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two genes encoding midgut-specific maltase-like polypeptides from anopheles gambiae.full-length cdna clones of two genes have been isolated from the african malaria vector mosquito, anopheles gambiae. these genes, designated agm1 and agm2, encode maltase-like polypeptides of 498 and 599 residues, respectively. deduced amino acid sequences contain a putative signal peptide sequence and four potential glycosylation sites. agm1 and agm2 show highest similarities to the mal1 gene from aedes aegypti and three clustered maltase genes from drosophila melanogaster. both genes are locat ...19957498424
plasmodium gallinaceum: sporozoite invasion of aedes aegypti salivary glands is inhibited by anti-gland antibodies and by lectins.there is evidence which suggests that malaria sporozoites recognize mosquito salivary glands by specific receptor-ligand interactions. we are interested in identifying the putative salivary gland receptor(s) for sporozoite invasion. we used an in vivo bioassay for sporozoite invasion of salivary glands. in this assay, purified sporozoites from mature oocytes of plasmodium gallinaceum were injected into aedes aegypti mosquitoes and salivary glands were dissected at different time points after inj ...19957498430
aedes aegypti: a quantitative trait locus (qtl) influencing filarial worm intensity is linked to qtl for susceptibility to other mosquito-borne pathogens.because intensity of infection was significantly increased in a substrain of aedes aegypti selected for susceptibility to the filarial worm, brugia malayi, experiments were designed to assess numbers of microfilariae (mf) ingested and midgut penetration by mf in this susceptible substrain as compared to a refractory substrain selected from the same parental stock. refractory mosquitoes ingested significantly fewer mf than susceptible mosquitoes and significantly fewer numbers of mf penetrated th ...19957498432
plasmodium gallinaceum: mosquito peritrophic matrix and the parasite-vector compatibility.transmission of malaria parasites occurs by relatively few species of mosquitoes. one proposed mechanism of refractoriness is an inability of certain plasmodium spp. to cross the peritrophic matrix (pm) in the midgut of an incompatible mosquito. we have tested this hypothesis by studying sporogonic development of plasmodium gallinaceum in susceptible (aedes aegypti and anopheles gambiae g3) and refractory (anopheles stephensi) mosquito species in the presence and absence of the pm. in the presen ...19957498435
hirsutellin a, a toxic protein produced in vitro by hirsutella thompsonii.a toxic protein, hirsutellin a, has been purified from the mite fungal pathogen, hirsutella thompsonii, using ammonium sulphate precipitation, ion exchange chromatography and gel filtration on bio-gel p-10. the protein has been characterized as a monomer with a molecular mass of 15 kda and an isoelectric point of 10.5. the amino acid composition and the n-terminal sequence of hirsutellin a (34 amino acids) have been determined. from these results, the toxin appears to be distinct from other know ...19957670635
community participation in dengue prevention and control: a survey of knowledge, attitudes, and practice in trinidad and tobago.the priorities of public health planners are often at variance with the community's own environmental sanitation priorities and perspectives. public opinion about individual, collective, and governmental responsibilities in addressing these issues and priorities is of particular importance when designing community-based programs. in a study conducted in trinidad and tobago on knowledge, attitudes, and practice regarding dengue, its prevention and control, a high level of awareness about dengue a ...19957677210
the effect of multiple host contacts on the infectivity of dengue-2 virus-infected aedes aegypti.this study was designed to determine if transmission rates for dengue-2 virus by aedes aegypti are altered by mosquitos probing a host for blood or imbibing blood prior to attempting transmission. aedes aegypti is known to contact multiple hosts during each egg-laying cycle and multiple host contacts might diminish the amount of virus in infected mosquito's salivary glands or ducts and render them functionally uninfective. probing a host 5, 10, or 20 consecutive times did not significantly alter ...19957707190
mosquito bite anaphylaxis: immunotherapy with whole body extracts.adverse reactions to mosquito bites have been recognized for some time. these usually consist of large local swellings and redness, generalized urticaria, angioedema and less easily definable responses such as nausea, dizziness, headaches, and lethargy.19957719881
blood-feeding behavior of dengue-2 virus-infected aedes aegypti.this study was designed to determine if infection of aedes aegypti with dengue-2 virus affects the ability of the mosquito to efficiently locate and imbibe blood from an uninfected host. previous studies suggest that some parasites manipulate their arthropod host to increase the probability of transmission by interfering with blood-feeding efficiency. we found no evidence that dengue-2 virus infection by intrathoracic inoculation impaired the blood-feeding efficiency of ae. aegypti. we speculate ...19957694963
proportions of eggs laid by aedes aegypti on different substrates within an ovitrap in trinidad, west indies.ovitraps were exposed outdoors during wet and dry seasons in trinidad to determine the proportions of eggs laid on three substrates: the widely-used hardboard 'paddle' (p), the water surface (w) and the inside surface of the ovitrap wall (s) in three types of blackened ovitrap: round, glass (rg), round, plastic (rp) and rectangular, plastic (sp). of the 3556 eggs obtained, most (86.4%) were laid during the wet season when statistically significant differences were detected between substrates but ...19957696690
[deficiency in public services and breeding of aedes aegypti in venezuela]. 19957786414
restriction fragment length polymorphism mapping of quantitative trait loci for malaria parasite susceptibility in the mosquito aedes aegypti.susceptibility of the mosquito aedes aegypti to the malarial parasite plasmodium gallinaceum was investigated as a quantitative trait using restriction fragment length polymorphisms (rflp). two f2 populations of mosquitoes were independently prepared from pairwise matings between a highly susceptible and a refractory strain of a. aegypti. rflp were tested for association with oocyst development on the mosquito midgut. two putative quantitative trait loci (qtl) were identified that significantly ...19957789771
brugia pahangi: the effects of cecropins on microfilariae in vitro and in aedes aegypti.synthetic cecropins, antibacterial peptides from insect haemolymph, have been tested for their ability to attenuate the motility of microfilariae of the filarial nematode brugia pahangi in an in vitro assay. fifty micromolar concentrations of these peptides, equivalent to physiological concentrations in immune-stimulated insects, cause significant attenuation of motility compared with untreated microfilariae. similar results were obtained with cecropins a and b. this is the lowest concentration ...19957729475
