| a polymerase chain reaction-based diagnostic to identify larvae and eggs of container mosquito species from the australian region. | dengue outbreaks occur regularly in parts of northern queensland, australia, and there is concern that these outbreaks may spread with the introduction and range expansion of the two main vectors aedes aegypti (l.) and aedes albopictus (skuse). problems encountered in separating larvae of endemic and exotic container mosquito species resulted in the development of a polymerase chain reaction diagnostic procedure that uses a restriction enzyme to cut the internal transcribed spacer region 1 of th ... | 2007 | 17427712 |
| retrospective survey of chikungunya disease in réunion island hospital staff. | réunion island (indian ocean) has been suffering from its first known chikungunya virus (chikv) epidemic since february 2005. to achieve a better understanding of the disease, a questionnaire was drawn up for hospital staff members and their household. chikv infected about one-third of the studied population, the proportion increasing with age and being higher in women. presence of a garden was associated with chikv infection. the geographical distribution of cases was concordant with insect vec ... | 2008 | 17433130 |
| the bursicon gene in mosquitoes: an unusual example of mrna trans-splicing. | the bursicon gene in anopheles gambiae is encoded by two loci. burs124 on chromosome arm 2l contains exons 1, 2, and 4, while burs3 on arm 2r contains exon 3. exon 3 is efficiently spliced into position in the mature transcript. this unusual gene arrangement is ancient within mosquitoes, being shared by aedes aegypti and culex pipiens. | 2007 | 17435221 |
| deployable, field-sustainable, reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction assays for rapid screening and serotype identification of dengue virus in mosquitoes. | dengue virus universal and serotype 1 to 4 fluorogenic probe hydrolysis, reverse transcription (rt)-polymerase chain reaction (pcr) assays and positive-control rna template were freeze-dried in a thermally stable, hydrolytic enzyme-resistant format and deployed for testing in a dengue fever-endemic region of thailand. the study site presented austere testing conditions. field-collected aedes aegypti mosquitoes spiked with inoculated a. aegypti mosquitoes and individual and pooled, field-collecte ... | 2007 | 17436782 |
| an insight into the sialome of the oriental rat flea, xenopsylla cheopis (rots). | the salivary glands of hematophagous animals contain a complex cocktail that interferes with the host hemostasis and inflammation pathways, thus increasing feeding success. fleas represent a relatively recent group of insects that evolved hematophagy independently of other insect orders. | 2007 | 17437641 |
| introducing desirable transgenes into insect populations using y-linked meiotic drive - a theoretical assessment. | the use of genetic drive mechanisms to replace native mosquito genotypes with individuals bearing antipathogen transgenes is a potential strategy for repressing insect transmission of human diseases such as malaria and dengue. antipathogen transgenes have been developed and tested, but efficient gene drive mechanisms are lacking. here we theoretically assess the feasibility of introducing antipathogen genes into wild aedes aegypti populations by using a naturally occurring meiotic drive system. ... | 2007 | 17439607 |
| virus infection causes specific learning deficits in honeybee foragers. | in both mammals and invertebrates, virus infections can impair a broad spectrum of physiological functions including learning and memory formation. in contrast to the knowledge on the conserved mechanisms underlying learning, the effects of virus infection on different aspects of learning are barely known. we use the honeybee (apis mellifera), a well-established model system for studying learning, to investigate the impact of deformed wing virus (dwv) on learning. injection of dwv into the haemo ... | 2007 | 17439851 |
| brugia malayi: comparison of protective immune responses induced by bm-alt-2 dna, recombinant bm-alt-2 protein and prime-boost vaccine regimens in a jird model. | immunization of jirds with bm-alt-2 elicited partial protection against challenge infection with the filarial parasite brugia malayi. in this study, we initially compared the protective immune responses elicited following immunization with recombinant bm-alt-2 protein regimen and bm-alt-2 dna regimen. these studies showed that protein vaccination conferred approximately 75% protection compared to dna vaccination that conferred only 57% protection. analysis of the protective immune responses show ... | 2007 | 17442307 |
| community participation in aedes aegypti control: a sociological perspective on five years of research in the health area ''26 de julio'', havana, cuba. | effective dengue prevention and aedes aegypti control is a priority for the cuban health authorities. to enhance effectiveness, strategies oriented towards a more active involvement of communities in control activities are being tested. this paper presents a sociological perspective on a pilot project conducted in the health area ''26 de julio'' (la havana) in 1999-2004. | 2007 | 17445134 |
| social and environmental determinants of aedes aegypti infestation in central havana: results of a case-control study nested in an integrated dengue surveillance programme in cuba. | to characterize the social and environmental risk factors associated with the presence of aedes aegypti in order to improve community dengue control. | 2007 | 17445141 |
| chikungunya, an epidemic arbovirosis. | chikungunya is an arboviral disease transmitted by aedes mosquitoes. the virus was first isolated in 1953 in tanzania. chikungunya virus is a member of the genus alphavirus and the family togaviridae. the disease typically consists of an acute illness characterised by fever, rash, and incapacitating arthralgia. the word chikungunya, used for both the virus and the disease, means "to walk bent over" in some east african languages, and refers to the effect of the joint pains that characterise this ... | 2007 | 17448935 |
| regulation of phenoloxidase activity by high- and low-molecular-weight inhibitors from the larval hemolymph of manduca sexta. | insect phenoloxidases (pos) generate quinones and other reactive intermediates to immobilize and kill invading pathogens and parasites. due to the presumed cytotoxicity of these compounds, po activity and its proteolytic activation have to be regulated as a local, transient reaction against nonself in order to minimize damage to the host tissues and cells. we identified a manduca sexta cdna encoding a polypeptide sequence with its carboxyl-terminal 33 residues similar to the housefly phenoloxida ... | 2007 | 17456442 |
| insecticide susceptible/resistance status in aedes (stegomyia) aegypti and aedes (stegomyia) albopictus (diptera: culicidae) in thailand during 2003-2005. | susceptibility baselines and diagnostic doses of the technical grade insecticides deltamethrin, permethrin, fenitrothion, and propoxur were established based on aedes aegypti (l.), bora (french polynesia), a reference susceptible strain. field-collected aedes mosquitoes from each part of thailand were subjected to bioassay for their susceptibility to the diagnostic doses of each insecticide. almost all ae. aegypti collected were incipient resistant or resistant to deltamethrin and permethrin, ex ... | 2007 | 17461081 |
