Publications
| Title | Abstract | Year(sorted descending) Filter | PMID Filter |
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| evaluation of insecticide resistance in aedes aegypti populations connected by roads and rivers: the case of tocantins state in brazil. | the longstanding application of insecticides for vector control without periodic monitoring of the population response to these chemicals can directly drive the selection of resistant populations of vector mosquitoes. tocantins is the newest state of the brazilian federation. despite a historically high number of dengue cases, studies and monitoring data concerning insecticide resistance in the state are lacking. | 2019 | 30916115 |
| understanding the mechanism of chikungunya virus vector competence in three species of mosquitoes. | chikungunya virus (chikv) is primarily transmitted by aedes spp. mosquitoes. the present study investigated vector competence for chikv in aedes aegypti and aedes albopictus mosquitoes found in madurai, south india. the role of receptor proteins on midguts contributing to permissiveness of chikv to aedes spp. mosquitoes was also undertaken. mosquitoes were orally infected with chikv drde-06. infection of midguts and dissemination to heads was confirmed by immunofluorescence assay at different ti ... | 2019 | 30913314 |
| mosquitoes on a diet reduce those pesky bites. | targeting the internal regulation of mosquito's human-seeking capacity provides a novel means for vector control. mosquitoes bite us to obtain blood in order to develop their eggs. professor vosshall and colleagues (cell 2019;176:687-701) have exploited the modulatory pathway to control this hunger for blood by designing drugs based on human diet-suppression pharmaceuticals. | 2019 | 30910491 |
| the electronic song "scary monsters and nice sprites" reduces host attack and mating success in the dengue vector aedes aegypti. | sound and its reception are crucial for reproduction, survival, and population maintenance of many animals. in insects, low-frequency vibrations facilitate sexual interactions, whereas noise disrupts the perception of signals from conspecifics and hosts. despite evidence that mosquitoes respond to sound frequencies beyond fundamental ranges, including songs, and that males and females need to struggle to harmonize their flight tones, the behavioral impacts of music as control targets remain unex ... | 2019 | 30922800 |
| use of mechanical and behavioural methods to eliminate female aedes aegypti and aedes albopictus for sterile insect technique and incompatible insect technique applications. | sex separation of mosquitoes at different stages is currently being attempted to ensure the successful release of male mosquitoes in novel vector control approaches. mechanical and behavioral techniques have been tried most frequently. | 2019 | 30922368 |
| investigating the probability of establishment of zika virus and detection through mosquito surveillance under different temperature conditions. | because of the increasing threat that zika virus (zikv) poses to more sub-tropical area due to increased global travel, there is a need for better understanding of the effect(s) of temperature on the establishment potential of zikv within these subtropical, temperate, and/or seasonal ae. aegypti populations. the first step to determining risk establishment of zikv in these regions is to assess zikv's ability to infect mosquitoes at less tropical temperatures, and thus be detected through common ... | 2019 | 30921386 |
| high-throughput screening method for evaluating spatial repellency and vapour toxicity to mosquitoes. | spatial repellents are an essential tool for personal protection against mosquitoes that bite and transmit disease pathogens to humans. current repellent screening methods, such as olfactometers and alternative choice tests, are complex systems that require a relatively large quantity of compound (mg). the present study validates a high-throughput spatial repellent screening method using a glass tube that has the ends covered with netting, in addition to treated filters and plastic end caps. the ... | 2019 | 30907445 |
| mitochondrial affectation, dna damage and ache inhibition induced by salvia officinalis essential oil on aedes aegypti larvae. | the aim of this research study was to understand the mechanism of action of salvia officinalis (lamiaceae) essential oil (eo) on aedes aegypti larvae. we evaluated the effect on dna damage, acetylcholinesterase (ache) inhibition and mitochondrial enzymatic alterations. the major components were analyzed in silico using osiris and molispiration free software. aedes aegypti dna was extracted from mosquito larvae between third (l3) and fourth (l4) instars to determine the dna fragmentation or degra ... | 2019 | 30905844 |
| global expansion and redistribution of aedes-borne virus transmission risk with climate change. | forecasting the impacts of climate change on aedes-borne viruses-especially dengue, chikungunya, and zika-is a key component of public health preparedness. we apply an empirically parameterized model of viral transmission by the vectors aedes aegypti and ae. albopictus, as a function of temperature, to predict cumulative monthly global transmission risk in current climates, and compare them with projected risk in 2050 and 2080 based on general circulation models (gcms). our results show that if ... | 2019 | 30921321 |
| modelling the potential distribution of arbovirus vector aedes aegypti under current and future climate scenarios in taiwan, china. | aedes aegypti is one of the most important mosquito species and is a common disease-transmitting pest in tropical areas. various infectious arbovirus diseases can be transmitted by ae. aegypti. with ongoing global climate change, we are facing an increasing public health threat from the rapid spread of disease vectors into wider geographical areas. to better understand the current ecological niche range and possible future expansion of ae. aegypti, an ecological niche modelling approach was adop ... | 2019 | 30919547 |
| activity of additives and their effect in formulations of metarhizium anisopliae s.l. ip 46 against aedes aegypti adults and on post mortem conidiogenesis. | oil formulations of entomopathogenic fungi have interest for biological mosquito control. | 2019 | 30836061 |
| past and future spread of the arbovirus vectors aedes aegypti and aedes albopictus. | the global population at risk from mosquito-borne diseases-including dengue, yellow fever, chikungunya and zika-is expanding in concert with changes in the distribution of two key vectors: aedes aegypti and aedes albopictus. the distribution of these species is largely driven by both human movement and the presence of suitable climate. using statistical mapping techniques, we show that human movement patterns explain the spread of both species in europe and the united states following their intr ... | 2019 | 30833735 |
| discovery and characterization of 2-nitro-5-(4-(phenylsulfonyl)piperazin-1-yl)- n-(pyridin-4-ylmethyl)anilines as novel inhibitors of the aedes aegypti kir1 ( aekir1) channel. | mosquito-borne arboviral diseases such as zika, dengue fever, and chikungunya are transmitted to humans by infected adult female aedes aegypti mosquitoes and affect a large portion of the world's population. the kir1 channel in ae. aegypti ( aekir1) is an important ion channel in the functioning of mosquito malpighian (renal) tubules and one that can be manipulated in order to disrupt excretory functions in mosquitoes. we have previously reported the discovery of various scaffolds that are activ ... | 2019 | 30832472 |
