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emergence of epidemic zika virus transmission and congenital zika syndrome: are recently evolved traits to blame?the mechanisms responsible for the dramatic emergence of zika virus (zikv), accompanied by congenital zika syndrome and guillain-barré syndrome (gbs), remain unclear. however, two hypotheses are prominent: (i) evolution for enhanced urban transmission via adaptation to mosquito vectors, or for enhanced human infection to increase amplification, or (ii) the stochastic introduction of zikv into large, naive human populations in regions with abundant aedes aegypti populations, leading to enough rar ...201728074023
fatty acid synthase 2 contributes to diapause preparation in a beetle by regulating lipid accumulation and stress tolerance genes expression.diapause, also known as dormancy, is a state of arrested development that allows insects to survive unfavorable environmental conditions. diapause-destined insects store large amounts of fat when preparing for diapause. however, the extent to which these accumulated fat reserves influence diapause remains unclear. to address this question, we investigated the function of fatty acid synthase (fas), which plays a central role in lipid synthesis, in stress tolerance, the duration of diapause prepar ...201728071706
dengue in latin america: systematic review of molecular epidemiological trends.dengue, the predominant arthropod-borne viral disease affecting humans, is caused by one of four distinct serotypes (denv-1, -2, -3 or -4). a literature analysis and review was undertaken to describe the molecular epidemiological trends in dengue disease and the knowledge generated in specific molecular topics in latin america, including the caribbean islands, from 2000 to 2013 in the context of regional trends in order to identify gaps in molecular epidemiological knowledge and future research ...201728068335
proteomic analysis of cry2aa-binding proteins and their receptor function in spodoptera exigua.the bacterium bacillus thuringiensis produces crystal (cry) proteins that are toxic to a diverse range of insects. transgenic crops that produce bt cry proteins are grown worldwide because of their improved resistance to insect pests. although bt "pyramid" cotton that produces both cry1a and cry2a is predicted to be more resistant to several lepidopteran pests, including spodoptera exigua, than plants that produce cry1ac alone, the mechanisms responsible for the toxicity of cry2aa in s. exigua a ...201728067269
wolbachia infections in aedes aegypti differ markedly in their response to cyclical heat stress.aedes aegypti mosquitoes infected with wolbachia bacteria are currently being released for arbovirus suppression around the world. their potential to invade populations and persist will depend on interactions with environmental conditions, particularly as larvae are often exposed to fluctuating and extreme temperatures in the field. we reared ae. aegypti larvae infected with different types of wolbachia (wmel, walbb and wmelpop-cla) under diurnal cyclical temperatures. rearing wmel and wmelpop-c ...201728056065
the dangers of accepting a single diagnosis: case report of concurrent plasmodium knowlesi malaria and dengue infection.dengue and malaria are two common, mosquito-borne infections, which may lead to mortality if not managed properly. concurrent infections of dengue and malaria are rare due to the different habitats of its vectors and activities of different carrier mosquitoes. the first case reported was in 2005. since then, several concurrent infections have been reported between the dengue virus (denv) and the malaria protozoans, plasmodium falciparum and plasmodium vivax. symptoms of each infection may be mas ...201728049485
pterodon emarginatus oleoresin-based nanoemulsion as a promising tool for culex quinquefasciatus (diptera: culicidae) control.preparation of nanoformulations using natural products as bioactive substances is considered very promising for innovative larvicidal agents. on this context, oil in water nanoemulsions develop a main role, since they satisfactorily disperse poor-water soluble substances, such as herbal oils, in aqueous media. pterodon emarginatus, popularly known as sucupira, has a promising bioactive oleoresin. however, to our knowledge, no previous studies were carried out to evaluate its potential against cu ...201728049483
insecticidal toxicities of carvacrol and thymol derived from thymus vulgaris lin. against pochazia shantungensis chou &lu., newly recorded pest.the insecticidal toxicities of five essential oils against pochazia shantungensis adults and nymphs, newly recorded pests, were evaluated. the lc50 values of thymus vulgaris, ruta graveolens, citrus aurantium, leptospermum petersonii and achillea millefolium oils were recorded as 57.48, 84.44, 92.58, 113.26 and 125.78 mg/l, respectively, against p. shantungensis nymphs using the leaf dipping bioassay, and 75.80, 109.86, 113.26, 145.06 and 153.74 mg/l, respectively, against p. shantungensis adult ...201728106093
