| regulation of carbohydrate metabolism and flight performance by a hypertrehalosaemic hormone in the mosquito anopheles gambiae. | the role of adipokinetic hormones (akhs) in the regulation of carbohydrate and lipid metabolism and flight performance was evaluated for females of the african malaria mosquito, anopheles gambiae. injection of various dosages of synthetic anoga-akh-i increased carbohydrate levels in the haemolymph and reduced glycogen reserves in sugar-fed females but did not affect lipid levels. anoga-akh-i enhanced the flight performance of both intact and decapitated sugar-fed females, during a 4 h flight per ... | 2008 | 18062987 |
| a genome-wide inventory of neurohormone gpcrs in the red flour beetle tribolium castaneum. | insect neurohormones (biogenic amines, neuropeptides, and protein hormones) and their g protein-coupled receptors (gpcrs) play a central role in the control of behavior, reproduction, development, feeding and many other physiological processes. the recent completion of several insect genome projects has enabled us to obtain a complete inventory of neurohormone gpcrs in these insects and, by a comparative genomics approach, to analyze the evolution of these proteins. the red flour beetle triboliu ... | 2008 | 18054377 |
| a single mutation in chikungunya virus affects vector specificity and epidemic potential. | chikungunya virus (chikv) is an emerging arbovirus associated with several recent large-scale epidemics. the 2005-2006 epidemic on reunion island that resulted in approximately 266,000 human cases was associated with a strain of chikv with a mutation in the envelope protein gene (e1-a226v). to test the hypothesis that this mutation in the epidemic chikv (strain lr2006 opy1) might influence fitness for different vector species, viral infectivity, dissemination, and transmission of chikv were comp ... | 2007 | 18069894 |
| genomic analysis of detoxification genes in the mosquito aedes aegypti. | annotation of the recently determined genome sequence of the major dengue vector, aedes aegypti, reveals an abundance of detoxification genes. here, we report the presence of 235 members of the cytochrome p450, glutathione transferase and carboxy/cholinesterase families in ae. aegypti. this gene count represents an increase of 58% and 36% compared with the fruitfly, drosophila melanogaster, and the malaria mosquito, anopheles gambiae, respectively. the expansion is not uniform within the gene fa ... | 2008 | 18070670 |
| do natural container habitats impede invader dominance? predator-mediated coexistence of invasive and native container-dwelling mosquitoes. | predator-mediated coexistence of competitors occurs when a species that is superior in competition is also more vulnerable to a shared predator compared to a poorer competitor. the invasive mosquito aedes albopictus is usually competitively superior to ochlerotatus triseriatus. among second instar larvae, a. albopictus show a lesser degree of behavioral modification in response to water-borne cues from predation by the larval midge corethrella appendiculata than do o. triseriatus, rendering a. a ... | 2008 | 18075759 |
| [infestation of an urban area by aedes aegypti and relation with socioeconomic levels]. | to assess the association between aedes aegypti larvae infestation rates and socioeconomic factors. | 2007 | 18066462 |
| inparanoid 6: eukaryotic ortholog clusters with inparalogs. | the inparanoid eukaryotic ortholog database (http://inparanoid.sbc.su.se/) has been updated to version 6 and is now based on 35 species. we collected all available 'complete' eukaryotic proteomes and escherichia coli, and calculated ortholog groups for all 595 species pairs using the inparanoid program. this resulted in 2 642 187 pairwise ortholog groups in total. the orthology-based species relations are presented in an orthophylogram. inparanoid clusters contain one or more orthologs from each ... | 2008 | 18055500 |
| host gene expression profiling of dengue virus infection in cell lines and patients. | despite the seriousness of dengue-related disease, with an estimated 50-100 million cases of dengue fever and 250,000-500,000 cases of dengue hemorrhagic fever/dengue shock syndrome each year, a clear understanding of dengue pathogenesis remains elusive. because of the lack of a disease model in animals and the complex immune interaction in dengue infection, the study of host response and immunopathogenesis is difficult. the development of genomics technology, microarray and high throughput quan ... | 2007 | 18060089 |
| identification and characterization of the receptor for the bacillus sphaericus binary toxin in the malaria vector mosquito, anopheles gambiae. | the binary toxin (bin) from bacillus sphaericus exhibits a highly insecticidal activity against culex and anopheles mosquitoes. the cytotoxicity of bin requires an interaction with a specific receptor present on the membrane of midgut epithelial cells in larvae. a direct correlation exists between binding affinity and toxicity. the toxin binds with high affinity to its receptor in its primary target, culex pipiens, and displays a lower affinity to the receptor in anopheles gambiae, which is less ... | 2008 | 18086545 |
| mosquito transcriptome changes and filarial worm resistance in armigeres subalbatus. | armigeres subalbatus is a natural vector of the filarial worm brugia pahangi, but it rapidly and proficiently kills brugia malayi microfilariae by melanotic encapsulation. because b. malayi and b. pahangi are morphologically and biologically similar, the armigeres-brugia system serves as a valuable model for studying the resistance mechanisms in mosquito vectors. we have initiated transcriptome profiling studies in ar. subalbatus to identify molecular components involved in b. malayi refractorin ... | 2007 | 18088420 |
| models of dengue virus infection. | the need for models of dengue disease has reached a pinnacle as the transmission of this mosquito-borne virus has increased dramatically. little is known about the mechanisms that lead to dengue fever and its more severe form, dengue hemorrhagic fever; this is owing to the fact that only humans show signs of disease. in the past 5 years, research has better identified the initial target cells of infection, and this has led to the development of models of infection in primary human cell cultures. ... | 2006 | 18087566 |
| construction and characterization of an expressed sequenced tag library for the mosquito vector armigeres subalbatus. | the mosquito, armigeres subalbatus, mounts a distinctively robust innate immune response when infected with the nematode brugia malayi, a causative agent of lymphatic filariasis. in order to mine the transcriptome for new insight into the cascade of events that takes place in response to infection in this mosquito, 6 cdna libraries were generated from tissues of adult female mosquitoes subjected to immune-response activation treatments that lead to well-characterized responses, and from aging, n ... | 2007 | 18088419 |
