Publications

feeding behavior of aedes aegypti larvae and toxicity of dispersed and of naturally encapsulated bacillus thuringiensis var. israelensis.		1988	3198932
efficacy of two formulations of bacillus thuringiensis var. israelensis (h-14) against aedes vexans and safety to non-target macroinvertebrates.	an experimental sandoz formulation of bacillus thuringiensis var. israelensis (san 402 sc 98) was several times more effective than abbott abg 6188 against larvae of aedes aegypti and ae. vexans in the laboratory. field applications of san 402 sc 98 at 0.25 liter/ha and abg 6188 at 1.00 liter/ha resulted in more than 97% control of ae. vexans larvae after 48 hours, with residual activity of 24 hours or less. the amphipod, hyallela azteca, and 4 species of water beetles were apparently unaffected ...	1988	3199115
[susceptibility of aedes aegypti l. mosquitoes infected with an entomopathogenic virus to malarial plasmodia].		1988	3231163
[arbovirus infections on the island of nosy-be; serologic and entomologic findings].	since 1977, the pasteur institute of madagascar has been studying, during six surveys, the arboviruses of nosy-be area, in the north-west of madagascar. 47.2 p. 100 out of 271 human sera and 11.3 p. 100 out of 150 animal sera (mostly from lemurs), tested for antibodies to 16 arboviruses by the haemagglutination inhibition test, are positive. the results show an important prevalence of flaviviruses. west-nile and dengue 1 viruses were probably circulating some years before the surveys. antibodies ...	1988	3242421
[toxic effects of bacillus thuringiensis var. kurstaki to the immature stage of aedes aegypti].		1988	3244164
comparative toxicity of bacillus thuringiensis var. israelensis crystal proteins in vivo and in vitro.	bacillus thuringiensis var. israelensis crystal proteins were purified by fplc on a mono q column to yield 130, 65, 28, 53, 30-35 and 25 kda proteins. all the purified proteins killed aedes aegypti larvae after citrate precipitation, but the 65 kda protein was the most toxic. a precipitated mixture of 27 and 130 kda proteins was almost as toxic as solubilized crystals. in assays against a range of insect cell lines, the activated form (25 kda) of the 27 kda protein was generally cytotoxic with t ...	1988	3254944
the stegomyia survey and susceptibility status of aedes aegypti to insecticides in calcutta seaport area.		1988	3256570
pathogenesis of dengue: challenges to molecular biology.	dengue viruses occur as four antigenically related but distinct serotypes transmitted to humans by aedes aegypti mosquitoes. these viruses generally cause a benign syndrome, dengue fever, in the american and african tropics, and a severe syndrome, dengue hemorrhagic fever/dengue shock syndrome (dhf/dss), in southeast asian children. this severe syndrome, which recently has also been identified in children infected with the virus in puerto rico, is characterized by increased vascular permeability ...	1988	3277268
comparison of the in vivo and in vitro activity of the delta-endotoxin of bacillus thuringiensis var. morrisoni (hd-12) and two of its constituent proteins after cloning and expression in escherichia coli.	the insecticidal crystal delta-endotoxin of bacillus thuringiensis var. morrisoni hd-12 contains at least five polypeptides in the range 126-140 kda. immune blotting revealed that individual proteins in this complex share homology with a range of other b. thuringiensis delta-endotoxins. in vivo the native hd-12 crystal killed a lepidopteran larva (pieris brassicae) and a dipteran larva (anopheles gambiae), but not the related dipteran aedes aegypti. in vitro the solubilized activated crystal lys ...	1988	2832170
common features of bacillus thuringiensis toxins specific for diptera and lepidoptera.	the complete nucleotide sequence of a cloned gene encoding a 130-kda crystal protein of bacillus thuringiensis (b.t.) subspecies israelensis has been determined. the recombinant protein (bt8) was purified and shown to be a mosquito-specific toxin with a lc50 value of 43 ng/ml to third-instar larvae of aedes aegypti. bt8 is processed by proteases or midgut extracts of mosquito larvae into toxic fragments of 68-78 kda. deletion mapping indicated that the active fragment of bt8 is localized in the ...	1988	2833395
a bacillus thuringiensis subsp. israelensis gene encoding a 125-kilodalton larvicidal polypeptide is associated with inverted repeat sequences.	a gene encoding a 125-kilodalton (kda) mosquitocidal delta-endotoxin was cloned from the 72-mda resident plasmid of bacillus thuringiensis subsp. israelensis. this gene is similar in its 3' region to the gene encoding the 135-kda protein previously cloned (c. bourgouin, a. klier, and g. rapoport, mol. gen. genet. 205:390-397, 1986). escherichia coli recombinant clones harboring the 125-kda gene were toxic to larvae of the three mosquito species aedes aegypti, anopheles stephensi, and culex pipie ...	1988	2841292
the effect of tolypin in tolypocladium niveum crude extract against mosquito and blackfly larvae in the laboratory.	the efficacy of tolypin against mosquito and blackfly larvae was studied under laboratory conditions. it was tested against culex molestus, aedes aegypti, anopheles maculipennis, simulium noelleri and odagmia ornata. a concentration 0.1 mg/ml caused 100% mortality in all species tested and a concentration 0.001 mg/ml caused 100% mortality only in the two species of blackflies used within 24 hours.	1988	2906895
anti-mosquito antibodies decrease the reproductive capacity of aedes aegypti.	aedes aegypti (l.) fed on rabbits immunized with mosquito antigens showed a reduction in fecundity in the first oviposition and decreased viability of the progeny. feeding behaviour of mosquitoes was not affected and no significant mortality was observed due to the presence of anti-mosquito antibodies in the bloodmeal. antibodies were detected in the oocytes of mosquitoes 48 h after the bloodmeal. the role of specific antibodies in influencing fecundity is discussed.	1988	2980164
landing periodicity of the mosquito aedes aegypti in trinidad in relation to the timing of insecticidal space-spraying.	diel landing periodicity (biting cycle) of domestic aedes aegypti (l.) in trinidad, west indies, was monitored using human bait during january-august 1980. the periodicity of females was predominantly diurnal (95.2% arriving during daylight or twilight) and bimodal, with consistent peaks at 06.00-07.00 and 17.00-18.00 hours. the diel periodicities at indoor and outdoor sites were virtually identical. larger numbers of adults were collected outside than inside houses. it is recommended that the t ...	1988	2980173