rna interference mediated knockdown of brugia malayi udp-galactopyranose mutase severely affects parasite viability, embryogenesis and in vivo development of infective larvae.galactofuranose is an essential cell surface component present in bacteria, fungi and several nematodes such as caenorhabditis spp., brugia spp., onchocerca spp. and strongyloides spp. this sugar maintains the integrity of parasite surface and is essential for virulence. udp-galactopyranose mutase (bmugm) plays a key role in galf biosynthesis by catalyzing conversion of udp-galactopyranose into udp-galactofuranose and knockout studies of the gene in leishmania major, mycobacterium and aspergillu ...201728103957
antiviral effect of compounds derived from the seeds of mammea americana and tabernaemontana cymosa on dengue and chikungunya virus infections.the transmission of dengue virus (denv) and chikungunya virus (chikv) has increased worldwide, due in part to the lack of a specific antiviral treatment. for this reason, the search for compounds with antiviral potential, either as licensed drugs or in natural products, is a research priority. the objective of this study was to identify some of the compounds that are present in mammea americana (m. americana) and tabernaemontana cymosa (t. cymosa) plants and, subsequently, to evaluate their cyto ...201728100218
microrna-34 directly targets pair-rule genes and cytoskeleton component in the honey bee.micrornas (mirnas) are key regulators of developmental processes, such as cell fate determination and differentiation. previous studies showed dicer knockdown in honeybee embryos disrupt the processing of functional mature mirnas and impairs embryo patterning. here we investigated the expression profiles of mirnas in honeybee embryogenesis and the role of the highly conserved mir-34-5p in the regulation of genes involved in insect segmentation. a total of 221 mirnas were expressed in honey bee e ...201728098233
the physical genome mapping of anopheles albimanus corrected scaffold misassemblies and identified interarm rearrangements in genus anopheles.the genome of the neotropical malaria vector anopheles albimanus was sequenced as part of the 16 anopheles genomes project published in 2015. the draft assembly of this species consisted of 204 scaffolds with an n50 scaffold size of 18.1 mb and a total assembly size of 170.5 mb. it was among the smallest genomes with the longest scaffolds in the 16 anopheles species cluster, making an. albimanus the logical choice for anchoring the genome assembly to chromosomes. in this study, we developed a hi ...201727821634
a comparative analysis of three vector-borne diseases across australia using seasonal and meteorological models.ross river virus (rrv), barmah forest virus (bfv), and dengue are three common mosquito-borne diseases in australia that display notable seasonal patterns. although all three diseases have been modeled on localized scales, no previous study has used harmonic models to compare seasonality of mosquito-borne diseases on a continent-wide scale. we fit poisson harmonic regression models to surveillance data on rrv, bfv, and dengue (from 1993, 1995 and 1991, respectively, through 2015) incorporating s ...201728071683
the search for novel insecticide targets in the post-genomics era, with a specific focus on g-protein coupled receptors.insects are considered pests globally, implicated in the destruction of agricultural fields and transmission of pathogens that cause deadly human diseases, such as dengue, zika and malaria. the diversity of the insecticide arsenal has remained stagnant for decades, but the recent rise of insecticide resistance fueled the discovery of novel modes of action, and the power of genomics has reinvigorated this search. this review discusses the importance of comparative and functional insect genomics i ...201728076467
the transcriptome of the mosquito aedes fluviatilis (diptera: culicidae), and transcriptional changes associated with its native wolbachia infection.wolbachia is a bacterial endosymbiont that naturally infects a wide range of insect species, and causes drastic changes to host biology. stable infections of wolbachia in mosquitoes can inhibit infection with medically important pathogens such as dengue virus and malaria-causing plasmodium parasites. however, some native wolbachia strains can enhance infection with certain pathogens, as is the case for the mosquito aedes fluviatilis, where infection with plasmodium gallinaceum is enhanced by the ...201728049478