| larval competition alters susceptibility of adult aedes mosquitoes to dengue infection. | dengue, the most important human arboviral disease, is transmitted primarily by aedes aegypti and, to a lesser extent, by aedes albopictus. the current distributions of these invasive species overlap and are affected by interspecific larval competition in their container habitats. here we report that competition also enhances dengue infection and dissemination rates in one of these two vector species. we determined the effects of competition on adult a. aegypti and a. albopictus, comparing their ... | 2008 | 18077250 |
| central projections of olfactory receptor neurons from single antennal and palpal sensilla in mosquitoes. | in insects, olfactory receptor neurons (orns) are located in cuticular sensilla, that are present on the antennae and on the maxillary palps. their axons project into spherical neuropil, the glomeruli, which are characteristic structures in the primary olfactory center throughout the animal kingdom. orns in insects often respond specifically to single odor compounds. the projection patterns of these neurons within the primary olfactory center, the antennal lobe, are, however, largely unknown. we ... | 2003 | 18089015 |
| isolation and characterization of the full coding sequence of a novel densovirus from the mosquito culex pipiens pallens. | during an investigation of arboviruses in china, a novel densovirus (dnv) was isolated from the adult female culex pipiens pallens. the virus, designated culex pipiens pallens densovirus (cppdnv), caused cytopathic effect in c6/36 cells. the virus particles were icosahedral, non-enveloped and had a mean diameter of 24 nm. the complete coding region of cppdnv was found to be 3335 nt and it contained three open reading frames (orfs). cppdnv shares 82-93 % identical nucleotides with isolates of the ... | 2008 | 18089743 |
| primary and secondary infections of macaca fascicularis monkeys with asian and american genotypes of dengue virus 2. | the goal of this study was to compare the immune response and the protection capacity induced by the dengue virus 2 (denv-2) american and asian genotypes in macaca fascicularis monkeys. animals were infected with american or asian denv-2 strains and challenged 1 year later with a denv-2 asian genotype strain. the viremia and monkey antibody levels were similar for the different strains after primary and secondary infection; however, the functionality of the antibody response was different. a lim ... | 2008 | 18094112 |
| a family of chemoreceptors in tribolium castaneum (tenebrionidae: coleoptera). | chemoperception in invertebrates is mediated by a family of g-protein-coupled receptors (gpcr). to date nothing is known about the molecular mechanisms of chemoperception in coleopteran species. recently the genome of tribolium castaneum was sequenced for use as a model species for the coleoptera. using blast searches analyses of the t. castaneum genome with previously predicted amino acid sequences of insect chemoreceptor genes, a putative chemoreceptor family consisting of 62 gustatory recepto ... | 2007 | 18091992 |
| profiling infection responses in the haemocytes of the mosquito, aedes aegypti. | pathogens that infect and/or are transmitted by mosquitoes typically are exposed to the body cavity, and to haemocytes circulating therein, during development or dissemination. aedes aegypti haemocytes produce a range of immune response-related gene products, and an endpoint response of phagocytosis and/or melanization that is temporally and structurally distinct for the invading pathogen. expressed sequence tags were generated from haemocyte libraries and then used to design oligonucleotide mic ... | 2007 | 18093005 |
| immune system responses and fitness costs associated with consumption of bacteria in larvae of trichoplusia ni. | insects helped pioneer, and persist as model organisms for, the study of specific aspects of immunity. although they lack an adaptive immune system, insects possess an innate immune system that recognizes and destroys intruding microorganisms. its operation under natural conditions has not been well studied, as most studies have introduced microbes to laboratory-reared insects via artificial mechanical wounding. one of the most common routes of natural exposure and infection, however, is via foo ... | 2007 | 18154650 |
| investigations of dengue-2 susceptibility and body size among aedes aegypti populations. | the mosquito aedes aegypti (l.) (diptera: culicidae) is the primary global vector for dengue virus (denv), yet considerable genetic variation exists among populations in terms of its competence to vector denv. variability in adult body size has also been observed among various mosquito populations and several studies have reported a relationship between body size and arbovirus dissemination, although most of these relied on artificially derived variation in body size. here we examine the relatio ... | 2007 | 18092975 |
| hemolytic c-type lectin cel-iii from sea cucumber expressed in transgenic mosquitoes impairs malaria parasite development. | the midgut environment of anopheline mosquitoes plays an important role in the development of the malaria parasite. using genetic manipulation of anopheline mosquitoes to change the environment in the mosquito midgut may inhibit development of the malaria parasite, thus blocking malaria transmission. here we generate transgenic anopheles stephensi mosquitoes that express the c-type lectin cel-iii from the sea cucumber, cucumaria echinata, in a midgut-specific manner. cel-iii has strong and rapid ... | 2007 | 18159942 |
| [a case of imported dengue fever with acute hepatitis]. | dengue fever is an acute febrile disease caused by the dengue virus, which belongs to the flaviviridae family, and this virus is transmitted by the bite of the mosquito aedes aegypti. it occurs in the tropical climates of the south pacific, southeast asia, india, africa and the subtropical zone of america. imported cases of dengue fever and dengue hemorrhagic fever are rapidly increasing as many koreans are now traveling abroad. liver injury is usually detected by laboratory investigation accord ... | 2007 | 18159153 |
| stimuli involved in the attraction of aedes aegypti, l., to man. | | 1948 | 18104364 |
| larvicidal activity of some euphorbiaceae plant extracts against aedes aegypti and culex quinquefasciatus (diptera: culicidae). | larvicidal activity of ethyl acetate, butanol, and petroleum ether extracts of five species of euphorbiaceae plants, jatropha curcas, pedilanthus tithymaloides, phyllanthus amarus, euphorbia hirta, and euphorbia tirucalli, were tested against the early fourth instar larvae of aedes aegypti l. and culex quinquefasciatus (say). the larval mortality was observed after 24 h of exposure. all extracts showed low larvicidal effects; however, the highest larval mortality was found in petroleum ether ext ... | 2008 | 18163189 |
| relative susceptibility of aëdes aegypti, aëdes albopictus, aëdes canadensis and anopheles quadrimaculatus to plasmodium gallinaceum. | | 1949 | 18137143 |
| a key gene of the rna interference pathway in the black tiger shrimp, penaeus monodon: identification and functional characterisation of dicer-1. | rna interference (rnai) is an evolutionarily conserved mechanism by which double-stranded rna (dsrna) initiates post-transcriptional silencing of homologous genes. here we report the amplification and characterisation of a full length cdna from black tiger shrimp (penaeus monodon) that encodes the bidentate rnaase iii dicer, a key component of the rnai pathway. the full length of the shrimp dicer (pm dcr1) cdna is 7629bp in length, including a 5' untranslated region (utr) of 130bp, a 3' utr of 7 ... | 2008 | 18166489 |