indirect control of yolk protein genes by 20-hydroxyecdysone in the fat body of the mosquito, aedes aegypti.in response to a blood meal, the fat body of the female mosquito, aedes aegypti, begins massive production of several yolk proteins which are subsequently stored in the developing oocytes. although 20-hydroxyecdysone (20e) is important for initiation and maintenance of expression of the yolk protein genes encoding vitellogenin (vg) and vitellogenic carboxypeptidase (vcp), the exact nature of 20e action has not been clearly defined. a primary question is whether this hormone directly stimulates e ...19957742832
comparison of migration and encapsulation of brugia malayi microfilariae from the midgut to the hemocoel between anopheles quadrimaculatus and aedes aegypti.comparisons were made of migration and encapsulation of ingested sheathed microfilariae of brugia malayi from the midgut into the hemocoel between anopheles quadrimaculatus (refractory and susceptible strains to b. malayi) and aedes aegypti (black-eyed, liverpool strain susceptible to b. malayi). encapsulation and melanization of microfilarial sheaths and microfilariae occurred in both strains of an. quadrimaculatus and in ae. aegypti. in both strains of an. quadrimaculatus, by 4 hr and by 24 hr ...19957745283
mosquito larvicidal activity of escherichia coli with combinations of genes from bacillus thuringiensis subsp. israelensis.the genes cryiva and cryivd, encoding 134- and 72-kda proteins, respectively, and the gene for a regulatory 20-kda polypeptide of bacillus thuringiensis subsp. israelensis (serovar h14) were cloned in all seven possible combinations by the escherichia coli expression vectors pt7 and puhe. the four combinations containing cryiva (cryiva alone, with cryivd, with the 20-kda-protein gene, and with both) displayed high levels of mosquito larvicidal activity in puhe. the toxicity of the combination of ...19957751296
dengue serologic survey in ribeirão preto, são paulo, brazil.the city of ribeirão preto suffered a dengue 1 epidemic that began in november 1990 and ended in march 1991. a serologic survey designed to detect igg antibodies to the four dengue serotypes and other flaviviruses was carried out in ribeirão preto during september and october of 1992. dengue 1 antibodies were detected in 5.4% of the survey participants. significantly higher seropositivity (9.3%) was found among subjects residing in the northwest sector of ribeirão preto than among those living i ...19957757124
isolation of antifungal and larvicidal constituents of diplolophium buchanani by centrifugal partition chromatography.three phenylpropanoids, myristicin [1], elemicin [2], and trans-isoelemicin [3], together with two furanocoumarins, oxypeucedanin [4] and oxypeucedanin hydrate [5], have been isolated from the leaves of diplolophium buchanani by a separation strategy involving the almost exclusive use of centrifugal partition chromatography. all five compounds were antifungal in a tlc bioautography test using cladosporium cucumerinum. compounds 1-4 exhibited larvicidal activity against aedes aegypti.19957760070
concomitant malaria (plasmodium gallinaceum) and filaria (brugia pahangi) infections in aedes aegypti: effect on parasite development.mixed infections with malarial (plasmodium gallinaceum) and filarial (brugia pahangi) parasites were carried out in 8 trials with filaria susceptible (refm) and filaria refractory (rep-rr) aedes aegypti strains. a secondary infection with b. pahangi microfilariae (mff) by intrathoracic inoculation, reduced the development rate of a pre-existing p. gallinaceum infection. the level of reduction ranged from 9.5 to 49% in refm and from 50 to 90% in rep-rr. an immune response against oocysts was seen ...19957845706
estimates of population size, dispersal, and longevity of domestic aedes aegypti aegypti (diptera: culicidae) by mark-release-recapture in the village of shauri moyo in eastern kenya.estimates of the absolute size of a domestic population of aedes aegypti aegypti (l.) were made in the rabai area of kenya, based on a single release, followed by either single or repeated recaptures. from single recapture within 24 h of release, the size of the female ae. a. aegypti population in the shauri moyo village was estimated by the lincoln index to be 365. using a single release and repeated recaptures, population size was estimated by jackson's positive method to be 337. depletion of ...19957869339
growth-restricted dengue virus mutants containing deletions in the 5' noncoding region of the rna genome.the dengue type 4 virus (den4) rna genome contains a 101-nt 5' noncoding (nc) sequence which is predicted to form a stable secondary structure. den4 cdna from which infectious rna can be transcribed was used to engineer deletions in the 5' nc region for functional analysis of rna structure and for isolation of den4 mutants that could be evaluated as candidates for use in a live attenuated vaccine. eleven distinct deletions in the region of the den4 genome between nts 18 and 98 were constructed; ...19957871753
short report: dispersal of aedes aegypti in an urban area after blood feeding as demonstrated by rubidium-marked eggs.strategies for the control of aedes aegypti during urban outbreaks of dengue or yellow fever assume that this species has a maximum flight range of 50-100 meters. because ae. aegypti distributes its eggs among several oviposition sites, we postulated that dispersal is driven by the search for oviposition sites, so an ovipositing female may have to fly much further than 50-100 meters to lay all of her eggs. we developed a method for marking ae. aegypti eggs with a rare alkali metal (rubidium) and ...19957872449
5-hydroxytryptamine in the salivary glands of adult female aedes aegypti and its role in regulation of salivation.a dense plexus of axons, immunoreactive to antisera against 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-ht, serotonin) and surrounding the proximal medial lobe of the salivary gland of adult female aedes aegypti mosquitoes, was demonstrated by means of whole-mount fluorescence immunocytochemistry. this innervation originates in the stomatogastric nervous system. 5-ht-immunoreactive innervation is absent in male salivary glands, suggesting that 5-ht is involved in blood-feeding. furthermore, female mosquitoes treated ...19957891033
understanding productivity, a key to aedes aegypti surveillance.the objective of this work was to define criteria that could be applied to achieve faster, more economical, and accurate assessment of vector populations for control of dengue viruses. during 1989-1990, 1,349 premises were surveyed in townsville, charters towers and mingela/ravenswood, queensland, australia. in each locality, 1.9-8.4% of premises contained three or more containers with aedes aegypti immature forms and were designated as key premises. comparison of surveys in townsville from 1989 ...19958561260
infection of aedes albopictus (diptera: culicidae) and ae. aegypti with lambornella stegomyiae (ciliophora: tetrahymenidae).the transformation of lambornella stegomyiae trophonts to theronts, the distribution of invasion cysts on larval aedes albopictus cuticle, and the virulence of l. stegomyiae to ae. albopictus and aedes aegypti were studied in the laboratory. transformation of trophonts into theronts was induced by a morphogenic agent released from larval ae. albopictus homogenate. the first transformation was observed 4 hr after exposure to larval mosquito homogenate, but most transformations occurred between 12 ...19958568285