functional analysis of the abcs of eye color in helicoverpa armigera with crispr/cas9-induced mutations.many insect pigments are localized in subcellular pigment granules, and transport of pigment precursors from the cytoplasm is accomplished by abc proteins. drosophila melanogaster has three half-transporter genes (white, scarlet, and brown, all affecting eye pigments) and bombyx mori has a fourth (ok). the white, brown, scarlet and ok proteins each have one transmembrane and one cytoplasmic domain and they heterodimerize to form functional transporters with different substrate specificities. we ...201728053351
zika virus alters the microrna expression profile and elicits an rnai response in aedes aegypti mosquitoes.zika virus (zikv), a flavivirus transmitted primarily by aedes aegypti, has recently spread globally in an unprecedented fashion, yet we have a poor understanding of host-microbe interactions in this system. to gain insights into the interplay between zikv and the mosquito, we sequenced the small rna profiles in zikv-infected and non-infected ae. aegypti mosquitoes at 2, 7 and 14 days post-infection. zika induced an rnai response in the mosquito with virus-derived short interfering rnas and piwi ...201728715413
biopolymer zein-coated gold nanoparticles: synthesis, antibacterial potential, toxicity and histopathological effects against the zika virus vector aedes aegypti.the control of multidrug-resistant bacteria as well as insect pests and vectors is timely and important now a days. the present study was designed to evaluate the in vitro antibacterial, antibiofilm and mosquito larvicidal effects of gold nanoparticles synthesized using the zein biopolymer (ze-aunps) against gram positive (bacillus pumilus and bacillus subtilis), gram negative (shigella sonnei and pseudomonas aeruginosa) bacteria and third instar larvae of the dengue and zika virus vector aedes ...201728654862
cell fusing agent virus and dengue virus mutually interact in aedes aegypti cell lines.the genus flavivirus contains more than 70 single-stranded, positive-sense arthropod-borne rna viruses. some flaviviruses are particularly medically important to humans and other vertebrates including dengue virus (denv), west nile virus, and yellow fever virus. these viruses are transmitted to vertebrates by mosquitoes and other arthropod species. mosquitoes are also infected by insect-specific flaviviruses (isfs) that do not appear to be infective to vertebrates. cell fusing agent virus (cfav) ...201728761113
experimental infection with and maintenance of cell fusing agent virus (flavivirus) in aedes aegypti.during the past two decades, there has been a dramatic increase in the recognition and characterization of novel insect-specific flaviviruses (isfvs). some of these agents are closely related to important mosquito-borne flavivirus pathogens. results of experimental studies suggest that mosquitoes and mosquito cell cultures infected with some isfvs are refractory to superinfection with related flavivirus pathogens; and it has been proposed that isfvs potentially could be used to alter the vector ...201728719335
activation of aedes aegypti prophenoloxidase-3 and its role in the immune response against entomopathogenic fungi.serine protease cascade-mediated melanization is an important innate immune response in insects and crustaceans, which involves the proteolytic activation of prophenoloxidase (ppo). in this study, we investigated the role of aedes aegypti ppo3 in antifungal immune defence. we expressed and purified recombinant ppo3 (rppo3) in escherichia coli and demonstrated that rppo3 was activated by ethanol and, to a lesser extent, by cetylpyridinium chloride. in the presence of cu(2+) , rppo3 exhibited enzy ...201728556276
understanding the role of micrornas in the interaction of aedes aegypti mosquitoes with an insect-specific flavivirus.the flavivirus genus contains some of the most prevalent vector-borne viruses, such as the dengue, zika and yellow fever viruses that cause devastating diseases in humans. however, the insect-specific clade of flaviviruses is restricted to mosquito hosts, albeit they have retained the general features of the genus, such as genome structure and replication. the interactions between insect-specific flaviviruses (isfs) and their mosquito hosts are largely unknown. pathogenic flaviviruses are known ...201728699859
transposition of mutator-like transposable elements (mules) resembles hat and transib elements and v(d)j recombination.mutator-like transposable elements (mules) are widespread across fungal, plant and animal species. despite their abundance and importance as genetic tools in plants, the transposition mechanism of the mule superfamily was previously unknown. discovery of the muta1 element from aedes aegypti and its successful transposition in yeast facilitated the characterization of key steps in muta1 transposition. here we show that purified transposase binds specifically to the muta1 ends and catalyzes excisi ...201728482040