| genome-wide analysis of the interaction between the endosymbiotic bacterium wolbachia and its drosophila host. | intracellular wolbachia bacteria are obligate, maternally-inherited, endosymbionts found frequently in insects and other invertebrates. the success of wolbachia can be attributed in part to an ability to alter host reproduction via mechanisms including cytoplasmic incompatibility (ci), parthenogenesis, feminization and male killing. despite substantial scientific effort, the molecular mechanisms underlying the wolbachia/host interaction are unknown. | 2008 | 18171476 |
| pediatric measles vaccine expressing a dengue antigen induces durable serotype-specific neutralizing antibodies to dengue virus. | dengue disease is an increasing global health problem that threatens one-third of the world's population. despite decades of efforts, no licensed vaccine against dengue is available. with the aim to develop an affordable vaccine that could be used in young populations living in tropical areas, we evaluated a new strategy based on the expression of a minimal dengue antigen by a vector derived from pediatric live-attenuated schwarz measles vaccine (mv). as a proof-of-concept, we inserted into the ... | 2007 | 18160988 |
| isolation and identification of mosquito larvicidal compound from abutilon indicum (linn.) sweet. | larvicidal activity of crude hexane, ethyl acetate, petroleum ether, acetone and methanol extracts of five medicinal plants, abutilon indicum, aegle marmelos, euphorbia thymifolia, jatropha gossypifolia and solanum torvum were assayed for their toxicity against the early fourth-instar larvae of culex quinquefasciatus. the larval mortality was observed after 24 h exposure. all extracts showed moderate larvicidal effects; however, the highest larval mortality was found in petroleum ether extract o ... | 2008 | 18176816 |
| progression of plasmodium berghei through anopheles stephensi is density-dependent. | it is well documented that the density of plasmodium in its vertebrate host modulates the physiological response induced; this in turn regulates parasite survival and transmission. it is less clear that parasite density in the mosquito regulates survival and transmission of this important pathogen. numerous studies have described conversion rates of plasmodium from one life stage to the next within the mosquito, yet few have considered that these rates might vary with parasite density. here we e ... | 2007 | 18166078 |
| genetic determinants of sindbis virus mosquito infection are associated with a highly conserved alphavirus and flavivirus envelope sequence. | wild-type sindbis virus (sinv) strain mre16 efficiently infects aedes aegypti midgut epithelial cells (mec), but laboratory-derived neurovirulent sinv strain te/5'2j infects mec poorly. sinv determinants for mec infection have been localized to the e2 glycoprotein. the e2 amino acid sequences of mre16 and te/5'2j differ at 60 residue sites. to identify the genetic determinants of mec infection of mre16, the te/5'2j virus genome was altered to contain either domain chimeras or more focused nucleo ... | 2008 | 18160430 |
| susceptibility of immature stages of aedes (stegomyia) aegypti; vector of dengue and chikungunya to insecticides from india. | susceptibility of aedes aegypti to some insecticides in different geographic areas was conducted during dengue and chikungunya outbreak. at present, the only method of preventing dengue and chikungunya is to control the vector, which is the weakest link in vector-borne diseases. in our study, the susceptibility of a. aegypti collected from urban areas of delhi, mumbai, jodhpur, chennai and coimbatore was evaluated against temephos, fenthion, malathion and ddt. the a. aegypti from different locat ... | 2008 | 18172687 |
| risk factors for house-entry by malaria vectors in a rural town and satellite villages in the gambia. | in the pre-intervention year of a randomized controlled trial investigating the protective effects of house screening against malaria-transmitting vectors, a multi-factorial risk factor analysis study was used to identify factors that influence mosquito house entry. | 2008 | 18179686 |
| dengue fever larval control in new caledonia: assessment of a door-to-door health educators program. | this article describes the assessment of a door-to-door community education program designed to promote larval control of aedes aegypti, the vector of dengue fever in new caledonia. this program took place in the territory's southern province over a period of nine months beginning in november 2003. the agents, hired for their communications abilities, were given training about dengue fever and in communications and they were then supported and assessed right through to the end of the program. a ... | 2005 | 18181492 |
| arboviruses and their vectors in the pacific--status report. | three arboviruses have already caused epidemics in various pacific island countries and territories, and currently represent a direct threat to public health. the diseases concerned are all mosquito-borne and should be kept under careful surveillance. dengue fever, which is a worldwide major public health problem, is mainly transmitted in the pacific by the aedes aegypti vector but also by other mosquitoes of this genus with varying ranges. epidemic polyarthritis due to the ross river virus is e ... | 2005 | 18181493 |
| entomologic investigations of a chikungunya virus epidemic in the union of the comoros, 2005. | from january to april 2005, an epidemic of chikungunya virus (chikv) illness occurred in the union of comoros. entomological studies were undertaken during the peak of the outbreak, from march 11 to march 31, aimed at identifying the primary vector(s) involved in transmission so that appropriate public health measures could be implemented. adult mosquitoes were collected by backpack aspiration and human landing collection in homes and neighborhoods of clinically ill patients. water-holding conta ... | 2008 | 18187788 |
| experimental infection of aedes sollicitans and aedes taeniorhynchus with two chimeric sindbis/eastern equine encephalitis virus vaccine candidates. | two chimeric vaccine candidates for eastern equine encephalitis virus (eeev) were developed by inserting the structural protein genes of either a north american (na) or south american (sa) eeev into a sindbis virus (sinv) backbone. to assess the effect of chimerization on mosquito infectivity, experimental infections of two potential north american bridge vectors of eeev, aedes sollicitans and ae. taeniorhynchus, were attempted. both species were susceptible to oral infection with all viruses af ... | 2008 | 18187790 |
| automated eukaryotic gene structure annotation using evidencemodeler and the program to assemble spliced alignments. | evidencemodeler (evm) is presented as an automated eukaryotic gene structure annotation tool that reports eukaryotic gene structures as a weighted consensus of all available evidence. evm, when combined with the program to assemble spliced alignments (pasa), yields a comprehensive, configurable annotation system that predicts protein-coding genes and alternatively spliced isoforms. our experiments on both rice and human genome sequences demonstrate that evm produces automated gene structure anno ... | 2008 | 18190707 |