| characterization, diversity, and structure-activity relationship study of lipoamino acids from pantoea sp. and synthetic analogues. | a biological evaluation of a library of extracts from entomopathogen strains showed that pantoea sp. extract has significant antimicrobial and insecticidal activities. three hydroxyacyl-phenylalanine derivatives were isolated from this strain. their structures were elucidated by a comprehensive analysis of their nmr and ms spectroscopic data. the antimicrobial and insecticidal potencies of these compounds were evaluated, and compound 3 showed 67% mortality against aedes aegypti larvae at a conce ... | 2019 | 30832353 |
| determination by chromatography and cytotoxotoxic and oxidative effects of pyriproxyfen and pyridalyl. | pyriproxyfen (ppf) is a larvicide, used to combat the proliferation of aedes aegypti larvae. the objective of this study was to analyze the compounds of pyriproxyfen and pyridalyl (pyl) in a commercial larvicide to analyze the cytotoxic and oxidative effects of ppf and pyl. the toxic potential of ppf and pyl were assessed based on lethal concentration (lc50) in artemia salina, cytotoxicity based on the mitotic index and the chromosomal alterations in allium cepa and the oxidative damage in sacch ... | 2019 | 30831490 |
| effects of methylmercury on mosquito oviposition behavior: maladaptive response to non-toxic exposure. | animals can modulate their own exposure to environmental contaminants through behavioral plasticity such as diet and habitat choice. however, it remains unclear if behavior also has cascading effects on contaminant exposure across multiple generations. in insects, oviposition site selection is an important behavior females can use to modify offspring contaminant exposure risk. in this study, we use the yellow fever mosquito, aedes aegypti, to test how methylmercury (mehg) affects oviposition sit ... | 2019 | 30831364 |
| laboratory evaluation of larvicidal and oviposition deterrent properties of edible plant oils for potential management of aedes aegypti (diptera: culicidae) in drinking water containers. | the yellow fever mosquito, aedes aegypti (diptera: culicidae) transmits several devastating arboviruses, including dengue, chikungunya, and zika virus, making development of inexpensive and eco-friendly strategies for its control an urgent priority. we evaluated the lethality of 13 commonly used plant-derived edible oils against late-third instar ae. aegypti and then tested the three most lethal oils for stage-specific differences in lethality. we also examined the effects of the most lethal (he ... | 2019 | 30855084 |
| udp-glycosyltransferase genes and their association and mutations associated with pyrethroid resistance in anopheles sinensis (diptera: culicidae). | udp-glycosyltransferase (ugt) is an important biotransformation superfamily of enzymes. they catalyze the transfer of glycosyl residues from activated nucleotide sugars to acceptor hydrophobic molecules, and function in several physiological processes, including detoxification, olfaction, cuticle formation, pigmentation. the diversity, classification, scaffold location, characteristics, phylogenetics, and evolution of the superfamily of genes at whole genome level, and their association and muta ... | 2019 | 30845961 |
| molecular epidemiology and genetic diversity of zika virus from field-caught mosquitoes in various regions of thailand. | zika virus (zikv) infection is an emerging and re-emerging arbovirus disease that is transmitted to humans through the bite of infected mosquitoes. zikv infections were first described in thailand in 1954 from the sera of indigenous residents and several travelers returning from thailand in 2014. however, reported cases in thailand have been increasing since 2015 and 2016, and epidemiological information about the vectors of zikv is unclear. we investigated the molecular epidemiology and genetic ... | 2019 | 30845707 |
| updated methods for the production of toxorhynchites rutilus septentrionalis (diptera, culicidae) for use as biocontrol agent against container breeding pest mosquitoes in harris county, texas. | the complex biologies of pestiferous mosquito species complicate the development of a single, across the board effective control measure. the use of traditional biological control through predators, parasitoids, and microbes, though part of a multimodal, integrated pest management approach, is scant in current standard mosquito control operations. at this time, traditional, whole organism mosquito biocontrol agents are not commercially available, and if their integration into a release program i ... | 2019 | 30843583 |
| epidemiological and clinical characteristics of dengue virus outbreaks in two regions of china, 2014 - 2015. | dengue virus (denv), a single-stranded rna virus and flaviviridae family member, is transmitted by aedes aegypti and aedes albopictus mosquitoes. denv causes dengue fever, which may progress to severe dengue. hospital-based surveillance was performed in two chinese regions, guangzhou and xishuangbanna, during the dengue epidemics in 2014 and 2015, respectively. acute-phase serum was obtained from 133 patients with suspected dengue infections during the peak season for dengue cases. viremia level ... | 2019 | 30835769 |
| transcriptome sequencing and analysis of changes associated with insecticide resistance in the dengue mosquito (aedes aegypti) in vietnam. | the mosquito aedes aegypti is a transmission vector for dangerous epidemic diseases in humans. insecticides have been used as the most general vector control method in the world. however, ae. aegypti have developed many resistant mechanisms such as reduced neuronal sensitivity to insecticides (target-site resistance), enhanced insecticide metabolism (metabolic resistance), altered transport, sequestration, and other mechanisms. it has become a major problem for vector control programs. transcrip ... | 2019 | 30834881 |
| natural vertical infection by dengue virus serotype 4, zika virus and mayaro virus in aedes (stegomyia) aegypti and aedes (stegomyia) albopictus. | vertical transmission to progeny ensures the maintenance of arboviruses in their natural vectors. this mechanism is largely reported for dengue virus (denv) and yellow fever virus (yfv). few studies have addressed this mechanism for zika virus (zikv), mayaro virus (mayv) and other arboviruses. the present study investigated the natural infection rate by arboviruses in 4490 aedes (stegomyia) aegypti and 296 aedes (stegomyia) albopictus (diptera: culicidae) reared from eggs collected with ovitraps ... | 2019 | 30776139 |
| interventions for the control of aedes aegypti in latin america and the caribbean: systematic review and meta-analysis. | to determine the effectiveness and degree of implementation of interventions for the control of aedes aegypti in latin america and the caribbean (lac) as reported in scientific literature. | 2019 | 30771267 |
| juvenile hormone controls ovarian development in female anopheles albimanus mosquitoes. | anophelinae mosquitoes are vectors of human malaria, a disease that infects hundreds of millions of people and causes almost 600,000 fatalities annually. despite their medical importance, laboratory studies on key aspects of anophelinae reproductive biology have been limited, and in particular, relatively little is known about the role of juvenile hormone (jh) in the control of female reproduction. the study presented here attempts to fill a gap of knowledge in our understanding of the jh contro ... | 2019 | 30765796 |
