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[the role of the aedes aegypti vector in the epidemiology of dengue in mexico].the role of aedes aegypti (lineo) in the epidemiology of dengue fever in mexico is herein discussed based on the vectorial capacity model. comments on the advantages and disadvantages of each model component at the time of field determinations are also presented. emphasis is made on the impact of sampling and method bias on the results of vectorial capacity studies. the paper also addresses the need to increase vector biology knowledge as an input for epidemiological work to explain and predict ...19958599147
[vectors of dengue in mexico: a critical review)].the mosquito aedes (stegomyia) aegypti (linneaus, 1762) is the vector of dengue viruses in america. recently, another related species, aedes albopictus (skuse, 1894) was first introduced to america in 1986 in texas, usa and later on in sao paulo, brazil. since then, this mosquito has rapidly colonized new areas along the northern border states of mexico. the importance of this species as a vector of dengue virus is not clear. this work presents a revision of some characteristics of the two speci ...19958599149
public service deficiencies and aedes aegypti breeding sites in venezuela.the 1992 study reported here assessed relationships between potable water supply and trash collection practices and the prevalence of dengue vector mosquito (aedes aegypti) breeding sites in 30 towns located along the north coast of venezuela. within each study town, 100 homes were chosen. at each of these homes the number of water-bearing containers and containers harboring a. aegypti were determined and interviews were conducted to obtain information about the local water supply, trash collect ...19958520605
glutathion s-transferase activity and ddt-susceptibility of malaysian mosquitos.comparative ddt-susceptibility status and glutathion s-transferase (gst) activity of malaysian anopheles maculatus, culex quinquefasciatus and aedes aegypti was investigated to ascertain the role of this enzyme in ddt resistance. the standardised who dose-mortality bioassay tests were used to determine ddt susceptibility in these mosquitos, whilst gst microassay (brogdon and barber, 1990) was conducted to measure the activity of this enzyme in mosquito homogenate. it appeared that ddt susceptibi ...19958525405
susceptibility of various mosquitoes of california to subperiodic brugia malayi.laboratory experiments were conducted to determine the susceptibility of six species of mosquitoes, representing three genera, to subperiodic brugia malayi. the black-eye, liverpool strain of aedes aegypti was the susceptible control. mosquitoes were fed on microfilaremic jirds (meriones unguiculatus). all mosquitoes, except wild caught culex erythrothorax, were laboratory-reared and allowed to feed when 8 to 10 days old. anopheles freeborni, anopheles hermsi, and culiseta inornata proved refrac ...19958533667
cloning and expression of a novel toxin gene from bacillus thuringiensis subsp. jegathesan encoding a highly mosquitocidal protein.a gene, designated cry11b, encoding a 81,293-da crystal protein of bacillus thuringiensis subsp. jegathesan was cloned by using a gene-specific oligonucleotide probe. the sequence of the cry11b protein, as deduced from the sequence of the cry11b gene, contains large regions of similarity with the cry11a toxin (previously cryivd) from b. thuringiensis subsp. israelensis. the cry11b protein was immunologically related to both cry11a and cry4a proteins. the cry11b gene was expressed in a nontoxic s ...19958534090
rotundial, a new natural mosquito repellent from the leaves of vitex rotundifolia.a new natural mosquito repellent was isolated from fresh leaves of vitex rotundifolia. its structure was elucidated by an extensive nmr spectral analysis to be a cyclopentene dialdehyde named rotundial. this compound possessed potent repelling activity against aedes aegypti.19958534996
characterization of resistance to organophosphate, carbamate, and pyrethroid insecticides in field populations of aedes aegypti from venezuela.resistance to the organophosphates (op) temephos, malathion, and pirimiphos methyl, and the carbamate propoxur was found to be low (< 5-fold) in 3 aedes aegypti populations collected from falcon and aragua states of venezuela. resistance to chlorpyrifos (op), permethrin, and lambda-cyhalothrin (pyrethroids) was moderate (7-fold) in both populations. mechanisms of resistance were investigated with the synergists piperonyl butoxide (mixed function oxidase inhibitor) and s, s, s-tributyl phosphorot ...19958551300
probing and gorging responses of three mosquito species to a membrane feeding system at a range of temperatures.membrane feeding of 3 mosquito species, aedes aegypti, anopheles stephensi, and anopheles arabiensis, with formulated protein meals was carried out at a range of temperatures. the response was evaluated in terms of probing after 5 min, engorgement after 90 min, and 50% feeding time. aedes aegypti showed a satisfactory feeding response across the complete temperature range investigated, 28-40 degrees c, although engorgement was significantly faster between 36 and 40 degrees c. anopheles stephensi ...19958551304
evaluation of enemas for exposing aedes aegypti to suspensions of dengue-2 virus.to determine if enemas could be used to simulate oral exposure of aedes aegypti to dengue-2 virus, we compared infection rates of mosquitoes administered an enema of a blood suspension containing dengue-2 virus to infection rates in mosquitoes that imbibed the same suspension from a drop of blood. in 1 of 4 experiments infection rates were significantly different. more importantly, during 2 of the 4 trials, 100% of the mosquitoes in the enema treatment group were infected. we speculate that the ...19958551311
failure of immune sera to neutralize dengue-2 virus in intrathoracically inoculated aedes aegypti.aedes aegypti became infected when inoculated with a mixture of dengue-2 virus and anti-dengue-2 antibodies, but not when they were exposed to the same mixture per os. this phenomenon merits more detailed investigation. understanding why this difference in mosquito infection rate occurs may lead to improved dengue virus assays or provide insights into the nature of dengue virus-antibody interactions.19958551312
establishment and characterization of three cell lines from aedes triseriatus (diptera: culicidae).three cell lines (a.t. grip-1, 2, and 3) were established from aedes triseriatus (say) embryonated eggs or neonate larvae and their morphology, growth, karyotype, and isozyme pattern were studied. the isozyme alleles observed in the 3 cell lines also were found in adults of the original mosquito colony. each cell line differed in enzymatic, morphological, and karyotypical patterns. la crosse encephalitis (lac) and snowshoe hare (ssh) viruses, members of the california encephalitis virus group, w ...19958551501
cloning and developmental expression of the ecdysone receptor gene from the spruce budworm, choristoneura fumiferana.degenerate oligonucleotides were designed on the basis of conserved amino acid sequences in the dna and ligand-binding regions of the members of the steroid hormone receptor superfamily. using these oligonucleotides in rna-pcr, a cdna fragment was isolated from the spruce budworm, choristoneura fumiferana. comparison of the deduced amino acid sequence of this cdna fragment with the members of the steroid hormone receptor superfamily suggested that this pcr fragment is a region of the ecdysone re ...19958641050