| dengue virus type 3 vaccine candidates generated by introduction of deletions in the 3' untranslated region (3'-utr) or by exchange of the denv-3 3'-utr with that of denv-4. | the dengue virus type 3 (denv-3) vaccine candidate, rden3delta30, was previously found to be under-attenuated in both scid-huh-7 mice and rhesus monkeys. herein, two strategies have been employed to generate attenuated rden3 vaccine candidates which retain the full complement of structural and nonstructural proteins of denv-3 and thus are able to induce humoral or cellular immunity to each of the denv-3 proteins. first, using the predicted secondary structure of the 3' untranslated region (3'-ut ... | 2008 | 18191005 |
| glutamine synthetase gene expression during the regeneration of the annelid enchytraeus japonensis. | enchytraeus japonensis is a highly regenerative oligochaete annelid that can regenerate a complete individual from a small body fragment in 4-5 days. in our previous study, we performed complementary deoxyribonucleic acid subtraction cloning to isolate genes that are upregulated during e. japonensis regeneration and identified glutamine synthetase (gs) as one of the most abundantly expressed genes during this process. in the present study, we show that the full-length sequence of e. japonensis g ... | 2008 | 18183418 |
| structural insight into the mechanism of substrate specificity of aedes kynurenine aminotransferase. | aedes aegypti kynurenine aminotransferase (aekat) is a multifunctional aminotransferase. it catalyzes the transamination of a number of amino acids and uses many biologically relevant alpha-keto acids as amino group acceptors. aekat also is a cysteine s-conjugate beta-lyase. the most important function of aekat is the biosynthesis of kynurenic acid, a natural antagonist of nmda and alpha7-nicotinic acetylcholine receptors. here, we report the crystal structures of aekat in complex with its best ... | 2008 | 18186649 |
| concurrent infections by all four dengue virus serotypes during an outbreak of dengue in 2006 in delhi, india. | co-circulation of multiple dengue virus serotypes has been reported from many parts of the world including india, however concurrent infection with more than one serotype of dengue viruses in the same individual is rarely documented. an outbreak of dengue hemorrhagic fever/dengue shock syndrome (dhf/dss) occurred in and around delhi in 2006. this is the first report from india with high percentage of concurrent infections with different dengue virus serotypes circulating during one outbreak. | 2008 | 18182120 |
| identity and transfer of male reproductive gland proteins of the dengue vector mosquito, aedes aegypti: potential tools for control of female feeding and reproduction. | male reproductive gland proteins (mrgps) impact the physiology and/or behavior of mated females in a broad range of organisms. we sought to identify mrgps of the yellow fever mosquito, aedes aegypti, the primary vector of dengue and yellow fever viruses. earlier studies with ae. aegypti demonstrated that "matrone" (a partially purified male reproductive accessory gland substance) or male accessory gland fluid injected into virgin female ae. aegypti affect female sexual refractoriness, blood feed ... | 2008 | 18207079 |
| sex-biased expression of odorant receptors in antennae and palps of the african malaria vector anopheles gambiae. | at the heart of the odor recognition process in all animals are g-protein-coupled receptors, which are seven-transmembrane domain proteins that initiate g-protein-mediated signaling cascades when activated by their ligands. odorant receptors (ors) are a large, diverse family of proteins with some 80 members in the mosquito anopheles gambiae. with the assumption that more sensilla on female antennae are tuned to human odors than on male antennae, comparison of specific or mrna levels in male and ... | 2008 | 18207086 |
| susceptibility of aedes aegypti (l) to the insect growth regulators diflubenzuron and methoprene in uberlândia, state of minas gerais. | aedes aegypti (l) (diptera: culicidae) was reared in several concentrations of diflubenzuron and methoprene under laboratory conditions in uberlândia, state of minas gerais, southeastern brazil. characteristics such as lc50 and lc95, the susceptibility of immature stages of different ages to these insect growth regulators and their residual effects were studied. the lc50 and lc95 of diflubenzuron and methoprene were 5.19 and 12.24 ppb; 19.95 and 72.08 ppb, respectively. while diflubenzuron cause ... | 2007 | 18200410 |
| annotation and analysis of a large cuticular protein family with the r&r consensus in anopheles gambiae. | the most abundant family of insect cuticular proteins, the cpr family, is recognized by the r&r consensus, a domain of about 64 amino acids that binds to chitin and is present throughout arthropods. several species have now been shown to have more than 100 cpr genes, inviting speculation as to the functional importance of this large number and diversity. | 2008 | 18205929 |
| the midgut transcriptome of lutzomyia longipalpis: comparative analysis of cdna libraries from sugar-fed, blood-fed, post-digested and leishmania infantum chagasi-infected sand flies. | in the life cycle of leishmania within the alimentary canal of sand flies the parasites have to survive the hostile environment of blood meal digestion, escape the blood bolus and attach to the midgut epithelium before differentiating into the infective metacyclic stages. the molecular interactions between the leishmania parasites and the gut of the sand fly are poorly understood. in the present work we sequenced five cdna libraries constructed from midgut tissue from the sand fly lutzomyia long ... | 2008 | 18194529 |
| identification of selective and non-selective, biostable beta-amino acid agonists of recombinant insect kinin receptors from the southern cattle tick boophilus microplus and mosquito aedes aegypti. | the multifunctional arthropod 'insect kinins' share the evolutionarily conserved c-terminal pentapeptide motif phe-x1-x2-trp-gly-nh2, where x1=his, asn, ser, or tyr and x2=ser, pro, or ala. eight different analogs of the insect kinin c-terminal pentapeptide active core in which the critical residues phe 1, pro3 and trp 4 are replaced with beta 3-amino acid and/or their beta2-amino acid counterparts were evaluated on recombinant insect kinin receptors from the southern cattle tick, boophilus micr ... | 2008 | 18207610 |
| identification of key areas for aedes aegypti control through geoprocessing in nova iguaçu, rio de janeiro state, brazil. | this study discusses the use of geoprocessing to identify key areas for aedes aegypti control, based on the infestation index obtained in the aedes aegypti infestation index rapid survey (liraa). the study was conducted in november 2004 in nova iguaçu, rio de janeiro state, brazil. the results were analyzed on two scales, neighborhoods and blocks, with the building infestation index assigned to the neighborhood polygons and the breteau index to the blocks. kernel estimation was used in the spati ... | 2008 | 18209835 |