towards malaria control in nigeria: a qualitative study on the population of mosquitoes.malaria is still highly prevalent in many tropical countries and this disease can only survive in areas where mosquitoes and infected human populations are high. relevant information on the species of mosquitoes, their habitats and their population are important in planning preventative strategies in the control of malaria, hence this study. mosquito species and their habitats were investigated in both high and low density areas of benin city, edo state, nigeria. the results showed that culex pi ...19958568784
immunohistological localization of regulatory peptides in the midgut of the female mosquito aedes aegypti.the midgut of the female mosquito aedes aegypti was studied immunohistologically with antisera to various regulatory peptides. endocrine cells immunoreactive with antisera to perisulfakinin, rfamide, bovine pancreatic polypeptide, urotensin 1, locustatachykinin 2 and allatostatins a1 and b2 were found in the midgut. perisulfakinin, rfamide and bovine pancreatic polypeptide all react with the same, about 500 endocrine cells, which were evenly distributed throughout the posterior midgut, with the ...19958574883
jungle yellow fever: clinical and laboratorial studies emphasizing viremia on a human case.the authors report the clinical, laboratorial and epidemiological aspects of a human case of jungle yellow fever. the patient suffered from fever, chills, sweating, headaches, backaches, myalgia, epigastric pains, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea and prostration. he was unvaccinated and had been working in areas where cases of jungle yellow fever had been confirmed. investigations concerning the yellow fever virus were performed. blood samples were collected on several days in the course of the illnes ...19958599063
[yellow fever in mexico. the eradication of aëdes aegypti. 1966]. 19958599142
[dengue in mexico: a priority problem of public health].dengue fever is a viral disease transmitted by aedes aegypti. it has been recently incorporated to the agenda of priorities in many countries in the americas. the emergence of dengue hemorrhagic fever cases is becoming a public health threat and requires the implementation of intensive surveillance and control strategies. the epidemiological panorama of dengue in mexico provides the opportunity to analyze a regional health problem and the risk factors involved in the genesis of hemorrhagic cases ...19958599144
[the role of the aedes aegypti vector in the epidemiology of dengue in mexico].the role of aedes aegypti (lineo) in the epidemiology of dengue fever in mexico is herein discussed based on the vectorial capacity model. comments on the advantages and disadvantages of each model component at the time of field determinations are also presented. emphasis is made on the impact of sampling and method bias on the results of vectorial capacity studies. the paper also addresses the need to increase vector biology knowledge as an input for epidemiological work to explain and predict ...19958599147
[vectors of dengue in mexico: a critical review)].the mosquito aedes (stegomyia) aegypti (linneaus, 1762) is the vector of dengue viruses in america. recently, another related species, aedes albopictus (skuse, 1894) was first introduced to america in 1986 in texas, usa and later on in sao paulo, brazil. since then, this mosquito has rapidly colonized new areas along the northern border states of mexico. the importance of this species as a vector of dengue virus is not clear. this work presents a revision of some characteristics of the two speci ...19958599149
public service deficiencies and aedes aegypti breeding sites in venezuela.the 1992 study reported here assessed relationships between potable water supply and trash collection practices and the prevalence of dengue vector mosquito (aedes aegypti) breeding sites in 30 towns located along the north coast of venezuela. within each study town, 100 homes were chosen. at each of these homes the number of water-bearing containers and containers harboring a. aegypti were determined and interviews were conducted to obtain information about the local water supply, trash collect ...19958520605
glutathion s-transferase activity and ddt-susceptibility of malaysian mosquitos.comparative ddt-susceptibility status and glutathion s-transferase (gst) activity of malaysian anopheles maculatus, culex quinquefasciatus and aedes aegypti was investigated to ascertain the role of this enzyme in ddt resistance. the standardised who dose-mortality bioassay tests were used to determine ddt susceptibility in these mosquitos, whilst gst microassay (brogdon and barber, 1990) was conducted to measure the activity of this enzyme in mosquito homogenate. it appeared that ddt susceptibi ...19958525405
susceptibility of various mosquitoes of california to subperiodic brugia malayi.laboratory experiments were conducted to determine the susceptibility of six species of mosquitoes, representing three genera, to subperiodic brugia malayi. the black-eye, liverpool strain of aedes aegypti was the susceptible control. mosquitoes were fed on microfilaremic jirds (meriones unguiculatus). all mosquitoes, except wild caught culex erythrothorax, were laboratory-reared and allowed to feed when 8 to 10 days old. anopheles freeborni, anopheles hermsi, and culiseta inornata proved refrac ...19958533667
cloning and expression of a novel toxin gene from bacillus thuringiensis subsp. jegathesan encoding a highly mosquitocidal protein.a gene, designated cry11b, encoding a 81,293-da crystal protein of bacillus thuringiensis subsp. jegathesan was cloned by using a gene-specific oligonucleotide probe. the sequence of the cry11b protein, as deduced from the sequence of the cry11b gene, contains large regions of similarity with the cry11a toxin (previously cryivd) from b. thuringiensis subsp. israelensis. the cry11b protein was immunologically related to both cry11a and cry4a proteins. the cry11b gene was expressed in a nontoxic s ...19958534090
rotundial, a new natural mosquito repellent from the leaves of vitex rotundifolia.a new natural mosquito repellent was isolated from fresh leaves of vitex rotundifolia. its structure was elucidated by an extensive nmr spectral analysis to be a cyclopentene dialdehyde named rotundial. this compound possessed potent repelling activity against aedes aegypti.19958534996
characterization of resistance to organophosphate, carbamate, and pyrethroid insecticides in field populations of aedes aegypti from venezuela.resistance to the organophosphates (op) temephos, malathion, and pirimiphos methyl, and the carbamate propoxur was found to be low (< 5-fold) in 3 aedes aegypti populations collected from falcon and aragua states of venezuela. resistance to chlorpyrifos (op), permethrin, and lambda-cyhalothrin (pyrethroids) was moderate (7-fold) in both populations. mechanisms of resistance were investigated with the synergists piperonyl butoxide (mixed function oxidase inhibitor) and s, s, s-tributyl phosphorot ...19958551300