impact of rapid urbanization on mosquitoes and their disease transmission potential in accra and tema, ghana.the total of 75 mosquito species recorded in accra have declined to 28 species. contributing factors to this decline and the reduction in prevalence of malaria and bancroftian filariasis in accra presently include extensive water pollution and a fairly high daily mosquito mortality due to several factors including loss of natural adult resting places, use of mosquito repellents and the probable increase of anopheles arabiensis population. presently low yellow fever incidence is due inter alia to ...19958669399
monoclonal antibodies against manduca sexta hemocytes bind aedes aegypti hemocytes: characterization of six monoclonal antibodies that bind hemocytes from both species.the mechanisms by which hemocytes mediate a mosquito's defense response to parasites or pathogens are not well understood. this is due in part to difficulty in collecting intact mosquito hemocytes for experiments and to a lack of reagents, such as antibodies. our objectives were to collect adult aedes aegypti hemocytes under conditions suitable for immunofluorescence microscopy, and to test whether monoclonal antibodies, generated against larval manduca sexta hemocytes, bind adult ae. aegypti he ...19958773196
[human diffusion of arthropod disease vectors throughout the world].the present distribution of animals and plants throughout the world is the result of an evolutionary process involving tectonic, climatic and biotic factors. humans, since their appearance, have contributed to the spreading of many species including disease vectors and pests. when humans left their native african home, they brought with them ectoparasites such as lice and acarids. during the neolithic era, humans were leading domesticated animals which carried their own parasites into new areas. ...19958777543
a placebo controlled clinical trial investigating the efficacy of a homeopathic after-bite gel in reducing mosquito bite induced erythema.a randomised, placebo controlled clinical trial was conducted to examine the efficacy of a homeopathic after-bite gel in the symptomatic relief of mosquito bites. sixty eight healthy volunteers were bitten under laboratory conditions by aedes aegypti mosquitoes at three spots, on the ventral aspect of the forearm. one bite was treated with the homeopathic after-bite gel, another bite with a placebo gel which was identical in appearance and smell to the homeopathic after-bite gel, and the third b ...19958751030
larvicidal constituents of melantheria albinervia.bioactivity-guided fractionation has led to the isolation of two larvicidal diterpenes, active against the yellow fever-transmitting mosquito aedes aegypti, from a dichloromethane root extract of melantheria albinervia (asteraceae), a plant from zimbabwe. these diterpenes were identified as ent-kaur-16-en-19-oic acid and 9(11),16-kauradien-19-oic acid. the diterpenes were also weakly active against bacillus subtilis.19958824954
survey of container-inhabiting mosquitoes in clemson, south carolina, with emphasis on aedes albopictus.a total of 530 oviposition trap samples were collected within a 10-km radius of clemson university between march 30 and october 19, 1993. from 19,664 larvae reared from collected eggs, 7 species were identified: aedes albopictus (89%), ae. triseriatus (6.5%), culex restuans (2.7%), cx. territans (0.6%), cx. pipiens complex (0.7%), toxorhynchites rutilus septentrionalis (0.2%), and orthopodomyia signifera (0.1%). this is the first record of ae. albopictus in clemson. aedes aegypti was not found. ...19958825496
country-wide prevalence of ascogregarina culicis (apicomplexa: lecudinidae), a protozoan parasite of aedes aegypti in trinidad, west indies.the prevalence of the gregarine parasite ascogregarina culicis was determined for aedes aegypti populations in trinidad, west indies. over 5 months, a total of 5,651 ae. aegypti larvae were collected and identified from 419 sites throughout trinidad as part of a national dengue surveillance program. ascogregarina culicis infections were detected in 13.4% of 1,986 ae. aegypti larvae dissected. in 7 of 8 counties or major subdivisions where this parasite was detected in trinidad, the prevalence pe ...19958825500
genetic differentiation of aedes aegypti, the vector of dengue virus in french polynesia.in recent years the incidence of dengue fever epidemics has increased and transmission has tended to be established over a geographically expanding area, including french polynesia. an increase in air transportation contributes to the diffusion of the dengue virus from southeast asia, a region considered to be a hyperendemic dengue zone, to the pacific region. presently, little is known about the role of the vector (aedes aegypti) in the diffusion of the dengue fever virus. a study on the geneti ...19958825508
a new serovar of bacillus thuringiensis possessing 28a28c flagellar antigenic structure: bacillus thuringiensis serovar jegathesan, selectively toxic against mosquito larvae.a novel bacillus thuringiensis strain highly toxic to mosquitoes was isolated from soil samples in malaysia. this strain was shown to display a new subfraction of the h-28 flagellar antigen determining a new serovar h28a28c, which was designated serovar jegathesan. bioassays indicated that culex quinquefasciatus larvae are the most susceptible to this new isolate, whereas toxicity to anopheles maculatus and aedes aegypti larvae was 10 times lower. the potency of this new serotype is also compara ...19958825511
evaluation of entomopathogenic bacteria against aedes polynesiensis, the vector of lymphatic filariasis in french polynesia.thirteen strains among 3 species of entomopathogenic bacteria were tested against 3 medically important mosquito species in french polynesia. two strains of bacillus thuringiensis were highly toxic to aedes polynesiensis, aedes aegypti, and culex quinquefasciatus. six of 7 strains of bacillus sphaericus tested were highly toxic to cx. quinquefasciatus but not to the aedes spp. clostridium bifermentans serovar. malaysia was more toxic to ae. polynesiensis than to the other 2 species. entomopathog ...19958825516
community based dengue control in columbia: people's knowledge and practice and the potential contribution of the biological larvicide bti (bacillus thuringiensis israelensis).a study on dengue control was undertaken in a poor urban area in cúcuta, colombia. the first objective was to describe people's knowledge, attitudes and practices regarding dengue fever, the transmission of the disease and possible preventive measures. the second objective was to analyse the infestation of the community with aedes aegypti larvae, and the third objective to test the efficacy of bti (bacillus thuringiensis israelensis) with respect to the level and duration of reduction of ae. aeg ...19958826104