| female resistance and harmonic convergence influence male mating success in aedes aegypti. | despite the importance of mosquito mating biology to reproductive control strategies, a mechanistic understanding of individual mating interactions is currently lacking. using synchronised high-speed video and audio recordings, we quantified behavioural and acoustic features of mating attempts between tethered female and free-flying male aedes aegypti. in most couplings, males were actively displaced by female kicks in the early phases of the interaction, while flight cessation prior to adoption ... | 2019 | 30765779 |
| efficacy of novel indoor residual spraying methods targeting pyrethroid-resistant aedes aegypti within experimental houses. | challenges in maintaining high effectiveness of classic vector control in urban areas has renewed the interest in indoor residual spraying (irs) as a promising approach for aedes-borne disease prevention. while irs has many benefits, application time and intrusive indoor applications make its scalability in urban areas difficult. modifying irs to account for ae. aegypti resting behavior, named targeted irs (tirs, spraying walls below 1.5 m and under furniture) can reduce application time; howeve ... | 2019 | 30817759 |
| socio-ecological factors associated with dengue risk and aedes aegypti presence in the galápagos islands, ecuador. | dengue fever is an emerging infectious disease in the galápagos islands of ecuador, with the first cases reported in 2002 and subsequent periodic outbreaks. we report results of a 2014 pilot study conducted in puerto ayora (pa) on santa cruz island, and puerto baquerizo moreno (pb) on san cristobal island. to assess the socio-ecological risk factors associated with dengue and mosquito vector presence at the household level, we conducted 100 household surveys (50 on each island) in neighborhoods ... | 2019 | 30813558 |
| optimization of irradiation dose to aedes aegypti and ae. albopictus in a sterile insect technique program. | the sterile insect technique (sit) may offer a means to control the transmission of mosquito borne diseases. sit involves the release of male insects that have been sterilized by exposure to ionizing radiation. we determined the effects of different doses of radiation on the survival and reproductive capacity of local strains of aedes aegypti and ae. albopictus in southern mexico. the survival of irradiated pupae was invariably greater than 90% and did not differ significantly in either sex for ... | 2019 | 30779779 |
| larvicidal and ovicidal activities of artocarpus blancoi extracts against aedes aegypti. | dengue control may be done by targeting its vector. in this study, we used artocarpus blancoi (elm.) merr. (moraceae) leaves, an endemic hematophagous insect repellent as a larvicide and ovicide. | 2019 | 30776315 |
| vector competence of biting midges and mosquitoes for shuni virus. | shuni virus (shuv) is an orthobunyavirus that belongs to the simbu serogroup. shuv was isolated from diverse species of domesticated animals and wildlife, and is associated with neurological disease, abortions, and congenital malformations. recently, shuv caused outbreaks among ruminants in israel, representing the first incursions outside the african continent. the isolation of shuv from a febrile child in nigeria and seroprevalence among veterinarians in south africa suggests that the virus ma ... | 2019 | 30753187 |
| small-molecule agonists of ae. aegypti neuropeptide y receptor block mosquito biting. | female aedes aegypti mosquitoes bite humans to obtain blood to develop their eggs. remarkably, their strong attraction to humans is suppressed for days after the blood meal by an unknown mechanism. we investigated a role for neuropeptide y (npy)-related signaling in long-term behavioral suppression and discovered that drugs targeting human npy receptors modulate mosquito host-seeking. in a screen of all 49 predicted ae. aegypti peptide receptors, we identified npy-like receptor 7 (npylr7) as the ... | 2019 | 30735632 |
| the perfect appetizer: a pharmacological strategy for a non-biting mosquito. | new possibilities for vector-borne disease control are revealed by duvall et al. (2019), who link host-seeking behavioral modulation in aedes aegypti to neuropeptide y (npy)-like receptor 7. small-molecule screening yields agonist compounds able to activate npylr7 and suppress attraction to hosts. | 2019 | 30735629 |
| feasibility of feeding aedes aegypti mosquitoes on dengue virus-infected human volunteers for vector competence studies in iquitos, peru. | transmission of dengue virus (denv) from humans to mosquitoes represents a critical component of dengue epidemiology. examinations of this process have generally been hampered by a lack of methods that adequately represent natural acquisition of denv by mosquitoes from humans. in this study, we assessed artificial and natural blood feeding methods based on rates of denv infection and dissemination within mosquitoes for use in a field-based epidemiological cohort study in iquitos, peru. | 2019 | 30753180 |
| surveillance of aedes aegypti indoors and outdoors using autocidal gravid ovitraps in south texas during local transmission of zika virus, 2016 to 2018. | the yellow fever mosquito, aedes aegypti, has facilitated the re-emergence of dengue virus (denv) and emergence of chikungunya virus (chikv) and zika virus (zikv) in the americas and the caribbean. the recent transmission of these arboviruses in the continental united states has been limited, to date, to south florida and south texas despite ae. aegypti occurring over a much larger geographical region within the country. the main goal of our study was to provide the first long term longitudinal ... | 2019 | 30763563 |
| protocols for testing the toxicity of novel insecticidal chemistries to mosquitoes. | new classes of insecticides with novel modes of action are needed to control insecticide resistant populations of mosquitoes that transmit diseases such as zika, dengue and malaria. assays for rapid, high-throughput analyses of unformulated novel chemistries against mosquito larvae and adults are presented. we describe protocols for single point-dose and dose response assays to evaluate the toxicity of small molecule chemistries to the aedes aegypti vector of zika, dengue and yellow fever, the m ... | 2019 | 30829331 |
| a comprehensive assessment of inbreeding and laboratory adaptation in aedes aegypti mosquitoes. | modified aedes aegypti mosquitoes reared in laboratories are being released around the world to control wild mosquito populations and the diseases they transmit. several efforts have failed due to poor competitiveness of the released mosquitoes. we hypothesized that colonized mosquito populations could suffer from inbreeding depression and adapt to laboratory conditions, reducing their performance in the field. we established replicate populations of ae. aegypti mosquitoes collected from queensl ... | 2019 | 30828375 |
