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mosquito iridescent virus: new records from nature and infections using strelkovimermis spiculatus (mermithidae) as a vector under laboratory conditions.iridoviridae is a dna virus family that affects both vertebrates and invertebrates. immature aquatic stages of many dipteran species infected with iridovirus have been found in different places worldwide. the most represented genera of the culicidae family are aedes and psorophora. to date, sixteen species of aedes naturally infected with iridoviruses have been reported. moreover, there are four records for the genus psorophora, one for culiseta, and two for culex. in this paper, we report two n ...202031903519
aedes aegypti insecticide resistance underlies the success (and failure) of wolbachia population replacement.mosquitoes that carry wolbachia endosymbionts may help control the spread of arboviral diseases, such as dengue, zika and chikungunya. wolbachia frequencies systematically increase only when the frequency-dependent advantage due to cytoplasmic incompatibility exceeds frequency-independent costs, which may be intrinsic to the wolbachia and/or can be associated with the genetic background into which wolbachia are introduced. costs depend on field conditions such as the environmental pesticide load ...202031919396
sequencing of zikv genomes directly from ae. aegypti and cx. quinquefasciatus mosquitoes collected during the 2015-16 epidemics in recife.zika virus (zikv) is a negative sense rna virus from the flaviviridae family, which was relatively unknown until the first human epidemic in micronesia, in 2007. since its spread to french polynesia and the americas. recife, the capital of pernambuco state and epicenter of the zika epidemic in brazil, experienced a large number of microcephaly cases and other congenital abnormalities associated to the zikv infection from, 2015 to 16. evidences suggest that both aedes aegypti and culex quinquefas ...202031918041
development, larvicide activity, and toxicity in nontarget species of the croton linearis jacq essential oil nanoemulsion.in this study, the essential oil (eo) from leaves of croton linearis jacq was extracted and characterized by gc/ms. the eo hydrophilic-lipophilic balance required (rhlb) for nanoemulsion (ne) development was determined by the griffin' method. for evaluating the larvicidal effect against aedes aegypti, the preparation process of ne was optimized, using a central composite design. it was also evaluated the possible toxic effect of ne in nontarget species. the leaves of c. linearis contain 1.50% of ...202031916152
chemosensation: hate mosquitoes? peel beetroots!finding the right lure for trapping pest insects is difficult. the typical smell of rain and humid soil, geosmin, now turns out to be a strong attractant for the yellow fever mosquito aedes aegypti.202031910367
geographic shifts in the bioclimatic suitability for aedes aegypti under climate change scenarios in colombia.the dengue, chikungunya and zika viruses are arboviruses predominantly transmitted to humans through the bite of the female mosquito aedes aegypti. currently, the vector represents a potential epidemiological risk in several latin american and pacific countries. however, little is known about the geographical distribution and bioclimatic suitability of this mosquito in the projected climate change scenarios in colombia. using a species distribution model of maximum entropy (maxent) based on pres ...202031909268
surveillance for zika in mexico: naturally infected mosquitoes in urban and semi-urban areas.zika cases have been reported in 29 out of the 32 states of mexico. information regarding which mosquito species might be driving zika virus transmission/maintenance in nature must be regularly updated. from january 2017 to november 2018, mosquitoes were collected indoors and outdoors using the cdc backpack aspirator in urban and semi-urban areas with evidence of mosquito-borne disease transmission. 3873 mosquito pools were tested for zika infection using the cdc trioplex real-time rt-pcr. for e ...202031902313
cytotoxic and larvicidal activities of stemona alkaloids from the aerial parts and roots of stemona curtisii hook.f.a new stemona alkaloid glycoside derivative, 6-hydroxy-5,6-seco-stemocurtisinoside (4), was isolated from the ethanolic extract of the aerial parts of stemona curtisii hook.f., together with stemocurtisine (1), (11z)-1',2'-didehydrostemofoline (2) and 6-hydroxy-5,6-seco-stemocurtisine (3). whereas, stemocurtisine (1), stemocurtisinol (5) and oxyprotostemonine (6) were isolated from the roots. their structures were elucidated using 1d and 2d nmr spectroscopy as well as ms experiments. the extract ...202031899956
discovery of 1,2,4-oxadiazole derivatives as a novel class of noncompetitive inhibitors of 3-hydroxykynurenine transaminase (hkt) from aedes aegypti.the mosquito aedes aegypti is the vector of arboviruses such as zika, chikungunya, dengue and yellow fever. these infectious diseases have a major impact on public health. the unavailability of effective vaccines or drugs to prevent or treat most of these diseases makes vector control the main form of prevention. one strategy to promote mosquito population control is the use of synthetic insecticides to inhibit key enzymes in the metabolic pathway of these insects, particularly during larval sta ...202031864777
the olfactory basis of orchid pollination by mosquitoes.mosquitoes are important vectors of disease and require sources of carbohydrates for reproduction and survival. unlike host-related behaviors of mosquitoes, comparatively less is understood about the mechanisms involved in nectar-feeding decisions, or how this sensory information is processed in the mosquito brain. here we show that aedes spp. mosquitoes, including aedes aegypti, are effective pollinators of the platanthera obtusata orchid, and demonstrate this mutualism is mediated by the orchi ...202031871198
geosmin attracts aedes aegypti mosquitoes to oviposition sites.geosmin is one of the most recognizable and common microbial smells on the planet. some insects, like mosquitoes, require microbial-rich environments for their progeny, whereas for other insects such microbes may prove dangerous. in the vinegar fly drosophila melanogaster, geosmin is decoded in a remarkably precise fashion and induces aversion, presumably signaling the presence of harmful microbes [1]. we have here investigated the effect of geosmin on the behavior of the yellow fever mosquito a ...202031839454
function of aedes aegypti galectin-6 in modulation of cry11aa toxicity.galectins are a family of β-galactoside binding proteins, and insect galectins play a role in immune responses and may also affect cry toxin activity. in this study, we aimed to further understand the function and molecular mechanism of aedes aegypti galectin-6 in modulation of cry11aa toxicity. a. aegypti galectin-6 was cloned, and the recombinant galectin-6 was expressed and purified. bioassays indicated that galectin-6 could reduce the toxicity of cry11aa, protecting a. aegypti larvae. to det ...202031836060
annona muricata: an alternate mosquito control agent with special reference to inhibition of detoxifying enzymes in aedes aegypti.this study was aimed to investigate an effectual level of annona muricata (soursop) extracts on mosquito vectors namely, aedes aegypti, anopheles stephensi and culex quinquefasciatus. the toxicity study on non-target organism and other important biochemical marker enzymes to find and illustrate the exact mechanism of specific enzymes responsible for detoxifying allelochemicals. among the various soursop seed kernel extracts tested for larvicidal activity, the 0.9% saline extract exhibited maximu ...202031816498