the 1993 epidemic of dengue fever in mangalore, karnataka state, india.an epidemic of febrile illness with hemorrhagic manifestations occurred in certain parts of mangalore city, karnataka state, india, from the last week of july 1993. the epidemic reached its peak by mid-august and then started declining. sporadic cases, however, continued to occur till early december. about 200 cases were reported covering all age groups and both sexes. the cases presented with pyrexia, myalgia, arthralgia and headache. palatal petechiae, magenta colored tongue with central coati ...19959139379
rapid and efficient removal of immature aedes aegypti in metal drums by sweep net and modified sweeping method.a modified sweeping method was developed using a cotton sweep net for control of ae. aegypti immatures in 200 liter (44 gallon) metal drums which are major sources of breeding in yangon. laboratory experiments revealed that with only 4 sweeps (approximately 10 minutes duration), the mean % removal (+/- sd) of ae. aegypti fourth stage larvae was 88.5% +/- 1.47. this was followed by a field study undertaken in sanchaung township, yangon. twenty-eight drums with moderate (< 500 immatures) to high ( ...19959139390
[the effect of abiotic factors on the incidence of aedes aegypti in the town of 10 de octobre, ciudad de la habana province, 1982-1992].an analysis of the relation among the quantity of focuses of aedes aegypti, the rains and the temperatures in rainy and dry periods from 1982 to 1992 in 10 de octubre municipe, at city of havana, was carried out. no correlation was found between the number of focuses and the rains occurred in both seasons, and it was just the same between the number of focuses and temperatures. thus, emphasis is made in the need for a strong surveillance along all year.19959805076
parasitism of aedes aegypti and ae. albopictus (diptera: culicidae) by ascogregarina spp. (apicomplexa: lecudinidae) in florida.aedes aegypti (l.) and ae. albopictus (skuse) from 40 sites in 17 counties of florida were surveyed for gregarine parasites during the spring and autumn of 1993 and in july 1994. larvae collected from containers (mainly tires) were dissected to determine the number of gregarine trophozoites present. ascogregarina spp. were found at 70% of the sites and occurred as frequently in ae. aegypti populations as in ae. albopictus. within sites, parasite distributions were highly variable and aggregated ...19958551508
the premise condition index: a tool for streamlining surveys of aedes aegypti.premise inspections and treatment of the larval habitats of container-breeding aedes aegypti are extremely labor intensive. since this means of control is the only one available in relation to dengue fever, this report presents an effective approach for streamlining premise surveys in north queensland, australia. from a survey of 877 premises in townsville, charters towers, and mingela/ravenswood in 1990, occupier and premise variables were collected to examine any relationships with the presenc ...19958561259
a factor xa-directed anticoagulant from the salivary glands of the yellow fever mosquito aedes aegypti.salivary gland extracts from the yellow fever mosquito aedes aegypti contain a factor xa-specific anticoagulant detectable in vitro by clotting assays. the anticoagulant is found only in female salivary glands, which is consistent with its role in bloodfeeding. extracts of adult female glands significantly delay both the prothrombin time and the activated partial thromboplastin time, but have no effect on the thrombin clotting time. the anticoagulant has been shown to result from the specific in ...19957498429
the apyrase gene of the vector mosquito, aedes aegypti, is expressed specifically in the adult female salivary glands.the yellow fever mosquito, aedes aegypti, expresses a gene, apyrase (apy), that encodes an atp-diphosphohydrolase. the product of this gene is a secreted enzyme that facilitates hematophagy by preventing platelet aggregation in the host. apy gene expression is limited to the cells of the distal-lateral and medial lobes of the adult female salivary glands. apyrase protein levels, detectable by antibodies, peak in the salivary glands about 4 days after adult emergence and remain high after a blood ...19957498420
non-linear dynamics of neurochemical modulation of mosquito oviduct and hindgut contractions.microphysiological techniques and computer-based methods of data acquisition and analysis were used to investigate the dynamics of neurochemical action on spontaneous contractions of continuously perfused oviducts and hindguts isolated from female mosquitoes (aedes aegypti). proctolin, leucomyosuppressin (lms), serotonin and octopamine, which are known to modulate insect muscle contractions, and a mosquito neuropeptide, aedes head peptide i (aea-hp-i), which inhibits host-seeking behavior, were ...19957490571
electrophysiological responses of receptor neurons in mosquito maxillary palp sensilla to carbon dioxide.sensilla basiconica on the maxillary palps of female aedes aegypti contain a receptor neuron which produces a phasic-tonic pattern of action potential response to low concentrations (150-300 ppm) of carbon dioxide (co2), a stimulus known to be involved with host seeking behavior. these receptor neurons respond reliably to small increments in co2 concentration (e.g., 50 ppm). we were particularly interested in evaluating the possibility that the sensitivity to step increases in co2 concentration ...19957674195
residual activity of three slow-release temephos formulations against aedes aegypti larvae.residual effectiveness of plaster matrix formulations of temephos and temephos plus an emulsifier (atlox 3409f) were evaluated against aedes aegypti larvae during an 8-wk period. formulations of 2% and 5% (ai) atlox with 5% (ai) temephos yielded 100% larval mortality for 8 wk. a 5% temephos formulation without the addition of the emulsifier produced 100% larval mortality through only 1 wk.19958551307
isolation of the insecticidal components of tagetes minuta (compositae) against mosquito larvae and adults.application of tagetes minuta floral extract to silica gel column chromatography produced 2 fractions with the hydrogenate part 20-30 times more toxic to larvae and 12-13 times more toxic to adults of aedes aegypti and anopheles stephensi, respectively, than the oxygenate part. further fractionation by column chromatography of the hydrogenate fraction produced 4 thiophenes, 5-(but-3-ene-1-ynyl)-2,2'-bithiophene, 5-(but-3-ene-1-ynyl)-5'-methyl-2,2'-bithiophene, 2,2',5',2"-terthiophene, and 5-meth ...19958551298
molecular cloning of a major cockroach (blattella germanica) allergen, bla g 2. sequence homology to the aspartic proteases.inhalation of allergens produced by the german cockroach (blattella germanica) elicits ige antibody formation and the development of asthma in genetically predisposed individuals. we compared the allergenic importance of two cockroach (cr) allergens, bla g 1 and bla g 2, and determined the complete amino acid sequence of the major 36-kda allergen, bla g2. a survey of 106 sera from cr allergic patients showed the prevalence of ige antibodies to bla g 1 and bla g 2 to be 30.2% and 57.6%, respectiv ...19957642642