| biocidal activity of three wood essential oils against ixodes scapularis (acari: ixodidae), xenopsylla cheopis (siphonaptera: pulicidae), and aedes aegypti (diptera: culicidae). | the biocidal activity of three steam distilled wood essential oils-incense cedar, calocedrus decurrens (torr.) florin; port-orford-cedar, chamaecyparis lawsoniana (a. murr.) parl.; and western juniper, juniperus occidentalis (hook)--were evaluated against adult aedes aegypti (l.) (diptera: culicidae) and xenopsylla cheopis (rothchild) (siphonaptera: pulicidae) and nymphal ixodes scapularis say (acari: ixodidae). in vitro laboratory bioassays were conducted to establish baseline dose-mortality da ... | 2007 | 17461093 |
| upscale or downscale: applications of fine scale remotely sensed data to chagas disease in argentina and schistosomiasis in kenya. | depending on the research question or the public health application, the appropriate resolution of the data varies temporally, spatially, and, for satellite data, spectrally and radiometrically. regardless of the scale used to address a research or public health question, the temptation is always there to extrapolate from fine-resolution data or to interpolate from coarse resolution studies. in both cases, the relevance of data and analyses conducted on one spatial level to other levels cannot b ... | 2006 | 17476311 |
| reduced efficacy of insecticide-treated nets and indoor residual spraying for malaria control in pyrethroid resistance area, benin. | the pyrethroid knockdown resistance gene (kdr) has become widespread in anopheles gambiae in west africa. a trial to test the continuing efficacy of insecticide-treated nets (itn) and indoor residual spraying (irs) was undertaken in experimental huts at 2 sites in benin, the first where kdr is present at high frequency (ladji), the second-where an. gambiae is susceptible (malanville). holes were made in the nets to mimic worn nets. at malanville, 96% of susceptible an. gambiae were inhibited fro ... | 2007 | 17479880 |
| dengue virus evolution and virulence models. | dengue virus transmission has increased dramatically in the past 2 decades, making this virus one of the most important mosquito-borne human pathogens. the emergence of dengue hemorrhagic fever in most tropical countries has made its control a public health priority, but no vaccines or treatments exist. little is understood about dengue virus pathogenesis, because no other animals develop symptoms of disease, and research, therefore, has been limited to studies involving patients. although epide ... | 2007 | 17479944 |
| molecular cloning, expression of a peroxiredoxin gene in chinese shrimp fenneropenaeus chinensis and the antioxidant activity of its recombinant protein. | peroxiredoxin (prx) is known to be an antioxidant protein that protects the organisms against various oxidative stresses and functions in intracellular signal transduction. a prx gene was firstly isolated in the crustacean, chinese shrimp fenneropenaeus chinensis. the full-length cdna consists of 942bp with a 594bp open reading frame, encoding 198 amino acids. the molecular mass of the deduced amino acid is 22041.17da with an estimated pi of 5.17. sequence comparison showed that prx of f. chinen ... | 2007 | 17481733 |
| habitat segregation of dengue vectors along an urban environmental gradient. | differential distributions of aedes aegypti and ae. mediovittatus (potential inter-epidemic dengue vector) and other mosquitoes colonizing bamboo pots in san juan, puerto rico were studied along an urban-rural gradient. city regions (urban, suburban, and rural) and landscape elements within regions (forest [f], low-density housing [ldh], and high-density housing [hdh]) were identified using satellite imagery. aedes species extensively overlapped in ldh of urban, suburban, and rural areas. mosqui ... | 2007 | 17488898 |
| surveillance of viral haemorrhagic fevers in ghana: entomological assessment of the risk of transmission in the northern regions. | summary | 2006 | 17496987 |
| molecular aspects of transferrin expression in the tsetse fly (glossina morsitans morsitans). | iron is an essential element for metabolic processes intrinsic to life, and yet the properties that make iron a necessity also make it potentially deleterious. to avoid harm, iron homeostasis is achieved via proteins involved in transport and storage of iron, one of which is transferrin. we describe the temporal and spatial aspects of transferrin (gmmtsf) expression and its transcriptional regulation in tsetse where both the male and female are strictly hematophagous. using northern, western and ... | 2007 | 17498733 |
| transcriptional analysis of an immune-responsive serine protease from indian malarial vector, anopheles culicifacies. | the main vector for transmission of malaria in india is the anopheles culicifacies mosquito species, a naturally selected subgroup of which is completely refractory (r) to transmission of the malaria parasite, plasmodium vivax; | 2007 | 17502004 |
| [evaluating two pyrethroids in dengue vector control in putumayo, colombia]. | evaluating the efficacy of two pyrethroid insecticides on aedes aegypti, thereby providing useful information for decision-making in controlling dengue. | 2007 | 17502968 |
| drosophila brakeless interacts with atrophin and is required for tailless-mediated transcriptional repression in early embryos. | complex gene expression patterns in animal development are generated by the interplay of transcriptional activators and repressors at cis-regulatory dna modules (crms). how repressors work is not well understood, but often involves interactions with co-repressors. we isolated mutations in the brakeless gene in a screen for maternal factors affecting segmentation of the drosophila embryo. brakeless, also known as scribbler, or master of thickveins, is a nuclear protein of unknown function. in bra ... | 2007 | 17503969 |
| genomic and evolutionary analyses of tango transposons in aedes aegypti, anopheles gambiae and other mosquito species. | tango is a transposon of the tc1 family and was originally discovered in the african malaria mosquito, anopheles gambiae. here we report a systematic analysis of the genome sequence of the yellow fever mosquito, aedes aegypti, which uncovered three distinct tango transposons. we name the only an. gambiae tango transposon agtango1 and the three ae. aegypti tango elements aetango1-3. like agtango1, aetango1 and aetango2 elements both have members that retain characteristics of autonomous elements ... | 2007 | 17506852 |
| progress for dengue virus diseases. towards the ns2b-ns3pro inhibition for a therapeutic-based approach. | transmitted by the aedes aegypti mosquito, the dengue virus is the etiological agent of dengue fever, dengue hemorrhagic fever and dengue shock syndrome, and, as such, is a significant factor in the high death rate found in most tropical and subtropical areas of the world. dengue diseases are not only a health burden to developing countries, but pose an emerging problem worldwide. the immunopathological mechanisms appear to include a complex series of immune responses. a rapid increase in the le ... | 2007 | 17509079 |