glycolytic profile shift and antioxidant triggering in symbiont-free and h2o2-resistant strigomonas culicis.during their life cycle, trypanosomatids are exposed to stress conditions and adapt their energy and antioxidant metabolism to colonize their hosts. strigomonas culicis is a monoxenous protist found in invertebrates with an endosymbiotic bacterium that completes essential biosynthetic pathways for the trypanosomatid. our research group previously generated a wild-type h2o2-resistant (wtr) strain that showed improved mitochondrial metabolism and antioxidant defenses, which led to higher rates of ...202031760093
evolution of the innate and adaptive immune response in women with acute zika virus infection.zika virus (zikv) is a flavivirus that is closely related to other human pathogens, such as dengue virus (denv)1. primary transmission usually involves aedes aegypti, which has expanded its distribution range considerably2, although rarer infection routes, including mother-to-fetus transmission, sexual contact and blood transfusion, have also been observed3-7. primary zikv infection is usually asymptomatic or mild in adults, with quickly resolved blood viraemia, but zikv might persist for months ...202031792427
measuring the host-seeking ability of aedes aegypti destined for field release.host seeking is an essential process in mosquito reproduction. field releases of modified mosquitoes for population replacement rely on successful host seeking by female mosquitoes, but host-seeking ability is rarely tested in a realistic context. we tested the host-seeking ability of female aedes aegypti mosquitoes using a semi-field system. females with different wolbachia infection types (wmel-, walbb-infected, and uninfected) or from different origins (laboratory and field) were released at ...202031769394
the role of lulopat amino acid/proton symporters in midgut alkalinization in the sandfly lutzomyia longipalpis (diptera - psychodidae).in lutzomyia longipalpis females, which are the main vectors of leishmania infantum in the americas, hematophagy is crucial for ovary development. the control of ph in the midgut during blood digestion is important to the functioning of the digestive enzymes, which release amino acids in the luminal compartment that are then transported through the enterocytes to the hemolymph for delivery to the ovary and other organs. in the present work, we investigated transport systems known as lulopats tha ...202031715141
molecular detection of dengue virus in mosquitoes as an early indicator to aid in the prevention of human infection in endemic areas.human cases of dengue virus based on the national dengue control plan were compared with the molecular detection of the dengue virus in trapped mosquitoes, verifying the prediction and efficacy potentials of vector control between the two methodologies in a city with three endemic frontiers. molecular detection of dengue virus in trapped mosquitoes was significantly higher than in human cases (p = 0.0435). thus, molecular detection could be used as an early indicator to help prevent more human c ...202031697613
phytochemical analysis of rhazya stricta extract and its use in fabrication of silver nanoparticles effective against mosquito vectors and microbial pathogens.worldwide, billions of people are at risk from viruses, parasites and bacteria transmitted by mosquitoes, ticks, fleas and other vectors. over exploitation of chemical pesticides to overcome the mosquito borne diseases led to detrimental effects on environment and human health. the present research aims to explore bio-fabrication of metal silver nanomaterials using rhazya stricta extract against deadly mosquito vectors and microbial pathogens. the phytochemical profile of the r. stricta extracts ...202031655455
insecticidal and mosquito repellent efficacy of the essential oils from stem bark and wood of hazomalania voyronii.the use of hazomalania voyronii, popularly known as hazomalana, to repel mosquitoes and resist against insect attacks is handed down from generation to generation in madagascar. in the present study, we investigated the ability of the essential oils (eos) obtained from the stem wood, fresh and dry bark of h. voyronii to keep important mosquito vectors (aedes aegypti and culex quinquefasciatus) away, as well as their toxicity on three insect species of agricultural and public health importance (c ...202031654797
control of the 2018-2019 dengue fever outbreak in oman: a country previously without local transmission.in december 2018, routine surveillance identified an autochthonous outbreak of dengue fever in muscat governorate, oman, a region previously free of dengue fever.202031639520
detection of fluorescent powders and their effect on survival and recapture of aedes aegypti (diptera: culicidae).the use of insect markers, such as fluorescent powders, is a useful tool for studying ecological and epidemiological questions. evaluating their effect on vectors of human disease agents, such as the invasive mosquito vector aedes aegypti (linnaeus), is crucial for their practical and reliable use, especially in parameters linked to the risk of disease transmission such as adult survival, dispersal, and host-seeking. seven fluorescent powders (hercules radiant, dayglo (dg), risk reactor (rr), an ...202031587060
towards the optimization of botanical insecticides research: aedes aegypti larvicidal natural products in french guiana.natural products have proven to be an immeasurable source of bioactive compounds. the exceptional biodiversity encountered in amazonia, alongside a rich entomofauna and frequent interactions with various herbivores is the crucible of a promising chemodiversity. this prompted us to search for novel botanical insecticides in french guiana. as this french overseas department faces severe issues linked to insects, notably the strong incidence of vector-borne infectious diseases, we decided to focus ...202031539525
distribution and frequency of the kdr mutation v410l in natural populations of aedes aegypti (l.) (diptera: culicidae) from eastern and southern mexico.aedes aegypti (l.) is the primary vector of the viruses that cause dengue, zika, and chikungunya, for which effective vaccines and drugs are still lacking. current strategies for suppressing arbovirus outbreaks based on insecticide use pose a challenge because of the rapid increase in resistance. the widespread and excessive use of pyrethroid-based insecticides has created a large selection pressure for a kdr-type resistance, caused by mutations in the para gene of the voltage-gated sodium chann ...202031504686
mapping aedes aegypti (diptera: culicidae) and aedes albopictus vector mosquito distribution in brownsville, tx.aedes mosquitoes are vectors of several emerging diseases and are spreading worldwide. we investigated the spatiotemporal dynamics of aedes aegypti (linnaeus) and aedes albopictus (skuse) mosquito trap captures in brownsville, tx, using high-resolution land cover, socioeconomic, and meteorological data. we modeled mosquito trap counts using a bayesian hierarchical mixed-effects model with spatially correlated residuals. the models indicated an inverse relationship between temperature and mosquit ...202031400202