probing and gorging responses of three mosquito species to a membrane feeding system at a range of temperatures.membrane feeding of 3 mosquito species, aedes aegypti, anopheles stephensi, and anopheles arabiensis, with formulated protein meals was carried out at a range of temperatures. the response was evaluated in terms of probing after 5 min, engorgement after 90 min, and 50% feeding time. aedes aegypti showed a satisfactory feeding response across the complete temperature range investigated, 28-40 degrees c, although engorgement was significantly faster between 36 and 40 degrees c. anopheles stephensi ...19958551304
evaluation of enemas for exposing aedes aegypti to suspensions of dengue-2 virus.to determine if enemas could be used to simulate oral exposure of aedes aegypti to dengue-2 virus, we compared infection rates of mosquitoes administered an enema of a blood suspension containing dengue-2 virus to infection rates in mosquitoes that imbibed the same suspension from a drop of blood. in 1 of 4 experiments infection rates were significantly different. more importantly, during 2 of the 4 trials, 100% of the mosquitoes in the enema treatment group were infected. we speculate that the ...19958551311
failure of immune sera to neutralize dengue-2 virus in intrathoracically inoculated aedes aegypti.aedes aegypti became infected when inoculated with a mixture of dengue-2 virus and anti-dengue-2 antibodies, but not when they were exposed to the same mixture per os. this phenomenon merits more detailed investigation. understanding why this difference in mosquito infection rate occurs may lead to improved dengue virus assays or provide insights into the nature of dengue virus-antibody interactions.19958551312
establishment and characterization of three cell lines from aedes triseriatus (diptera: culicidae).three cell lines (a.t. grip-1, 2, and 3) were established from aedes triseriatus (say) embryonated eggs or neonate larvae and their morphology, growth, karyotype, and isozyme pattern were studied. the isozyme alleles observed in the 3 cell lines also were found in adults of the original mosquito colony. each cell line differed in enzymatic, morphological, and karyotypical patterns. la crosse encephalitis (lac) and snowshoe hare (ssh) viruses, members of the california encephalitis virus group, w ...19958551501
cloning and developmental expression of the ecdysone receptor gene from the spruce budworm, choristoneura fumiferana.degenerate oligonucleotides were designed on the basis of conserved amino acid sequences in the dna and ligand-binding regions of the members of the steroid hormone receptor superfamily. using these oligonucleotides in rna-pcr, a cdna fragment was isolated from the spruce budworm, choristoneura fumiferana. comparison of the deduced amino acid sequence of this cdna fragment with the members of the steroid hormone receptor superfamily suggested that this pcr fragment is a region of the ecdysone re ...19958641050
impact of rapid urbanization on mosquitoes and their disease transmission potential in accra and tema, ghana.the total of 75 mosquito species recorded in accra have declined to 28 species. contributing factors to this decline and the reduction in prevalence of malaria and bancroftian filariasis in accra presently include extensive water pollution and a fairly high daily mosquito mortality due to several factors including loss of natural adult resting places, use of mosquito repellents and the probable increase of anopheles arabiensis population. presently low yellow fever incidence is due inter alia to ...19958669399
monoclonal antibodies against manduca sexta hemocytes bind aedes aegypti hemocytes: characterization of six monoclonal antibodies that bind hemocytes from both species.the mechanisms by which hemocytes mediate a mosquito's defense response to parasites or pathogens are not well understood. this is due in part to difficulty in collecting intact mosquito hemocytes for experiments and to a lack of reagents, such as antibodies. our objectives were to collect adult aedes aegypti hemocytes under conditions suitable for immunofluorescence microscopy, and to test whether monoclonal antibodies, generated against larval manduca sexta hemocytes, bind adult ae. aegypti he ...19958773196
[human diffusion of arthropod disease vectors throughout the world].the present distribution of animals and plants throughout the world is the result of an evolutionary process involving tectonic, climatic and biotic factors. humans, since their appearance, have contributed to the spreading of many species including disease vectors and pests. when humans left their native african home, they brought with them ectoparasites such as lice and acarids. during the neolithic era, humans were leading domesticated animals which carried their own parasites into new areas. ...19958777543
a placebo controlled clinical trial investigating the efficacy of a homeopathic after-bite gel in reducing mosquito bite induced erythema.a randomised, placebo controlled clinical trial was conducted to examine the efficacy of a homeopathic after-bite gel in the symptomatic relief of mosquito bites. sixty eight healthy volunteers were bitten under laboratory conditions by aedes aegypti mosquitoes at three spots, on the ventral aspect of the forearm. one bite was treated with the homeopathic after-bite gel, another bite with a placebo gel which was identical in appearance and smell to the homeopathic after-bite gel, and the third b ...19958751030
larvicidal constituents of melantheria albinervia.bioactivity-guided fractionation has led to the isolation of two larvicidal diterpenes, active against the yellow fever-transmitting mosquito aedes aegypti, from a dichloromethane root extract of melantheria albinervia (asteraceae), a plant from zimbabwe. these diterpenes were identified as ent-kaur-16-en-19-oic acid and 9(11),16-kauradien-19-oic acid. the diterpenes were also weakly active against bacillus subtilis.19958824954
survey of container-inhabiting mosquitoes in clemson, south carolina, with emphasis on aedes albopictus.a total of 530 oviposition trap samples were collected within a 10-km radius of clemson university between march 30 and october 19, 1993. from 19,664 larvae reared from collected eggs, 7 species were identified: aedes albopictus (89%), ae. triseriatus (6.5%), culex restuans (2.7%), cx. territans (0.6%), cx. pipiens complex (0.7%), toxorhynchites rutilus septentrionalis (0.2%), and orthopodomyia signifera (0.1%). this is the first record of ae. albopictus in clemson. aedes aegypti was not found. ...19958825496
country-wide prevalence of ascogregarina culicis (apicomplexa: lecudinidae), a protozoan parasite of aedes aegypti in trinidad, west indies.the prevalence of the gregarine parasite ascogregarina culicis was determined for aedes aegypti populations in trinidad, west indies. over 5 months, a total of 5,651 ae. aegypti larvae were collected and identified from 419 sites throughout trinidad as part of a national dengue surveillance program. ascogregarina culicis infections were detected in 13.4% of 1,986 ae. aegypti larvae dissected. in 7 of 8 counties or major subdivisions where this parasite was detected in trinidad, the prevalence pe ...19958825500
genetic differentiation of aedes aegypti, the vector of dengue virus in french polynesia.in recent years the incidence of dengue fever epidemics has increased and transmission has tended to be established over a geographically expanding area, including french polynesia. an increase in air transportation contributes to the diffusion of the dengue virus from southeast asia, a region considered to be a hyperendemic dengue zone, to the pacific region. presently, little is known about the role of the vector (aedes aegypti) in the diffusion of the dengue fever virus. a study on the geneti ...19958825508