toward a physical map of aedes aegypti.labelled recombinant cosmids were used as in situ hybridization probes to aedes aegypti metaphase chromosomes. the cosmid probes yielded paired signals, one on each arm of sister chromatids, and they were ordered along the three chromosomes. in total, thirty-seven different probes were mapped to the three chromosomes of ae. aegypti (2n = 6): twenty-eight to chromosome 1, six to chromosome 2, and six to chromosome 3. these results represent an initial stage in the generation of a physical map of ...19958589842
cloning, sequencing and functional expression of an acetylcholinesterase gene from the yellow fever mosquito aedes aegypti.a degenerate pcr strategy was used to isolate a fragment of the acetylcholinesterase gene (ace) homolog from aedes aegypti and screen for a cdna clone containing the complete open reading frame of the gene. the predicted amino acid sequence of the aedes gene shares 64% identity with ace from drosophila and 87% identity with the acetylcholinesterase gene from another mosquito species anopheles stephensi. high levels of expression of the aedes gene were achieved by infection of sf21 cells with a r ...19957635199
spread of aedes albopictus and decline of ae. aegypti (diptera: culicidae) in florida.waste tires and other types of artificial containers were sampled for immature aedes to monitor changes in the occurrence of aedes aegypti (l.) and aedes albopictus (skuse) in florida. the initial invasion and spread of ae. albopictus in florida occurred in the northern part of florida. throughout this region, major declines in the abundance of ae. aegypti have been associated with the expansion of ae. albopictus in both urban and rural areas. generally, the same results have occurred in central ...19957650719
improved medium for aedes aegypti tissue culture. 19957548955
control of mosquito breeding using wood scrapings treated with neem oil.wood scrapings were given shape of a ball and soaked in 5, 10 and 20% neem (azadirachta indica) oil diluted in acetone. control of anopheles stephensi and aedes aegypti breeding in water storage overhead tanks (ohts) with the application of these balls was achieved for 45 days. two balls soaked in 5% neem oil produced the best results among other concentrations tested.19957589730
characterization of a salivary gland-specific esterase in the vector mosquito, aedes aegypti.esterase enzymatic activity was investigated in salivary gland lysates of adult aedes aegypti. esterases in lysates made from female glands had higher specific activity than those in lysates from male glands towards beta-naphthyl acetate but showed no difference with alpha-naphthyl butyrate as a substrate. female salivary gland lysates showed no difference in activity to alpha- and beta-forms of naphthyl acetate and no discernable activity towards alpha-naphthyl caprate. both female and male sal ...19957787844
transient expression of a promoter-reporter construct in differentiated adult salivary glands and embryos of the mosquito aedes aegypti.vector-borne pathogens develop in close association with specific tissues in their insect hosts. efforts are being made to characterize insect genes that are expressed in tissues that have important roles in pathogen propagation. successful transfection and expression of exogenous genes in terminally differentiated tissues of insects has previously proven difficult. here we report a method that should allow the analysis of genes that are expressed in adult tissues and organs. transient expressio ...19957771613
effect of ethylene bis isobutyl xanthate isolated from a marine green alga dictyosphaeria favulosa on mosquito aedes aegypti. 19957558202
[single larva sampling for aedes aegypti surveillance].buildings in araraquara city, southeastern brazil, were searched during a year for the presence of aedes larvae using single larva sampling in order to check the single-larva methodology. in those breeding places in which aedes larvae were found, one of them was collected. as a control, after the single larva had been collected, all the larvae from the breeding place were collected for later identification. this process was repeated in the laboratory. of the 447 domiciles searched, 12 were consi ...19958525326
laboratory evaluation of an ovipositional trap for mosquito adults aedes aegypti (l.) (diptera: culicidae).a trap was designed, fabricated and evaluated for trapping and killing ovipositing females of the yellow fever mosquito aedes. aegypti. water in which larval stages had previously dwelt for 48 hrs. formed the attractant source for ovipositing mosquito females. the trap was evaluated under different experimental conditions. single choice and double choice experiments were performed with or without glue applied to inner surfaces, to determine trap efficacy. effect of population size and alteration ...19957636150
relationship between cold hardiness and supercooling point in aedes albopictus eggs.for many insects, low temperatures are not lethal unless their tissues freeze. to determine whether freezing is the cause of low temperature mortality of aedes albopictus eggs, we measured their lower lethal temperature, the temperature that causes 50% mortality in a population, and supercooling point, the temperature at which the tissues freeze. tropical and temperate ae. albopictus eggs were tested under different diapause and cold acclimation conditions. temperate ae. albopictus eggs had a lo ...19957616187
gene for cytochrome c oxidase subunit ii in the mitochondrial dna of culex quinquefasciatus and aedes aegypti (diptera: culicidae).the cytochrome c oxidase subunit ii (coii) gene between transfer rna for leu and lys in the mitochondrial dna of culex quinquefasciatus say and aedes aegypti (l.) was amplified by the polymerase chain reaction (pcr) technique. both the gene order and direction of transcription were identical to anopheles and drosophila. nucleotide sequences of the pcr-amplified coii genes in these two mosquitoes exhibited 88% homology, and the frequency of transition was very close to that of transversion. the h ...19957608924
partial purification of plasma phenoloxidase of the yellow fever mosquito aedes aegypti l. (diptera: culicidae).a nitrocellulose-based assay was developed using a dot-blot apparatus to detect phenoloxidase activity in column fractions. using this assay, plasma phenoloxidase was partially purified from aedes aegypti larvae using hydrophobic interaction chromatography, gel filtration, and ion-exchange chromatography. the molecular weight (m(r)) native enzyme was 130,000, and it contained subunits of 76,000, 62,000, and 58,000. two phenoloxidase peaks were observed by ion exchange chromatography, and these f ...19957584838
resistance in some caribbean populations of aedes aegypti to several insecticides.thirty-four strains of aedes aegypti larvae from 17 caribbean countries were bioassayed for sensitivity to temephos, malathion, fenitrothion, fenthion, and chlorpyrifos. there were fairly high levels of resistance in tortola (10-12-fold resistance) and antigua (6-9-fold resistance) strains to temephos and to fenthion (tortola, 7-10-fold; antigua, 6-10-fold resistance). most other strains showed some resistance to malathion, fenitrothion, and chlorpyrifos, but only moderate levels. adult populati ...19957542312