reduced effectiveness of repellents in a pyrethroid-resistant strain of aedes aegypti (diptera: culicidae) and its correlation with olfactory sensitivity.the mosquito, aedes aegypti (diptera: culicidae), is a vector of dengue fever, zika, chikungunya, and yellow fever viruses, and in many areas possesses significant levels of resistance to pyrethroids. behavioral performance was assessed in 15, 30, and 60 min exposures in a high throughput vapor phase spatial repellency assay to three contact repellent standards: n,n-diethyl-3-methylbenzamide (deet), ethyl 3-[acetyl(butyl)amino] propanoate (ir3535), and 2-undecanone, as well as pyrethrum extract, ...202031338960
conservation of the voltage-sensitive sodium channel protein within the insecta.the voltage-sensitive sodium channel (vssc) is essential for the generation and propagation of action potentials. vssc kinetics can be modified by producing different splice variants. the functionality of vssc depends on features such as the voltage sensors, the selectivity filter and the inactivation loop. mutations in vssc conferring resistance to pyrethroid insecticides are known as knockdown resistance (kdr). we analysed the conservation of vssc in both a broad scope and a narrow scope by th ...202031206812
adaptation to temperate climates: evidence of photoperiod-induced embryonic dormancy in aedes aegypti in south america.dormancy is a developmental arrest in arthropods, in response to unfavorable conditions in temporally varying environments. in aedes aegypti, the supposed inability of eggs to inhibit hatching has been used to explain the restriction of this species to tropical and subtropical regions. however, the geographic range of ae. aegypti is constantly expanding towards temperate regions. thus, the aim of the present study was to assess the ability of ae. aegypti individuals from a temperate region (buen ...202031125550
larval exposure to bacteria modulates arbovirus infection and immune gene expression in adult aedes aegypti.here we have investigated whether bacterial challenges to larval stages of aedes aegypti can influence the adults' immune and vector competence for dengue and zika viruses. we show that larval exposure to live bacillus thuringiensis berliner and enterobacter ludwigii can result in the modulation of virus infection at the adult stage in the absence of bacterial carry-over between the two developmental stages. we observed a significant reduction in virus infection intensity in the mosquitoes expos ...202031726064
the global expansion of dengue: how aedes aegypti mosquitoes enabled the first pandemic arbovirus.dengue is an emerging viral disease principally transmitted by the aedes (stegomyia) aegypti mosquito. it is one of the fastest-growing global infectious diseases, with 100-400 million new infections a year, and is now entrenched in a growing number of tropical megacities. behind this rapid rise is the simple adaptation of ae. aegypti to a new entomological niche carved out by human habitation. this review describes the expansion of dengue and explores how key changes in the ecology of ae. aegyp ...202031594415
chikungunya virus: role of vectors in emergence from enzootic cycles.chikungunya virus (chikv), a re-emerging mosquito-borne arbovirus, has caused millions of cases of severe, often chronic arthralgia during recent outbreaks. in africa, circulation in sylvatic, enzootic cycles involves several species of arboreal mosquito vectors that transmit among diverse nonhuman primates and possibly other amplifying hosts. most disease occurs when chikv emerges into a human-amplified cycle involving aedes aegypti and sometimes aedes albopictus transmission and extensive spre ...202031594410
assessment of hymenoptera and non-hymenoptera insect bite and sting allergy among patients of tropical region of west bengal, india.west bengal, india, is inhabited by abundance and variety of insects that triggers sensitization in some humans to inhalant allergens and/or insect stings/venoms. lack of research on this topic prevented accurate diagnosis and proper follow-up treatments to patients suffering from insect-induced allergies. the aim of our study was to identify the allergy-causing insects and evaluate resulting sensitization among a study population in west bengal, india. the skin prick test (spt) evaluated sensit ...202031228205
excito-repellency activity of andrographis paniculata (lamiales: acanthaceae) against colonized mosquitoes.excito-repellency activity of plant extracts have been increasingly studied as mosquito repellents. in this study, the crude extract of andrographis paniculata was evaluated for its noncontact repellency, contact excitation (irritancy + repellency), and knockdown/toxicity response against five colonized mosquitoes; aedes aegypti (l.), aedes albopictus (skuse), anopheles dirus peyton & harrison, anopheles epiroticus linton & harbach, and culex quinquefasciatus say (diptera: culicidae) using an ex ...202031550361
activity of additives and their effect in formulations of metarhizium anisopliae s.l. ip 46 against aedes aegypti adults and on post mortem conidiogenesis.oil formulations of entomopathogenic fungi have interest for biological mosquito control.201930836061
epidemiological and clinical characteristics of dengue virus outbreaks in two regions of china, 2014 - 2015.dengue virus (denv), a single-stranded rna virus and flaviviridae family member, is transmitted by aedes aegypti and aedes albopictus mosquitoes. denv causes dengue fever, which may progress to severe dengue. hospital-based surveillance was performed in two chinese regions, guangzhou and xishuangbanna, during the dengue epidemics in 2014 and 2015, respectively. acute-phase serum was obtained from 133 patients with suspected dengue infections during the peak season for dengue cases. viremia level ...201930835769
transcriptome sequencing and analysis of changes associated with insecticide resistance in the dengue mosquito (aedes aegypti) in vietnam.the mosquito aedes aegypti is a transmission vector for dangerous epidemic diseases in humans. insecticides have been used as the most general vector control method in the world. however, ae. aegypti have developed many resistant mechanisms such as reduced neuronal sensitivity to insecticides (target-site resistance), enhanced insecticide metabolism (metabolic resistance), altered transport, sequestration, and other mechanisms. it has become a major problem for vector control programs. transcrip ...201930834881
past and future spread of the arbovirus vectors aedes aegypti and aedes albopictus.the global population at risk from mosquito-borne diseases-including dengue, yellow fever, chikungunya and zika-is expanding in concert with changes in the distribution of two key vectors: aedes aegypti and aedes albopictus. the distribution of these species is largely driven by both human movement and the presence of suitable climate. using statistical mapping techniques, we show that human movement patterns explain the spread of both species in europe and the united states following their intr ...201930833735
discovery and characterization of 2-nitro-5-(4-(phenylsulfonyl)piperazin-1-yl)- n-(pyridin-4-ylmethyl)anilines as novel inhibitors of the aedes aegypti kir1 ( aekir1) channel.mosquito-borne arboviral diseases such as zika, dengue fever, and chikungunya are transmitted to humans by infected adult female aedes aegypti mosquitoes and affect a large portion of the world's population. the kir1 channel in ae. aegypti ( aekir1) is an important ion channel in the functioning of mosquito malpighian (renal) tubules and one that can be manipulated in order to disrupt excretory functions in mosquitoes. we have previously reported the discovery of various scaffolds that are activ ...201930832472