effects of 'closed' houses on the aedes aegypti eradication programme in trinidad.	the effects of closed (i.e. locked) houses on the efficiency of control measures against aedes aegypti (l.) were monitored weekly for 1 year (march 1981 to february 1982) using ovitraps in the towns of felicity and trincity, trinidad. regular anti-aegypti activities comprised source reduction, focal treatment with larvicidal 1% temephos sand granules and perifocal treatment with 40% wp fenthion. in felicity, only 6% of houses were closed and after each treatment cycle ovitrap indices showed 100% ...	1988	2980174
ovitrap surveys of dengue vector mosquitoes in chiang mai, northern thailand: seasonal shifts in relative abundance of aedes albopictus and ae. aegypti.	aedes aegypti (l.) and aedes albopictus (skuse) were surveyed using ovitraps in residential areas in chiang mai, northern thailand. egg populations (both species inclusive) remained low in the dry season, but increased/decreased exponentially during the first/latter half of the rainy season, respectively. this seasonal pattern was similar to the seasonal distribution of dengue haemorrhagic fever cases in the area. during the dry season (november-march) ae.aegypti was dominant in urban and indoor ...	1988	2980189
detection and localization of antibody ingested with a mosquito bloodmeal.	mouse immunoglobulins were found to persist in aedes aegypti (l.) mosquito bloodmeals for 2-3 days after ingestion. immunoenzyme labelling revealed mouse antibody specifically bound to the mosquito midgut epithelium after ingestion; immunogold labelling of thin sections revealed mouse antibody within the cytoplasm of the microvilli on the midgut epithelium. ingested mouse antibody was not conclusively demonstrated bound to tissues outside the gut, though antibody was detected in mosquito haemoly ...	1988	2980192
detection of yellow fever virus nucleic acid in infected mosquitoes by rna:rna in situ hybridization.	an in situ hybridization technique was developed for the strand-specific detection of yellow fever virus (yfv) rna. an 35s-labeled, transcribed rna probe was used to detect positive-sense polarity yfv genomic rna in infected c6/36 (aedes albopictus) cells, dissected mosquito tissues, and sections of plastic-embedded, yfv-infected aedes aegypti mosquitoes. mosquito tissues fixed in buffered formalin retained morphological integrity. the low concentrations of probe used yielded high specific signa ...	1988	2907776
effects of azadirachtin on insect cytochrome p-450 dependent ecdysone 20-monooxygenase activity.	the effects of the insect growth and ecdysis inhibitor azadirachtin on ecdysone 20-monooxygenase activity were examined in three insect species. homogenates of wandering stage third instar larvae of drosophila melanogaster, or abdomens from adult female aedes aegypti, or fat body or midgut from last instar larvae of manduca sexta were incubated with radiolabelled ecdysone and increasing concentrations of azadirachtin and the ecdysone 20-monoxygenase activity quantified by radioassay. azadirachti ...	1988	2900005
[arboviroses in the region of nosy-bé, madagascar. serologic and entomologic data].	since 1977, the pasteur institute of madagascar has been studying, during six surveys, the arboviruses of nosy-be area, in the north-west of madagascar. 47.2% out of 271 human sera and 11.3% out of 151 sera of lemurs, tested for antibodies to 16 arboviruses by the haemagglutination inhibition test, are positive. the results show an important prevalence of flaviviruses. west nile and dengue 1 viruses were probably circulating some years before the surveys. antibodies against sindbis and rift vall ...	1988	2900082
biological characterization of plaque-size variants of yellow fever virus in mosquitoes and mice.	we isolated plaque-size variants of a south american strain of yellow fever virus, and compared their ability to infect orally and be transmitted by vector aedes aegypti mosquitoes with that of the uncloned, parental virus. we analyzed the same clonal isolates in mouse virulence experiments. no significant differences could be demonstrated in the capacities of the variants to infect and be transmitted by mosquitoes or in mouse virulence tests. the 17d vaccine virus (derived from the african asib ...	1988	2902770
specificity of action on mosquito larvae of bacillus thuringiensis israelensis toxins encoded by two different genes.	a 135 kda protein gene and two open reading frames (orf1 and orf2) have been cloned from a large plasmid of bacillus thuringiensis israelensis (bourgouin et al. 1986). the escherichia coli recombinant clones containing these genes were highly toxic to larvae of aedes aegypti, anopheles stephensi and culex pipiens. from subcloning experiments it was deduced that the 135 kda polypeptide alone was responsible for the toxic activity on both a. aegypti and an. stephensi larvae. in contrast, the prese ...	1988	2906402
effects of the chitin synthetase inhibitor plumbagin and its 2-demethyl derivative juglone on insect ecdysone 20-monooxygenase activity.	the chitin synthetase inhibitor plumbagin and its 2-demethyl derivative juglone were found to inhibit in a dose-response fashion the cytochrome p-450 dependent ecdysone 20-monooxygenase activity associated with adult female aedes aegypti, wandering stage larvae of drosophila melanogaster, and fat body and midgut from last instar larvae of manduca sexta. the concentration of these naphthoquinones required to elicit a 50% inhibition of the steroid hydroxylase activity in all the insects was approx ...	1988	2973991
fine structure of scolopidia in johnston's organ of female aedes aegypti compared with that of the male.		1988	1141704
parasitism of kenyan mosquito larvae (diptera: culicidae) by romanomermis culicivorax (nematoda: mermithidae).	the ability of romanomermis culicivorax to infect, develop, and emerge from kenyan mosquito hosts was evaluated in the laboratory. host species tested were aedes aegypti, ae. dentatus, ae. hirsutus, anopheles arabiensis, an. coustani, an. funestus, an. gambiae, an. pharoensis, culex duttoni, cu. ethiopicus, cu. poicilipes, cu. quinquefasciatus, cu. tigripes, cu. univittatus, coquillettidia metallica, mansonia africana, ma. uniformis, mimomyia splendens, mi. uniformis, toxorhyncites brevipalpis, ...	1988	19290190
effectiveness of macrogol and talcum base formulations of a new insect repellent n, n-diethyl phenyl acetamide.	synopsis the effectiveness of macrogol and talcum base formulations of a new multi-insect repellent n, n-diethyl phenyl acetamide (depa) was studied against aedes aegypti mosquitoes in the laboratory. the efficacy was compared with widely used repellent in india, viz. dimethylphthalate. twenty-five per cent depa incorporated macrogol ointment and talcum base formulation offered more than 8 h and 6 h protection, as compared to dmp for 3 h and 1 h 30 min, respectively. the ointment was found to be ...	1988	19456907