reappraisal of the pore channel system in the grooved pegs of aedes aegypti.pore channels occur along the grooves of lactic acid-receptive grooved pegs on the antennae of female aedes aegypti. there are about 38 pore openings per groove or about 456 per peg. this finding is in conflict with the previous report that pore channels were extremely rare. the pore channels are of a similar electron density to the cuticle of the peg, making them difficult to see. for this reason many of the pore channels were probably overlooked in the previous study. we could not find a termi ...199518621297
comparative linkage maps for the mosquitoes, aedes albopictus and ae. aegypti, based on common rflp loci.aedes albopictus and aedes aegypti are members of the mosquito family culicidae and share a haploid chromosome complement of three. although a genetic linkage map based on restriction fragment length polymorphism (rflp), markers exists for ae. aegypti, the extent of synteny and linkage order conservation between the two species was unknown. a comparative linkage map for ae. albopictus was constructed based mainly on cdna clones from ae. aegypti. nearly all ae. aegypti probes hybridized to ae. al ...19957742975
early trypsin activity is part of the signal transduction system that activates transcription of the late trypsin gene in the midgut of the mosquito, aedes aegypti.trypsin activity during the first hours after feeding is essential to induce late trypsin gene expression. these results are consistent with the idea that free amino acids or other products released during digestion might be the initial signal for transcriptional activation of late trypsin. besides early trypsin, some other factor(s) have to be translated for induction of late trypsin. this is the first case in which the proteolytic activity of a digestive enzyme is part of the signal transducti ...19957711754
effect of some new insect growth regulators on metamorphosis & reproduction of aedes aegypti.fourth instar larvae and pupae of ae. aegypti were treated with four most active insect growth regulators from a new series of mixed alkyl and aryl diethers based on geraniol. considerable reduction in fecundity and fertility of adults was obtained. treatment of pupae or pharate adults did not affect adult emergence. topical treatment of adult females caused great reduction in fertility and fecundity in older as compared to younger females. in addition to the effects on reproduction, adult survi ...19957883278
mosquito ecdysteroid receptor: analysis of the cdna and expression during vitellogenesis.an insect steroid hormone, 20-hydroxyecdysone (20e), plays an important role in regulating egg maturation in mosquitoes. to better understand its role, we cloned the cdna coding for the putative ecdysteroid receptor from the mosquito, aedes aegypti (aaecr). the 4158 bp aaecr cdna has an open reading frame of 675 amino acids with 10 potential glycosylation sites and a putative phosphorylation polyserine domain. the aaecr has a dna binding domain with two zinc fingers and a ligand binding domain c ...19957711747
ovariolar 'basal body' development and physiological age of the mosquito aedes aegypti.dissection of the ovaries of the mosquito aedes aegypti (diptera: culicidae) revealed, in each ovariole, a group of seven to nine specialized epithelial cells in a region of the calyx wall that is enclosed by the end of the ovariolar sheath. this group of cells is termed the basal body. during ovulation, the mature oocyte passes from the ovariole into the calyx lumen through the basal body. subsequently, granulation occurs in the basal body cells. the granular basal bodies differ from all previo ...19957696694
isolation and characterization of mosquito ferritin and cloning of a cdna that encodes one subunit.ferritin, an iron storage protein, was isolated from larvae and pupae of aedes aegypti grown in an iron-rich medium. mosquito ferritin is a high molecular weight protein composed of several different, relatively small, subunits. subunits of molecular mass 24, 26, and 28 kda are equally abundant, while that of 30 kda is present only in small amounts. the n-terminal sequence of the 24 and 26 kda subunits are identical for the first 30 amino acids, while that of the 28 kda subunit differs. studies ...19957655055
[the performance of the aedes aegypti eradication program in 2 towns of ciudad de la habana province, 1990-1992].it is made a comparative analysis of the behaviour of the aedes aegypti eradication program in two municipalities of havana city with different characteristics during 1990-1992. the results show that in both municipalities the recipients with the highest positivity to mosquitoes were the following categories: other deposits, artificial deposits, and low tanks, followed by a second group that included tubs, tires, and larva tramps. the positivity of the larva tramps was observed in both municipal ...19969805046
laboratory and field plot bioassay of bacillus sphaericus against arkansas mosquito species.bacillus sphaericus was evaluated in laboratory bioassays against larvae of 7 arkansas mosquito species and in rice field plots against a single mosquito species. laboratory-tested species included aedes aegypti, ae. albopictus, ae. vexans, anopheles punctipennis, culex quinquefasciatus, cx. restuans, and psorophora columbiae. field plot bioassays were evaluated against ps. columbiae only. the laboratory formulation tested demonstrated activity against all 7 species. mortalities were observed at ...19968827596
stability of equine infectious anemia virus in aedes aegypti (diptera: culicidae), stomoxys calcitrans (diptera:muscidae), and tabanus fuscicostatus (diptera:tabanidae) stored at -70 degrees c.equine infectious anemia virus (eiav) was injected intrathoracically into aedes aegypti, stomoxys calcitrans, and tabanus fuscicostatus, and fed to ae. aegypti in suspensions of either artificial blood of eagle's minimum essential medium. insects were stored at -70 degrees c for up to 9 months before testing for the presence of eiav. the viral tissue culture titers detected from stored insects were similar to those from insects tested at time 0.19968827617
yellow fever: a decade of reemergence.since the 1980s, yellow fever has reemerged across africa and in south america. the total of 18 735 yellow fever cases and 4522 deaths reported from 1987 to 1991 represents the greatest amount of yellow fever activity reported to the world health organization (who) for any 5-year period since 1948. there is an excellent vaccine against yellow fever. at present, a high proportion of travelers to at-risk areas are reported to be immunized, reflecting widespread knowledge about the international he ...19968827969
dengue 3 virus distribution in the mosquito aedes aegypti: an immunocytochemical study.the dissemination of dengue (den) 3 virus in parenterally infected female aedes aegypti mosquitoes was studied immunocytochemically. antigen was first detected in fat body cells near the thoracic site of virus inoculation. the intussuscepted foregut, salivary glands and nervous tissue were the first major tissues infected. nervous tissue appeared to be the primary site of amplification. muscles, tracheae, malphigian tubules and the posterior midgut did not become infected. the only part of the r ...19968834747