characterization, diversity, and structure-activity relationship study of lipoamino acids from pantoea sp. and synthetic analogues.a biological evaluation of a library of extracts from entomopathogen strains showed that pantoea sp. extract has significant antimicrobial and insecticidal activities. three hydroxyacyl-phenylalanine derivatives were isolated from this strain. their structures were elucidated by a comprehensive analysis of their nmr and ms spectroscopic data. the antimicrobial and insecticidal potencies of these compounds were evaluated, and compound 3 showed 67% mortality against aedes aegypti larvae at a conce ...201930832353
determination by chromatography and cytotoxotoxic and oxidative effects of pyriproxyfen and pyridalyl.pyriproxyfen (ppf) is a larvicide, used to combat the proliferation of aedes aegypti larvae. the objective of this study was to analyze the compounds of pyriproxyfen and pyridalyl (pyl) in a commercial larvicide to analyze the cytotoxic and oxidative effects of ppf and pyl. the toxic potential of ppf and pyl were assessed based on lethal concentration (lc50) in artemia salina, cytotoxicity based on the mitotic index and the chromosomal alterations in allium cepa and the oxidative damage in sacch ...201930831490
effects of methylmercury on mosquito oviposition behavior: maladaptive response to non-toxic exposure.animals can modulate their own exposure to environmental contaminants through behavioral plasticity such as diet and habitat choice. however, it remains unclear if behavior also has cascading effects on contaminant exposure across multiple generations. in insects, oviposition site selection is an important behavior females can use to modify offspring contaminant exposure risk. in this study, we use the yellow fever mosquito, aedes aegypti, to test how methylmercury (mehg) affects oviposition sit ...201930831364
protocols for testing the toxicity of novel insecticidal chemistries to mosquitoes.new classes of insecticides with novel modes of action are needed to control insecticide resistant populations of mosquitoes that transmit diseases such as zika, dengue and malaria. assays for rapid, high-throughput analyses of unformulated novel chemistries against mosquito larvae and adults are presented. we describe protocols for single point-dose and dose response assays to evaluate the toxicity of small molecule chemistries to the aedes aegypti vector of zika, dengue and yellow fever, the m ...201930829331
a comprehensive assessment of inbreeding and laboratory adaptation in aedes aegypti mosquitoes.modified aedes aegypti mosquitoes reared in laboratories are being released around the world to control wild mosquito populations and the diseases they transmit. several efforts have failed due to poor competitiveness of the released mosquitoes. we hypothesized that colonized mosquito populations could suffer from inbreeding depression and adapt to laboratory conditions, reducing their performance in the field. we established replicate populations of ae. aegypti mosquitoes collected from queensl ...201930828375
the first outbreak of dengue fever in greater darfur, western sudan.dengue virus (denv) is an arthropod-borne virus (arbovirus) transmitted by the aedes mosquitoes, mainly aedes aegypti. dengue fever is a rapidly growing disease with expanding geographical distribution worldwide. we investigated a high number of non-malaria febrile cases reported to health clinics in refugee camps in the five states of darfur between august 2015 and march 2016. the clinical presentation of cases and case definition criteria suggested involvement of one or more arboviral hemorrha ...201930823624
trap location and premises condition influences on aedes aegypti (diptera: culicidae) catches using biogents sentinel traps during a 'rear and release' program: implications for designing surveillance programs.as the incidence of arboviral diseases such as dengue, zika, chikungunya, and yellow fever increases globally, controlling their primary vector, aedes aegypti (l.) (diptera: culicidae), is of greater importance than ever before. mosquito control programs rely heavily on effective adult surveillance to ensure methodological efficacy. the biogents sentinel (bgs) trap is the gold standard for surveilling adult aedes mosquitoes and is commonly deployed worldwide, including during modern 'rear and re ...201930817823
efficacy of novel indoor residual spraying methods targeting pyrethroid-resistant aedes aegypti within experimental houses.challenges in maintaining high effectiveness of classic vector control in urban areas has renewed the interest in indoor residual spraying (irs) as a promising approach for aedes-borne disease prevention. while irs has many benefits, application time and intrusive indoor applications make its scalability in urban areas difficult. modifying irs to account for ae. aegypti resting behavior, named targeted irs (tirs, spraying walls below 1.5 m and under furniture) can reduce application time; howeve ...201930817759
socio-ecological factors associated with dengue risk and aedes aegypti presence in the galápagos islands, ecuador.dengue fever is an emerging infectious disease in the galápagos islands of ecuador, with the first cases reported in 2002 and subsequent periodic outbreaks. we report results of a 2014 pilot study conducted in puerto ayora (pa) on santa cruz island, and puerto baquerizo moreno (pb) on san cristobal island. to assess the socio-ecological risk factors associated with dengue and mosquito vector presence at the household level, we conducted 100 household surveys (50 on each island) in neighborhoods ...201930813558
assessment of the effectiveness of bg-sentinel traps baited with co2 and bg-lure for the surveillance of vector mosquitoes in miami-dade county, florida.vector-borne diseases are an increasing issue to public health, endangering billions of people worldwide. controlling vector mosquitoes is widely accepted as the most effective way to prevent vector-borne disease outbreaks. mosquito surveillance is critical for the development of control strategies under the integrated vector management framework. we hypothesize that the effectiveness and reliability of using bg-sentinel traps for the surveillance strongly depend on the bait used to attract mosq ...201930794670
widespread insecticide resistance in aedes aegypti l. from new mexico, u.s.a.aedes aegypti mosquitoes are vectors of a variety of emerging viral pathogens, including yellow fever, dengue, chikungunya, and zika virus. this species has established endemic populations in all cities across southern new mexico sampled to date. presently, control of aedes-borne viruses relies on deployment of insecticides to suppress mosquito populations, but the evolution of insecticide resistance threatens the success of vector control programs. while insecticide resistance is quite common i ...201930794644
high frequencies of f1534c and v1016i kdr mutations and association with pyrethroid resistance in aedes aegypti from somgandé (ouagadougou), burkina faso.resistance to pyrethroid insecticides involving kdr mutations is widespread in aedes aegypti (l.) (diptera: culicidae) and potentially could impact control efforts in endemic countries. dengue cases had been sporadic in burkina faso for over a decade prior to the 2016-2017 outbreak that resulted in 15,074 suspected cases and 36 deaths, mainly in ouagadougou. these outbreaks highlighted the lack of information on numerous aspects of the biology, behaviour and insecticide status of local dengue ve ...201930787670