ascogregarina taiwanensis infection in aedes aegypti and aedes albopictus in santa catarina, south brazil.this study registers ascogregarina spp. infection in field populations of aedes aegypti and aedes albopictus in a subtropical region of brazil.201728562761
molecular characterization of the gene profile of bacillus thuringiensis berliner isolated from brazilian ecosystems and showing pathogenic activity against mosquito larvae of medical importance.the occurrence of aedes aegypti, culex quinquefasciatus, and mosquitoes of the genus anopheles potentiate the spread of several diseases, such as dengue, zika, chikungunya, urban yellow fever, filariasis, and malaria, a situation currently existing in brazil and in latin america. control of the disease vectors is the most effective tool for containing the transmission of the pathogens causing these diseases, and the bacterium bacillus thuringiensis var. israelensis has been widely used and has s ...201728823909
mosquitocidal potential of silver nanoparticles synthesized using local isolates of bacillus thuringiensis subsp. israelensis and their synergistic effect with a commercial strain of b. thuringiensis subsp. israelensis.control of larval stages of aedes aegypti is considered an effective approach for preventing outbreaks of dengue fever. in this work, silver nanoparticles (ag nps) were synthesized using the supernatant and insecticidal proteins from local isolates of bacillus thuringiensis subsp. israelensis (bti). mosquitocidal activity assays against a. aegypti larvae revealed that the highest toxicity was obtained from the ag nps synthesized using supernatant of bti k55 and the inclusion proteins of bti k46 ...201728754251
toward mosquito control with a green alga: expression of cry toxins of bacillus thuringiensis subsp. israelensis (bti) in the chloroplast of chlamydomonas.we are developing chlamydomonas strains that can be used for safe and sustainable control of mosquitoes, because they produce proteins from bacillus thuringiensis subsp. israelensis (bti) in the chloroplast. chlamydomonas has a number of advantages for this approach, including genetic controls that are not generally available with industrial algae. the bti toxin has been used for mosquito control for > 30 years and does not engender resistance; it contains three cry proteins, cry4aa (135 kda), c ...201728713202
molecular characterization of indigenous bacillus thuringiensis strains isolated from kashmir valley.bacillus thuringiensis (bt) being an eco-friendly bioinsecticide is effectively used in pest management strategies and, therefore, isolation and identification of new strains effective against a broad range of target pests is important. in the present study, new indigenous b. thuringiensis strains were isolated and investigated so that these could be used as an alternative and/or support the current commercial strains/cry proteins in use. for this, 159 samples including soil, leaf and spider web ...201728597156
functional characterization of aedes aegypti alkaline phosphatase alp1 involved in the toxicity of cry toxins from bacillus thuringiensis subsp. israelensis and jegathesan.presently three major groups of proteins from aedes aegypti, cadherin, alkaline phosphatases (alp) and aminopeptidases n (apn), have been identified as cry11aa toxin receptors. to further characterize their role on toxicity, transgenic mosquitoes with silenced aedes cadherin expression were previously generated and the role of cadherin in mediating the toxicity of four different mosquitocidal toxins (cry11aa, cry11ba, cry4aa and cry4ba) was demonstrated. here, we investigated the role of another ...201728587836
evaluating the vector control potential of the in2care® mosquito trap against aedes aegypti and aedes albopictus under semifield conditions in manatee county, florida.successful integrated vector management programs may need new strategies in addition to conventional larviciding and adulticiding strategies to target aedes aegypti and ae. albopictus, which can develop in small, often cryptic, artificial and natural containers. the in2care® mosquito trap was recently developed to target and kill larval and adult stages of these invasive container-inhabiting aedes mosquitoes by utilizing autodissemination. gravid females that visit the trap pick up pyriproxyfen ...201728854105
mosquitoes can harbour yeasts of clinical significance and contribute to their environmental dissemination.there is still a lack of studies on fungal microbiota in mosquitoes, compared with the number available on bacterial microbiota. this study reports the identification of yeasts of clinical significance in laboratory mosquito species: anopheles gambiae, anopheles stephensi, culex quinquefasciatus, aedes albopictus and aedes aegypti. among the yeasts isolated, they focused on the opportunistic pathogen candida parapsilosis, since there is a need to better understand breakthrough candidaemia with r ...201728714286