| association of insecticide use and alteration on aedes aegypti susceptibility status. | dengue and dengue hemorrhagic fever, vector-borne diseases transmitted by the mosquito aedes aegypti, are presently important public health problems in brazil. as the strategy for disease control is based on vector control through the use of insecticides, the development of resistance is a threat to programs efficacy. the objective of this study was to compare the aedes aegypti susceptibility in nine vector populations from the state of são paulo and seven from northeast region of brazil, since ... | 2007 | 18209926 |
| chikungunya fever: a re-emerging viral infection. | chikungunya (chik) fever is a re-emerging viral disease characterized by abrupt onset of fever with severe arthralgia followed by constitutional symptoms and rash lasting for 1-7 days. the disease is almost self-limiting and rarely fatal. chikungunya virus (chikv) is a rna virus belonging to family togaviridae, genus alphavirus. molecular characterization has demonstrated two distinct lineages of strains which cause epidemics in africa and asia. these geographical genotypes exhibit differences i ... | 2008 | 18227590 |
| first isolation of microorganisms from the gut diverticulum of aedes aegypti (diptera: culicidae): new perspectives for an insect-bacteria association. | we show for the first time that the ventral diverticulum of the mosquito gut (impermeable sugar storage organ) harbors microorganisms. the gut diverticulum from newly emerged and non-fed aedes aegypti was dissected under aseptic conditions, homogenized and plated on bhi medium. microbial isolates were identified by sequencing of 16s rdna for bacteria and 28s rdna for yeast. a direct dna extraction from ae. aegypti gut diverticulum was also performed. the bacterial isolates were: bacillus sp., ba ... | 2007 | 18209929 |
| employing phage display to study the mode of action of bacillus thuringiensis cry toxins. | phage display is an in vitro method for selecting polypeptides with desired properties from a large collection of variants. the insecticidal cry toxins produced by bacillus thuringiensis are highly specific to different insects. various proteins such as cadherin, aminopeptidase-n (apn) and alkaline phosphatase (alp) have been characterized as potential cry-receptors. we used phage display to characterize the cry toxin-receptor interaction(s). by employing phage-libraries that display single-chai ... | 2008 | 18226423 |
| the aedes aegypti genome: a comparative perspective. | the sequencing of the second mosquito genome, aedes aegypti, in addition to anopheles gambiae, is a major milestone that will drive molecular-level and genome-wide high-throughput studies of not only these but also other mosquito vectors of human pathogens. here we overview the ancestry of the mosquito genes, list the major expansions of gene families that may relate to species adaptation processes, as exemplified by cyp9 cytochrome p450 genes, and discuss the conservation of chromosomal gene ar ... | 2008 | 18237279 |
| ovipositional periodicity of caged anopheles gambiae individuals. | abstract: | 2008 | 18221544 |
| infection and dissemination of dengue virus type 2 in aedes aegypti, aedes albopictus, and aedes scutellaris from the torres strait, australia. | to determine their relative roles in transmission of dengue virus (denv) in the torres strait region of northern australia, we examined infection and dissemination of a sympatric strain of dengue virus type 2 (denv-2) in aedes scutellaris, ae. albopictus, and ae. aegypti. in experiments using membrane feeders for virus exposure, infection rates were 83% and 43% for ae. scutellaris and ae. aegypti, respectively. salivary gland infection rates for both species were 43%. in experiments using pledge ... | 2007 | 18240514 |
| population biology of cytoplasmic incompatibility: maintenance and spread of cardinium symbionts in a parasitic wasp. | bacteria that cause cytoplasmic incompatibility (ci) are perhaps the most widespread parasites of arthropods. ci symbionts cause reproductive failure when infected males mate with females that are either uninfected or infected with a different, incompatible strain. until recently, ci was known to be caused only by the alpha-proteobacterium wolbachia. here we present the first study of the population biology of cardinium, a recently discovered symbiont in the bacteroidetes that causes ci in the p ... | 2008 | 18245338 |
| comparative genomic analysis of the arthropod muscle myosin heavy chain genes allows ancestral gene reconstruction and reveals a new type of 'partially' processed pseudogene. | alternative splicing of mutually exclusive exons is an important mechanism for increasing protein diversity in eukaryotes. the insect mhc (myosin heavy chain) gene produces all different muscle myosins as a result of alternative splicing in contrast to most other organisms of the metazoa lineage, that have a family of muscle genes with each gene coding for a protein specialized for a functional niche. | 2008 | 18254963 |
| evolution of insect proteomes: insights into synapse organization and synaptic vesicle life cycle. | the molecular components in synapses that are essential to the life cycle of synaptic vesicles are well characterized. nonetheless, many aspects of synaptic processes, in particular how they relate to complex behaviour, remain elusive. the genomes of flies, mosquitoes, the honeybee and the beetle are now fully sequenced and span an evolutionary breadth of about 350 million years; this provides a unique opportunity to conduct a comparative genomics study of the synapse. | 2008 | 18257909 |
| [abundance and aggregation egg of aedes aegypti l. and aedes albopictus (skuse) (diptera: culicidae) in the north and northwest of the state of paraná, brazil]. | the abundance and aggregation of eggs of aedes aegypti l. and aedes albopictus skuse was evaluated in the municipalities of cambé, ibiporã, jacarezinho, maringá and paranavaí, in the state of paraná, brazil by means of oviposition traps. of the 225 installed traps, 100 were registered as positive for eggs; 4140 eggs were collected, thus demonstrating an highly aggregate distribution. both species were registered in cambé, jacarezinho, maringá and paranavaí. ae. albopictus was generally less abun ... | 2007 | 18246273 |
| decreases in dengue transmission may act to increase the incidence of dengue hemorrhagic fever. | dengue hemorrhagic fever (dhf) is a potentially fatal manifestation of an infection with the mosquito-borne dengue virus. because of the social and economic costs of dhf, many countries in asia and south america have initiated public health measures aimed at vector control. despite these measures, dhf incidence rates do not appear to be declining. the effectiveness of vector control in reducing dengue transmissibility has thereby been questioned. here, we revisit this conclusion using epidemiolo ... | 2008 | 18250338 |
| larval mosquito communities in discarded vehicle tires in a forested and unforested site: detritus type, amount, and water nutrient differences. | discarded tires are an important habitat for larvae of multiple species of disease-transmitting mosquitoes. although tire locations likely influence composition and abundance of vectors, there are few data linking vector populations to the characteristics of the aquatic tire environment. we sampled water-filled tires at three times at a forested and an unforested site to evaluate how differences in detritus inputs or nutrients in these two macrohabitats may be associated with composition of mosq ... | 2007 | 18260510 |