experimental study on the action of larvicides in aedes aegypti populations collected in the brazilian municipality of itabuna, bahia, under simulated field conditions.to evaluate, under simulated field conditions, the efficacy of pyriproxyfen (juvenile hormone), novaluron (chitin inhibitor) and spinosad (biolarvicide) in controlling aedes aegypti.201930785572
entomological and virological surveillance for dengue virus in churches in merida, mexico.this study was designed to assess whether churches in endemic dengue districts in merida, mexico provide suitable breeding habitats for mosquitoes and are potential sites for dengue virus (denv) transmission. churches were inspected for immature and adult mosquitoes once every week from november 2015 to october 2016. a total of 10,997 immatures of five species were collected. the most abundant species were aedes aegypti (6,051) and culex quinquefasciatus (3,018). the most common source of immatu ...201930785563
origin and expansion of the mosquito aedes aegypti in madeira island (portugal).historically known as the yellow fever mosquito, aedes aegypti invaded madeira island in 2005 and was the vector of the island's first dengue outbreak in 2012. we have studied genetic variation at 16 microsatellites and two mitochondrial dna genes in temporal samples of madeira island, in order to assess the origin of the invasion and the population structure of this mosquito vector. our results indicated at least two independent colonization events occurred on the island, both having a south am ...201930783149
optimization of irradiation dose to aedes aegypti and ae. albopictus in a sterile insect technique program.the sterile insect technique (sit) may offer a means to control the transmission of mosquito borne diseases. sit involves the release of male insects that have been sterilized by exposure to ionizing radiation. we determined the effects of different doses of radiation on the survival and reproductive capacity of local strains of aedes aegypti and ae. albopictus in southern mexico. the survival of irradiated pupae was invariably greater than 90% and did not differ significantly in either sex for ...201930779779
larvicidal and ovicidal activities of artocarpus blancoi extracts against aedes aegypti.dengue control may be done by targeting its vector. in this study, we used artocarpus blancoi (elm.) merr. (moraceae) leaves, an endemic hematophagous insect repellent as a larvicide and ovicide.201930776315
natural vertical infection by dengue virus serotype 4, zika virus and mayaro virus in aedes (stegomyia) aegypti and aedes (stegomyia) albopictus.vertical transmission to progeny ensures the maintenance of arboviruses in their natural vectors. this mechanism is largely reported for dengue virus (denv) and yellow fever virus (yfv). few studies have addressed this mechanism for zika virus (zikv), mayaro virus (mayv) and other arboviruses. the present study investigated the natural infection rate by arboviruses in 4490 aedes (stegomyia) aegypti and 296 aedes (stegomyia) albopictus (diptera: culicidae) reared from eggs collected with ovitraps ...201930776139
interventions for the control of aedes aegypti in latin america and the caribbean: systematic review and meta-analysis.to determine the effectiveness and degree of implementation of interventions for the control of aedes aegypti in latin america and the caribbean (lac) as reported in scientific literature.201930771267
juvenile hormone controls ovarian development in female anopheles albimanus mosquitoes.anophelinae mosquitoes are vectors of human malaria, a disease that infects hundreds of millions of people and causes almost 600,000 fatalities annually. despite their medical importance, laboratory studies on key aspects of anophelinae reproductive biology have been limited, and in particular, relatively little is known about the role of juvenile hormone (jh) in the control of female reproduction. the study presented here attempts to fill a gap of knowledge in our understanding of the jh contro ...201930765796
female resistance and harmonic convergence influence male mating success in aedes aegypti.despite the importance of mosquito mating biology to reproductive control strategies, a mechanistic understanding of individual mating interactions is currently lacking. using synchronised high-speed video and audio recordings, we quantified behavioural and acoustic features of mating attempts between tethered female and free-flying male aedes aegypti. in most couplings, males were actively displaced by female kicks in the early phases of the interaction, while flight cessation prior to adoption ...201930765779
surveillance of aedes aegypti indoors and outdoors using autocidal gravid ovitraps in south texas during local transmission of zika virus, 2016 to 2018.the yellow fever mosquito, aedes aegypti, has facilitated the re-emergence of dengue virus (denv) and emergence of chikungunya virus (chikv) and zika virus (zikv) in the americas and the caribbean. the recent transmission of these arboviruses in the continental united states has been limited, to date, to south florida and south texas despite ae. aegypti occurring over a much larger geographical region within the country. the main goal of our study was to provide the first long term longitudinal ...201930763563
potential for sylvatic and urban aedes mosquitoes from senegal to transmit the new emerging dengue serotypes 1, 3 and 4 in west africa.dengue fever (den) is the most common arboviral disease in the world and dengue virus (denv) causes 390 million annual infections around the world, of which 240 million are inapparent and 96 million are symptomatic. during the past decade a changing epidemiological pattern has been observed in africa, with den outbreaks reported in all regions. in senegal, all denv serotypes have been reported. these important changes in the epidemiological profile of den are occurring in a context where there i ...201930759080
exome-wide association of deltamethrin resistance in aedes aegypti from mexico.aedes aegypti is the major vector of a number of arboviruses that cause disease in humans. without vaccines or pharmaceuticals, pyrethroid insecticides remain the major tool for public health protection. pyrethroid resistance is now widespread. replacement substitutions in the voltage-gated sodium channel (vgsc) that reduce the stability of pyrethroid binding account for most of the resistance, but metabolic mechanisms also inactivate pyrethroids. high-throughput sequencing and the a. aegypti l5 ...201930758862
risk of dengue transmission in cocody (abidjan, ivory coast).in recent years, an upsurge of vector-borne diseases has been reported in several parts of the world. among these is dengue fever, the first arbovirus transmitted by mosquitoes of the genus aedes. after the detection of the dengue virus serological types (type 1, 2, and 3) in the health district of cocody-bingerville in ivory coast, entomological investigations were carried out in the city of cocody (host of most cases) to evaluate the risk of transmission of the disease in view of an effective ...201930755798
[effect of attraction of transfluthrin and linalool on the mosquito vector aedes aegypti]. 201930753763