pathogenesis of the hyphomycete tolypocladium cylindrosporum in the mosquito aedes aegypti.		1988	3373005
phenotypic variability and heterozygosity at an esterase locus in the mosquito aedes aegypti.	populations of the yellow fever mosquito, aedes aegypti l. are polymorphic for esterase alleles. this could be because the alleles are neutral or because selection protects the polymorphism, as had been concluded from a study of allele frequencies. a test has been carried out to look for possible associations of esterase heterozygosity with speed of development, body size and spine number symmetry in two spine rows. heterozygotes were found to be larger and slower growing than homozygotes, but t ...	1988	3230031
phototaxis in aquatic invertebrates: possible use in ecotoxicity tests.	a series of experiments has been carried out aimed at (i) a deeper study of the phototaxis of some aquatic invertebrates and (ii) its possible use in ecotoxicity tests. for the first point the phototaxis of the nauplii of artemia salina was examined: through tests carried out under different conditions, it was observed that a marked complex response to light existed, which led to a subdivision between individuals with different phototactic response, mainly depending on the density of the nauplii ...	1988	3229377
the biology of aedes albopictus.	the biology of aedes albopictus is reviewed, with emphasis on studies of ecology and behavior. the following topics are discussed: distribution and taxonomy, genetics, medical importance, habitat, egg biology, larval biology, adult biology, competitive interactions, comparative studies with aedes aegypti, population dynamics, photoperiodism, and surveillance and control.	1988	3068349
toxicity, localization and elimination of the phototoxin, alpha-terthienyl, in mosquito larvae.	mosquito larvae were examined to determine interspecific and interstrain differences in susceptibility to the larvicidal effects of the plant-derived phototoxin, alpha-terthienyl (alpha-t). the lc50 values were as follows: aedes aegypti, 4 ppb; ae. epactius, 6 ppb; anopheles stephensi, 14 ppb; malathion-susceptible culex tarsalis (s), 12 ppb; malathion-resistant cx. tarsalis (r), 16 ppb. fluorescence studies indicated localization of alpha-t in the midgut epithelium and in the lumen of malpighia ...	1988	2906359
saint lucia revisited.	the eastern caribbean island of saint lucia is now famous in parasitological history as the setting for a major programme of schistosomiasis control'. perhaps less well-known are the island's effective control of many intestinal parasites, and elimination of malaria, such that the current patterns of mortality and other demographic indicators now resemble those of industrialized countries. more recently, the island has become the focus for another community-based health programme as the caribbea ...	1988	15463009
anti-mosquito antibodies and their effects on feeding, fecundity and mortality of aedes aegypti.	anti-mosquito antibodies, produced in mice inoculated with mosquito homogenates or exposed to mosquito bites, reacted with a variety of mosquito antigens including muscle, gut, fat body and nervous tissue; those in anti-mosquito bite sera reacted solely with salivary glands. mosquitoes fed on restrained immunized mice showed a significant increase in mortality correlated to both the titre and specificity of the anti-mosquito antibodies ingested. no changes in their fecundity or feeding success w ...	1988	2980191
the collection of aedes aegypti and ae. albopictus from baltimore, maryland.		1988	3199132
mosquito repellents: monocarboxylic esters of aliphatic diols.	selected monocarboxylic esters of aliphatic diols that contained an alicyclic group in the acyl portion of the molecule were effective repellents for aedes aegypti, anopheles quadrimaculatus and an. albimanus when tested on cloth. although 25 of the esters provided greater than 21 days of protection against all 3 species, the repellent potency of the 143 hydroxyesters that were tested was found to vary with mosquito species. anopheles quadrimaculatus was especially susceptible to this type of st ...	1988	3199120
defense reactions by larvae of aedes aegypti during infection by the aquatic fungus lagenidium giganteum (oomycete).	the adherence of zoospores of lagenidium giganteum to the cuticle of mosquito larvae is the initial step in the infection process. subsequently, a germ tube penetrates the integument, inducing a rapid melanization of the injured cuticle and epidermis. after entering the hemocoel the developing hyphae are occasionally encapsulated locally. this process is slow (6 to 12 h postincubation) and most frequently cell-free, although it can be mediated by circulating hemocytes. sporadic hemocyte mediatio ...	1988	3416342
the functional response of toxorhynchites rutilus rutilus to changes in the population density of its prey aedes aegypti.	we present an analysis of the functional response of the predator toxorhynchites rutilus rutilus (coquillett) to changes in the density of the larvae of aedes aegypti (l.) (diptera: culicidae). the experiment was replicated for five different ages, and at three different densities of the predator. the data were fitted to rogers' (1972) random predator equation by non-linear least-squares in order to estimate searching efficiency and handling time for each experimental treatment. the data show th ...	1988	2908786
categorization of domestic breeding habitats of aedes aegypti (diptera: culicidae) in northern queensland, australia.		1988	3392713
reexamination of chemically mediated oviposition behavior in aedes aegypti (l.) (diptera: culicidae).		1988	3392710
time and site of assembly of the peritrophic membrane of the mosquito aedes aegypti.	we determined the time and site of secretion of the precursors of the peritrophic membrane (pm) in aedes aegypti and when the structure is assembled. the fine structure of the developing membrane of blood-feed females was described, and the pattern of secretion of injected tritiated glucosamine analyzed autoradiographically. immediately following blood feeding, ingested red cells rapidly become compressed, such that the surrounding plasma is extruded to the margin of the midgut contents. thereby ...	1988	3383223
factors affecting oviposition site preference by toxorhynchites splendens in the laboratory.	in a series of laboratory oviposition assays, gravid toxorhynchites splendens exhibited a preference for cups containing aedes aegypti larval rearing water, but not for cups containing liquid cultures of bacteria, live ae. aegypti in distilled water, ae. aegypti larval holding water with reduced bacterial contamination, or methyl propionate at 0.1, 0.2 and 0.3% in distilled water. preoviposition flight behavior was elicited by dark-colored containers, but few eggs were deposited if they containe ...	1988	2903901