| the first outbreak of dengue fever in greater darfur, western sudan. | dengue virus (denv) is an arthropod-borne virus (arbovirus) transmitted by the aedes mosquitoes, mainly aedes aegypti. dengue fever is a rapidly growing disease with expanding geographical distribution worldwide. we investigated a high number of non-malaria febrile cases reported to health clinics in refugee camps in the five states of darfur between august 2015 and march 2016. the clinical presentation of cases and case definition criteria suggested involvement of one or more arboviral hemorrha ... | 2019 | 30823624 |
| trap location and premises condition influences on aedes aegypti (diptera: culicidae) catches using biogents sentinel traps during a 'rear and release' program: implications for designing surveillance programs. | as the incidence of arboviral diseases such as dengue, zika, chikungunya, and yellow fever increases globally, controlling their primary vector, aedes aegypti (l.) (diptera: culicidae), is of greater importance than ever before. mosquito control programs rely heavily on effective adult surveillance to ensure methodological efficacy. the biogents sentinel (bgs) trap is the gold standard for surveilling adult aedes mosquitoes and is commonly deployed worldwide, including during modern 'rear and re ... | 2019 | 30817823 |
| modeling the present and future distribution of arbovirus vectors aedes aegypti and aedes albopictus under climate change scenarios in mainland china. | aedes aegypti and aedes albopictus are two important mosquito species which transmit various infectious arbovirus diseases represented mainly by dengue fever. these two species of mosquito have a wide range of distribution and strong transfer capacity. with ongoing global climate change, we are facing an increasing public health threat from the rapid spread of vectors in wider geographical areas. based on observed occurrence records of ae. aegypti and ae. albopictus and high-resolution environme ... | 2019 | 30743113 |
| assessment of the effectiveness of bg-sentinel traps baited with co2 and bg-lure for the surveillance of vector mosquitoes in miami-dade county, florida. | vector-borne diseases are an increasing issue to public health, endangering billions of people worldwide. controlling vector mosquitoes is widely accepted as the most effective way to prevent vector-borne disease outbreaks. mosquito surveillance is critical for the development of control strategies under the integrated vector management framework. we hypothesize that the effectiveness and reliability of using bg-sentinel traps for the surveillance strongly depend on the bait used to attract mosq ... | 2019 | 30794670 |
| widespread insecticide resistance in aedes aegypti l. from new mexico, u.s.a. | aedes aegypti mosquitoes are vectors of a variety of emerging viral pathogens, including yellow fever, dengue, chikungunya, and zika virus. this species has established endemic populations in all cities across southern new mexico sampled to date. presently, control of aedes-borne viruses relies on deployment of insecticides to suppress mosquito populations, but the evolution of insecticide resistance threatens the success of vector control programs. while insecticide resistance is quite common i ... | 2019 | 30794644 |
| high frequencies of f1534c and v1016i kdr mutations and association with pyrethroid resistance in aedes aegypti from somgandé (ouagadougou), burkina faso. | resistance to pyrethroid insecticides involving kdr mutations is widespread in aedes aegypti (l.) (diptera: culicidae) and potentially could impact control efforts in endemic countries. dengue cases had been sporadic in burkina faso for over a decade prior to the 2016-2017 outbreak that resulted in 15,074 suspected cases and 36 deaths, mainly in ouagadougou. these outbreaks highlighted the lack of information on numerous aspects of the biology, behaviour and insecticide status of local dengue ve ... | 2019 | 30787670 |
| experimental study on the action of larvicides in aedes aegypti populations collected in the brazilian municipality of itabuna, bahia, under simulated field conditions. | to evaluate, under simulated field conditions, the efficacy of pyriproxyfen (juvenile hormone), novaluron (chitin inhibitor) and spinosad (biolarvicide) in controlling aedes aegypti. | 2019 | 30785572 |
| entomological and virological surveillance for dengue virus in churches in merida, mexico. | this study was designed to assess whether churches in endemic dengue districts in merida, mexico provide suitable breeding habitats for mosquitoes and are potential sites for dengue virus (denv) transmission. churches were inspected for immature and adult mosquitoes once every week from november 2015 to october 2016. a total of 10,997 immatures of five species were collected. the most abundant species were aedes aegypti (6,051) and culex quinquefasciatus (3,018). the most common source of immatu ... | 2019 | 30785563 |
| potential for sylvatic and urban aedes mosquitoes from senegal to transmit the new emerging dengue serotypes 1, 3 and 4 in west africa. | dengue fever (den) is the most common arboviral disease in the world and dengue virus (denv) causes 390 million annual infections around the world, of which 240 million are inapparent and 96 million are symptomatic. during the past decade a changing epidemiological pattern has been observed in africa, with den outbreaks reported in all regions. in senegal, all denv serotypes have been reported. these important changes in the epidemiological profile of den are occurring in a context where there i ... | 2019 | 30759080 |
| exome-wide association of deltamethrin resistance in aedes aegypti from mexico. | aedes aegypti is the major vector of a number of arboviruses that cause disease in humans. without vaccines or pharmaceuticals, pyrethroid insecticides remain the major tool for public health protection. pyrethroid resistance is now widespread. replacement substitutions in the voltage-gated sodium channel (vgsc) that reduce the stability of pyrethroid binding account for most of the resistance, but metabolic mechanisms also inactivate pyrethroids. high-throughput sequencing and the a. aegypti l5 ... | 2019 | 30758862 |
| origin and expansion of the mosquito aedes aegypti in madeira island (portugal). | historically known as the yellow fever mosquito, aedes aegypti invaded madeira island in 2005 and was the vector of the island's first dengue outbreak in 2012. we have studied genetic variation at 16 microsatellites and two mitochondrial dna genes in temporal samples of madeira island, in order to assess the origin of the invasion and the population structure of this mosquito vector. our results indicated at least two independent colonization events occurred on the island, both having a south am ... | 2019 | 30783149 |
| acceptability of aedes aegypti blood feeding on dengue virus-infected human volunteers for vector competence studies in iquitos, peru. | as part of a study to investigate drivers of dengue virus (denv) transmission dynamics, this qualitative study explored whether denv-infected residents of iquitos, peru, considered it acceptable (1) to participate in direct mosquito feeding experiments (lab-reared aedes aegypti mosquitoes fed directly on human volunteers) and (2) to provide blood meals indirectly (ae. aegypti fed on blood drawn from participants by venipuncture). twelve focus group discussions (fgds; 94 participants: 82 females ... | 2019 | 30742621 |