citywide control of aedes aegypti (diptera: culicidae) during the 2016 zika epidemic by integrating community awareness, education, source reduction, larvicides, and mass mosquito trapping.this investigation was initiated to control aedes aegypti and zika virus transmission in caguas city, puerto rico, during the 2016 epidemic using integrated vector management (ivm), which included community awareness and education, source reduction, larviciding, and mass-trapping with autocidal gravid ovitraps (ago). the epidemic peaked in august to october 2016 and waned after april 2017. there was a preintervention period in october/november 2016 and ivm lasted until august 2017. the area unde ...201930753539
quantitative evaluation of the behavioral response to attractant and repellent compounds in anopheles pseudopunctipennis and aedes aegypti (diptera: culicidae) larvae.the mosquito anopheles pseudopunctipennis (theobald) is the principal vector for malaria in latin-america. aedes aegypti (l.) (diptera: culicidae) is the key vector of four important arboviral diseases: dengue, yellow fever, zika, and chikungunya. controlling larval stages to reduce the production of new adult mosquitoes is part of the integrated vector management strategies. however, there are few studies about the olfactory behavior on immature stages of mosquitoes, especially in an. pseudopun ...201930753516
vector competence of biting midges and mosquitoes for shuni virus.shuni virus (shuv) is an orthobunyavirus that belongs to the simbu serogroup. shuv was isolated from diverse species of domesticated animals and wildlife, and is associated with neurological disease, abortions, and congenital malformations. recently, shuv caused outbreaks among ruminants in israel, representing the first incursions outside the african continent. the isolation of shuv from a febrile child in nigeria and seroprevalence among veterinarians in south africa suggests that the virus ma ...201930753187
feasibility of feeding aedes aegypti mosquitoes on dengue virus-infected human volunteers for vector competence studies in iquitos, peru.transmission of dengue virus (denv) from humans to mosquitoes represents a critical component of dengue epidemiology. examinations of this process have generally been hampered by a lack of methods that adequately represent natural acquisition of denv by mosquitoes from humans. in this study, we assessed artificial and natural blood feeding methods based on rates of denv infection and dissemination within mosquitoes for use in a field-based epidemiological cohort study in iquitos, peru.201930753180
bacteria: a novel source for potent mosquito feeding-deterrents.antibiotic and insecticidal bioactivities of the extracellular secondary metabolites produced by entomopathogenic bacteria belonging to genus xenorhabdus have been identified; however, their novel applications such as mosquito feeding-deterrence have not been reported. here, we show that a mixture of compounds isolated from xenorhabdus budapestensis in vitro cultures exhibits potent feeding-deterrent activity against three deadly mosquito vectors: aedes aegypti, anopheles gambiae, and culex pipi ...201930746455
the long and short of hearing in the mosquito aedes aegypti.mating behavior in aedes aegypti mosquitoes occurs mid-air and involves the exchange of auditory signals at close range (millimeters to centimeters) [1-6]. it is widely assumed that this intimate signaling distance reflects short-range auditory sensitivity of their antennal hearing organs to faint flight tones [7, 8]. to the contrary, we show here that male mosquitoes can hear the female's flight tone at surprisingly long distances-from several meters to up to 10 m-and that unrestrained, resting ...201930744970
detection of rna-dependent rna polymerase of hubei reo-like virus 7 by next-generation sequencing in aedes aegypti and culex quinquefasciatus mosquitoes from brazil.advancements in next-generation sequencing and bioinformatics have expanded our knowledge of the diversity of viruses (pathogens and non-pathogens) harbored by mosquitoes. hubei reo-like virus 7 (hrlv 7) was recently detected by the virome analysis of fecal samples from migratory birds in australia. we now report the detection of rna-dependent rna polymerase sequences of hrlv 7 in pools of aedes aegypti and culex quinquefasciatus mosquitoes species from the brazilian amazon forest. phylogenetic ...201930744159
modeling the present and future distribution of arbovirus vectors aedes aegypti and aedes albopictus under climate change scenarios in mainland china.aedes aegypti and aedes albopictus are two important mosquito species which transmit various infectious arbovirus diseases represented mainly by dengue fever. these two species of mosquito have a wide range of distribution and strong transfer capacity. with ongoing global climate change, we are facing an increasing public health threat from the rapid spread of vectors in wider geographical areas. based on observed occurrence records of ae. aegypti and ae. albopictus and high-resolution environme ...201930743113
acceptability of aedes aegypti blood feeding on dengue virus-infected human volunteers for vector competence studies in iquitos, peru.as part of a study to investigate drivers of dengue virus (denv) transmission dynamics, this qualitative study explored whether denv-infected residents of iquitos, peru, considered it acceptable (1) to participate in direct mosquito feeding experiments (lab-reared aedes aegypti mosquitoes fed directly on human volunteers) and (2) to provide blood meals indirectly (ae. aegypti fed on blood drawn from participants by venipuncture). twelve focus group discussions (fgds; 94 participants: 82 females ...201930742621
mathematical modeling of dengue epidemic: control methods and vaccination strategies.dengue is, in terms of death and economic cost, one of the most important infectious diseases in the world. so, its mathematical modeling can be a valuable tool to help us to understand the dynamics of the disease and to infer about its spreading by the proposition of control methods. in this paper, control strategies, which aim to eliminate the aedes aegypti mosquito, as well as proposals for the vaccination campaign are evaluated. in our mathematical model, the mechanical control is accomplish ...201930740641
small-molecule agonists of ae. aegypti neuropeptide y receptor block mosquito biting.female aedes aegypti mosquitoes bite humans to obtain blood to develop their eggs. remarkably, their strong attraction to humans is suppressed for days after the blood meal by an unknown mechanism. we investigated a role for neuropeptide y (npy)-related signaling in long-term behavioral suppression and discovered that drugs targeting human npy receptors modulate mosquito host-seeking. in a screen of all 49 predicted ae. aegypti peptide receptors, we identified npy-like receptor 7 (npylr7) as the ...201930735632
the perfect appetizer: a pharmacological strategy for a non-biting mosquito.new possibilities for vector-borne disease control are revealed by duvall et al. (2019), who link host-seeking behavioral modulation in aedes aegypti to neuropeptide y (npy)-like receptor 7. small-molecule screening yields agonist compounds able to activate npylr7 and suppress attraction to hosts.201930735629