a decrease in cysteine levels causes the glutathione deficiency of aging in the mosquito.	our previous results indicated that a glutathione (gsh) deficiency is a determinant of the aging process in many tissues and organisms. correction of this deficiency in the aging mosquito by feeding the cysteine (cys) precursor magnesium thiazolidine carboxylic acid (mgtc) suggested that the cause could be a lack of cys. adult mosquitoes (aedes aegypti) were fed either a control diet or a diet supplemented with mgtc and then were analyzed for their cys, cystine, gsh, and glutathione disulfide co ...	1988	3340632
[aedes aegypti (l.): importance of its bioecology in the transmission of dengue and other arboviruses. ii. bibliography].		1988	3042176
[monitoring of mosquito vectors at international airports of the south pacific region].	a survey conducted in eight airports of the south pacific, yielded 2,044 larvae and 136 adult forms, belonging to 25 culicidae species. breeding places were found in every airport, either within the perimeter (6 airports) or in the protective zone. some potentially dangerous vectors were identified: aedes aegypti (4 airports), ae. polynesiensis, ae. vigilax, anopheles farauti (2 airports), culex annulirostris, c. p. quinquefasciatus. vector control measures should be strengthened to suppress eve ...	1988	2900080
two highly related insecticidal crystal proteins of bacillus thuringiensis subsp. kurstaki possess different host range specificities.	two genes encoding insecticidal crystal proteins from bacillus thuringiensis subsp. kurstaki hd-1 were cloned and sequenced. both genes, designated cryb1 and cryb2, encode polypeptides of 633 amino acids having a molecular mass of ca. 71 kilodaltons (kda). despite the fact that these two proteins display 87% identity in amino acid sequence, they exhibit different toxin specificities. the cryb1 gene product is toxic to both dipteran (aedes aegypti) and lepidopteran (manduca sexta) larvae, whereas ...	1989	2914879
ingestion, dissolution, and proteolysis of the bacillus sphaericus toxin by mosquito larvae.	larvae of culex quinquefasciatus are much more susceptible to the toxin of bacillus sphaericus than are larvae of aedes aegypti. in the present study, the rate of ingestion, dissolution, and the cleavage by midgut proteases of the b. sphaericus toxin were compared in larvae of these species to determine whether these factors account for the differences in susceptibility. during filter feeding, larvae of both species removed significant quantities of b. sphaericus toxin from suspensions. filtrati ...	1989	2915145
hemocyte population changes during the immune response of aedes aegypti to inoculated microfilariae of dirofilaria immitis.	ultrastructural and lectin-binding studies have established that the melanotic encapsulation reaction of aedes aegypti liverpool strain against inoculated dirofilaria immitis microfilariae (mff) is a hemocyte-mediated reaction. total hemocyte counts from mff-inoculated (= immune-activated), saline-inoculated, and uninoculated female a. aegypti were determined using a hemocoel perfusion technique. total hemocyte populations in uninoculated mosquitoes were significantly larger in younger mosquitoe ...	1989	2918431
scale pattern variations of aedes aegypti in chiang mai, northern thailand.	abdominal tergal scale pattern variations of aedes aegypti were studied in chiang mai, northern thailand for specimens reared from eggs laid in ovitraps set monthly both indoors and outdoors in urban and rural areas. the populations predominantly consisted of the dark type form, regardless of macrohabitats (urban vs. rural), microhabitats (indoor vs. outdoor) or seasons (dry vs. rainy). among 6,003 specimens, no individuals had pale-scales continuing from the tergal base to its apex on the third ...	1989	2614402
urban yellow fever epidemic in western nigeria, 1987.	a large epidemic of urban yellow fever occurred in april and may 1987 in oyo state, western nigeria. the principal vector was aedes aegypti, breeding in domestic water containers. the 1987 outbreak followed an epidemic of sylvatic yellow fever in eastern nigeria the previous year, and probably resulted from introduction of the virus by viraemic travellers. the outbreak in oyo state ended in early july, by which time 805 cases and 416 deaths had been officially notified. however, surveys of 3 vil ...	1989	2617590
epidemic yellow fever caused by an incompetent mosquito vector.	arbovirus epidemics in a geographic region are believed to depend on the presence of susceptible or "competent" arthropod vectors. we demonstrate that an urban, aedes aegypti-borne, epidemic of yellow fever occurred in 1987 although the mosquito vector was relatively resistant to infection and transmitted the virus inefficiently. twenty-six percent of the experimental mosquitoes from the epidemic area that ingested yellow fever virus became infected and only 7% of these transmitted the virus. in ...	1989	2623418
[the effect of the conditions for the development of aedes aegypti l. mosquitoes on their infectivity with plasmodium gallinaceum brumpt].	relationship between the conditions of larvae development and mosquito infection with malaria agent was studied. using the plasmodium gallinaceum--aedes aegypti l. model, it was stated that alteration in temperature, number of specimens, and quantity of forage do not change the index of specimen morbidity. worsening conditions in respect of every one of the enumerated factors lead to a decrease in quantity of agents in carrier.	1989	2628716
[aedes aegypti and aedes albopictus in brazil].		1989	2638025
lectin-binding sites in the midgut of the mosquitoes anopheles stephensi liston and aedes aegypti l. (diptera: culicidae).	the presence and distribution of binding sites for eight different lectins, con a, dba, hpl, lfa, rca i, sba, uea i, and wga, were compared in the midguts of plasmodium gallinaceum-infected aedes aegypti and plasmodium berghei-infected anopheles stephensi. lectins with high specificity for n-acetyl-d-glucosamine (glcnac) exhibited high binding preference for the peritrophic membrane and microvillar glycocalyx of ae. aegypti; the same structures were preferentially labeled by n-acetyl-d-galactosa ...	1989	2649879