entomological studies in a dengue endemic area, jalore, rajasthan.entomological studies on prevalence of adult and immatures of aedes aegypti along with associated ecological factors have been conducted in a dengue endemic area of jalore, rajasthan from 1992 to 1993. studies in two areas; reportedly affected and unaffected revealed more adults and higher breeding indices in the affected area as compared to the unaffected one. mosquitoes harbouring dengue antigen were found only in the affected locality. presence of dengue antigen in field caught mosquitoes in ...19968840653
[yellow fever in the ribeirão preto region at the turn of the 19th century: its scientific importance and economic repercussions].yellow fever in the region of ribeirao preto at the turn of xix century: scientific importance and economic repercussion. this historical review describes the bad situation of public health in brazil during the xix century caused by multiple yellow fever outbreaks. the knowledge regarding to yellow fever at that time is also described. a short history is presented of the development of the region of ribeirao preto, located in the northeast of sao paulo state, brazil, emphasising the actuation of ...19968851220
cell targeting of a pore-forming toxin, cyta delta-endotoxin from bacillus thuringiensis subspecies israelensis, by conjugating cyta with anti-thy 1 monoclonal antibodies and insulin.the cytolytic protein toxin cyta was linked to two monoclonal antibodies (mab) directed against the mouse or the rat thy 1 antigen. the purified cyta-mab conjugates were not toxic to either target or nontarget cells. the conjugates did bind specifically to target cells since they agglutinated the target cells but not nontarget cells. when the conjugates were treated with dithiothreitol, the released cyta was toxic to all cells tested. these results suggested that the attachment of cyta to a mole ...19968853459
acasp, a gene encoding a cathepsin d-like aspartic protease from the hookworm ancylostoma caninum.intestinal infection with the zoonotic hookworm ancylostoma caninum can provoke human eosinophilic enteritis. a cdna was isolated from a. caninum, using an oligonucleotide primer designed to hybridize to the region encoding the consensus, catalytic site residues d32tgssnlw of aspartic proteases. this novel cdna encoded an aspartic protease zymogen of 422 amino acids, exhibiting 47% identity to the lysosomal aspartic protease of aedes aegypti, 46% identity to the aspartic protease of schistosoma ...19968858139
phenotypic segregation of aedes aegypti for immune antibacterial activity and resistance to filariae.we report the phenotypic selection of two lines of aedes aegypti, from a filariae susceptible parental stock (refm). this selection was based upon the level of inducible anti-gram negative escherichia coli activity within the haemolymph following e. coli infection. these lines, denoted 'high' and 'low', demonstrated significant differences in anti-e. coli responses throughout. however no difference was observed in the anti-gram positive micrococcus luteus response following e. coli challenge. f4 ...19968858873
the efficacy of prrrikweg gel in the treatment of insect bites: a double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial.this study was conducted to examine the efficacy of prrikweg gel, a homeopathic after-bite gel, in relieving the effects of mosquito bites, in particular itching and erythema.19968861830
setaria digitata microfilaraemia in mastomys coucha: an animal model for chemotherapeutic and immunobiological studies.intraperitoneal implantation of adult gravid females of the bovine filarial parasite, setaria digitata in mastomys coucha was found to induce microfilaraemia lasting for about 125 days. the microfilariae (mf) could be detected as early as 4 days post-implantation (p.i.) and peak levels of about 30 mf in 20 microliters of blood were observed by 21 days. a significant positive correlation was found between mf density and the body weight of recipients pre-implantation. the implanted adult worms wer ...19968873474
early trypsin, a female-specific midgut protease in aedes aegypti: isolation, aminoterminal sequence determination, and cloning and sequencing of the gene.early trypsin is a female-specific protease present in the aedes aegypti midgut during the first hours after ingestion of a blood meal. it plays an essential role in the transcriptional activation of the late trypsin form, the major midgut endoprotease involved in the blood meal digestion. early trypsin is the most abundant midgut polypeptide isolated by benzamidine-sepharose affinity chromatography 3 h after feeding. the amino-terminal sequence of the early trypsin protein matches that of the 3 ...19968882654
mosquito vector control and biology in latin america--a sixth symposium.the sixth spanish language symposium presented by the american mosquito control association (amca) was held as part of the 62nd annual meeting in norfolk, va, in march 1996. the principal objective, as for the previous 5 symposia, was to promote the participation in the amca meeting by vector control specialists, public health workers, and academicians from latin america. this publication includes summaries of 25 presentations that were given in spanish by participants from 6 countries in latin ...19968887226
insecticide susceptibility of aedes aegypti and aedes albopictus in the lower rio grande valley of texas and mexico.in response to a potential dengue fever outbreak in south texas during 1995, the susceptibilities of aedes aegypti and aedes albopictus to commonly used mosquito adulticides were assessed. larvae collected from the lower rio grande valley of texas and mexico were reared to adults and tested against susceptible laboratory strains at texas a&m university. resistance ratios at both the lc50 and lc95 rates were all less than 10, indicating that adult populations of both species are still susceptible ...19968887230
effects of variations in a formulated protein meal on the fecundity and fertility of female mosquitoes.a formulated protein meal developed by kogan (1990) for adult female aedes aegypti mosquitoes was evaluated and modified to increase egg and pupal yield. a vigorous laboratory colony was maintained with the females fed exclusively on this dietary formula for about twenty-five generations over more than 2 years. extra modifications were made to produce a diet suitable for anopheles arabiensis and anopheles stephensi females to produce eggs. both formulations contain bovine albumin, haemoglobin an ...19968887337
heritability of infection-induced humoral antibacterial activity in the immune response of the mosquito aedes aegypti. 19968887345
a search for components in human body odour that attract females of aedes aegypti.in a new type of wind tunnel, mosquitoes fly upwind towards host odour sources and towards human skin wash extracts obtained by rubbing the skin with a pad soaked in ethanol. we used this behavioural response as a bioassay to identify attractants in liquid chromatography fractions of such extracts. l-lactic acid is a major constituent of skin wash extracts and it is a necessary component for the extract's effectiveness. as a single stimulus, however, l-lactic acid is only slightly effective. thi ...19968894295
