etiology characterized by lymphadenopathy, leucopenia, headache, biphasic fever, pain in various parts of the body, rashes, and extreme physical weakness. it is a vector-borne disease caused by a positive-stranded rna virus of the family flaviviridae, genus flavivirus. dengue inflicts a significant health, economic, and social burden on populations of endemic areas. dengue virus is transmitted to humans by the mosquito vector aedes aegypti. vaccines ... | 2017 | 29283327 |
| family level variation in wolbachia-mediated dengue virus blocking in aedes aegypti. | the mosquito vector aedes aegypti is responsible for transmitting a range of arboviruses including dengue (denv) and zika (zikv). the global reach of these viruses is increasing due to an expansion of the mosquito's geographic range and increasing urbanization and human travel. vector control remains the primary means for limiting these diseases. wolbachia pipientis is an endosymbiotic bacterium of insects that has the ability to block the replication of pathogens, including flaviviruses such as ... | 2017 | 29282144 |
| african and asian zika virus isolates display phenotypic differences both in vitro and in vivo. | zika virus (zikv) is a mosquito-borne member of the genus flavivirus that has emerged since 2007 to cause outbreaks in africa, asia, oceania, and most recently, in the americas. here, we used an isolate history as well as genetic and phylogenetic analyses to characterize three low-passage isolates representing african (ard 41525) and asian (cpc-0740, sv0127-14) lineages to investigate the potential phenotypic differences in vitro and in vivo. the african isolate displayed a large plaque phenotyp ... | 2017 | 29280428 |
| analytical report of the 2016 dengue outbreak in córdoba city, argentina. | after elimination of the aedes aegypti vector in south america in the 1960s, dengue outbreaks started to reoccur during the 1990s; strongly in argentina since 1998. in 2016, córdoba city had the largest dengue outbreak in its history. in this article we report this outbreak including spatio-temporal analysis of cases and vectors in the city. a total of 653 dengue cases were recorded by the laboratory-based dengue surveillance system and georeferenced by their residential addresses. case maps wer ... | 2017 | 29239555 |
| assessing natural infection with zika virus in the southern house mosquito, culex quinquefasciatus, during 2016 in puerto rico. | the epidemic of zika in the western hemisphere has led to intense investigations of all species important in the transmission of zika virus (zikv), including putative mosquito vectors. although evidence points to stegomyia (= aedes) (diptera: culicidae) mosquitoes as the primary vectors in nature among humans, there remains the possibility that other common mosquito species may be implicated in the rapid spread of the virus. herein, field-caught culex quinquefasciatus (diptera: culicidae) collec ... | 2017 | 29239003 |
| aedes aegypti breeding site in an underground rainwater reservoir: a warning. | we describe the discovery of aedes aegypti underground breeding site in the pinheiros neighborhood of são paulo, sp, during an entomological survey program performed in 2016. even with intense surveillance and vector control, large numbers of mosquitoes were present in this area. a detailed investigation allowed for the detection of ae. aegypti in an underground reservoir used for rainwater storage. after the implementation of protection screens in the accesses, the presence of the vector was no ... | 2017 | 29236877 |
| detection of zika virus in aedes mosquitoes from mexico. | we report on the results of an entomovirological surveillance system of aedes populations performed by the ministry of health of the central state of san luis potosí, mexico. | 2017 | 29232453 |
| efficacy of 13 commercial household aerosol insecticides against aedes aegypti (diptera: culicidae) from morelos, mexico. | in mexico, aedes aegypti (l.) (diptera: culicidae) is the primary vector of dengue, zika, and chikungunya viruses. control programs include community participation using personal protection such as household aerosol insecticides. in both, urban or rural areas, the use of aerosol insecticides is a common practice to avoiding mosquito biting. thus, information on the efficacy of commercial products must be available. this study reports the efficacy of 13 household aerosol insecticides against ae. ... | 2017 | 29228197 |
| the first detected airline introductions of yellow fever mosquitoes (aedes aegypti) to europe, at schiphol international airport, the netherlands. | air-borne introduction of exotic mosquitoes to schiphol airport in the netherlands has been considered plausible based upon findings of mosquitoes in aircraft cabins during 2008, 2010 and 2011. beginning in 2013, surveillance efforts at schiphol had focused on promptly detecting accidental introductions at the airport facilities in order to quickly react and avoid temporary proliferation or establishment of mosquito populations, identify the origin of the introductions, and avoid potential trans ... | 2017 | 29221490 |
| full-length genome sequence of a chikungunya virus isolate from the 2017 autochthonous outbreak, lazio region, italy. | we report here the genome sequence of a human chikungunya virus isolate from the ongoing autochthonous outbreak in central italy. the sequence (east-central-south african lineage, indian ocean sublineage), which is similar to recent sequences from pakistan and india, shows e1 and e2 signatures of strains whose main mosquito vector is aedes aegypti, although aedes albopictus is the vector in italy. | 2017 | 29217791 |