a new serovar of bacillus thuringiensis possessing 28a28c flagellar antigenic structure: bacillus thuringiensis serovar jegathesan, selectively toxic against mosquito larvae.a novel bacillus thuringiensis strain highly toxic to mosquitoes was isolated from soil samples in malaysia. this strain was shown to display a new subfraction of the h-28 flagellar antigen determining a new serovar h28a28c, which was designated serovar jegathesan. bioassays indicated that culex quinquefasciatus larvae are the most susceptible to this new isolate, whereas toxicity to anopheles maculatus and aedes aegypti larvae was 10 times lower. the potency of this new serotype is also compara ...19958825511
evaluation of entomopathogenic bacteria against aedes polynesiensis, the vector of lymphatic filariasis in french polynesia.thirteen strains among 3 species of entomopathogenic bacteria were tested against 3 medically important mosquito species in french polynesia. two strains of bacillus thuringiensis were highly toxic to aedes polynesiensis, aedes aegypti, and culex quinquefasciatus. six of 7 strains of bacillus sphaericus tested were highly toxic to cx. quinquefasciatus but not to the aedes spp. clostridium bifermentans serovar. malaysia was more toxic to ae. polynesiensis than to the other 2 species. entomopathog ...19958825516
community based dengue control in columbia: people's knowledge and practice and the potential contribution of the biological larvicide bti (bacillus thuringiensis israelensis).a study on dengue control was undertaken in a poor urban area in cúcuta, colombia. the first objective was to describe people's knowledge, attitudes and practices regarding dengue fever, the transmission of the disease and possible preventive measures. the second objective was to analyse the infestation of the community with aedes aegypti larvae, and the third objective to test the efficacy of bti (bacillus thuringiensis israelensis) with respect to the level and duration of reduction of ae. aeg ...19958826104
the 1993 epidemic of dengue fever in mangalore, karnataka state, india.an epidemic of febrile illness with hemorrhagic manifestations occurred in certain parts of mangalore city, karnataka state, india, from the last week of july 1993. the epidemic reached its peak by mid-august and then started declining. sporadic cases, however, continued to occur till early december. about 200 cases were reported covering all age groups and both sexes. the cases presented with pyrexia, myalgia, arthralgia and headache. palatal petechiae, magenta colored tongue with central coati ...19959139379
rapid and efficient removal of immature aedes aegypti in metal drums by sweep net and modified sweeping method.a modified sweeping method was developed using a cotton sweep net for control of ae. aegypti immatures in 200 liter (44 gallon) metal drums which are major sources of breeding in yangon. laboratory experiments revealed that with only 4 sweeps (approximately 10 minutes duration), the mean % removal (+/- sd) of ae. aegypti fourth stage larvae was 88.5% +/- 1.47. this was followed by a field study undertaken in sanchaung township, yangon. twenty-eight drums with moderate (< 500 immatures) to high ( ...19959139390
[the effect of abiotic factors on the incidence of aedes aegypti in the town of 10 de octobre, ciudad de la habana province, 1982-1992].an analysis of the relation among the quantity of focuses of aedes aegypti, the rains and the temperatures in rainy and dry periods from 1982 to 1992 in 10 de octubre municipe, at city of havana, was carried out. no correlation was found between the number of focuses and the rains occurred in both seasons, and it was just the same between the number of focuses and temperatures. thus, emphasis is made in the need for a strong surveillance along all year.19959805076
muscle actin gene from aedes aegypti (diptera:culicidae).a recombinant phagemid containing a 1,240-bp insert encoding an actin was isolated from a yellow fever mosquito, aedes aegypti (l.), complementary dna library. this insert (pbs-act35) contained an open reading frame of 822 bp whose deduced amino acid sequence exhibited > 95% homology with the carboxyl terminal 274 amino acids of drosophila melanogaster meigen and silkworm, bombyx mori (l.), actin genes. reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction was used to clone and determine the sequence ...19968961646
insecticide impregnated cotton fabrics of different hydrophobicity against aedes aegypti (diptera:culicidae).residual efficacy of synthetic pyrethroids, viz, permethrin, deltamethrin, lambdacyhalothrin and an insect repellent depa in cotton fabrics of different hydrophobicity was tested against aedes aegypti. amino silicone was used for enhancing the hydrophobicity of the fabrics. the results showed that there was an increasing trend in repellency/feeding deterrency with the increase in hydrophobicity up to 17.5 weeks at an optimum level of 30g/l. the adulticidal effect lasted for 1 to 4 weeks and this ...19969185280
discovery of aedes albopictus in guatemala.aedes albopictus was discovered for the first time in guatemala during june 1995. it was collected in 10 out of 15 localities sampled in and around the community of puerto barrios in the department of izabal. the location of the positive collections indicates a more rural distribution than aedes aegypti. sampling was conducted along the atlantic highway up to the capital city to determine the extent of its introduction into the country. larvae were not found more than 4 km outside of puerto barr ...19968887235
enzymatic variability in natural populations of aedes aegypti (diptera:culicidae) from brazil.yellowfever mosquitoes, aedes aegypti (l), were collected from 3 towns located within 70 km of each other in the state of sao paulo to evaluate the protein variability of natural populations. electrophoretic analysis permitted the identification of 6 loci responsible for the production of leucine aminopeptidase, 3 for esterases and malic enzyme, 2 for malate dehydrogenase, isocitrate dehydrogenase and alpha-glycerophosphate dehydrogenase, and 1 for phosphoglucomutase. for the 3 populations, the ...19968840678
the mosquito ultraspiracle homologue, a partner of ecdysteroid receptor heterodimer: cloning and characterization of isoforms expressed during vitellogenesis.we report the cloning and characterization of two isoforms of the ultraspiracle homologue (aausp) from the mosquito, aedes aegypti. the 2.33-kb aauspa cdna has an open reading frame (orf) of 484 amino acids encoding a polypeptide of 54 kda, whereas the 2.14-kb aauspb orf of 459 amino acids encodes a 51.3 kda polypeptide. the aauspa and aauspb proteins differ only in the n-terminal portion of the variable a/b domain. the aausp dna-binding domain shares 92% and 97% identities with the respective d ...19968892313