| genome sequence of aedes aegypti, a major arbovirus vector. | we present a draft sequence of the genome of aedes aegypti, the primary vector for yellow fever and dengue fever, which at approximately 1376 million base pairs is about 5 times the size of the genome of the malaria vector anopheles gambiae. nearly 50% of the ae. aegypti genome consists of transposable elements. these contribute to a factor of approximately 4 to 6 increase in average gene length and in sizes of intergenic regions relative to an. gambiae and drosophila melanogaster. nonetheless, ... | 2007 | 17510324 |
| out of africa: a molecular perspective on the introduction of yellow fever virus into the americas. | yellow fever virus (yfv) remains the cause of severe morbidity and mortality in south america and africa. to determine the evolutionary history of this important reemerging pathogen, we performed a phylogenetic analysis of the largest yfv data set compiled to date, representing the prm/e gene region from 133 viral isolates sampled from 22 countries over a period of 76 years. we estimate that the currently circulating strains of yfv arose in africa within the last 1,500 years and emerged in the a ... | 2007 | 17511518 |
| [capture of culicids in urban areas: evaluation of the resting box method]. | to evaluate the occurrence of adult culicid populations in urban areas and measure the sensitivity of the resting box collection method. | 2007 | 17515990 |
| characterization of aedes dredd: a novel initiator caspase from the yellow fever mosquito, aedes aegypti. | caspases play an essential role during programmed cell death in all metazoans. these enzymes are cysteine proteases and comprise a multi-gene family with more than a dozen mammalian family members. although caspases have been characterized in many animals, including drosophila melanogaster, little is known about the caspases that exist in mosquitoes. here we describe the identification and characterization of aedes dredd (aedredd), a novel caspase in the yellow fever mosquito, aedes aegypti. aed ... | 2007 | 17517333 |
| larvicidal effects of a neem (azadirachta indica) oil formulation on the malaria vector anopheles gambiae. | larviciding is a key strategy used in many vector control programmes around the world. costs could be reduced if larvicides could be manufactured locally. the potential of natural products as larvicides against the main african malaria vector, anopheles gambiae s.s was evaluated. | 2007 | 17519000 |
| analysis of 14 bac sequences from the aedes aegypti genome: a benchmark for genome annotation and assembly. | aedes aegypti is the principal vector of yellow fever and dengue viruses throughout the tropical world. to provide a set of manually curated and annotated sequences from the ae. aegypti genome, 14 mapped bacterial artificial chromosome (bac) clones encompassing 1.57 mb were sequenced, assembled and manually annotated using a combination of computational gene-finding, expressed sequence tag (est) matches and comparative protein homology. pcr and sequencing were used to experimentally confirm expr ... | 2007 | 17519023 |
| evaluation of mosquitocidal activity of essential oil and sesquiterpenes from leaves of chloroxylon swietenia dc. | growing awareness in using ecofriendly and biologically compatible phytoconstituents as natural insecticides and repellents for the safety of life and ecological balance led to conscientious efforts by scientists all over the world to search for alternative sources of plant derivatives for effective use as mosquitocides. encouraged by this, the essential oil and the sesquiterpenes isolated from the leaves of chloroxylon swietenia dc. were screened for mosquitocidal activity by fumigant toxicity ... | 2007 | 17520288 |
| the economic impact of dengue hemorrhagic fever on family level in southern vietnam. | dengue fever is a viral infection transmitted by mosquitoes (aedes aegypti). who estimates that 40% of the world's population live in areas endemic for dengue fever, and that there are approximately 50 million cases of dengue infection worldwide every year. this study aims to measure the economic consequences of dengue hemorrhagic fever in southern vietnam on family level. estimating the economic impact of dengue fever/dengue hemorrhagic fever is important in order to prioritize resources for re ... | 2007 | 17521539 |
| nimbus (bgi): an active non-ltr retrotransposon of the schistosoma mansoni snail host biomphalaria glabrata. | the freshwater snail biomphalaria glabrata is closely associated with the transmission of human schistosomiasis. an ecologically sound method has been proposed to control schistosomiasis using genetically modified snails to displace endemic, susceptible ones. to assess the viability of this form of biological control, studies towards understanding the molecular makeup of the snail relative to the presence of endogenous mobile genetic elements are being undertaken since they can be exploited for ... | 2007 | 17521654 |
| effects of temperature, ph and salinity on the infection of leptolegnia chapmanii seymour (peronosporomycetes) in mosquito larvae. | the effects of temperature, ph, and nacl concentrations on the infectivity of zoospores of leptolegnia chapmanii (argentine isolate) were determined for aedes aegypti and culex pipiens under laboratory conditions. zoospores of l. chapmanii were infectious at temperatures between 10 and 35 degrees c but not at 5 or 40 degrees c. at the permissive temperatures, mortality rates in young instars were much higher than in older instars and larvae of ae. aegypti were more susceptible to l. chapmanii th ... | 2007 | 17521667 |
| smell and taste on a high: symposium on chemical senses: from genes to perception. | | 2007 | 17525750 |
| induction of nitric oxide synthase and activation of signaling proteins in anopheles mosquitoes by the malaria pigment, hemozoin. | anopheles stephensi, a major vector for malaria parasite transmission, responds to plasmodium infection by synthesis of inflammatory levels of nitric oxide (no), which can limit parasite development in the midgut. we have previously shown that plasmodium falciparum glycosylphosphatidylinositols (pfgpis) can induce a. stephensi no synthase (asnos) expression in the midgut epithelium in vivo in a manner similar to the manner in which cytokines and no are induced by pfgpis in mammalian cells. in mo ... | 2007 | 17526741 |
| heavy metals in mosquito larval habitats in urban kisumu and malindi, kenya, and their impact. | concentrations and distribution of cadmium, chromium, copper, iron, lead, manganese and zinc in mosquito larval habitats in urban kisumu and malindi, kenya and their effect on the presence of anopheles gambiae, aedes aegypti, culex quinquefasciatus and anopheles funestus larvae were investigated. manganese and iron were the most prevalent heavy metals in water of larval habitats in urban kisumu and malindi, respectively. iron was the most prevalent heavy metal in bottom sediments in larval habit ... | 2008 | 17532467 |