| checklist of iranian mosquitoes (diptera: culicidae). | the mosquito fauna of iran includes seven genera, 64 species, and three subspecies. the records of 12 other species should be verified. there are 24 species in the most recent checklist of iranian anopheles. two species, an. peditaeniatus and an. fluviatilis species v, have been reported since. an. atroparvus, an. labranchiae, and an. martinius of the maculipennis group, and an. cinereus, an. nigerrimus, and an. rhodesiensis rupicola were recorded previously but are not included in the checklist ... | 2007 | 18260513 |
| the association between distance to water pipes and water bodies positive for anopheline mosquitoes (diptera: culicidae) in the urban community of malindi, kenya. | the increasing risk of mosquito-borne diseases in african urban environments has been partly attributed to failed planning and resource underdevelopment. though engineered systems may reduce mosquito proliferation, there are few studies describing this relationship. this study investigates how engineered systems such as roads and piped water systems affect the odds of anopheline immatures (i.e., larvae and pupae) occurring in water bodies located in malindi, kenya. anopheles gambiae s.s. (giles) ... | 2007 | 18260524 |
| asymmetric competitive suppression between strains of dengue virus. | within-host competition between strains of a vector-borne pathogen can affect strain frequencies in both the host and vector, thereby affecting viral population dynamics. however little is known about inter-strain competition in one of the most genetically diverse and epidemiologically important mosquito-borne rna virus: dengue virus (denv). to assess the strength and symmetry of intra-host competition among different strains of denv, the effect of mixed infection of two denv serotypes, denv2 an ... | 2008 | 18261207 |
| annotation and expression profiling of apoptosis-related genes in the yellow fever mosquito, aedes aegypti. | apoptosis has been extensively studied in drosophila by both biochemical and genetic approaches, but there is a lack of knowledge about the mechanisms of apoptosis regulation in other insects. in mosquitoes, apoptosis occurs during plasmodium and arbovirus infection in the midgut, suggesting that apoptosis plays a role in mosquito innate immunity. we searched the aedes aegypti genome for apoptosis-related genes using drosophila and anopheles gambiae protein sequences as queries. in this study we ... | 2008 | 18252247 |
| dengue virus 3 genotype 1 associated with dengue fever and dengue hemorrhagic fever, brazil. | dengue serotype 3 viruses were isolated from patients in brazil from 2002 through 2004. on the basis of phylogenetic analyses, these isolates were assigned genotype 1. this genotype had never been reported in south america before. its appearance indicates a major risk factor for dengue epidemics and severe disease. | 2008 | 18258129 |
| chikungunya fever, mauritius, 2006. | | 2008 | 18258136 |
| substitution of wild-type yellow fever asibi sequences for 17d vaccine sequences in chimerivax-dengue 4 does not enhance infection of aedes aegypti mosquitoes. | to address concerns that a flavivirus vaccine/wild-type recombinant virus might have a high mosquito infectivity phenotype, the yellow fever virus (yfv) 17d backbone of the chimerivax-dengue 4 virus was replaced with the corresponding gene sequences of the virulent yfv asibi strain. field-collected and laboratory-colonized aedes aegypti mosquitoes were fed on blood containing each of the viruses under investigation and held for 14 days after infection. infection and dissemination rates were base ... | 2008 | 18266608 |
| the mannose receptor mediates dengue virus infection of macrophages. | macrophages (mø) and mononuclear phagocytes are major targets of infection by dengue virus (dv), a mosquito-borne flavivirus that can cause haemorrhagic fever in humans. to our knowledge, we show for the first time that the mø mannose receptor (mr) binds to all four serotypes of dv and specifically to the envelope glycoprotein. glycan analysis, elisa, and blot overlay assays demonstrate that mr binds via its carbohydrate recognition domains to mosquito and human cell-produced dv antigen. this bi ... | 2008 | 18266465 |
| insulin regulates aging and oxidative stress in anopheles stephensi. | observations from nematodes to mammals indicate that insulin/insulin-like growth factor signaling (iis) regulates lifespan. as in other organisms, iis is conserved in mosquitoes and signaling occurs in multiple tissues. during bloodfeeding, mosquitoes ingest human insulin. this simple observation suggested that exogenous insulin could mimic the endogenous hormonal control of aging in mosquitoes, providing a new model to examine this phenomenon at the organismal and cellular levels. to this end, ... | 2008 | 18281336 |
| influence of container size, location, and time of day on oviposition patterns of the dengue vector, aedes aegypti, in thailand. | we conducted a study to determine the effect of container size and location on oviposition site selection by ae. aegypti in large outdoor field enclosures (10 x 10 x 4 m high). there was a strong positive relationship between increasing container diameter, container volume, and water surface area with egg numbers over both high (rainy, july) and low (cool-dry, january) dengue transmission seasons. location of containers (indoors versus immediately outdoors and underneath houses) did not influenc ... | 2008 | 18279006 |
| flushing effect of rain on container-inhabiting mosquitoes aedes aegypti and culex pipiens (diptera: culicidae). | we investigated the role of heavy rain on container-inhabiting mosquito (diptera: culicidae) populations, and how different species may have adapted to such conditions. rains were created with a rain simulator calibrated to natural rain intensities in the habitats of two important vector species: aedes aegypti (l.) from northern thailand and culex pipiens l. from new york state, usa. immature stages of ae. aegypti were able to resist the flushing effect of rain better than cx. pipiens. this diff ... | 2008 | 18283939 |
| mitochondrial dna polymorphism and heteroplasmy in populations of aedes aegypti in brazil. | the tropical mosquito aedes aegypti (diptera: culicidae) is the most important domestic vector of urban yellow fever and dengue viruses. ae. aegypti originated from africa and was probably introduced into brazil during the colonial period through embarkations, and dengue epidemics soon followed. genetic analysis of 12 ae. aegypti populations from five states in brazil was conducted based on two mitochondrial dna fragments: cytochrome oxidase i and nadh dehydrogenase subunit 4. analyses comparing ... | 2008 | 18283943 |
| vector competence of selected african mosquito (diptera: culicidae) species for rift valley fever virus. | outbreaks of rift valley fever (rvf) in egypt, yemen, and saudi arabia have indicated the potential for this disease to spread from its enzootic areas in sub-saharan africa. because little is known about the potential for most african mosquito species to transmit rvf virus (family bunyaviridae, genus phlebovirus, rvfv), we conducted studies to determine the vector competence of selected african species of mosquitoes for this virus. all eight species tested [aedes palpalis (newstead), aedes mcint ... | 2008 | 18283949 |