cloning and expression analysis of aedes aegypti opsin: adaptation of an in situ hybridization protocol for mosquitoes.opsin is a g protein coupled photoreceptor that activates a signal transduction cascade in the ommatidia. its primary and secondary structure is conserved both in insects and vertebrates as exemplified by the drosophila opsins. through serendiplious cloning of a pcr fragment, we have identified an opsin cdna. the latter was used to clone full length cdnas from a mosquito head library. the main purpose of cloning was to have a positive control probe to establish an in situ hybridization protocol ...19968799735
adaptive larval thermotolerance and induced cross-tolerance to propoxur insecticide in mosquitoes anopheles stephensi and aedes aegypti.fourth-instar larvae of mosquitoes anopheles stephensi and aedes aegypti normally died within 90 min at 43 degrees c. pre-exposure to high but sublethal temperatures conferred adaptive thermotolerance, dependent on the temperature and the duration of pre-exposure. adaptive cross-tolerance to propoxur (a carbamate insecticide) was also induced in larvae by pre-exposing them to sublethal temperatures. pre-exposure to sublethal concentrations of propoxur was found to confer cross-thermotolerance to ...19968887340
yellowfever mosquito (diptera:culicidae) introduced into landi kotal, pakistan, by tire importation.although the recent distribution of yellowfever mosquito, aedes aegypti (l.), in pakistan has been restricted to the port city of karachi, adult and immature mosquitoes breeding in imported tires in warehouses at landi kotal (north-west frontier province) were identified as ae. aegypti. the patterns of tire trade and the current disjunct distribution of ae. aegypti indicated that the introduction into landi kotal may have been either from karachi or india. thermal fog application of pirimiphos-m ...19968699469
response of anopheles farauti to permethrin-treated net and cloth fabrics in the laboratory.the median effective dose of permethrin for knockdown and mortality of anopheles farauti s. s. exposed to 2 net and 2 cloth fabrics was estimated. there were no significant differences in the knockdown or mortality of an. farauti or aedes aegypti following 15-180-sec exposure to permethrin-treated bed nets and polyester/cotton fabric. despite the presence of permethrin (0.007-0.068 mg/cm2) in bed net material, 18.2-50% of an. farauti adults successfully obtained a blood meal through the nets, an ...19968827613
effect of cetirizine on the inflammatory cells in mosquito bites.mosquito bites frequently cause wealing and delayed papules which appear within a few hours after the bites and may persist for several days. cetirizine is an effective drug against mosquito bites by decreasing wealing and also the size and pruritus of the delayed bite papules.19968809428
mosquito dopa decarboxylase cdna characterization and blood-meal-induced ovarian expression.dopa decarboxylase (ddc) functions in insect catecholamine biochemistry to produce materials essential for cross-linking reactions that result in tanning and/or melanization, include tanning of the mosquito egg chorion and encapsulation of parasites. we have cloned ddc from the mosquito, aedes aegypti, and studied its expression in response to blood-feeding, which initiates events necessary for egg maturation in mosquitoes. the ae. aegypti ddc cdna was isolated via heterologous screening using a ...19968673262
critical examination of aedes aegypti indices: correlations with abundance.the following immature stage indices for aedes (stegomyia) aegypti surveillance were evaluated in four north queensland, australia towns with respect to their relationship to immature and adult female densities: breteau, house, container, larval density, stegomyia (and modifications thereof), and a newly created adult productivity index. spearman's correlations of indices that considered larval or immature (larvae and pupae) numbers had a better relationship with immature abundance but this was ...19968644913
cloning and characterization of cdnas encoding the antibacterial peptide, defensin a, from the mosquito, aedes aegypti.insect defensins are cationic, inducible antibacterial peptides. four full-length cdnas encoding defensin a from the mosquito aedes aegypti were cloned using polymerase chain reaction (pcr) and sequenced. all four cdnas are 473 base pairs long, bearing an open reading frame of 98 amino acids with a few substitutions in the signal peptide domain. the deduced amino acid sequence of aedes aegypti defensin (aadef) contains a signal peptide sequence of 18 amino acids followed by a 40-amino acid putat ...19968814787
community involvement in the control of aedes aegypti.in the past 15 years, there has been a dramatic resurgence of dengue and dengue hemorrhagic fever worldwide, with increased frequency of epidemics and geographic expansion of both the mosquito vectors and the viruses. the reasons for this resurgence are not well understood, but include uncontrolled and unplanned urbanization, increased movement of people and viruses by airplane and lack of effective control of aedes aegypti, the principal mosquito vector of dengue viruses. the recommended method ...19968740894
fish digital imaging microscopy in mosquito genomics.the yellow fever mosquito, aedes aegypti, transmits pathogens that affect both humans and livestock, and has been the focus of extensive research to identify genetic loci that may be useful in control strategies. fluorescence in situ hybridization (fish) and digital imaging microscopy have provided a rapid mechanism to populate the physical map with probes derived from genetic markers, cdnas and recombinant genomic libraries. when the physical and genetic linkage maps are aligned, map-based clon ...199615275237
toxicity of insecticides to toxorhynchites splendens and three vector mosquitos and their sublethal effect on biocontrol potential of the predator.toxicity of six larvicides ie fenthion, temephos, malathion, deltamethrin, alphamethrin (fendona), oms 3031 and five adulticides ie malathion, fenitrothion, propoxur, deltamethrin, permethrin to aedes aegypti, culex quiquefasciatus, anopheles stephensi and the predator, toxorhynchites splendens was studied for evaluating safety margin. concentrations of alphamethrin that killed 50% larvae of t. splendens were 53 and 12 times more than that which killed cx. quinquefasciatus and ae. aegypti. in ca ...19969031419
involvement of peroxidase in chorion hardening in aedes aegypti.peroxidase activity is detectable in aedes aegypti ovaries, containing developing eggs, at 24 h following blood feeding, and peak peroxidase activity is reached at 36-48 h after the blood-meal. peroxidase is associated with the chorion layer in mature eggs and the majority of the enzyme is released from the chorion layer by treating the isolated chorion fraction with sds/urea. analysis of the sds/urea solubilized chorion proteins using sds-page with tropolone/h2o2 or dopa staining verified the p ...19968900599
purification and characterization of a major glutathione s-transferase from the mosquito anopheles dirus (species b).the major form of glutathione s-transferase (gst) activity from the mosquito anopheles dirus (species b), a vector of malaria in thailand has been purified 421-fold. it constituted approx. 20% of the total measured cdnb conjugating activity in the homogenate. this enzyme appeared as a single band of 25.0 +/- 0.26 kda on sds-page and was kinetically characterized with 10 substrates and 4 inhibitors. the enzyme is capable of catalysing dehydrochlorination of 1,1,1-trichloro-2,2-bis-(p-chlorophenyl ...19968900597