| an aggregation pheromone modulates lekking behavior in the vector mosquito aedes aegypti (diptera: culicidae). | males of aedes aegypti mosquitoes formed swarms in the laboratory, triggered by the onset of the photophase or by the presence of odors from a rat (which is a potential host for females). the swarm attracted both males and females and increased mating activity. the number of copulas per mosquito was positively correlated with the number of mosquitoes in the swarm and with the duration of the swarm. swarming and mating activity increased with the presence of a host for females. young sexually imm ... | 2007 | 17536361 |
| u.s. laboratory and field trials of metofluthrin (sumione) emanators for reducing mosquito biting outdoors. | metofluthrin (sumione is a novel, vapor-active pyrethroid that is highly effective against mosquitoes. laboratory and field trials were conducted in the united states to evaluate the mosquito repellent activity of metofluthrin-treated paper substrates ("emanators"). initial studies were conducted to evaluate the field performance of 900-cm(2) paper fan emanators impregnated with 160 mg metofluthrin, where aedes canadensis was the predominant species. emanators reduced landing rates on human volu ... | 2007 | 17536367 |
| induction of actin gene expression in the mosquito midgut by blood ingestion correlates with striking changes of cell shape. | ingestion of a blood meal by the female mosquito anopheles gambiae (l., diptera: culicidae), results in a dramatic distention of the midgut epithelium. here, we report that these events correlate with a transient increase of actin mrna and protein abundance. the newly synthesized actin may provide a pool of actin protein needed to remodel epithelial cell cytoarchitecture. we also document changes in midgut epithelial cell morphology. upon blood ingestion, the columnar cells flatten accompanied b ... | 2007 | 17537455 |
| simulated field evaluation of the efficacy of two formulations of diflubenzuron, a chitin synthesis inhibitor against larvae of aedes aegypti (l.) (diptera: culicidae) in water-storage containers. | tablet (40 mg a.i./tablet) and granular (2% a.i.) formulations of diflubenzuron, a chitin synthesis inhibitor, insect growth regulator, were evaluated for larvicidal efficacy against the larvae of aedes aegypti (l.) in water-storage containers under field conditions in thailand. each formulation was applied to 200-1 clay jars at 5 different dosages (0.02, 0.05, 0.1, 0.5 and 1 mg/l a.i.). the jars were covered with solid celocrete sheets and placed in the shade under a roof. another experiment wa ... | 2007 | 17539276 |
| seasonality and insecticide susceptibility of dengue vectors: an ovitrap based survey in a residential area of northern sri lanka. | with the backdrop of a high incidence of dengue in jaffna district, sri lanka, an ovitrap based survey was carried out from may 2005 to april 2006 in a residential area to study the seasonality and insecticide susceptibility of aedes aegypti and ae. albopictus. conventional ovitraps were placed inside and outside of 10 randomly selected houses to collect indoor breeding and outdoor breeding aedes mosquitoes; collections took place fortnightly. a total of 3075 ae. aegypti and 2665 ae. albopictus ... | 2007 | 17539277 |
| a new densovirus isolated from the mosquito toxorhynchites splendens (wiedemann) (diptera: culicidae). | a new densovirus was isolated and characterized in laboratory strains of toxorhynchites splendens. the virus was detected by polymerase chain reaction (pcr) from mosquitoes reared in our laboratory. pcr fragments from each mosquito were compared by single strand conformation polymorphism (sscp) assay and found to be indistinguishable. thus, it is likely the densoviruses from these mosquitoes contain homologous nucleotide sequences. the pcr fragment corresponding to a 451 bp densovirus structural ... | 2007 | 17539278 |
| trend of temephos resistance in aedes (stegomyia) mosquitoes in thailand during 2003-2005. | the diagnostic dose for temephos susceptibility test was established based on aedes aegypti, the susceptible bora (french polynesia) strain, for practical and routine use. the diagnostic dose was subsequently used to evaluate the susceptibility/resistance status in f1 progenies of field-collected samples from bangkok and various parts of thailand. it appeared that ae. aegypti mosquitoes of one collection site each in bangkok, nakhon sawan (northcentral), and nakhon ratchasrima (northeast) were r ... | 2007 | 17540057 |
| glycosylation of the dengue 2 virus e protein at n67 is critical for virus growth in vitro but not for growth in intrathoracically inoculated aedes aegypti mosquitoes. | to determine the importance of dengue 2 virus (den2v) envelope (e) protein glycosylation, virus mutants in one or both of the n-linked glycosylation motifs were prepared. we found that while the e2 mutant virus (n153q) replicated in mammalian and mosquito cells, the e1 (n67q) and e1/2 (n67q and n153q) mutant viruses were unable to grow in mammalian cells. infection of c6/36 mosquito cells with either the e1 or e1/2 mutants resulted in the introduction of a compensatory mutation, k64n, restoring ... | 2007 | 17543367 |
| infection of adult aedes aegypti and ae. albopictus mosquitoes with the entomopathogenic fungus metarhizium anisopliae. | this study describes a laboratory investigation on the use of the insect-pathogenic fungus metarhizium anisopliae against adult aedes aegypti and ae. albopictus mosquitoes. at a dosage of 1.6 x 10(10)conidia/m(2), applied on material that served as a mosquito resting site, an average of 87.1+/-2.65% of ae. aegypti and 89.3+/-2.2% of ae. albopictus became infected with the fungus. the life span of fungus-contaminated mosquitoes of both species was significantly reduced compared to uninfected mosq ... | 2007 | 17544354 |
| vector competence of aedes aegypti (l.) and culex quinquefasciatus (say) for dirofilaria immitis (leidy). | this study was performed to examine the vector competence of aedes aegypti and culex quinquefasciatus for dirofilaria immitis. eleven individual experiments were conducted in this study. nonthaburi and udon thani strains of ae. aegypti were allowed to feed on infected dogs that had 5,750 and 4,600 microfilariae (mw) per ml of blood, respectively. three groups of bangkok-strain cx. quinquefasciatus were allowed to feed on dogs that had 4,800, 5,200, and 5,850 mf per ml of blood. six groups of liv ... | 2006 | 17547063 |
| age and body size influence male sperm capacity of the dengue vector aedes aegypti (diptera: culicidae). | understanding mosquito mating biology is essential for studies of mosquito behavior, gene flow, population structure, and genetic control. in the current study, we examine the effect of age and body size on spermatozoa number in two laboratory strains of the dengue vector, aedes aegypti (l.), thailand and rockefeller (rock), and in wild-collected mosquitoes from thailand. body size was a major predictor of total spermatozoa number, with significantly greater sperm numbers in large (2.27-mm wing ... | 2007 | 17547226 |
| an insight into immunogenic salivary proteins of anopheles gambiae in african children. | during blood feeding, the mosquito injects saliva into the vertebrate host. this saliva contains bioactive components which may play a role in pathogen transmission and in host-vector relationships by inducing an immune response in the vertebrate host. the evaluation of human immune responses to arthropod bites might also represent a research direction for assessing individual exposure to the bite of a malaria vector. | 2007 | 17550586 |