[epidemiology of dengue fever in taiwan].	dengue fever, a tropical communicable disease, is caused by an infectious viral disease. it is also known as break bone fever. there have been a number of epidemics over the last century in taiwan. following an islandwide epidemic in 1942, dengue fever had not been presented on the island for about forty years. in 1981, an outbreak of dengue occurred in liuchiu hsiang, a small off-shore island of pingtung county. the estimated attack rate was 80%. den-2 was isolated during that outbreak. another ...	1989	2659810
[the value of an immunocapture method for the study of serum igm in the surveillance of dengue in martinique].	the use of igm capture elisa for surveillance of dengue in martinique is described. this only pathogenic for human population arbovirus infection, which the transmission is caused by bites of haematophagous diptera like aedes (aedes aegypti principally) show an active circulation in martinique. clinical evolution was always benign among the adults and the children. to date no case of dengue haemorrhagic fever/dengue shock syndrome (the world health organization criteria) was not reported in mart ...	1989	2663212
the reemergence of dengue in china.	in 1978, dengue was reported in china for the first time in 32 years. since then, epidemics involving hundreds of thousands of people have occurred in guangdong and guangxi provinces and on hainan island. these epidemics were caused by all four types of dengue virus. aedes aegypti was the vector in coastal areas, while aedes albopictus was the vector in inland regions. during these epidemics, case rates were very high (greater than 50%) in some areas. case-fatality rates were generally less than ...	1989	2665017
aedes bahamensis: its invasion of south florida and association with aedes aegypti.	the exotic mosquito, aedes bahamensis, is now well-established in south florida, where it is widely distributed throughout dade and southern broward counties in both urban and rural areas east of the everglades. when discarded automobile tires were sampled in areas near human habitation, larvae and pupae of ae. bahamensis were frequently found in association with immature ae. aegypti. elsewhere, however, ae. bahamensis generally occurred in the absence of ae. aegypti. the persistence of ae. baha ...	1989	2708981
leucokinins, a new family of ion transport stimulators and inhibitors in insect malpighian tubules.	leucokinins are octapeptides isolated from heads of the cockroach leucophaea maderae. in the cockroach they increase motility of the isolated hindgut. surprisingly, synthetic leucokinins have biological activity in a different insect and in a different tissue. in isolated malpighian tubules of the yellow fever mosquito aedes aegypti, leucokinins depolarize the transepithelial voltage. this effect on voltage is dependent on extracellular cl. one leucokinin, lk-8, the effects of which were studied ...	1989	2716471
development of edhazardia aedis (kudo, 1930) n. g., n. comb. (microsporida: amblyosporidae) in the mosquito aedes aegypti (l.) (diptera: culicidae).	a microsporidium of the mosquito aedes aegypti (l.), identified as nosema aedis kudo, 1930, was found to be a heterosporous species with 3 sporulation sequences. usually, 1 sequence developed in a parental generation host individual that was infected per os as a larva and the other 2 developed concurrently in a filial host larva that was infected transovarially. under some conditions there were deviations from the parental host-filial host alternation. the 1st sporulation sequence was diplokaryo ...	1989	2724178
functional relationships between free amino acids in the hemolymph of fourth instar larvae of the mosquito aedes aegypti (diptera, culicidae) as a basis for toxicological studies.	characteristic correlations reflecting particular metabolic interactions between free amino acids have been pointed out and used as a sensitive test for the detection of biochemical intoxication symptoms in fourth instar larvae of the mosquito aedes aegypti exposed for 0-8, 12, 24, and 36 hr to various doses of bacillus thuringiensis delta-endotoxin ranging from 0.01 to 1 mg liter-1. in a first pool, serine was negatively correlated with glycine while cystine and alanine were positively correlat ...	1989	2738416
biology and distribution of aedes albopictus and aedes aegypti in madagascar.	the biology and distribution of the 2 malagasy stegomyia species, aedes aegypti and aedes albopictus, is updated and reported. aedes aegypti is present in the western and southern regions and ae. albopictus in the east and on the high plateau. some unusual locations are noted. the ranges of ae. albopictus and ae. aegypti on madagascar overlap only slightly. aedes aegypti is present in the west and in the south, while the ae. albopictus distribution area is in the east and on the central high pla ...	1989	2746207
[current situation of the aedes aegypti mosquito in the metropolitan area of panama city].	ae. aegypti was reintroduced into panama in 1985; control was unsuccessful and by 1988 ae. aegypti larvae were detected in every borough of panama metropolitan area. only 3% of the panama city population has dengue antibody (against den 2) and virtually no one is immune to other serotypes. the relative risk of the introduction of dengue virus into panama is discussed.	1989	2762596
laboratory study of competition between united states strains of aedes albopictus and aedes aegypti (diptera: culicidae).	mosquito abatement workers in houston, tex., and new orleans, la., have observed that the recent introduction of aedes albopictus (skuse) has been accompanied by a decline and virtual disappearance of ae. aegypti (l.). this suggests competitive displacement but contradicts the direction of displacement observed in native habitats of ae. albopictus. the paper reports a series of laboratory studies on competition between u.s. strains of the two species. larval survivorship, size, and development t ...	1989	2769704
immunoblot analysis of digestion of human and rodent blood by aedes aegypti (diptera: culicidae).	the digestion of human and rodent blood by aedes aegypti (l.) was investigated by immunoblot analysis, using polyclonal antisera produced against serum proteins. rates and patterns of digestion of the principal proteins in serum (albumin and immunoglobulin g) appeared to differ depending on the source of blood. overall, most intact proteins disappeared 24-48 h after blood ingestion by ae. aegypti, and albumin and immunoglobulin g appeared to be the most persistent proteins, irrespective of the s ...	1989	2769707
[the repellent action of the mannich bases of phenol methoxy derivatives for aedes aegypti mosquitoes and xenopsylla cheopis fleas].	repellent effect of the mannich bases (methoxyphenol derivatives) on aedes aegypti mosquitoes and xenopsylla cheopis fleas was revealed under laboratory and field conditions. the mannich base l-methoxy-2-hydroxy-3-(dibutylaminomethyl) benzene turned to the most effective among the substances tested.	1989	2779494