stable expression of insect gaba receptors in insect cell lines. promoters for efficient expression of drosophila and mosquito rdl gaba receptors in stably transformed mosquito cell lines.we are interested in establishing stably transformed insect cell lines efficiently expressing the insect gamma-aminobutyric acid (gaba) receptor subunit gene resistance to dieldrin or rdl. in order to facilitate this we utilized a system based on stable transformation of aedes albopictus mosquito cell lines using the dihydrofolate reductase (dhfr) gene as a selected marker. here we report the production of stable mosquito cell lines carrying high copy numbers of rdl genes from both drosophila an ...19968601436
functional analysis of a mosquito gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor gene promoter.a single point mutation in the insect gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor (gabar)-encoding gene (rdl) confers high levels of resistance to cyclodienes in drosophila and other insects. we were interested in studying the promoter of this gene for two reasons. firstly, to define the elements underlying rdl expression. secondly, to identify the minimum set of regulatory elements necessary for construction of a functional rdl minigene. such an insecticide-resistance-associated minigene should form a str ...19968654932
generation of expressed sequence tags and sequence-tagged sites as physical landmarks in the mosquito, aedes aegypti, genome.twenty-three clones were developed as expressed sequence tags (ests) and sequence-tagged sites (stss) that provide broad coverage of the mosquito, aedes aegypti, genome at an average spacing of about 7.2 cm. each of these clones had been mapped previously as a restriction fragment length polymorphism (rflp) marker. nineteen of these clones represent anonymous cdnas and 4 clones represent known genes. forty-seven percent of the anonymous cdnas showed significant deduced amino acid sequence simila ...19968851807
quiescent ovarioles in the mosquito aedes aegypti (l.) (diptera: culicidae). 19968729634
ovulation and post-ovulation changes in the terminal region of the ovarioles of the mosquito aedes aegypti (l.) (diptera: culicidae).detachment of the follicular epithelium from the chorion occurs prior to the passage of the mature egg into the calyx lumen, resulting in a mature oocyte lying free in an epithelial sac. the mature oocytes rupture the epithelial sac, including the tunica propria at the posterior pole, then break through the basal (or granular basal) bodies to enter the calyx lumen. just after ovulation, the formerly terminal parts of the ovariole remain attached to the posterior end of the egg sac near its openi ...19968729630
leucokinin increases paracellular permeability in insect malpighian tubulesthere are two major transport pathways across epithelia: a transcellular pathway through cells and a paracellular pathway between cells. previous electrophysiological studies in mosquito malpighian tubules suggested that the neuropeptide leucokinin-viii (lk-viii) increases the chloride permeability of the paracellular pathway. to test the effect of lk-viii on the paracellular pathway further, we measured transepithelial permeabilities of inulin and sucrose in isolated malpighian tubules from the ...19969320463
[the prevention of dengue in guadeloupe].dengue is the only disease transmitted by mosquitoes in the guadeloupe islands of french antilles. two dengue outbreaks were reported in 1992 and 1994. aedes aegypti is recognized the only vector of dengue in guadeloupe, and the 200 l drums are the most important breeding-sites. vector control in guadeloupe includes community health education, larvicide and adulticide spraying, and the destruction of the breeding-sites. however, ae. aegypti control has limitations such as the lack of participati ...19968924773
[oviposition and dispersion of aedes aegypti in an urban environment].it is generally accepted that female aedes aegypti do not fly more than 50-100 m in their entire lifetime, yet the rapidity with which this species colonizes new areas, and the explosive nature of dengue and yellow fever epidemics appear to contradict this. using molecular methods, we have confirmed that the ae. aegypti females lay small numbers of eggs at many sites. the distribution of available sites implies that the female may fly a considerable distance to deposit her whole egg batch. we de ...19968924769
central olfactory pathways in mosquitoes and other insects.studies of cns processing of olfactory information have contributed significantly to understanding olfactory-guided behaviour in insects. evidence in moths suggests that each glomerulus in the antennal lobes has a unique property: receptor-axon projections and dendritic arborizations of uniglomerular output neurons can relate to anatomically and functionally distinct glomeruli. similar correlations are not typical of the concentrically organized locust antennal lobes. insights about odour proces ...19968894298
[the performance of the aedes aegypti eradication program in 2 towns of ciudad de la habana province, 1990-1992].it is made a comparative analysis of the behaviour of the aedes aegypti eradication program in two municipalities of havana city with different characteristics during 1990-1992. the results show that in both municipalities the recipients with the highest positivity to mosquitoes were the following categories: other deposits, artificial deposits, and low tanks, followed by a second group that included tubs, tires, and larva tramps. the positivity of the larva tramps was observed in both municipal ...19969805046
laboratory and field plot bioassay of bacillus sphaericus against arkansas mosquito species.bacillus sphaericus was evaluated in laboratory bioassays against larvae of 7 arkansas mosquito species and in rice field plots against a single mosquito species. laboratory-tested species included aedes aegypti, ae. albopictus, ae. vexans, anopheles punctipennis, culex quinquefasciatus, cx. restuans, and psorophora columbiae. field plot bioassays were evaluated against ps. columbiae only. the laboratory formulation tested demonstrated activity against all 7 species. mortalities were observed at ...19968827596
stability of equine infectious anemia virus in aedes aegypti (diptera: culicidae), stomoxys calcitrans (diptera:muscidae), and tabanus fuscicostatus (diptera:tabanidae) stored at -70 degrees c.equine infectious anemia virus (eiav) was injected intrathoracically into aedes aegypti, stomoxys calcitrans, and tabanus fuscicostatus, and fed to ae. aegypti in suspensions of either artificial blood of eagle's minimum essential medium. insects were stored at -70 degrees c for up to 9 months before testing for the presence of eiav. the viral tissue culture titers detected from stored insects were similar to those from insects tested at time 0.19968827617
yellow fever: a decade of reemergence.since the 1980s, yellow fever has reemerged across africa and in south america. the total of 18 735 yellow fever cases and 4522 deaths reported from 1987 to 1991 represents the greatest amount of yellow fever activity reported to the world health organization (who) for any 5-year period since 1948. there is an excellent vaccine against yellow fever. at present, a high proportion of travelers to at-risk areas are reported to be immunized, reflecting widespread knowledge about the international he ...19968827969