| molecular cloning and characterization of the complete acetylcholinesterase gene (ace1) from the mosquito aedes aegypti with implications for comparative genome analysis. | insensitive acetylcholinesterase (ache) has been shown to be responsible for resistance to organophosphates and carbamates in a number of arthropod species. some arthropod genomes contain a single ace gene, while others including mosquitoes contain two genes, but only one confers insecticide resistance. here we report the isolation of the full-length cdna and characterization of the complete genomic dna sequence for the ace1 gene in the yellow fever mosquito, aedes aegypti. the ace1 homolog in o ... | 2007 | 17550823 |
| the sialotranscriptome of the blood-sucking bug triatoma brasiliensis (hemiptera, triatominae). | triatoma brasiliensis is the most important autochthon vector of trypanosoma cruzi in brazil, where it is widely distributed in the semiarid areas of the northeast. in order to advance the knowledge of the salivary biomolecules of triatominae, a salivary gland cdna library of t. brasiliensis was mass sequenced and analyzed. polypeptides were sequenced by hplc/edman degradation experiments. then 1712 cdna sequences were obtained and grouped in 786 clusters. the housekeeping category had 24.4% and ... | 2007 | 17550826 |
| chikungunya virus infection in traveler to australia. | | 2007 | 17552118 |
| age and clinical dengue illness. | the relationship between age and risk for classic dengue fever has never been quantified. we use data from clinical patients to show that the relative risk of having classical disease after primary dengue virus infection increases with age. this relationship has implications for strategies aimed at controlling dengue fever. | 2007 | 17553238 |
| chikungunya virus in us travelers returning from india, 2006. | chikungunya virus (chikv), a mosquito-borne alphavirus, is endemic in africa and asia. in 2005-2006, chikv epidemics were reported in islands in the indian ocean and in southern india. we present data on laboratory-confirmed chikv infections among travelers returning from india to the united states during 2006. | 2007 | 17553261 |
| evolutionary processes among sylvatic dengue type 2 viruses. | sylvatic dengue viruses (denv) are transmitted in an enzootic cycle between nonhuman primates and arboreal aedes mosquitoes in southeast asia and west africa. although previous analyses have revealed the evolutionary processes among endemic (human) denv, little is known about viral evolution in the sylvatic cycle. through an analysis of 14 complete coding regions of sylvatic dengue type 2 virus sampled over a 33-year period, we show that both the rate of evolutionary change and the pattern of na ... | 2007 | 17553878 |
| role of receptors in bacillus thuringiensis crystal toxin activity. | bacillus thuringiensis produces crystalline protein inclusions with insecticidal or nematocidal properties. these crystal (cry) proteins determine a particular strain's toxicity profile. transgenic crops expressing one or more recombinant cry toxins have become agriculturally important. individual cry toxins are usually toxic to only a few species within an order, and receptors on midgut epithelial cells have been shown to be critical determinants of cry specificity. the best characterized of th ... | 2007 | 17554045 |
| microbial larvicides for malaria control in the gambia. | mosquito larval control may prove to be an effective tool for incorporating into integrated vector management (ivm) strategies for reducing malaria transmission. here the efficacy of microbial larvicides against anopheles gambiae s.l. was tested in preparation for a large-scale larviciding programme in the gambia. | 2007 | 17555570 |
| cytokine responses of cd4+ t cells during a plasmodium chabaudi chabaudi (er) blood-stage infection in mice initiated by the natural route of infection. | investigation of host responses to blood stages of plasmodium spp, and the immunopathology associated with this phase of the life cycle are often performed on mice infected directly with infected red blood cells. thus, the effects of mosquito bites and the pre-erythrocytic stages of the parasite, which would be present in natural infection, are ignored in this paper, plasmodium chabaudi chabaudi infections of mice injected directly with infected red blood cells were compared with those of mice i ... | 2007 | 17555592 |
| genetic control of malaria parasite transmission: threshold levels for infection in an avian model system. | genetic strategies for controlling malaria transmission based on engineering pathogen resistance in anopheles mosquitoes are being tested in a number of animal models. a key component is the effector molecule and the efficiency with which it reduces parasite transmission. single-chain antibodies (scfvs) that bind the circumsporozoite protein of the avian parasite, plasmodium gallinaceum, can reduce mean intensities of sporozoite infection of salivary glands by two to four orders of magnitude in ... | 2007 | 17556613 |
| cross-reactive t-cell responses to the nonstructural regions of dengue viruses among dengue fever and dengue hemorrhagic fever patients in malaysia. | dengue virus infections are a major cause of morbidity and mortality in tropical and subtropical areas in the world. attempts to develop effective vaccines have been hampered by the lack of understanding of the pathogenesis of the disease and the absence of suitable experimental models for dengue viral infection. the magnitude of t-cell responses has been reported to correlate with dengue disease severity. sixty malaysian adults with dengue viral infections were investigated for their dengue vir ... | 2007 | 17567768 |
| seasonal abundance of aedes albopictus in selected urban and suburban areas in penang, malaysia. | ovitrap surveillance was conducted in a selected urban area and suburban area, ie. taman permai indah(tpi) and kampung pasir gebu (kpg) in penang for 14 months. it was found that aedes albopictus was the most abundant aedes species in both study areas, even though a small percentage of aedes aegypti and culex quinquefasciatus were found to breed simultaneously in the same ovitrap. this study indicated that the main dengue vector was ae. albopictus. a strong correlation was found between rainfall ... | 2007 | 17568381 |
| emergent arboviruses in brazil. | brazil is a large tropical country (8,514,215 km(2)) with 185,360,000 inhabitants. more than one third of its territory is covered by tropical forests or other natural ecosystems. these provide ideal conditions for the existence of many arboviruses, which are maintained in a large variety of zoonotic cycles. the risk that new arboviruses might emerge in brazil is related to the existence of large, densely populated cities that are infested by mosquitoes such as culex and the highly anthropophili ... | 2007 | 17568894 |