| mathematical modeling of dengue epidemic: control methods and vaccination strategies. | dengue is, in terms of death and economic cost, one of the most important infectious diseases in the world. so, its mathematical modeling can be a valuable tool to help us to understand the dynamics of the disease and to infer about its spreading by the proposition of control methods. in this paper, control strategies, which aim to eliminate the aedes aegypti mosquito, as well as proposals for the vaccination campaign are evaluated. in our mathematical model, the mechanical control is accomplish ... | 2019 | 30740641 |
| quantitative evaluation of the behavioral response to attractant and repellent compounds in anopheles pseudopunctipennis and aedes aegypti (diptera: culicidae) larvae. | the mosquito anopheles pseudopunctipennis (theobald) is the principal vector for malaria in latin-america. aedes aegypti (l.) (diptera: culicidae) is the key vector of four important arboviral diseases: dengue, yellow fever, zika, and chikungunya. controlling larval stages to reduce the production of new adult mosquitoes is part of the integrated vector management strategies. however, there are few studies about the olfactory behavior on immature stages of mosquitoes, especially in an. pseudopun ... | 2019 | 30753516 |
| loop-mediated isothermal amplification (lamp) for the identification of invasive aedes mosquito species. | invasive aedes mosquito species (diptera: culicidae) are of public health concern in europe because they are either recognized or potential vectors of pathogens. loop-mediated isothermal amplification (lamp) is a rapid and simple method for amplifying dna with high specificity and efficiency, with the technique having potential for application in the field, including in high-throughput format. specific lamp assays based on rdna internal transcribed spacers 1 or 2 sequences, considering intraspec ... | 2019 | 30734975 |
| vertical transmission of zika virus in culex quinquefasciatus say and aedes aegypti (l.) mosquitoes. | several mosquito species have been described as vectors for the zika virus (zikv), such as those in the aedes, anopheles, mansonia and culex genera. our previous survey studies were found the zikv rna positive in both male, female and larvae of culex quinquefasciatus say and aedes aegypti (l.) mosquitoes collected from active zikv infected patients' homes in thailand. therefore, the aims of this study were to investigate whether zikv could be vertically transmitted in cx. quinquefasciatus, ae. a ... | 2019 | 30918310 |
| development and validation of reverse transcription loop-mediated isothermal amplification (rt-lamp) for rapid detection of zikv in mosquito samples from brazil. | the rapid spread of zika virus (zikv) represents a global public health problem, especially in areas that harbor several mosquito species responsible for virus transmission, such as brazil. in these areas, improvement in mosquito control needs to be a top priority, but mosquito viral surveillance occurs inefficiently in zikv-endemic countries. quantitative reverse transcription pcr (qrt-pcr) is the gold standard for molecular diagnostic of zikv in both human and mosquito samples. however, the te ... | 2019 | 30872672 |
| the pharmacological and functional characterization of the serotonergic system in anopheles gambiae and aedes aegypti: influences on flight and blood-feeding behavior. | aedes aegypti and anopheles gambiae harbor the causative agents of diseases such as dengue fever and malaria, afflicting human morbidity and mortality worldwide. given the worldwide emergence of resistance to insecticides, the current mainstay for vector control, identification of alternative modes of action for future insecticides is paramount. the serotonergic (5-ht) system has been documented to impact physiological mechanisms involved in disease transmission, suggesting its potential as a ne ... | 2019 | 30872615 |
| publisher correction: past and future spread of the arbovirus vectors aedes aegypti and aedes albopictus. | in the version of this article originally published, the affiliation for author catherine linard was incorrectly stated as '6department of infectious disease epidemiology, london school of hygiene and tropical medicine, london, uk'. the correct affiliation is '9spatial epidemiology lab (spell), universite libre de bruxelles, brussels, belgium'. the affiliation for author hongjie yu was also incorrectly stated as '11department of statistics, harvard university, cambridge, ma, usa'. the correct af ... | 2019 | 30903094 |
| aedes mosquitoes acquire and transmit zika virus by breeding in contaminated aquatic environments. | zika virus (zikv) is a mosquito-borne flavivirus that predominantly circulates between humans and aedes mosquitoes. clinical studies have shown that zika viruria in patients persists for an extended period, and results in infectious virions being excreted. here, we demonstrate that aedes mosquitoes are permissive to zikv infection when breeding in urine or sewage containing low concentrations of zikv. mosquito larvae and pupae, including from field aedes aegypti can acquire zikv from contaminate ... | 2019 | 30902991 |
| self-assembly of chlorin-e6 on γ-fe2o3 nanoparticles: application for larvicidal activity against aedes aegypti. | aedes aegypti mosquitos are widespread vectors of several diseases and their control is of primary importance for biological and environmental reasons, and novel safe insecticides are highly desirable. an eco-friendly photosensitizing magnetic nanocarrier with larvicidal effects on aedes aegypti was proposed. the innovative core-shell hybrid nanomaterial was synthesized by combining peculiar magnetic nanoparticles (called surface active maghemite nanoparticles - samns, the core) and chlorin-e6 a ... | 2019 | 30897400 |
| protein expression in female salivary glands of pyrethroid-susceptible and resistant strains of aedes aegypti mosquitoes. | a group of insecticides called pyrethroids has been used extensively worldwide and development of pyrethroid resistance within mosquito populations, especially in aedes aegypti, has rapidly spread through populations. in this study, sds-page, 2-de coupled with nanolc-ms, and bioinformatics were used to analyze the female salivary gland proteins of pyrethroid-susceptible (pmd) and pyrethroid-resistant (pmd-r and upk-r) strains of ae. aegypti mosquitoes for the first time. | 2019 | 30871604 |
| evidence for the natural occurrence of wolbachia in aedes aegypti mosquitoes. | wolbachia, a gram-negative bacterium, is widely known to be present in arthropods and nematodes. of late, great impetus is given to employ this intracellular bacterium, as an alternative to conventional biocontrol agents for the control of mosquitoes because of its inherent ability to induce sperm-egg incompatibility, feminisation etc. by employing molecular tools, we have shown the presence of wolbachia from aedes aegypti mosquito population collected from coimbatore, india by pcr amplifying th ... | 2019 | 30869785 |
| corrigendum to "larvicidal potential of five selected dragonfly nymphs in sri lanka over aedes aegypti (linnaeus) larvae under laboratory settings". | [this corrects the article doi: 10.1155/2018/8759459.]. | 2019 | 30868069 |
| first dengue virus seroprevalence study on madeira island after the 2012 outbreak indicates unreported dengue circulation. | in 2012, the first dengue virus outbreak was reported on the portuguese island of madeira with 1080 confirmed cases. dengue virus of serotype 1 (denv-1), probably imported from venezuela, caused this outbreak with autochthonous transmission by invasive aedes aegypti mosquitoes. | 2019 | 30867031 |