characterization of the mammalian toxicity of the crystal polypeptides of bacillus thuringiensis subsp. israelensis.	solubilized crystal polypeptide preparations of bacillus thuringiensis subsp. israelensis (bti) were fractionated by immunoaffinity chromatography using a bound monoclonal antibody formed against the 28k crystal polypeptide. the 28k polypeptide was confirmed to be hemolytic and to possess low mosquitocidal activity against aedes aegypti larvae. by comparison, the 28k polypeptide was more potent than the solubilized bti crystals in male swiss webster mice, as the ld50 values were (p less than 0.0 ...	1989	2792598
laboratory evaluation of face paint repellent formulation using human volunteers under three climatic regimens.	a new combination of repellent with camouflage face paint was evaluated on volunteers against the mosquitoes aedes aegypti (l.) and anopheles stephensi (liston) in an environmental chamber under three climatic regimens: tropical open, tropical forested, and hot dry environments. the duration of protection varied significantly among different climates. the camouflage face paint with diethylmethylbenzamide (deet) provided 95% protection from mosquitoes for 4 h, except under tropical open climate, ...	1989	2795618
relative suitability of aedes albopictus and aedes aegypti in north carolina to support development of dirofilaria immitis.	the relative suitability of two colonies established from local strains of aedes albopictus (wilmington and rockingham) and a local (raleigh) and laboratory (liverpool) strain of ae. aegypti to support development of dirofilaria immitis was investigated. high levels of mortality occurred 1-2 days after mosquitoes fed on a heavily microfilaremic (28,617 microfilariae/ml) dog but not when mosquitoes were fed on a dog exhibiting a moderate microfilaremia (3,300 microfilariae/ml). at 15-16 days post ...	1989	2584971
immunoblot analysis of allergens in crude mosquito extracts.	whole body extracts of aedes albopictus (aal), aedes aegypti (aae) and culex quequectates (cqu) were subjected to sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (sds-page) analysis. at least 28, 37 and 26 polypeptides, molecular weights (mws) ranging from 16 to 120 kilodaltons (kd), respectively, were visible following commassie brilliant blue staining. sera of two mosquito-sensitive patients were examined for ige binding to mosquito proteins by immunoblotting. sera from both patients ...	1989	2592115
a salivary gland-specific, maltase-like gene of the vector mosquito, aedes aegypti.	genomic and cdna clones of a gene expressed specifically in the salivary glands of adult aedes aegypti have been isolated and sequenced. this gene encodes an abundant mrna that is transcribed throughout the male salivary gland but only in the cells of the proximal lateral lobes of the female gland. the deduced protein has many basic amino acids, several possible sites for n-glycosylation, and displays striking similarities with the products of a yeast maltase gene and three previously unidentifi ...	1989	2470653
aedes aegypti and aedes aegypti-borne disease control in the 1990s: top down or bottom up. charles franklin craig lecture.		1989	2472746
[analysis of the results of the eradication campaign against the aedes aegypti mosquito in the municipality of consolación del sur].	this report examines the results of the campaign of eradication of the mosquito aedes aegypti in the consolación del sur district in pinar del rio, in the period ranging from august 1, 1981, to december 28, 1984, which included the intensive stage and the first 18 cycles of the consolidation stage. data was tabulated and statistically elaborated. a significant decrease in the number of aedes aegypti foci was found from the intensive stage on, and in this stage the largest figure of foci for this ...	1989	2486218
hemocyte monophenol oxidase activity in mosquitoes exposed to microfilariae of dirofilaria immitis.	monophenol oxidase (mpo) activity in hemocytes collected from aedes aegypti liverpool strain and aedes trivittatus intrathoracically inoculated with saline alone, inoculated with dirofilaria immitis microfilariae (mff), or from uninoculated mosquitoes was compared using a radiometric tyrosine hydroxylation assay. hemocyte mpo activity in mff-inoculated (= immune-activated) mosquitoes was significantly increased at 24 hr postinoculation (pi) in a. aegypti and at 6, 12, and 24 hr pi in a. trivitta ...	1989	2493084
faeriefungin: a new broad-spectrum antibiotic from streptomyces griseus var. autotrophicus.	faeriefungin, a polyol polyene macrolide lactone antibiotic, was isolated from the mycelium of streptomyces griseus var. autotrophicus, msu-32058/atcc 53668, collected from the soil sample of a fairy ring in an old lawn in lansing, michigan. faeriefungin has some properties similar to the previously reported polyene macrolides, mycoticin and flavofungin, but possesses different physiochemical and biological properties. aspergillus, fusarium, microsporum, trichophyton, and alternaria spp. were co ...	1989	2509636
permethrin-impregnated bednets: behavioural and killing effects on mosquitoes.	permethrin-treated pieces of netting and simulated bednets were evaluated against anopheles gambiae giles and aedes aegypti (l.) in the laboratory. when female mosquitoes were allowed to feed on a human arm through pieces of impregnated netting fastened at the end of tubes, doses above 2 g/m2 were required to stop blood-feeding of both an. gambiae and ae. aegypti. a much lower dose prevented ae. aegypti from feeding on mice through impregnated netting. when mosquitoes were released in a room and ...	1989	2519686
genetic variation and microevolution of dengue 2 virus in southeast asia.	dengue 2 (den 2) virus strains collected from dengue hemorrhagic fever (dhf) patients and aedes aegypti mosquitoes in thailand, burma, and vietnam over a 25-year period have been analyzed by computer assisted t1-rnase-resistant oligonucleotide fingerprinting. fifty-seven den 2 virus strains of the thailand topotype were separated into four major clusters by phylogenetic analysis of 97 unique oligonucleotides identified in a common well-resolved region of the fingerprints. similarities in the 57 ...	1989	2529700
transformation of bacillus thuringiensis by electroporation.	plasmids were transformed by electroporation into various strains of bacillus thuringiensis with frequencies of up to 10(5) transformants/micrograms. pc 194 transformed all strains tested at a high frequency and cells could be stably transformed with pc194 and pub110 simultaneously by electroporation with a frequency of 10(2) pc194+ pub110 transformants/micrograms dna. low transformation frequencies observed with some plasmids, especially those grown initially in escherichia coli, could be incre ...	1989	2545517