sensory aspects of host location in mosquitoes.visual, thermal and olfactory stimuli all contribute to blood meal host location in mosquitoes but olfaction is probably the dominant sensory modality used for this purpose. much attention has been devoted to the l-lactic acid receptor because it is well characterized and because its sensitivity is a major determinant of host responsiveness in the anautogenous species aedes aegypti. studies employing statistical analysis of close to 500 single unit recordings and the scanning electron microscope ...19968894299
responses of antennal olfactory receptors in the yellow fever mosquito aedes aegypti to human body odours.recent behavioural studies have demonstrated that human body odours which female aedes aegypti find attractive exert their effects as complex mixtures of synergistically acting components. we have attempted to clarify the sensory mechanisms underlying the perception of these complex host odours by studying the responses of sensory cells underneath the a3-type sensilla of the mosquito antenna to both a human skin wash extract and the extract's active chromatographic fractions. the reaction patter ...19968894302
inter- and intraspecific variation in resistance to desiccation by adult aedes (stegomyia) spp. (diptera: culicidae) from indonesia.desiccation survival times of adult mosquitoes were studied for yellow fever mosquito, aedes aegypti (l.) (6 strains), asian tiger mosquito, ae. albopictus (skuse) (5 strains), and ae. paullusi stone & farmer (1 strain) colonized from south sulawesi, indonesia. at both 90 and 70% rh, ae. aegypti males and females outlived the other species. the forest species ae. paullusi was least resistant to desiccation. strains of ae. aegypti and ae. albopictus from urban areas were more resistant to desicca ...19968906905
occurrence of aedes (stegomyia) spp. mosquitoes (diptera: culicidae) in halmahela villages, indonesia.aedes (stegomyia) spp. mosquitoes breeding in containers in and around human houses were surveyed in halmahela villages, the north moluccas, indonesia. adults reared from larvae found in containers and those reared from eggs collected by ovitraps revealed the dominance of aedes scutellaris (walker) in residential areas. breeding of aedes aegypti (l.) and aedes albopictus (skuse) was confirmed in a few coastal villages with high human densities.19968906924
attraction and trapping of aedes aegypti (diptera: culicidae) with host odors in the laboratory.volatile constituents of mouse odor were eluted from an adsorbent after collection within a closed-air system, and offered to host-seeking yellowfever mosquitoes, aedes aegypti (l.), in the laboratory. gas chromatographic analysis showed that individual mouse odors varied in blend, both quantitatively and qualitatively. in a 2-choice bioassay, sticky traps baited with individual mouse odors caught more female mosquitoes than controls (69% caught on baited traps) in all cases. when 2 traps baited ...19968906926
identification and characterization of differentially expressed cdnas of the vector mosquito, anopheles gambiae.the isolation and study of anopheles gambiae genes that are differentially expressed in development, notably in tissues associated with the maturation and transmission of the malaria parasite, is important for the elucidation of basic molecular mechanisms underlying vector-parasite interactions. we have used the differential display technique to screen for mrnas specifically expressed in adult males, females, and midgut tissues of blood-fed and unfed females. we also screened for mrnas specifica ...19968917545
[ecology of aedes aegypti in africa and asia].aedes aegypti is originated from africa and expanded around the tropical world with a pantropical distribution in 1930. because of mosquito control, this extension decreased, but is still very important and threatening because of disease transmission. eggs of ae. aegypti can survive unfavorable conditions. larvae and pupae of ae. aegypti breed into natural or artificial containers, the last being the most important. artificial breeding-sites are mostly water storage containers and discarded cont ...19968924766
[the risk of urban yellow fever outbreaks in brazil by dengue vectors. aedes aegypti and aedes albopictus].urban yellow fever (yf) epidemics have disappeared from brazil since about 50 years, but a selvatic cycle still exist. in many states, cases are more or less numerous each year. ae. aegypti was eradicated in 1954, re-appeared temporarily in 1967, and then definitively in 1976-1977. ae. aegypti is a vector of yellow few (yf), but also of dengue, whose first cases were reported in 1982. today, dengue is endemic in many regions. a second flavivirus vector, aedes albopictus is present since about te ...19968924767
[aedes aegypti in french guiana. some aspects of history, general ecology and vertical transmission of the dengue virus].aedes aegypti is suspected to be present in the country since the late 18th century, and was responsible of urban yellow fever epidemics in the last century. this mosquito was identified for the first time in french guiana in 1902. more recently, in 1940, an eradication campaign started and aedes aegypti was eradicated between 1950 and 1963, date of the reinfestation. during the past 30 years, some dengue outbreaks occurred every 2 to 6 years, and the first dengue haemorrhagic fever epidemic spr ...19968924768
[prediction and prevention of dengue epidemics].prediction and prevention of dengue epidemics are based on informations gathered about the mosquito vector species, the dengue types transmitted, the vertebrate hosts and their environment. although aedes aegypti is the most important vector, other aedes may also propagate the dengue viruses. the populations of vector mosquitoes are evaluated through several indices: breteau and/or positive house index, number of indoor resting aedes females, etc.... the four dengue types can replicate in verteb ...19968924770
[dengue and its vectors in brazil].history of dengue in brazil is covered from the first citations in the xixth century to the great outbreaks of the last ten years. den-1 and den-4 viruses have been isolated for the first time in 1982 during an epidemic in boa vista, roraima state. in 1986-1987, epidemics of dengue type 1 covered an extended area from rio de janeiro/sào paulo states to the north east states of brazil. during 1990-1991, dengue type 2 epidemics have been notified in the south east (rio de janeiro/são paulo) and in ...19968924771
[control of mosquitos in martinique. a collective public health action and improvement of the quality of life].aedes aegypti control program in martinique started en 1968. the aedes aegypti major breeding sites are associated with flowers vases, drums, used tyres, artificial containers and watering places. however, culex quinquefasciatus is the main nuisance mosquito in all the island. this species is unpleasant, especially in urban areas. over 200 culex quinquefasciatus bites per person per night have been observed in several localities of the island. culex quinquefasciatus breeding sites are mostly ass ...19968924774
[anti-aedes aegypti campaign in french guiana].the history of vector control in french guiana started in 1947 when a small team was recruited for that purpose. in 1949, the first ddt treatments were implemented and aedes aegypti could not be found until 1960. between 1966 and 1972 an eradication campaign was carried out which resulted in the elimination of ae. aegypti from all the department except the city of cayenne. malathion and orthodibrom were used as adulticides and temephos (abate) was sprayed against the larvae. nevertheless, in 198 ...19968924775