| [social representations concerning dengue, dengue vectors, and control activities among residents of são sebastião on the northern coast of são paulo state, brazil]. | this study sought to identify people's knowledge on dengue and its vector biology, aimed at promoting a communications channel between technical and lay reasoning in order to foster community involvement in dengue and dengue vector control activities. a survey was conducted in an aedes aegypti-infested area with dengue transmission in são sebastião on the northern coast of são paulo state, brazil. one hundred interviews were held, with five open questions on topics related to dengue and vector c ... | 2007 | 17572820 |
| the cdna cloning and mrna expression of cytoplasmic cu, zn superoxide dismutase (sod) gene in scallop chlamys farreri. | cu, zn superoxide dismutases (sods) are metalloenzymes that represent one important line of defence against reactive oxygen species (ros). a cytoplasmic cu, zn sod cdna sequence was cloned from scallop chlamys farreri by the homology-based cloning technique. the full-length cdna of scallop cytoplasmic cu, zn sod (designated cfsod) was 1022 bp with a 459 bp open reading frame encoding a polypeptide of 153 amino acids. the predicted amino acid sequence of cfsod shared high identity with cytoplasmi ... | 2007 | 17574438 |
| spindly, a novel protein essential for silencing the spindle assembly checkpoint, recruits dynein to the kinetochore. | the eukaryotic spindle assembly checkpoint (sac) monitors microtubule attachment to kinetochores and prevents anaphase onset until all kinetochores are aligned on the metaphase plate. in higher eukaryotes, cytoplasmic dynein is involved in silencing the sac by removing the checkpoint proteins mad2 and the rod-zw10-zwilch complex (rzz) from aligned kinetochores (howell, b.j., b.f. mcewen, j.c. canman, d.b. hoffman, e.m. farrar, c.l. rieder, and e.d. salmon. 2001. j. cell biol. 155:1159-1172; wojc ... | 2007 | 17576797 |
| characterization of na+/h+ exchanger nhe8 in cultured renal epithelial cells. | nhe8 is expressed in the apical membrane of the proximal tubule and is predicted to be a na+/h+ exchanger on the basis of its primary amino acid sequence. functional characterization of native nhe8 in mammalian cells has not been possible to date. we screened a number of polarized renal cell lines for the plasma membrane na+/h+ exchangers (nhe1, 2, 3, 4, and 8) and found only nhe1 and nhe8 transcripts in nrk cells by rt-pcr. nhe8 protein is expressed in the apical membrane of nrk cells as demons ... | 2007 | 17581925 |
| mosquito repellent activity of essential oils of aromatic plants growing in argentina. | mosquitoes are important vectors of diseases and nuisance pests. repellents minimize contact with mosquitoes. repellents based on essential oils (eo) are being developed as an alternative to deet (n,n-diethyl-m-methylbenzamide), an effective compound that has disadvantages including toxic reactions, and damage to plastic and synthetic fabric. this work evaluated the repellency against aedes aegypti of eo from aromatic plants that grow in argentina: acantholippia seriphioides, achyrocline saturei ... | 2008 | 17583499 |
| new criteria for selecting the origin of dna replication in wolbachia and closely related bacteria. | the annotated genomes of two closely related strains of the intracellular bacterium wolbachia pipientis have been reported without the identifications of the putative origin of replication (ori). identifying the ori of these bacteria and related alpha-proteobacteria as well as their patterns of sequence evolution will aid studies of cell replication and cell density, as well as the potential genetic manipulation of these widespread intracellular bacteria. | 2007 | 17584494 |
| evolutionary dynamics of immune-related genes and pathways in disease-vector mosquitoes. | mosquitoes are vectors of parasitic and viral diseases of immense importance for public health. the acquisition of the genome sequence of the yellow fever and dengue vector, aedes aegypti (aa), has enabled a comparative phylogenomic analysis of the insect immune repertoire: in aa, the malaria vector anopheles gambiae (ag), and the fruit fly drosophila melanogaster (dm). analysis of immune signaling pathways and response modules reveals both conservative and rapidly evolving features associated w ... | 2007 | 17588928 |
| mosquito heparan sulfate and its potential role in malaria infection and transmission. | heparan sulfate has been isolated for the first time from the mosquito anopheles stephensi, a known vector for plasmodium parasites, the causative agents of malaria. chondroitin sulfate, but not dermatan sulfate or hyaluronan, was also present in the mosquito. the glycosaminoglycans were isolated, from salivary glands and midguts of the mosquito in quantities sufficient for disaccharide microanalysis. both of these organs are invaded at different stages of the plasmodium life cycle. mosquito hep ... | 2007 | 17597060 |
| rna editing and alternative splicing of the insect nachr subunit alpha6 transcript: evolutionary conservation, divergence and regulation. | rna editing and alternative splicing play an important role in expanding protein diversity and this is well illustrated in studies of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nachrs). | 2007 | 17597521 |
| transposable element dynamics of the hat element herves in the human malaria vector anopheles gambiae s.s. | transposable elements are being considered as genetic drive agents for introducing phenotype-altering genes into populations of vectors of human disease. the dynamics of endogenous elements will assist in predicting the behavior of introduced elements. transposable element display was used to estimate the site-occupancy frequency distribution of herves in six populations of anopheles gambiae s.s. the site-occupancy distribution data suggest that the element has been recently active within the sa ... | 2007 | 17603116 |
| characterization of reemerging chikungunya virus. | an unprecedented epidemic of chikungunya virus (chikv) infection recently started in countries of the indian ocean area, causing an acute and painful syndrome with strong fever, asthenia, skin rash, polyarthritis, and lethal cases of encephalitis. the basis for chikungunya disease and the tropism of chikv remain unknown. here, we describe the replication characteristics of recent clinical chikv strains. human epithelial and endothelial cells, primary fibroblasts and, to a lesser extent, monocyte ... | 2007 | 17604450 |
| evaluation of the sticky mosquitrap for detecting aedes (stegomyia) aegypti (l.) (diptera: culicidae) during the dry season in belo horizonte, minas gerais, brazil. | mosquitrap is a sticky trap specifically designed to capture gravid females of aedes aegypti (l.) and allows the identification of the mosquito in the field during the inspection of the trap. this study aims to compare this sticky trap to larval and ovitrap surveys for field monitoring of a. aegypti during the dry season. the study was conducted from march to june of 2003 in 20 blocks of the district of itapoã, belo horizonte, mg. the traps were monitored every week while the larval survey was c ... | 2007 | 17607465 |