brugia malayi and brugia pahangi: inherent difference in immune activation in the mosquitoes armigeres subalbatus and aedes aegypti.	the inherent ability of brugia malayi and brugia pahangi (nematoda) to establish successful relationships with the mosquitoes armigeres subalbatus and aedes aegypti liverpool strain was evaluated. brugia pahangi microfilariae (mff) avoided the immune response and developed normally in a. subalbatus exposed to the parasite by an infective bloodmeal, whereas nearly 85% of b. malayi were destroyed by the immune response. because a. aegypti supports the development of both filarial worm species but ...	1989	2563767
laboratory evaluation of controlled-release repellent formulations on human volunteers under three climatic regimens.	six controlled-release personal-use topical insect/arthropod repellent formulations of diethylmethylbenzamide (deet) were evaluated in an environmental chamber on volunteers for repellency against the mosquitoes aedes aegypti and ae. taeniorhynchus under three climatic regimens: basic variable high humidity (tropical environment), basic constant high humidity (forested and wet environment) and basic hot (hot-dry environment). the best protection under all the climatic regimens was provided by th ...	1989	2565368
amplification of arbovirus transmission by mosquito intradermal probing and interrupted feeding.	probing is the crucial phase for the successful intake of the blood by a mosquito female, saliva being ejected during the intradermal probing period. when tahyna virus (california group, family bunyaviridae) carrying and transmitting aedes aegypti mosquito was allowed to feed on 3 suckling white mice for 4 hr, 66.7% of the 162 exposed mice became infected. when one infected mosquito was put in contact with 5 mice, 53.6% of the 250 exposed mice became infected. multiple transmission of the virus ...	1989	2565675
purification and properties of a 28-kilodalton hemolytic and mosquitocidal protein toxin of bacillus thuringiensis subsp. darmstadiensis 73-e10-2.	the mosquitocidal crystal of bacillus thuringiensis subsp. darmstadiensis 73-e10-2 was purified, bioassayed against third-instar aedes aegypti larvae (50% lethal concentration, 7.5 micrograms/ml), and subjected to sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, revealing polypeptides of 125, 50, 47, and 28 kilodaltons (kda). when solubilized and proteolytically activated by insect gut proteases or proteinase k, the crystal was cytotoxic to insect and mammalian cells in vitro and was h ...	1989	2566594
variation in binding of bacillus sphaericus toxin and wheat germ agglutinin to larval midgut cells of six species of mosquitoes.	bacillus sphaericus toxin labeled with fluorescein isothiocyanate was readily ingested by culex pipiens, aedes aegypti, anopheles stephensi, anopheles gambiae, anopheles quadrimaculatus, and anopheles albimanus larvae. fluorescent toxin bound to the luminal cell surface in discrete regions of the posterior midgut and gastric caecum in c. pipiens. in anopheles spp., toxin bound in a variable pattern to these structures and central and anterior midgut as well. the toxin did not bind to midgut cell ...	1989	2566636
correlation between wing length and protein content of mosquitoes.	wing length and protein content were compared in individual specimens of male and nonbloodfed, nongravid female mosquitoes. the following groups were tested: field-collected and colonized aedes aegypti, field-collected culex nigripalpus and aedes vexans, and colonized culex quinquefasciatus and psorophora columbiae. the correlation coefficient varied from 0.91 in ae. aegypti males to 0.98 in ae. vexans females, and in each group the p value was less than 0.001. this close correlation suggests th ...	1989	2568393
suppression of larval aedes aegypti populations in household water storage containers in jakarta, indonesia, through releases of first-instar toxorhynchites splendens larvae.	weekly releases of first-instar toxorhynchites splendens larvae were made in household water storage containers in a neighborhood in jakarta, indonesia, between april 1987 and april 1988. a single larva was placed in each container surveyed. forty-one percent of all containers in the treatment area were treated each week and the average container was treated once every 2.4 weeks. aedes aegypti populations were suppressed but not controlled by treatment. it is hypothesized that first-instar toxor ...	1989	2568397
haemogregarina sp. (apicomplexa: adeleorina) from the gecko tarentola annularis in the sudan: fine structure and life-cycle trials.	the ubiquitous gecko tarentola annularis in the area around khartoum, sudan, was found to be infected with haemogregarina sp., with merogonic stages in its pulmonary endothelial cells and gamonts in its erythrocytes. the fine structure of haemogregarina meronts, merozoites and gamonts revealed great conformity with the micromorphology of similar stages of other apicomplexan parasites. the unsuccessful transmission of haemogregarina gamonts to the mosquitoes aedes aegypti, culex quinquefasciatus ...	1989	2569195
[evaluation of the action of ivermectin on blood-sucking mosquitoes].	the effect of ivomec, a formulation of ivermectin administered by various routes: through biological membrane and feeder animal was assessed. higher insecticidal effect was obtained by feeding mosquitoes with blood containing ivermectin through biological membrane. anopheles stephensi females were the most sensitive of 3 species under study. their total death after feeding was observed at 1 ppm, while for aedes aegypti the lethal dose was 2.5 ppm and for an. sacharovi, 50 ppm. subcutaneous injec ...	1989	2571066
breeding habitats of mosquitoes in goa.	studies carried out in goa from 1986 to 1987 revealed immature stages of 43 species of mosquitoes. breeding habitats were divided into three categories, viz., (i) ground water habitats consisting of ground pools and tanks, rocky pools, paddy fields and stream beds, yielding 30 species; (ii) plant habitats consisting of tree holes and fallen coconut shells and leaf sheaths yielding 20 species; and (iii) domestic/peridomestic habitats consisting of cement tanks, glass, earthen, metallic containers ...	1989	2572463
oviposition habitat preferences of toxorhynchites moctezuma mosquitoes in four types of tropical forest in trinidad.	1. oviposition of the mosquito toxorhynchites moctezuma dyar & knab was investigated in four types of tropical forest in trinidad, west indies, using surrogate and natural ovitraps. larvae of tx. moctezuma are obligate predators that might be useful for the biological control of aedes aegypti (l). 2. significantly more oviposition occurred in seasonal-deciduous forest than in either montane or evergreen-seasonal forest. 3. oviposition in surrogate containers (black-painted polystyrene cups, 90 m ...	1989	2577518