| the gastric caecum of larval aedes aegypti: stimulation of epithelial ion transport by 5-hydroxytryptamine and camp. | we report measurements of ion transport across the gastric caecum of larvae of aedes aegypti, a vector of yellow fever that inhabits a variety of aquatic habitats ranging from freshwater to brackish water. we provide the first measurements of the effect of 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-ht) on transepithelial potential (tep), luminal ion concentrations and electrochemical potentials, as well as basolateral membrane potential and h+, na+ and k+ fluxes. tep, basolateral membrane potential, and h+, k+, and ... | 2017 | 29217627 |
| the immune strategies of mosquito aedes aegypti against microbial infection. | yellow fever mosquito aedes aegypti transmits many devastating arthropod-borne viruses (arboviruses), such as dengue virus, yellow fever virus, chikungunya virus, and zika virus, which cause great concern to human health. mosquito control is an effective method to block the spread of infectious diseases. ae. aegypti uses its innate immune system to fight against arboviruses, parasites, and fungi. in this review, we briefly summarize the recent findings in the immune response of ae. aegypti again ... | 2017 | 29217264 |
| differences in prevalence of symptomatic zika virus infection by age and sex-puerto rico, 2016. | during the zika virus (zikv) outbreak in puerto rico in 2016, non-pregnant women aged 20-39 years were disproportionately identified with zikv disease. we used household-based cluster investigations to determine if this disparity was associated with age- or sex-dependent differences in the rate of zikv infection or reporting symptoms. | 2017 | 29216376 |
| novel wolbachia-transinfected aedes aegypti mosquitoes possess diverse fitness and vector competence phenotypes. | wolbachia pipientis from drosophila melanogaster (wmel) is an endosymbiotic bacterium that restricts transmission of human pathogenic flaviviruses and alphaviruses, including dengue, zika, and chikungunya viruses, when introduced into the mosquito vector aedes aegypti. to date, wmel-infected ae. aegypti have been released in field trials in 5 countries to evaluate the effectiveness of this strategy for disease control. despite the success in establishing wmel-infected mosquitoes in wild populati ... | 2017 | 29216317 |
| dengue serotype-specific immune response in aedes aegypti and aedes albopictus. | dengue viruses (denv) are considered one of the most important emerging pathogens and dengue disease is a global health threat. the geographic expansion of dengue viruses has led to co-circulation of all four dengue serotypes making it imperative that new denv control strategies be devised. | 2017 | 29211244 |
| an aedes aegypti-associated fungus increases susceptibility to dengue virus by modulating gut trypsin activity. | transmission of dengue virus (denv) requires successful completion of the infection cycle in the aedes aegypti vector, which is initiated in the midgut tissue after ingestion of an infectious blood meal. while certain ae. aegypti midgut-associated bacteria influence virus infection, little is known about the midgut-associated fungi (mycobiota), and how its members might influence susceptibility to denv infection. we show that a talaromyces (tsp_pr) fungus, isolated from field-caught ae. aegypti, ... | 2017 | 29205153 |
| alternative patterns of sex chromosome differentiation in aedes aegypti (l). | some populations of west african aedes aegypti, the dengue and zika vector, are reproductively incompatible; our earlier study showed that divergence and rearrangements of genes on chromosome 1, which bears the sex locus (m), may be involved. we also previously described a proposed cryptic subspecies senaae (pk10, senegal) that had many more high inter-sex fst genes on chromosome 1 than did ae.aegypti aegypti (aaa, pai lom, thailand). the current work more thoroughly explores the significance of ... | 2017 | 29202694 |
| global transcriptome analysis of aedes aegypti mosquitoes in response to zika virus infection. | zika virus (zikv) of the flaviviridae family is a recently emerged mosquito-borne virus that has been implicated in the surge of the number of microcephaly instances in south america. the recent rapid spread of the virus led to its declaration as a global health emergency by the world health organization. the virus is transmitted mainly by the mosquito aedes aegypti, which is also the vector of dengue virus; however, little is known about the interactions of the virus with the mosquito vector. i ... | 2017 | 29202041 |
| global risk mapping for major diseases transmitted by aedes aegypti and aedes albopictus. | the objective of this study was to map the global risk of the major arboviral diseases transmitted by aedes aegypti and aedes albopictus by identifying areas where the diseases are reported, either through active transmission or travel-related outbreaks, as well as areas where the diseases are not currently reported but are nonetheless suitable for the vector. | 2017 | 29196275 |