| [resistance of aedes aegypti (l.) (diptera: culicidae) populations to organophosphates temephos in the paraíba state, brazil]. | rumors of aedes aegypti (l.) resistance to temephos in diferent brazilian states justified this research, whose objective was to verify and characterize the resistance to temephos in a. aegypti populations from paraíba state. the temephos resistance was evaluated and characterized through a diagnostic dose of 0.012 mg/l and concentration-mortality curves. the mortality data of multiple concentrations were submitted to probit analysis, and the resistance ratios (rr) were figured out from the cl50 ... | 2007 | 17607466 |
| molecular evolution of the reactive oxygen-generating nadph oxidase (nox/duox) family of enzymes. | nadph-oxidases (nox) and the related dual oxidases (duox) play varied biological and pathological roles via regulated generation of reactive oxygen species (ros). members of the nox/duox family have been identified in a wide variety of organisms, including mammals, nematodes, fruit fly, green plants, fungi, and slime molds; however, little is known about the molecular evolutionary history of these enzymes. | 2007 | 17612411 |
| variation in aedes aegypti (diptera: culicidae) container productivity in a slum and a suburban district of rio de janeiro during dry and wet seasons. | seasonal variation in container productivity and infestation levels by aedes aegypti were evaluated in two areas with distinct levels of urbanization degrees in rio de janeiro, a slum and a suburban neighborhood. the four most productive containers can generate up to 90% of total pupae. large and open-mouthed containers, such as water tanks and metal drums, located outdoors were the most productive in both areas, with up to 47.49% of total ae. aegypti pupae collected in the shaded sites in the s ... | 2007 | 17612770 |
| anopheles gambiae heat shock protein cognate 70b impedes o'nyong-nyong virus replication. | phylogenetic and functional analysis was conducted on an anopheles gambiae gene, ensangg00000017398. based on phylogenetic analysis, this gene belongs to the same lineage as heat shock protein cognate 70-4 (hsc70-4) in drosophila. accordingly, we propose to name this gene heat shock protein cognate 70b (hsc70b). we previously reported that expression of hsc70b and other genes including elongation factor-1alpha (ef-1alpha) and the agglutinin attachment subunit (agglutinin) were up-regulated in o' ... | 2007 | 17625007 |
| [impact of aerial mosquito control on populations of aedes aegypti in two communities of abidjan]. | from may 2nd to 13th 1997, an aerial mosquito control took place in abidjan. this mosquitoes control has been undertaken by the municipality. he made two ultra low volume (ulv) applications of d eltamethrine (k o thriner). the second application took place one week after the first one. each application used 2g per ha of deltamethrine diluted with gasoil. | 2005 | 17632992 |
| parity and ovarian development of aedes aegypti and ae. albopictus (diptera: culicidae) in metropolitan rio de janeiro. | vector blood-feeding frequency, parity, and ovarian development are important factors that can influence pathogen transmission. parity rates of the dengue vectors aedes aegypti and ae. albopictus were determined from females collected from august 2002 to july 2004 in metropolitan rio de janeiro. a high frequency of parous ae. aegypti (92.9%, n = 550) and ae. albopictus (99.1%, n = 320) females suggested high survivorship of both species. a total of 69% of wild-caught ae. aegypti females had bloo ... | 2007 | 17633424 |
| molecular characterization of the aedes aegypti odorant receptor gene family. | the olfactory-driven blood-feeding behaviour of female aedes aegypti mosquitoes is the primary transmission mechanism by which the arboviruses causing dengue and yellow fevers affect over 40 million individuals worldwide. bioinformatics analysis has been used to identify 131 putative odourant receptors from the a. aegypti genome that are likely to function in chemosensory perception in this mosquito. comparison with the anopheles gambiae olfactory subgenome demonstrates significant divergence of ... | 2007 | 17635615 |
| ecology of invasive mosquitoes: effects on resident species and on human health. | investigations of biological invasions focus on patterns and processes that are related to introduction, establishment, spread and impacts of introduced species. this review focuses on the ecological interactions operating during invasions by the most prominent group of insect vectors of disease, mosquitoes. first, we review characteristics of non-native mosquito species that have established viable populations, and those invasive species that have spread widely and had major impacts, testing wh ... | 2005 | 17637849 |
| aegyptin, a novel mosquito salivary gland protein, specifically binds to collagen and prevents its interaction with platelet glycoprotein vi, integrin alpha2beta1, and von willebrand factor. | blood-sucking arthropods have evolved a number of inhibitors of platelet aggregation and blood coagulation. in this study we have molecularly and functionally characterized aegyptin, a member of the family of 30-kda salivary allergens from aedes aegypti, whose function remained elusive thus far. aegyptin displays a unique sequence characterized by glycine, glutamic acid, and aspartic acid repeats and was shown to specifically block collagen-induced human platelet aggregation and granule secretio ... | 2007 | 17650501 |
| identification of a chloride ion binding site in na+/cl -dependent transporters. | the recent determination of the crystal structure of the leucine transporter from aquifex aeolicus (aaleut) has provided significant insights into the function of neurotransmitter:sodium symporters. transport by aaleut is cl(-) independent, whereas many neurotransmitter:sodium symporters from higher organisms depend on cl(-) ions. however, the only cl(-) ion identified in the aaleut structure interacts with nonconserved residues in extracellular loops, and thus the relevance of this binding site ... | 2007 | 17652169 |
| an immunogenic and protective alphavirus replicon particle-based dengue vaccine overcomes maternal antibody interference in weanling mice. | a candidate pediatric dengue virus (denv) vaccine based on nonpropagating venezuelan equine encephalitis virus replicon particles (vrp) was tested for immunogenicity and protective efficacy in weanling mice in the presence and absence of potentially interfering maternal antibodies. a gene cassette encoding envelope proteins prm and e from mouse-adapted denv type 2 (denv2) strain ngc was cloned into a vee replicon vector and packaged into vrp, which programmed proper in vitro expression and proce ... | 2007 | 17652394 |
| larvicidal activity of oil-resin fractions from the brazilian medicinal plant copaifera reticulata ducke (leguminosae-caesalpinoideae) against aedes aegypti (diptera, culicidae). | oil-resin fractions from copaifera reticulata ducke (leguminosae-caesalpinoideae) were evaluated for larvicidal activity on third larval instars of aedes aegypti, in searching for alternative control methods for this mosquito. the bioactive fractions were chemically monitored by thin-layer chromatography, (1)h and 13c nuclear magnetic resonance and mass spectrometry. bioassays were performed using five repetitions, at a temperature of 28+/-1 degrees c, relative humidity of 80+/- 5% and light and ... | 2007 | 17653457 |