[epidemiology of arbovirus diseases: use and value of physiologic age determination of female mosquito vectors].the physiological age of yellow fever aedes females in africa was studied during four years, from 1988 to 1992. we used a method, according to polovodova's method, which looks for the "yellow body" under natural light. those yellow bodies exist in the old females, the "parous" ones, and not in the young females, the "nulliparous" ones. we present some results to illustrate the interest of studying the physiological age of mosquitoes in the epidemiology of the arboviral diseases. the transmission ...19968924776
[control of aedes aegypti in martinique. contribution of entomology studies].the dengue prevention activities in martinique are based on: entomological surveillance (including the use of insecticide in all parts of the island). epidemiological (clinical, serological and virological) surveillance. health education (radio, tv, exhibitions, talks in primaries and secondaries schools, in associations,...). the main breeding sites of aedes aegypti are maintained by human practices: flowers vases, containers, used tyres, waste... the role of those human practices in the standi ...19968924777
[new epidemiological aspects of dengue].since the 1940s, the dengue epidemics occur more and more often in the pacific islands with an increased severity. for example, in new caledonia, outbreaks of dengue-like diseases have been reported since the end of the last century but the first epidemic due to an identified virus occurred in 1942-1943 and was caused by the den-1 type. the next, due to the den-2 type, was reported thirty years later, in 1972-1973. after that, three outbreaks burst between 1975 and 1990, caused successively by d ...19968924778
[the situation of dengue in the world].the situation of dengue in the world can be summarized as follows: 2,5 billions persons at risk, 60 millions cases per year, and 30 000 deaths per year. the four dengue serotypes, den-1, den-2, den-3 and den-4 are nearly human-specific. clinical symptoms of dengue vary from unapparent infection, mild febrile manifestations to hemorrhagic forms with or without shock syndrome. dengue viruses are transmitted by aedes mosquitoes, the most important vectors being aedes aegypti and aedes albopictus. t ...19968924780
[dengue in the americas].dengue fever is endemic from argentina to mexico, where serotypes 1, 2 and 4 are in wide circulation. after an absence of almost 20 years, serotype 3 arrived in central america in late 1994. over the past decade dengue has become a major public health problem in many of these countries, with an increase in the prevalence of dengue haemorrhagic fever and in the number of fatal cases. the situation is not new; there is evidence of a least eight pandemics from the early 19th century until the initi ...19968924781
[dengue in french guiana. history and present status].the evolution of dengue in french guiana has the same trend as in most tropical american countries, with emergence of dengue hemorrhagic fever (dhf) and endemicity of the disease. during the 1940's, several dengue-like outbreaks were reported from french guiana. then, the only dengue vector, aedes aegypti, was eradicated between 1950 and 1963, when it started to reinfest the country. by the end of the 1960's, new dengue epidemics with serological confirmation were described. after 1970, the firs ...19968924782
apyrase and alpha-glucosidase in the salivary glands of aedes albopictus.an apyrase and an alpha-glucosidase were detected in the salivary glands extracts of adult aedes albopictus. the apyrase is a 61,000 da secreted protein that hydrolyses atp and adp. this protein is synthe-sized in adults and is preferentially accumulated in the distal lateral lobes of the female salivary glands. the alpha-glucosidase is a secreted 67,000 da protein. this enzyme is synthesized during adult life and accumulated in the proximal-lateral lobes of both males and females. the results a ...19968925436
dengue fever at the u.s.-mexico border, 1995-1996.dengue is a mosquito-transmitted acute disease caused by any of four virus serotypes (den-1, den-2, den-3 and den-4) and is characterized by acute manifestations that can include fever, headache, myalgia, arthralgia, rash, nausea, and vomiting. on august 25, 1995, public health authorities in mexico notified the texas department of health (tdh) of an ongoing outbreak of dengue fever in the state of tamaulipas, which borders south texas. because of the year-round presence of the aedes aegypti mos ...19968927003
pathogenicity of the aedes albopictus parvovirus (aapv), a denso-like virus, for aedes aegypti mosquitoes.aapv, a denso-like virus isolated from a c6/36 clone of the aedes albopictus cell line, proved to be very pathogenic for aedes aegypti first and third instar larvae following per os infection. the mortality reached 90% in 10 days for larvae infected at the first instar. several factors, such as temperature, larval density and stage, and duration of contact with infectious particles, influenced infection. the virus titer in females surviving infection at the third larval instar reached 10(8) tcid ...19968931366
peritrophic matrix proteins of anopheles gambiae and aedes aegypti.little is known about the composition and function of the mosquito peritrophic matrix (pm), a physical barrier that pathogens must traverse to complete their life cycles. anopheles gambiae and aedes aegypti pm proteins induced by blood or by a protein-free meal have been characterized by the use of 2-d gel electrophoresis and lectin-binding affinity assays. more than forty proteins have been identified in both species. over half of the pm proteins of both mosquitoes migrate identically. many pm ...19968933177
changes in ribosomal protein rpl8 mrna during the reproductive cycle of the mosquito, aedes aegypti.changes in the abundance of ribosomal protein rpl8 mrna were compared with 18s rrna and vitellogenin mrna in fat body from adult female aedes aegypti during the reproductive cycle. levels of rpl8 mrna began to increase within 2 h after adult eclosion, peaked at about 24 h post-eclosion, and remained high throughout the next 48 h. during this same period, rrna abundance increased about 2-fold. after the bloodmeal, levels of rpl8 mrna gradually decreased over the next 48 h, while rrna levels incre ...19968969467
disposable containers as larval habitats for aedes aegypti in a city with regular refuse collection: a study in marília, são paulo state, brazil.in marília, brazil, refuse is collected at least every other day, yet non-useful, non-returnable containers such as cans, plastic bottles and tires account for almost half of the container habitats found positive for the aedes aegypti mosquito. a study was therefore conducted to investigate why these containers exist despite regular refuse collection and a high level of awareness of dengue prevention, and how the control program could most effectively respond. differing community perceptions as ...19968971274
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