| ochlerotatus taeniorhynchus: a probable vector of dirofilaria immitis in coastal areas of yucatan, mexico. | mosquito collections were done on microfilaremic dogs, positive for dirofilaria immitis (leidy), for 15 consecutive nights in celestun, yucatan, southeastern mexico, during january 2007. in total, 275 mosquitoes (3 male and 272 female) of five species were collected: ochlerotatus taeniorhynchus (wiedemann), ochlerotatus sollicitans (walker), culex quinquefasciatus say, culex interrogator (dyar & knab), and aedes aegypti (l.). oc. taeniorhynchus was the species most frequently collected, and it h ... | 2008 | 18283960 |
| superior infectivity for mosquito vectors contributes to competitive displacement among strains of dengue virus. | competitive displacement of a weakly virulent pathogen strain by a more virulent strain is one route to disease emergence. however the mechanisms by which pathogens compete for access to hosts are poorly understood. among vector-borne pathogens, variation in the ability to infect vectors may effect displacement. the current study focused on competitive displacement in dengue virus serotype 3 (denv3), a mosquito-borne pathogen of humans. in sri lanka in the 1980's, a native denv3 strain associate ... | 2008 | 18269771 |
| genomic resources for invertebrate vectors of human pathogens, and the role of vectorbase. | high-throughput genome sequencing techniques have now reached vector biology with an emphasis on those species that are vectors of human pathogens. the first mosquito to be sequenced was anopheles gambiae, the vector for plasmodium parasites that cause malaria. further mosquitoes have followed: aedes aegypti (yellow fever and dengue fever vector) and culex pipiens (lymphatic filariasis and west nile fever). species that are currently in sequencing include the body louse pediculus humanus (typhus ... | 2009 | 18262474 |
| cnk and hyp form a discrete dimer by their sam domains to mediate raf kinase signaling. | raf kinase functions in the mitogen-activated protein kinase (mapk) pathway to transmit growth signals to the downstream kinases mek and erk. activation of raf catalytic activity is facilitated by a regulatory complex comprising the proteins cnk (connector enhancer of ksr), hyp (hyphen), and ksr (kinase suppressor of ras). the sterile alpha-motif (sam) domain found in both cnk and hyp plays an essential role in complex formation. here, we have determined the x-ray crystal structure of the sam do ... | 2008 | 18287031 |
| nuclear translocation of immulectin-3 stimulates hemocyte proliferation. | immulectin-3 (iml-3) is a c-type lectin from the tobacco hornworm manduca sexta that contains a motif (nwgv) similar to the bh1 motif (nwgr) of the mammalian galectin-3. iml-3 is synthesized in fat body and secreted into hemolymph, but can be translocated into hemocytes. in this study, we showed that iml-3 was predominantly localized to the nucleus of hemocytes and some metaphase, anaphase and telophase hemocytes from m. sexta larvae injected with bacterial lipopolysaccharide (lps). iml-3 was de ... | 2008 | 18282603 |
| in vitro whole-genome analysis identifies a susceptibility locus for hiv-1. | advances in large-scale analysis of human genomic variability provide unprecedented opportunities to study the genetic basis of susceptibility to infectious agents. we report here the use of an in vitro system for the identification of a locus on hsa8q24.3 associated with cellular susceptibility to hiv-1. this locus was mapped through quantitative linkage analysis using cell lines from multigeneration families, validated in vitro, and followed up by two independent association studies in hiv-pos ... | 2008 | 18288889 |
| insecticide-treated bednets to control dengue vectors: preliminary evidence from a controlled trial in haiti. | insecticide-treated bednets (itns) are effective in preventing nocturnally transmitted vector-borne diseases, but their effect on diurnally active dengue vectors has never been studied. we investigated the efficacy of itns in reducing aedes aegypti populations and dengue transmission. | 2008 | 18291003 |
| a stochastic spatial dynamical model for aedes aegypti. | we develop a stochastic spatial model for aedes aegypti populations based on the life cycle of the mosquito and its dispersal. our validation corresponds to a monitoring study performed in buenos aires. lacking information with regard to the number of breeding sites per block, the corresponding parameter (bs) was adjusted to the data. the model is able to produce numerical data in very good agreement with field results during most of the year, the exception being the fall season. possible causes ... | 2008 | 18293043 |
| identification of human-derived volatile chemicals that interfere with attraction of aedes aegypti mosquitoes. | it is known that human individuals show different levels of attractiveness to mosquitoes. in this study, we investigated the chemical basis for low attractiveness. we recorded behaviors of aedes aegypti toward the hands of human volunteers and toward the volatile chemicals produced by their bodies. some individuals, and their corresponding volatiles, elicited low upwind flight, relative attraction, and probing activity. analyzing the components by gas chromatography coupled to electrophysiologic ... | 2008 | 18306972 |
| rapid detection and curation of conserved dna via enhanced-blat and evoprinterhd analysis. | multi-genome comparative analysis has yielded important insights into the molecular details of gene regulation. we have developed evoprinter, a web-accessed genomics tool that provides a single uninterrupted view of conserved sequences as they appear in a species of interest. an evoprint reveals with near base-pair resolution those sequences that are essential for gene function. | 2008 | 18307801 |
| chikungunya virus adapts to tiger mosquito via evolutionary convergence: a sign of things to come? | since 2004, several million indigenous cases of chikungunya virus disease occurred in africa, the indian ocean, india, asia and, recently, europe. the virus, usually transmitted by aedes aegypti mosquitoes, has now repeatedly been associated with a new vector, ae. albopictus. analysis of full-length viral sequences reveals three independent events of virus exposure to ae. albopictus, each followed by the acquisition of a single adaptive mutation providing selective advantage for transmission by ... | 2008 | 18304328 |
| phenotypic and genotypic features of new autoagglutinating bacillus thuringiensis strains. | a total of 28 autoagglutinating strains of bacillus thuringiensis were isolated from different ecologic niches and distinct sites. twenty-six strains demonstrated toxicity to mosquito larvae of aedes aegypti and culex quinquefasciatus. the electrophoretic protein profiles of the crystal components were studied. twenty-three out of the 28 strains showed the same larvicidal activity and the same protein profiles as b. thuringiensis serovar israelensis. using isoenzyme analysis (mlee), it was obser ... | 2008 | 18304571 |