the ribosomal genes of the mosquito, aedes aegypti.	the characterisation of the ribosomal genes of the mosquito, aedes aegypti, is described. preliminary experiments using a cloned drosophila ribosomal dna (rdna) repeat to probe southern transfers of ae. aegypti genomic dna has indicated that the rdna repeat of ae. aegypti is 9.0 kb in length and that individual rdna repeats exhibit a high degree of homogeneity with respect to length and the position of restriction enzyme recognition sites within the rdna. the preliminary mapping data together wi ...	1989	2573528
interspecific competition among aedes aegypti, ae. albopictus, and ae. triseriatus (diptera: culicidae): larval development in mixed cultures.	interactions among the larvae of aedes aegypti (l.), ae. albopictus (skuse), and ae. triseriatus (say) were studied in trispecific and bispecific mixed populations under laboratory and field conditions. competitive stress (as evidenced by the average time to first, 50, and 75% pupation and the total pupation periods for mixed populations of each species in comparison with their single species controls) was more pronounced in mixed cultures reared in glass jars in the laboratory than in tires und ...	1989	2585456
the effects of host distributional patterns on parasite transmission: aedes aegypti larvae and plagiorchis noblei cercariae.	the effects of distributional patterns of the host on the acquisition of plagiorchis noblei cercariae by aedes aegypti larvae were determined. mosquito larvae that were allowed to disperse were more susceptible to infection than confined larvae. because these mosquito larvae are known to aggregate in light and disperse in darkness, they are more likely to acquire p. noblei infections at night. the timing of cercarial emergence in relation to the distributional patterns of the mosquito host is di ...	1989	2795386
variation in four acid hydrolase activities in filarial-susceptible and -refractory genotypes of aedes aegypti.		1989	2695060
impact of new insect growth regulators and their formulations on mosquito larval development in impoundment and floodwater habitats.	four insect growth regulators were evaluated in the laboratory and field. in the laboratory, ac-291898 showed excellent activity, inducing 90% mortality in culex quinquefasciatus and aedes aegypti at 0.5-0.7 ppb. the ec formulation of xrd-473 was slightly more active than the technical material with an lc90 of 0.84 ppb and 0.92 ppb against ae. aegypti and cx. quinquefasciatus, respectively. in the field, ac-291898 at the rates of 0.005 and 0.01 lb ai/acre caused 85 and 100% inhibition of adult e ...	1989	2565363
the relationship between microfilarial density and uptake of foleyella candezi microfilariae by aedes aegypti.	there was a linear regression in the square root of the numbers of microfilariae abstracted (square root of y) by aedes aegypti refm strain on the square root of the density of microfilariae in the infecting blood (square root of x). the linear regression is represented by the equation, square root of y = 0.080,59 square root of x + 4.556 (r = 0.627; p less than 0.01). - ae. aegypti abstracted microfilariae about 1.60 times that expected from the infecting blood meal. this value however decrease ...	1989	2729645
selective expression of phosphodiesterase ii during ovarian development in aedes aegypti.		1989	2541933
cultural factors in aedes aegypti and dengue control in latin america: a case study from the dominican republic.	dengue and aedes aegypti infestation in latin america pose substantial health risks. total reliance on chemical interventions is no longer feasible and, increasingly, programs of control will need to rely on education, behavior change and community participation. findings from applied behavioral research in the dominican republic conducted from july through september of 1987 are discussed in the light of cultural constraints on intervention efforts. perception of risk, the choices for curative c ...	1989	20840930
genetic transformation of the mosquito aedes aegypti by micro-injection of dna.	we report the successful introduction of heterologous dna sequences into embryos of the mosquito aedes aegypti (l.) by microinjection. the injected dna carried p transposable element sequences, derived from and known to facilitate transformation in drosophila melanogaster. two plasmids, one of which carried a dominant selectable marker, were introduced into the posterior of embryos prior to pole cell formation and subsequently taken up into the germ line of transformed individuals. stable transf ...	1989	2519641
interspecific mating between louisiana strains of aedes albopictus and aedes aegypti in the field and laboratory.	interspecific mating between aedes albopictus males and ae. aegypti females was detected in the field using mark-release-recapture techniques. by 3 days after the release of virgin ae. aegypti females into a field site containing only ae. albopictus, 100% of the captured females were inseminated. laboratory investigations indicated that male ae. albopictus were very proficient at inseminating ae. aegypti females and that ae. aegypti males rarely inseminated ae. albopictus females, especially if ...	1989	2584975
structure-activity relationships in diphenyl ethers for insect growth regulating activity against mosquitoes.	out of the 30 substituted diphenyl ethers synthesized and tested for insect growth regulating (igr) activity against mosquitoes, three compounds viz., dpe-16, 19 and 28 showed promising igr activity. while dpe-16 and 19 were found to be effective against all three vector species tested viz., culex quinquefasciatus, aedes aegypti and anopheles stephensi, with the respective ei50 values of 0.1485, 0.3650, 0.2225 mg/l and 0.1474, 0.1392, 0.1145 mg/l, dpe-28 was found to be highly effective against ...	1989	2576420
a laboratory investigation of mosquito larval predation by toxorhynchites moctezuma on aedes aegypti.	1. functional responses of predatory toxorhynchites moctezuma (dyar & knab) larvae feeding on aedes aegypti (l.) larvae (diptera: culicidae) were found to be type ii of holling (1959) and rogers (1972). 2. estimates of searching rate were generally higher for later instar predators. the search rate of second instar predators declined as prey instar increased, but fourth instar tx. moctezuma had the highest search rate for second instar ae. aegypti. 3. prey handling times were higher for early in ...	1989	2577517