dengue 3 virus distribution in the mosquito aedes aegypti: an immunocytochemical study.the dissemination of dengue (den) 3 virus in parenterally infected female aedes aegypti mosquitoes was studied immunocytochemically. antigen was first detected in fat body cells near the thoracic site of virus inoculation. the intussuscepted foregut, salivary glands and nervous tissue were the first major tissues infected. nervous tissue appeared to be the primary site of amplification. muscles, tracheae, malphigian tubules and the posterior midgut did not become infected. the only part of the r ...19968834747
entomological studies in a dengue endemic area, jalore, rajasthan.entomological studies on prevalence of adult and immatures of aedes aegypti along with associated ecological factors have been conducted in a dengue endemic area of jalore, rajasthan from 1992 to 1993. studies in two areas; reportedly affected and unaffected revealed more adults and higher breeding indices in the affected area as compared to the unaffected one. mosquitoes harbouring dengue antigen were found only in the affected locality. presence of dengue antigen in field caught mosquitoes in ...19968840653
[yellow fever in the ribeirão preto region at the turn of the 19th century: its scientific importance and economic repercussions].yellow fever in the region of ribeirao preto at the turn of xix century: scientific importance and economic repercussion. this historical review describes the bad situation of public health in brazil during the xix century caused by multiple yellow fever outbreaks. the knowledge regarding to yellow fever at that time is also described. a short history is presented of the development of the region of ribeirao preto, located in the northeast of sao paulo state, brazil, emphasising the actuation of ...19968851220
cell targeting of a pore-forming toxin, cyta delta-endotoxin from bacillus thuringiensis subspecies israelensis, by conjugating cyta with anti-thy 1 monoclonal antibodies and insulin.the cytolytic protein toxin cyta was linked to two monoclonal antibodies (mab) directed against the mouse or the rat thy 1 antigen. the purified cyta-mab conjugates were not toxic to either target or nontarget cells. the conjugates did bind specifically to target cells since they agglutinated the target cells but not nontarget cells. when the conjugates were treated with dithiothreitol, the released cyta was toxic to all cells tested. these results suggested that the attachment of cyta to a mole ...19968853459
acasp, a gene encoding a cathepsin d-like aspartic protease from the hookworm ancylostoma caninum.intestinal infection with the zoonotic hookworm ancylostoma caninum can provoke human eosinophilic enteritis. a cdna was isolated from a. caninum, using an oligonucleotide primer designed to hybridize to the region encoding the consensus, catalytic site residues d32tgssnlw of aspartic proteases. this novel cdna encoded an aspartic protease zymogen of 422 amino acids, exhibiting 47% identity to the lysosomal aspartic protease of aedes aegypti, 46% identity to the aspartic protease of schistosoma ...19968858139
phenotypic segregation of aedes aegypti for immune antibacterial activity and resistance to filariae.we report the phenotypic selection of two lines of aedes aegypti, from a filariae susceptible parental stock (refm). this selection was based upon the level of inducible anti-gram negative escherichia coli activity within the haemolymph following e. coli infection. these lines, denoted 'high' and 'low', demonstrated significant differences in anti-e. coli responses throughout. however no difference was observed in the anti-gram positive micrococcus luteus response following e. coli challenge. f4 ...19968858873
the efficacy of prrrikweg gel in the treatment of insect bites: a double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial.this study was conducted to examine the efficacy of prrikweg gel, a homeopathic after-bite gel, in relieving the effects of mosquito bites, in particular itching and erythema.19968861830
setaria digitata microfilaraemia in mastomys coucha: an animal model for chemotherapeutic and immunobiological studies.intraperitoneal implantation of adult gravid females of the bovine filarial parasite, setaria digitata in mastomys coucha was found to induce microfilaraemia lasting for about 125 days. the microfilariae (mf) could be detected as early as 4 days post-implantation (p.i.) and peak levels of about 30 mf in 20 microliters of blood were observed by 21 days. a significant positive correlation was found between mf density and the body weight of recipients pre-implantation. the implanted adult worms wer ...19968873474
early trypsin, a female-specific midgut protease in aedes aegypti: isolation, aminoterminal sequence determination, and cloning and sequencing of the gene.early trypsin is a female-specific protease present in the aedes aegypti midgut during the first hours after ingestion of a blood meal. it plays an essential role in the transcriptional activation of the late trypsin form, the major midgut endoprotease involved in the blood meal digestion. early trypsin is the most abundant midgut polypeptide isolated by benzamidine-sepharose affinity chromatography 3 h after feeding. the amino-terminal sequence of the early trypsin protein matches that of the 3 ...19968882654
mosquito vector control and biology in latin america--a sixth symposium.the sixth spanish language symposium presented by the american mosquito control association (amca) was held as part of the 62nd annual meeting in norfolk, va, in march 1996. the principal objective, as for the previous 5 symposia, was to promote the participation in the amca meeting by vector control specialists, public health workers, and academicians from latin america. this publication includes summaries of 25 presentations that were given in spanish by participants from 6 countries in latin ...19968887226
insecticide susceptibility of aedes aegypti and aedes albopictus in the lower rio grande valley of texas and mexico.in response to a potential dengue fever outbreak in south texas during 1995, the susceptibilities of aedes aegypti and aedes albopictus to commonly used mosquito adulticides were assessed. larvae collected from the lower rio grande valley of texas and mexico were reared to adults and tested against susceptible laboratory strains at texas a&m university. resistance ratios at both the lc50 and lc95 rates were all less than 10, indicating that adult populations of both species are still susceptible ...19968887230
effects of variations in a formulated protein meal on the fecundity and fertility of female mosquitoes.a formulated protein meal developed by kogan (1990) for adult female aedes aegypti mosquitoes was evaluated and modified to increase egg and pupal yield. a vigorous laboratory colony was maintained with the females fed exclusively on this dietary formula for about twenty-five generations over more than 2 years. extra modifications were made to produce a diet suitable for anopheles arabiensis and anopheles stephensi females to produce eggs. both formulations contain bovine albumin, haemoglobin an ...19968887337
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