loop-mediated isothermal amplification (lamp) for the identification of invasive aedes mosquito species.invasive aedes mosquito species (diptera: culicidae) are of public health concern in europe because they are either recognized or potential vectors of pathogens. loop-mediated isothermal amplification (lamp) is a rapid and simple method for amplifying dna with high specificity and efficiency, with the technique having potential for application in the field, including in high-throughput format. specific lamp assays based on rdna internal transcribed spacers 1 or 2 sequences, considering intraspec ...201930734975
global outbreaks and origins of a chikungunya virus variant carrying mutations which may increase fitness for aedes aegypti: revelations from the 2016 mandera, kenya outbreak.in 2016, a chikungunya virus (chikv) outbreak was reported in mandera, kenya. this was the first major chikv outbreak in the country since the global reemergence of this virus in kenya in 2004. we collected samples and sequenced viral genomes from this outbreak. all kenyan genomes contained two mutations, e1:k211e and e2:v264a, recently reported to have an association with increased infectivity, dissemination, and transmission in the aedes aegypti vector. phylogeographic inference of temporal an ...201930860010
aedes aegypti agbr1 antibodies modulate early zika virus infection of mice.a recent epidemic of zika virus in the americas, affecting well over a million people, caused substantial mortality and morbidity, including guillain-barre syndrome, microcephaly and other fetal developmental defects1,2. preventive and therapeutic measures that specifically target the virus are not readily available. the transmission of zika virus is predominantly mosquito-borne, and aedes aegypti mosquitoes serve as a key vector for zika virus3. here, to identify salivary factors that modulate ...201930858571
modeling the impact of sterile males on an aedes aegypti population with optimal control.we use partial differential equations to describe the dynamics of an aedes aegypti mosquito population on an island, and the effects of a sterile male release. the model includes mosquito movement and an allee effect to capture extinction events. we apply optimal control theory to identify the release strategy that eliminates the mosquitoes most rapidly, conditional on a limited availability of sterile males. the optimal solution for a single location is to initially release a substantial number ...201930857942
laboratory evaluation of larvicidal and oviposition deterrent properties of edible plant oils for potential management of aedes aegypti (diptera: culicidae) in drinking water containers.the yellow fever mosquito, aedes aegypti (diptera: culicidae) transmits several devastating arboviruses, including dengue, chikungunya, and zika virus, making development of inexpensive and eco-friendly strategies for its control an urgent priority. we evaluated the lethality of 13 commonly used plant-derived edible oils against late-third instar ae. aegypti and then tested the three most lethal oils for stage-specific differences in lethality. we also examined the effects of the most lethal (he ...201930855084
udp-glycosyltransferase genes and their association and mutations associated with pyrethroid resistance in anopheles sinensis (diptera: culicidae).udp-glycosyltransferase (ugt) is an important biotransformation superfamily of enzymes. they catalyze the transfer of glycosyl residues from activated nucleotide sugars to acceptor hydrophobic molecules, and function in several physiological processes, including detoxification, olfaction, cuticle formation, pigmentation. the diversity, classification, scaffold location, characteristics, phylogenetics, and evolution of the superfamily of genes at whole genome level, and their association and muta ...201930845961
molecular epidemiology and genetic diversity of zika virus from field-caught mosquitoes in various regions of thailand.zika virus (zikv) infection is an emerging and re-emerging arbovirus disease that is transmitted to humans through the bite of infected mosquitoes. zikv infections were first described in thailand in 1954 from the sera of indigenous residents and several travelers returning from thailand in 2014. however, reported cases in thailand have been increasing since 2015 and 2016, and epidemiological information about the vectors of zikv is unclear. we investigated the molecular epidemiology and genetic ...201930845707
updated methods for the production of toxorhynchites rutilus septentrionalis (diptera, culicidae) for use as biocontrol agent against container breeding pest mosquitoes in harris county, texas.the complex biologies of pestiferous mosquito species complicate the development of a single, across the board effective control measure. the use of traditional biological control through predators, parasitoids, and microbes, though part of a multimodal, integrated pest management approach, is scant in current standard mosquito control operations. at this time, traditional, whole organism mosquito biocontrol agents are not commercially available, and if their integration into a release program i ...201930843583
urban and semi-urban mosquitoes of mexico city: a risk for endemic mosquito-borne disease transmission.since past century, vector-borne diseases have been a major public health concern in several states of mexico. however, mexico city continues to be free of endemic mosquito-borne viral diseases. the city is the most important politic and economic state of mexico and one of the most important city of latin america. its subtropical highland climate and high elevation (2240 masl) had historically made the occurrence of aedes species unlikely. however, the presence of other potential disease vectors ...201930840661
genome sequences of chikungunya virus isolates circulating in midwestern brazil.chikungunya virus (chikv) is a reemerging arbovirus of the family togaviridae that causes chikv fever, a disease that can extend from weeks to years depending on whether clinical signs of arthralgia persist. chikv is mainly transmitted by aedes aegypti mosquitoes and possibly reached the americas in 2013, causing an outbreak in brazil in 2015. so far, two evolutionary lineages of chikv have been reported in brazil: the asian and the east-central-south african (ecsa) lineages. in this study, six ...201930729309
repellency assessment of nepeta cataria essential oils and isolated nepetalactones on aedes aegypti.there is an increased need for improved and affordable insect repellents to reduce transmission of rapidly spreading diseases with high mortality rates. natural products are often used when deet cannot be afforded or accessed and when consumers choose not to use a synthetic repellent. the essential oils from two newly bred nepeta cataria (catnip) plants representing two different chemotypes and their respective isolated nepetalactone isomers were evaluated as mosquito repellents against aedes ae ...201930728370
engineered resistance to zika virus in transgenic aedes aegypti expressing a polycistronic cluster of synthetic small rnas.recent zika virus (zikv) outbreaks have highlighted the necessity for development of novel vector control strategies to combat arboviral transmission, including genetic versions of the sterile insect technique, artificial infection with wolbachia to reduce population size and/or vectoring competency, and gene drive-based methods. here, we describe the development of mosquitoes synthetically engineered to impede vector competence to zikv. we demonstrate that a polycistronic cluster of engineered ...201930723148