| genome-wide divergence among invasive populations of aedes aegypti in california. | in the summer of 2013, aedes aegypti linnaeus was first detected in three cities in central california (clovis, madera and menlo park). it has now been detected in multiple locations in central and southern ca as far south as san diego and imperial counties. a number of published reports suggest that ca populations have been established from multiple independent introductions. | 2019 | 30866822 |
| naturally infected aedes aegypti collected during a zika virus outbreak have viral titres consistent with transmission. | 2019 | 30866777 | |
| costs of an aedes aegypti vector control program. | 2019 | 30864616 | |
| larvicidal activity of selected essential oil in synergized combinations against aedes aegypti. | this study was conducted to attain an alternate plant essential oil (eo) based mosquito larvicide against the dengue vector aedes aegypti. here three plants were selected based on their local availability, safety and insecticidal properties. eos were extracted from syzygium aromaticum (myrtaceae) flower buds, fruits of illicium verum (schisandraceae) and trachyspermum ammi (apiaceae) by hydro-distillation and tested against ae. aegypti larvae individually and in combinations to find synergistic ... | 2019 | 30861442 |
| global outbreaks and origins of a chikungunya virus variant carrying mutations which may increase fitness for aedes aegypti: revelations from the 2016 mandera, kenya outbreak. | in 2016, a chikungunya virus (chikv) outbreak was reported in mandera, kenya. this was the first major chikv outbreak in the country since the global reemergence of this virus in kenya in 2004. we collected samples and sequenced viral genomes from this outbreak. all kenyan genomes contained two mutations, e1:k211e and e2:v264a, recently reported to have an association with increased infectivity, dissemination, and transmission in the aedes aegypti vector. phylogeographic inference of temporal an ... | 2019 | 30860010 |
| aedes aegypti agbr1 antibodies modulate early zika virus infection of mice. | a recent epidemic of zika virus in the americas, affecting well over a million people, caused substantial mortality and morbidity, including guillain-barre syndrome, microcephaly and other fetal developmental defects1,2. preventive and therapeutic measures that specifically target the virus are not readily available. the transmission of zika virus is predominantly mosquito-borne, and aedes aegypti mosquitoes serve as a key vector for zika virus3. here, to identify salivary factors that modulate ... | 2019 | 30858571 |
| modeling the impact of sterile males on an aedes aegypti population with optimal control. | we use partial differential equations to describe the dynamics of an aedes aegypti mosquito population on an island, and the effects of a sterile male release. the model includes mosquito movement and an allee effect to capture extinction events. we apply optimal control theory to identify the release strategy that eliminates the mosquitoes most rapidly, conditional on a limited availability of sterile males. the optimal solution for a single location is to initially release a substantial number ... | 2019 | 30857942 |
| urban and semi-urban mosquitoes of mexico city: a risk for endemic mosquito-borne disease transmission. | since past century, vector-borne diseases have been a major public health concern in several states of mexico. however, mexico city continues to be free of endemic mosquito-borne viral diseases. the city is the most important politic and economic state of mexico and one of the most important city of latin america. its subtropical highland climate and high elevation (2240 masl) had historically made the occurrence of aedes species unlikely. however, the presence of other potential disease vectors ... | 2019 | 30840661 |
| the efficiency of a new automated mosquito larval counter and its impact on larval survival. | to achieve consistent and standardized rearing for mosquito immature stages, it is crucial to control the initial number of larvae present in each larval tray. in addition, maintaining an optimal and synchronized development rate of larvae is essential to maximize the pupal production and optimize male sorting in a mass-rearing setting. manual counting is labor intensive, time consuming and error prone. therefore, this study aimed to investigate the use of a customized automated counter for the ... | 2019 | 31092868 |
| estimating absolute indoor density of aedes aegypti using removal sampling. | quantification of adult aedes aegypti abundance indoors has relied on estimates of relative density (e.g. number of adults per unit of sampling or time), most commonly using traps or timed collections using aspirators. the lack of estimates of the sensitivity of collections and lack of a numerical association between relative and the absolute density of adult ae. aegypti represent a significant gap in vector surveillance. here, we describe the use of sequential removal sampling to estimate absol ... | 2019 | 31113454 |
| use of mosquito repellents to protect against zika virus infection among pregnant women in brazil. | to evaluate the use of repellents among pregnant women as a protective measure against infection with the zika virus. | 2019 | 31112836 |
| predicting aquatic development and mortality rates of aedes aegypti. | mosquito-borne pathogens continue to be a significant burden within human populations, with aedes aegypti continuing to spread dengue, chikungunya, and zika virus throughout the world. using data from a previously conducted study, a linear regression model was constructed to predict the aquatic development rates based on the average temperature, temperature fluctuation range, and larval density. additional experiments were conducted with different parameters of average temperature and larval den ... | 2019 | 31112566 |
| the ion channel ppk301 controls freshwater egg-laying in the mosquito aedes aegypti. | female aedes aegypti mosquitoes are deadly vectors of arboviral pathogens and breed in containers of freshwater associated with human habitation. because high salinity is lethal to offspring, correctly evaluating water purity is a crucial parenting decision. we found that the deg/enac channel ppk301 and sensory neurons expressing ppk301 control egg-laying initiation and choice in ae. aegypti. using calcium imaging, we found that ppk301-expressing cells show ppk301-dependent responses to water bu ... | 2019 | 31112133 |
| juvenile hormone signaling in insect oogenesis. | juvenile hormone (jh) plays a crucial role in insect reproduction, but its molecular mode of action only became clear within the last decade. we here review recent findings revealing the intricate crosstalk between jh and ecdysone signaling with nutrient sensing pathways in drosophila melanogaster, aedes aegypti, tribolium castaneum and locusta migratoria. the finding for a critical role of ecdysis triggering hormone (eth) in both molting and ooogenesis now also highlights the importance of an i ... | 2019 | 31109672 |
| induction of rna interference to block zika virus replication and transmission in the mosquito aedes aegypti. | the yellow fever mosquito, aedes aegypti, serves as the primary vector for epidemic transmission of yellow fever, dengue, zika (zikv), and chikungunya viruses to humans. control of ae. aegypti is currently limited to insecticide applications and larval habitat management; however, to combat growing challenges with insecticide resistance, novel genetic approaches for vector population reduction or transmission interruption are being aggressively pursued. the objectives of this study were to asses ... | 2019 | 31103782 |