| epidemiology of tree-hole breeding mosquitoes in the tropical rainforest of imo state, south-east nigeria. | the study of tree-hole breeding mosquitoes was carried out in the tropical rainforest of imo state nigeria (two rural areas and two forest reserves in some parts of orlu senatorial zone) between may-october 2002. using standard entomological procedures, two macrohabitats (natural tree-holes and bamboo traps) and two microhabitats (leaf axils of cocoyams/pineapples and leaf axils of plantain/banana) were sampled for various mosquito species. mosquitoes were recovered from all the various biotypes ... | 2007 | 17655174 |
| effects of essential oils on aedes aegypti larvae: alternatives to environmentally safe insecticides. | the essential oils from leaves of hyptis fruticosa (lamiaceae) salzm., h. pectinata (lamiaceae) poit., and lippia gracilis (verbenaceae) hbk were investigated for their larvicidal activity against aedes aegypti and analyzed by gc/ms. fifty-nine compounds, representing 91.28-98.39% of the essential oils, have been identified. a standard solution was used to make 20 ml solutions ranging from 30 to 2000 ppm. twenty larvae between third and fourth stages were added to the essential oil solution. a m ... | 2008 | 17662602 |
| genetic variation of male reproductive success in a laboratory population of anopheles gambiae. | for anopheline mosquitoes, the vectors of human malaria, genetic variation in male reproductive success can have important consequences for any control strategy based on the release of transgenic or sterile males. | 2007 | 17663767 |
| larvicide and oviposition deterrent effects of fruit and leaf extracts from melia azedarach l. on aedes aegypti (l.) (diptera: culicidae). | aedes aegypti (l.) (diptera: culicidae), the main urban vector of dengue, has developed resistance to various insecticides, making its control increasingly difficult. we explored the effects of argentine melia azedarach l. (meliaceae) fruit and senescent leaf extracts on ae. aegypti larval development and survival, by rearing cohorts of first instar mosquitoes in water with different extract concentrations. we also analysed oviposition deterrent activity in choice tests with extract-treated ovit ... | 2008 | 17669645 |
| bacillus thuringiensis ssp. israelensis cyt1aa enhances activity of cry11aa toxin by facilitating the formation of a pre-pore oligomeric structure. | bacillus thuringiensis ssp. israelensis (bti) has been used worldwide for the control of dipteran insect pests. this bacterium produces several cry and cyt toxins that individually show activity against mosquitoes but together show synergistic effect. previous work demonstrated that cyt1aa synergizes the toxic activity of cry11aa by functioning as a membrane-bound receptor. in the case of cry toxins active against lepidopteran insects, receptor interaction triggers the formation of a pre-pore ol ... | 2007 | 17672866 |
| broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity of the reactive compounds generated in vitro by manduca sexta phenoloxidase. | although quinone production and melanin formation are widely recognized as an integral part of the insect defense system, experimental evidence is lacking that the proteolytic activation of prophenoloxidase participates in the direct killing of invading microbes-active phenoloxidase generates quinones that polymerize to form melanin. here, we report the antimicrobial effect of reactive intermediates produced in phenoloxidase-catalyzed reactions. after being treated with manduca sexta phenoloxida ... | 2007 | 17681234 |
| reduced infection in mosquitoes exposed to blood meals containing previously frozen flaviviruses. | the increased difficulty and expense of using live animals for delivering infectious blood meals in arthropod-borne virus vector competence experiments has resulted in an increase in the use of artificial feeding systems. compared to live hosts, artificial systems require higher viral titers to attain mosquito infection, thereby limiting the utility of such systems with low or moderate titer virus stocks. based on the report that freshly propagated virus is more infectious than previously frozen ... | 2007 | 17686541 |
| low gene flow of aedes aegypti between dengue-endemic and dengue-free areas in southeastern and southern brazil. | we present a population genetic study of aedes aegypti in brazil using isoenzyme markers. four polymorphic loci were used to examine 11 mosquito collections at four periods in 2003. samples from a dengue-endemic area (southeastern region) and a dengue-free area (southern region) connected by an important network of roads and railways were analyzed. the degree of genetic differentiation observed between populations is consistent with limited gene flow between them. there was no evidence of passiv ... | 2007 | 17690403 |
| effects of the compounds 2-methoxynaphthoquinone, 2-propoxynaphthoquinone, and 2-isopropoxynaphthoquinone on ecdysone 20-monooxygenase activity. | the effects of the natural compound 2-methoxy-1,4-naphthoquinone, isolated from the leaves of impatiens glandulifera and the synthetic compounds 2-propoxy-1,4-naphthoquinone and 2-isopropoxy-1,4-naphthoquinone on ecdysone 20-monooxygenase (e-20-m) activity were examined in three insect species. homogenates of wandering stage third instar larvae of drosophila melanogaster, or abdomens from adult female aedes aegypti, or fat body or midgut from fifth instar larvae of manduca sexta were incubated w ... | 2007 | 17694563 |
| human wild-type alanine:glyoxylate aminotransferase and its naturally occurring g82e variant: functional properties and physiological implications. | human hepatic peroxisomal agt (alanine:glyoxylate aminotransferase) is a plp (pyridoxal 5'-phosphate)-dependent enzyme whose deficiency causes primary hyperoxaluria type i, a rare autosomal recessive disorder. to acquire experimental evidence for the physiological function of agt, the k(eq),(overall) of the reaction, the steady-state kinetic parameters of the forward and reverse reactions, and the pre-steady-state kinetics of the half-reactions of the plp form of agt with l-alanine or glycine an ... | 2007 | 17696873 |
| detection of knockdown resistance (kdr) mutations in anopheles gambiae: a comparison of two new high-throughput assays with existing methods. | knockdown resistance (kdr) is a well-characterized mechanism of resistance to pyrethroid insecticides in many insect species and is caused by point mutations of the pyrethroid target site the para-type sodium channel. the presence of kdr mutations in anopheles gambiae, the most important malaria vector in africa, has been monitored using a variety of molecular techniques. however, there are few reports comparing the performance of these different assays. in this study, two new high-throughput as ... | 2007 | 17697325 |
| evidence of vertical transmission of dengue virus in two endemic localities in the state of oaxaca, mexico. | dengue virus is spread in tropical areas of the world and is the causative agent of dengue fever and dengue hemorrhagic fever. it is horizontally transmitted to humans by infected aedes mosquitoes, but it is also able to be vertically or transovarially transmitted to insect progeny. | 2007 | 17700030 |