genotoxic and mutagenic assessment of spinosad using bioassays with tradescantia pallida and drosophila melanogaster.spinosad (spn) is a naturally-occurring insecticide obtained from the fermentation process of the actinomycete saccharopolyspora spinosa. owing to the larvicidal action, the compound has been used in the control of aedes aegypti. as a new insecticide commercially available in the market, few data are reported on genotoxic effects in non-target organisms. the objective of the present study was to evaluate the mutagenic effect of spn through the micronucleus test in tradescantia pallida (trad-mcn) ...201930721808
assessment of acute toxicity and cytotoxicity of fluorescent markers produced by cardanol and glycerol, which are industrial waste, to different biological models.the amphyphylic triazoanilines recently synthesized 1-(4-(3-aminophenyl)-1h-1,2,3- triazole-1-yl)-3-(3-pentadecylphenoxy)propan-2-ol (1) and 1-(4-(4-aminophenyl)-1h- 1,2,3-triazole-1-yl)-3-(3-pentadecylphenoxy)propan-2-ol (2), synthesized from cardanol and glycerol, have photophysical properties which allow their use in the development of fluorescent biomarkers with applicability in the biodiesel quality control. based on this, the present research evaluated the toxic effects of both compounds i ...201930719661
evaluation of enhanced oviposition attractant formulations against aedes and culex vector mosquitoes in urban and semi-urban areas.surveillance is not only an important tool to assess the population dynamics of vector mosquitoes, but it can also be used to control vector-borne diseases. mosquito vectors that belong to several genera such as anopheles, aedes, and culex play a crucial role in the transmission of malaria, dengue, chikungunya, zika, and elephantiasis diseases worldwide. we tested the efficacy of two commercial-grade oviposition attractant formulations that were developed for the container-inhabiting aedes aegyp ...201930719534
homologs of human dengue-resistance genes, fkbp1b and atcay, confer antiviral resistance in aedes aegypti mosquitoes.dengue virus (denv) is transmitted by mosquitoes and is a major public health concern. the study of innate mosquito defense mechanisms against denv have revealed crucial roles for the toll, imd, jak-stat, and rnai pathways in mediating denv in the mosquito. often overlooked in such studies is the role of intrinsic cellular defense mechanisms that we hypothesize to work in concert with the classical immune pathways to affect organismal defense. our understanding of the molecular interaction of de ...201930717390
attraction of female aedes aegypti (l.) to aphid honeydew.plant sugar is an essential dietary constituent for mosquitoes, and hemipteran honeydew is one of the many forms of plant sugar that is important to mosquitoes. many insects rely on volatile honeydew semiochemicals to locate aphids or honeydew itself. mosquitoes exploit volatile semiochemicals to locate sources of plant sugar but their attraction to honeydew has not previously been investigated. here, we report the attraction of female yellow fever mosquitoes, aedes aegypti, to honeydew odorants ...201930717169
analysis of salivary glands and saliva from aedes albopictus and aedes aegypti infected with chikungunya viruses.chikungunya virus (chikv) is a medically important mosquito-borne virus transmitted to humans by infected aedes (stegomyia) species. in 2013⁻2014, ae. aegypti transmitted chikv to humans in the caribbean and in 2005⁻2006, ae. albopictus transmitted chikv on la réunion island (indian ocean basin). chikv lr2006 opy1 from the la réunion epidemic was associated with a mutation (e1:a226v) in the viral e1 glycoprotein that enhanced chikv transmission by ae. albopictus. chikv r99659 from the caribbean ...201930717086
water-induced strong protection against acute exposure to low subzero temperature of adult aedes albopictus.as an important vector of dengue and zika, aedes albopictus has been the fastest spreading invasive mosquitoes in the world over the last 3-4 decades. cold tolerance is important for survival and expansion of insects. ae. albopictus adults are generally considered to be cold-intolerant that cannot survive at subzero temperature. however, we found that ae. albopictus could survive for several hours' exposure to -9 to -19 oc so long as it was exposed with water. median lethal time (lt50) of ae. al ...201930716071
pyrethroids use: threats on metabolic-mediated resistance mechanisms in the primary dengue vector aedes aegypti (diptera: culicidae).the emergence of pyrethroid resistance in aedes aegypti (l.) has limited the success of vector control. early detection of resistance could assist authorities in deciding well-suited control strategies to minimize operational failures of ae. aegypti control. herein, biochemical analysis was performed to investigate the mechanisms involved in pyrethroid resistance in nine populations of indonesian ae. aegypti. enzymes of adult ae. aegypti such as esterases (ests), glutathione-s-transferases (gsts ...201930715464
transcriptional profile of aedes aegypti leucine-rich repeat proteins in response to zika and chikungunya viruses.aedes aegypti (l.) is the primary vector of chikungunya, dengue, yellow fever, and zika viruses. the leucine-rich repeats (lrr)-containing domain is evolutionarily conserved in many proteins associated with innate immunity in invertebrates and vertebrates, as well as plants. we focused on the aaelrim1 and aaeapl1 gene expressions in response to zika virus (zikv) and chikungunya virus (chikv) infection using a time course study, as well as the developmental expressions in the eggs, larvae, pupae, ...201930708982
rapid loss of resistance to satyrization in invasive mosquitoes and the effects of age on interspecific mating frequency.in several areas where aedes aegypti (l.) (diptera: culicidae) and aedes albopictus (skuse) (diptera: culicidae) have come in contact following successful invasions, ae. aegypti have been rapidly displaced by ae. albopictus. recent work has confirmed that mating interference, in the form of satyrization, is likely a driving factor in these competitive displacements. however, in sites of sympatry, ae. aegypti females evolve resistance to satyrization, and in the laboratory, satyrization-susceptib ...201930668807
florida aedes aegypti (diptera: culicidae) and aedes albopictus vector competency for zika virus.zika virus (zikv) first spread into brazil in 2013 and is now present throughout the americas. in 2016, florida witnessed the beginnings of local zikv transmission. no reports of local transmission have been reported for 2018; however, travel related cases continue to be reported. recurrence of local transmission in the united states is a major public health risk in florida where vectors aedes aegypti (diptera: culicidae, linnaeus) and aedes albopictus (diptera: culicidae, skuse) are abundant an ...201930668772
infection pattern of mayaro virus in aedes aegypti (diptera: culicidae) and transmission potential of the virus in mixed infections with chikungunya virus.mayaro virus (mayv; togaviridae; alphavirus) has drawn increasing attention as an arthropod-borne virus with potential to cause outbreaks among the human populations of the western hemisphere. in the tropical regions of central and south america, the virus exists in sylvatic cycles between mosquitoes and primate reservoirs such as marmosets. although forest-dwelling mosquitoes are regarded as important vectors for mayv, it has been shown previously that the virus can infect and potentially be tr ...201930668762
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