| plant essential oils synergize various pyrethroid insecticides and antagonize malathion in aedes aegypti. | pyrethroid resistance is a significant threat to agricultural, urban and public health pest control activities. because economic incentives for the production of novel active ingredients for the control of public health pests are lacking, this field is particularly affected by the potential failure of pyrethroid-based insecticides brought about by increasing pyrethroid resistance. as a result, innovative approaches are desperately needed to overcome insecticide resistance, particularly in mosqui ... | 2019 | 31102301 |
| prevalence and distribution of dengue virus in aedes aegypti in yogyakarta city before deployment of wolbachia infected aedes aegypti. | indonesia is one of the countries where dengue infection is prevalent. in this study we measure the prevalence and distribution of dengue virus (denv) denv-infected aedes aegypti in yogyakarta city, indonesia, during the wet season when high dengue transmission period occurred, as baseline data before implementation of a wolbachia-infected aedes aegypti trial for dengue control. we applied one-step multiplex real time pcr (rt-pcr) for the type-specific-detection of dengue viruses in field-caught ... | 2019 | 31100967 |
| aedes aegypti saliva impairs m1-associated proinflammatory phenotype without promoting or affecting m2 polarization of murine macrophages. | during the feeding process, the mouthparts of hematophagous mosquitoes break the skin barrier and probe the host tissue to find the blood. the saliva inoculated in this microenvironment modulates host hemostasis, inflammation and adaptive immune responses. however, the mechanisms involved in these biological activities remain poorly understood and few studies explored the potential roles of mosquito saliva on the individual cellular components of the immune system. here, we report the immunomodu ... | 2019 | 31097013 |
| bacteria: a novel source for potent mosquito feeding-deterrents. | antibiotic and insecticidal bioactivities of the extracellular secondary metabolites produced by entomopathogenic bacteria belonging to genus xenorhabdus have been identified; however, their novel applications such as mosquito feeding-deterrence have not been reported. here, we show that a mixture of compounds isolated from xenorhabdus budapestensis in vitro cultures exhibits potent feeding-deterrent activity against three deadly mosquito vectors: aedes aegypti, anopheles gambiae, and culex pipi ... | 2019 | 30746455 |
| the long and short of hearing in the mosquito aedes aegypti. | mating behavior in aedes aegypti mosquitoes occurs mid-air and involves the exchange of auditory signals at close range (millimeters to centimeters) [1-6]. it is widely assumed that this intimate signaling distance reflects short-range auditory sensitivity of their antennal hearing organs to faint flight tones [7, 8]. to the contrary, we show here that male mosquitoes can hear the female's flight tone at surprisingly long distances-from several meters to up to 10 m-and that unrestrained, resting ... | 2019 | 30744970 |
| genome sequences of chikungunya virus isolates circulating in midwestern brazil. | chikungunya virus (chikv) is a reemerging arbovirus of the family togaviridae that causes chikv fever, a disease that can extend from weeks to years depending on whether clinical signs of arthralgia persist. chikv is mainly transmitted by aedes aegypti mosquitoes and possibly reached the americas in 2013, causing an outbreak in brazil in 2015. so far, two evolutionary lineages of chikv have been reported in brazil: the asian and the east-central-south african (ecsa) lineages. in this study, six ... | 2019 | 30729309 |
| repellency assessment of nepeta cataria essential oils and isolated nepetalactones on aedes aegypti. | there is an increased need for improved and affordable insect repellents to reduce transmission of rapidly spreading diseases with high mortality rates. natural products are often used when deet cannot be afforded or accessed and when consumers choose not to use a synthetic repellent. the essential oils from two newly bred nepeta cataria (catnip) plants representing two different chemotypes and their respective isolated nepetalactone isomers were evaluated as mosquito repellents against aedes ae ... | 2019 | 30728370 |
| engineered resistance to zika virus in transgenic aedes aegypti expressing a polycistronic cluster of synthetic small rnas. | recent zika virus (zikv) outbreaks have highlighted the necessity for development of novel vector control strategies to combat arboviral transmission, including genetic versions of the sterile insect technique, artificial infection with wolbachia to reduce population size and/or vectoring competency, and gene drive-based methods. here, we describe the development of mosquitoes synthetically engineered to impede vector competence to zikv. we demonstrate that a polycistronic cluster of engineered ... | 2019 | 30723148 |
| detection of rna-dependent rna polymerase of hubei reo-like virus 7 by next-generation sequencing in aedes aegypti and culex quinquefasciatus mosquitoes from brazil. | advancements in next-generation sequencing and bioinformatics have expanded our knowledge of the diversity of viruses (pathogens and non-pathogens) harbored by mosquitoes. hubei reo-like virus 7 (hrlv 7) was recently detected by the virome analysis of fecal samples from migratory birds in australia. we now report the detection of rna-dependent rna polymerase sequences of hrlv 7 in pools of aedes aegypti and culex quinquefasciatus mosquitoes species from the brazilian amazon forest. phylogenetic ... | 2019 | 30744159 |
| evaluation of enhanced oviposition attractant formulations against aedes and culex vector mosquitoes in urban and semi-urban areas. | surveillance is not only an important tool to assess the population dynamics of vector mosquitoes, but it can also be used to control vector-borne diseases. mosquito vectors that belong to several genera such as anopheles, aedes, and culex play a crucial role in the transmission of malaria, dengue, chikungunya, zika, and elephantiasis diseases worldwide. we tested the efficacy of two commercial-grade oviposition attractant formulations that were developed for the container-inhabiting aedes aegyp ... | 2019 | 30719534 |
| homologs of human dengue-resistance genes, fkbp1b and atcay, confer antiviral resistance in aedes aegypti mosquitoes. | dengue virus (denv) is transmitted by mosquitoes and is a major public health concern. the study of innate mosquito defense mechanisms against denv have revealed crucial roles for the toll, imd, jak-stat, and rnai pathways in mediating denv in the mosquito. often overlooked in such studies is the role of intrinsic cellular defense mechanisms that we hypothesize to work in concert with the classical immune pathways to affect organismal defense. our understanding of the molecular interaction of de ... | 2019 | 30717390 |