| larvicidal effects of fungal meroterpenoids in the control of aedes aegypti l., the main vector of dengue and yellow fever. | the mosquito aedes aegypti is an increasing problem of public health, being the vector responsible for dengue and yellow fever in tropical and subtropical regions. the aim of this work was to determine the potential larvicidal activity of a series of meroterpenoids, compounds 1-7, previously obtained fungal secondary metabolites from penicillium sp., against the third-instar larvae of a. aegypti. the lethal concentrations (lc(50) and lc(90)) of 1-7 were evaluated 24 h after exposure. dehydroaust ... | 2008 | 18293447 |
| cationic pathway of ph regulation in larvae of anopheles gambiae. | anopheles gambiae larvae (diptera: culicidae) live in freshwater with low na(+) concentrations yet they use na(+) for alkalinization of the alimentary canal, for electrophoretic amino acid uptake and for nerve function. the metabolic pathway by which larvae accomplish these functions has anionic and cationic components that interact and allow the larva to conserve na(+) while excreting h(+) and hco(3)(-). the anionic pathway consists of a metabolic co(2) diffusion process, carbonic anhydrase and ... | 2008 | 18310121 |
| the nuclear oxphos genes in insecta: a common evolutionary origin, a common cis-regulatory motif, a common destiny for gene duplicates. | when orthologous sequences from species distributed throughout an optimal range of divergence times are available, comparative genomics is a powerful tool to address problems such as the identification of the forces that shape gene structure during evolution, although the functional constraints involved may vary in different genes and lineages. | 2007 | 18315839 |
| cloning and identification of an oxytocin/vasopressin-like receptor and its ligand from insects. | more than 20 years ago, an oxytocin/vasopressin-like peptide, clitncprgamide, was isolated from the locust, locusta migratoria [proux jp, et al. (1987) identification of an arginine vasopressin-like diuretic hormone from locusta migratoria. biochem biophys res commun 149:180-186]. however, no similar peptide could be identified in other insects, nor could its prohormone be cloned, or its physiological actions be established. here, we report that the recently sequenced genome from the red flour b ... | 2008 | 18316733 |
| dengue virus in mexican bats. | individuals belonging to five families, 12 genera, and 19 different species of bats from dengue endemic areas in the gulf and pacific coasts of mexico were examined by elisa, rt-pcr, and for the presence of dengue virus (dv) ns1 protein. nine individuals from four species were seropositive by elisa: three insectivorous, myotis nigricans (four positives/12 examined), pteronotus parnellii (3/19), and natalus stramineus (1/4), and one frugivorous artibeus jamaicensis (1/35) (12.86% seroprevalence i ... | 2008 | 18325131 |
| increased mortality rate associated with chikungunya epidemic, ahmedabad, india. | in 2005-2006, réunion island in the indian ocean reported approximately 266,000 cases of chikungunya; 254 were fatal (case-fatality rate 1/1,000). india reported 1.39 million cases of chikungunya fever in 2006 with no attributable deaths; ahmedabad, india, reported 60,777 suspected chikungunya cases. to assess the effect of this epidemic, mortality rates in 2006 were compared with those in 2002-2005 for ahmedabad (population 3.8 million). a total of 2,944 excess deaths occurred during the chikun ... | 2008 | 18325255 |
| dengue virus, nepal. | | 2008 | 18325280 |
| larvicidal activity of kaempferia galanga rhizome phenylpropanoids towards three mosquito species. | this study was aimed at assessing the toxicity of ethyl cinnamate and ethyl p-methoxycinnamate (emc) identified in kaempferia galangal l. (zingiberaceae) rhizome and another 12 known compounds to third-instar larvae from laboratory-reared culex pipiens pallens forskal, aedes aegypti l. and ochlerotatus togoi theobald and field-collected c. pipiens pallens (jinhae colony). results were compared with those for fenthion and temephos. | 2008 | 18324612 |
| the molecular evolution of four anti-malarial immune genes in the anopheles gambiae species complex. | if the insect innate immune system is to be used as a potential blocking step in transmission of malaria, then it will require targeting one or a few genes with highest relevance and ease of manipulation. the problem is to identify and manipulate those of most importance to malaria infection without the risk of decreasing the mosquito's ability to stave off infections by microbes in general. molecular evolution methodologies and concepts can help identify such genes. within the setting of a comp ... | 2008 | 18325105 |
| genetic transformation of a corynebacterial symbiont from the chagas disease vector triatoma infestans. | insect-borne diseases have experienced a troubling resurgence in recent years. emergence of resistance to pesticides greatly hampers control efforts. paratransgenesis, or the genetic transformation of bacterial symbionts of disease vectors, is an alternative to traditional approaches. previously, we developed paratransgenic lines of rhodnius prolixus, a vector of chagas disease in central america. here, we report identification of a corynebacterial species as a symbiont of triatoma infestans, a ... | 2008 | 18331732 |
| assessment of a new strategy, based on aedes aegypti (l.) pupal productivity, for the surveillance and control of dengue transmission in thailand. | in the countries where the disease is endemic, control of dengue is mainly based on the elimination or treatment of the water-filled containers where the main vector, aedes aegypti, breeds, in interventions usually reliant on community participation. although such control activities must be continuous, since vector eradication appears impossible, it should be possible to reduce the incidence of dengue significantly, in a cost-effective manner, by targeting only those types of containers in which ... | 2008 | 18318938 |
| a functional role for anopheles gambiae arrestin1 in olfactory signal transduction. | insect sensory arrestins act to desensitize visual and olfactory signal transduction pathways, as evidenced by the phenotypic effects of mutations in the genes encoding both arr1 and arr2 in drosophila melanogaster. to assess whether such arrestins play similar roles in other, more medically relevant dipterans, we examined the ability of anopheles gambiae sensory arrestin homologs agarr1 and agarr2 to rescue phenotypes associated with an olfactory deficit observed in d. melanogaster arrestin mut ... | 2008 | 18328499 |
| decision tree algorithms predict the diagnosis and outcome of dengue fever in the early phase of illness. | dengue is re-emerging throughout the tropical world, causing frequent recurrent epidemics. the initial clinical manifestation of dengue often is confused with other febrile states confounding both clinical management and disease surveillance. evidence-based triage strategies that identify individuals likely to be in the early stages of dengue illness can direct patient stratification for clinical investigations, management, and virological surveillance. here we report the identification of algor ... | 2008 | 18335069 |