| larvicidal and residual activity of imidazolium salts against aedes aegypti (diptera: culicidae). | aedes aegypti is an important species of mosquito, which can transmit several arboviruses such as dengue fever, yellow fever, chikungunya, and zika. as these mosquitoes are becoming resistant to most chemical insecticides used in the world, studies with new larvicides should be prioritized. based on the known biological profile of imidazolium salts (is), the objective of this study was to evaluate the potential of six is as larvicides against ae. aegypti, which was tested against ae. aegypti lar ... | 2017 | 29193680 |
| first insights on insecticidal activity upon aedes aegypti and partial biochemical characterization of a novel low molecular mass chymotrypsin-trypsin inhibitor purified from lonchocarpus sericeus seeds. | arboviroses such as dengue, zika and chikungunya represent a serious issue in public health due to the absence of approved vaccine or specific antiviral drugs. one way to prevent these diseases is by combating the vector mosquito, aedes aegypti (diptera), which has serine proteases in the midgut. protease inhibitors are molecules that can block enzyme activity impairing digestion and nutrition that can lead to death. thus, we purified and characterized a novel chymotrypsin- trypsin inhibitor fro ... | 2017 | 29193604 |
| laboratory evaluation of a novel lethal ovitrap for control of aedes aegypti. | aedes aegypti (l.) (diptera: culicidae) are known to flourish in a variety of natural and residential habitats and are competent vectors of at least 22 different arboviruses, including dengue, chikungunya, and zika. their global distribution, anthropophilic nature, and vector competency make them species of interest for control. a novel durable dual-action lethal ovitrap (ddalo) with combined larviciding and adulticiding effects, as well as a slow-release polymer (isobutyl methacrylate), was des ... | 2017 | 28968892 |
| perturbed cholesterol and vesicular trafficking associated with dengue blocking in wolbachia-infected aedes aegypti cells. | wolbachia are intracellular maternally inherited bacteria that can spread through insect populations and block virus transmission by mosquitoes, providing an important approach to dengue control. to better understand the mechanisms of virus inhibition, we here perform proteomic quantification of the effects of wolbachia in aedes aegypti mosquito cells and midgut. perturbations are observed in vesicular trafficking, lipid metabolism and in the endoplasmic reticulum that could impact viral entry a ... | 2017 | 28904344 |
| minimum infectious dose for chikungunya virus in aedes aegypti and ae. albopictus mosquitoes. | understanding the ability of the chikungunya virus (chikv) to be transmitted by aedes vectors in the americas is critical for assessing epidemiological risk. one element that must be considered is the minimum infectious dose of virus that can lead to transmission following the extrinsic incubation period. this study aimed to determine the minimum infection rate for the two aedes species studied. the results revealed that doses as low as 3.9 log10 plaque-forming units per ml (pfu/ml) of an asian ... | 2017 | 28902278 |
| first detection of dengue and chikungunya viruses in natural populations of aedes aegypti in martinique during the 2013 - 2015 concomitant outbreak. | dengue and chikungunya viruses are transmitted by aedes mosquitoes. in martinique, an island of the french west indies, aedes aegypti is the suspected vector of both arboviruses; there is no aedes albopictus on the island. during the concomitant outbreak of 2013 - 2015, the authors collected wild a. aegypti populations, and for the first time, detected dengue and chikungunya viruses in field-collected females. this paper demonstrates the mosquito's role in transmission of both dengue and chikung ... | 2017 | 28902276 |
| highly effective broad spectrum chimeric larvicide that targets vector mosquitoes using a lipophilic protein. | two mosquitocidal bacteria, bacillus thuringiensis subsp. israelensis (bti) and lysinibacillus sphaericus (ls) are the active ingredients of commercial larvicides used widely to control vector mosquitoes. bti's efficacy is due to synergistic interactions among four proteins, cry4aa, cry4ba, cry11aa, and cyt1aa, whereas ls's activity is caused by bin, a heterodimer consisting of bina, the toxin, and binb, a midgut-binding protein. cyt1aa is lipophilic and synergizes bti cry proteins by increasing ... | 2017 | 28900215 |
| efficacy of blood sources and artificial blood feeding methods in rearing of aedes aegypti (diptera: culicidae) for sterile insect technique and incompatible insect technique approaches in sri lanka. | selection of the artificial membrane feeding technique and blood meal source has been recognized as key considerations in mass rearing of vectors. | 2017 | 28894749 |
| a natural hybrid of a bacillus thuringiensis cry2a toxin implicates domain i in specificity determination. | a pcr-rflp method was used to identify cry2a toxin genes in a collection of 300 strains of bacillus thuringiensis. from 81 genes identified, the vast majority appeared to be cry2aa or cry2ab, however three showed a different pattern and were subsequently cloned and sequenced. the gene cloned from strain hd395 was named cry2ba2. since the proteins encoded by the genes cloned from ls5115-3 and ds415 shared >95% sequence identity with existing toxins their genes were named cry2aa17 and cry2ab29 res ... | 2017 | 28888766 |