| attraction of female aedes aegypti (l.) to aphid honeydew. | plant sugar is an essential dietary constituent for mosquitoes, and hemipteran honeydew is one of the many forms of plant sugar that is important to mosquitoes. many insects rely on volatile honeydew semiochemicals to locate aphids or honeydew itself. mosquitoes exploit volatile semiochemicals to locate sources of plant sugar but their attraction to honeydew has not previously been investigated. here, we report the attraction of female yellow fever mosquitoes, aedes aegypti, to honeydew odorants ... | 2019 | 30717169 |
| analysis of salivary glands and saliva from aedes albopictus and aedes aegypti infected with chikungunya viruses. | chikungunya virus (chikv) is a medically important mosquito-borne virus transmitted to humans by infected aedes (stegomyia) species. in 2013⁻2014, ae. aegypti transmitted chikv to humans in the caribbean and in 2005⁻2006, ae. albopictus transmitted chikv on la réunion island (indian ocean basin). chikv lr2006 opy1 from the la réunion epidemic was associated with a mutation (e1:a226v) in the viral e1 glycoprotein that enhanced chikv transmission by ae. albopictus. chikv r99659 from the caribbean ... | 2019 | 30717086 |
| water-induced strong protection against acute exposure to low subzero temperature of adult aedes albopictus. | as an important vector of dengue and zika, aedes albopictus has been the fastest spreading invasive mosquitoes in the world over the last 3-4 decades. cold tolerance is important for survival and expansion of insects. ae. albopictus adults are generally considered to be cold-intolerant that cannot survive at subzero temperature. however, we found that ae. albopictus could survive for several hours' exposure to -9 to -19 oc so long as it was exposed with water. median lethal time (lt50) of ae. al ... | 2019 | 30716071 |
| pyrethroids use: threats on metabolic-mediated resistance mechanisms in the primary dengue vector aedes aegypti (diptera: culicidae). | the emergence of pyrethroid resistance in aedes aegypti (l.) has limited the success of vector control. early detection of resistance could assist authorities in deciding well-suited control strategies to minimize operational failures of ae. aegypti control. herein, biochemical analysis was performed to investigate the mechanisms involved in pyrethroid resistance in nine populations of indonesian ae. aegypti. enzymes of adult ae. aegypti such as esterases (ests), glutathione-s-transferases (gsts ... | 2019 | 30715464 |
| transcriptional profile of aedes aegypti leucine-rich repeat proteins in response to zika and chikungunya viruses. | aedes aegypti (l.) is the primary vector of chikungunya, dengue, yellow fever, and zika viruses. the leucine-rich repeats (lrr)-containing domain is evolutionarily conserved in many proteins associated with innate immunity in invertebrates and vertebrates, as well as plants. we focused on the aaelrim1 and aaeapl1 gene expressions in response to zika virus (zikv) and chikungunya virus (chikv) infection using a time course study, as well as the developmental expressions in the eggs, larvae, pupae, ... | 2019 | 30708982 |
| screening aedes aegypti (diptera: culicidae) populations from pernambuco, brazil for resistance to temephos, diflubenzuron, and cypermethrin and characterization of potential resistance mechanisms. | resistance to chemical insecticides detected in aedes aegypti (l.) mosquitoes has been a problem for the national dengue control program (pncd) over the last years. in order to provide deeper knowledge of resistance to xenobiotics, our study evaluated the susceptibility profile of temephos, diflubenzuron, and cypermethrin insecticides in natural mosquito populations from the pernambuco state, associating these results with the local historical use of such compounds. furthermore, mechanisms that ... | 2019 | 31175834 |
| temperature impacts on dengue emergence in the united states: investigating the role of seasonality and climate change. | tropical mosquito-borne viruses have been expanding into more temperate regions in recent decades. this is partly due to the coupled effects of temperature on mosquito life history traits and viral infection dynamics and warming surface temperatures, resulting in more suitable conditions for vectors and virus transmission. in this study, we use a deterministic ordinary differential equations model to investigate how seasonal and diurnal temperature fluctuations affect the potential for dengue tr ... | 2019 | 31175008 |
| aedes aegypti microrna, mir-2944b-5p interacts with 3'utr of chikungunya virus and cellular target vps-13 to regulate viral replication. | rna interference is among the most important mechanisms that serve to restrict virus replication within mosquitoes, where micrornas (mirnas) are important in regulating viral replication and cellular functions. these mirnas function by binding to complementary sequences mostly in the untranslated regions of the target. chikungunya virus (chikv) genome consists of two open reading frames flanked by 5' and 3' untranslated regions on the two sides. a recent study from our laboratory has shown that ... | 2019 | 31166953 |
| utilizing larvicidal and pupicidal efficacy of eucalyptus and neem oil against aedes mosquito: an approach for mosquito control. | plant-based products can provide safe and biodegradable mosquito control agents. the essential oils have a strong odor due to complex secondary metabolites and exhibit lower density than that of water, which renders them suitable to form a thin layer above the water surface. the present study was designed to evaluate the larvicidal, pupicidal activity of eucalyptus and neem oils against aedes aegypti and aedes albopictus. | 2019 | 31161087 |
| enhanced vector surveillance to control arbovirus epidemics in colombia. | in the wake of the zika epidemic, there has been intensified interest in the surveillance and control of the arbovirus vectors aedes aegypti and aedes albopictus, yet many existing surveillance systems could benefit from improvements. vector control programs are often directed by national governments, but are carried out at the local level, resulting in the discounting of spatial heterogeneities in ecology and epidemiology. furthermore, entomological and epidemiological data are often collected ... | 2019 | 31171922 |
| community assessments for mosquito prevention and control experiences, attitudes, and practices - u.s. virgin islands, 2017 and 2018. | aedes aegypti, the mosquito that carries dengue, chikungunya, and zika viruses, is present throughout the u.s. virgin islands (usvi). to reduce mosquitoborne disease transmission, the usvi department of health (vidoh) is responsible for integrated mosquito management. during january 2016-january 2018, usvi experienced its first zika outbreak, with most cases reported during january-december 2016, as well as two category 5 hurricanes (irma on st. thomas/st. john on september 6, 2017, and maria on ... | 2019 | 31170124 |
| the widespread occurrence and potential biological roles of endogenous viral elements in insect genomes. | modern genomic sequencing and bioinformatics approaches have detected numerous examples of dna sequences derived from dna and rna virus genomes integrated into both vertebrate and insect genomes. retroviruses encode rna-dependent dna polymerases (reverse transcriptases) and integrases that convert their rna viral genomes into dna proviruses and facilitate proviral dna integration into the host genome. surprisingly, dna sequences derived from rna viruses that do not encode these enzymes also occu ... | 2019 | 31167954 |