vector competence of populations of aedes aegypti from three distinct cities in kenya for chikungunya virus.in april, 2004, chikungunya virus (chikv) re-emerged in kenya and eventually spread to the islands in the indian ocean basin, south-east asia, and the americas. the virus, which is often associated with high levels of viremia in humans, is mostly transmitted by the urban vector, aedes aegypti. the expansion of chikv presents a public health challenge both locally and internationally. in this study, we investigated the ability of ae. aegypti mosquitoes from three distinct cities in kenya; mombasa ...201728820881
co-infection of mosquitoes with chikungunya and dengue viruses reveals modulation of the replication of both viruses in midguts and salivary glands of aedes aegypti mosquitoes.arthropod-borne virus (arbovirus) infections cause several emerging and resurgent infectious diseases in humans and animals. chikungunya-affected areas often overlap with dengue-endemic areas. concurrent dengue virus (denv) and chikungunya virus (chikv) infections have been detected in travelers returning from regions of endemicity. chikv and denv co-infected aedes albopictus have also been collected in the vicinity of co-infected human cases, emphasizing the need to study co-infections in mosqu ...201728777313
high-resolution structure of a kazal-type serine protease inhibitor from the dengue vector aedes aegypti.blood-feeding exoparasites are rich sources of protease inhibitors, and the mosquito aedes aegypti, which is a vector of dengue virus, yellow fever virus, chikungunya virus and zika virus, is no exception. aati is a single-domain, noncanonical kazal-type serine proteinase inhibitor from a. aegypti that recognizes both digestive trypsin-like serine proteinases and the central protease in blood clotting, thrombin, albeit with an affinity that is three orders of magnitude lower. here, the 1.4 å res ...201728777090
evidence of dengue and chikungunya virus co-infection and circulation of multiple dengue serotypes in a recent indian outbreak.in india, dengue endemic areas overlap with chikungunya-affected areas and both the viruses are transmitted by same vector, aedes aegypti - thereby increasing opportunity of co-infection by both viruses. present study was carried out to understand the denv-chikv infection dynamics during recent outbreaks in eastern india (west bengal state) and its implication on disease manifestations. blood was collected from 326 symptomatic febrile patients. patients' serum was subjected to serological diagno ...201728756561
transmission risk of two chikungunya lineages by invasive mosquito vectors from florida and the dominican republic.between 2014 and 2016 more than 3,800 imported human cases of chikungunya fever in florida highlight the high risk for local transmission. to examine the potential for sustained local transmission of chikungunya virus (chikv) in florida we tested whether local populations of aedes aegypti and aedes albopictus show differences in susceptibility to infection and transmission to two emergent lineages of chikv, indian ocean (ioc) and asian genotypes (ac) in laboratory experiments. all examined popul ...201728749964
assessment of the probability of autochthonous transmission of chikungunya virus in canada under recent and projected climate change.chikungunya virus (chikv) is a reemerging pathogen transmitted by aedes aegypti and aedes albopictus mosquitoes. the ongoing caribbean outbreak is of concern due to the potential for infected travelers to spread the virus to countries where vectors are present and the population is susceptible. although there has been no autochthonous transmission of chikv in canada, there is concern that both ae. albopictus and chikv will become established, particularly under projected climate change. we devel ...201728731409
the medicinal chemistry of chikungunya virus.arthropod-borne viruses (arboviruses) are an important threat to human and animal health globally. among these, zoonotic diseases account for billions of cases of human illness and millions of deaths every year, representing an increasing public health problem. chikungunya virus belongs to the genus alphavirus of the family togariridae, and is transmitted mainly by the bite of female mosquitoes of the aedes aegypti and/or a. albopictus species. the focus of this review will be on the medicinal c ...201728689975
high risk for chikungunya virus to initiate an enzootic sylvatic cycle in the tropical americas.chikungunya virus (chikv) has dispersed in the americas since 2013, and its range of distribution has overlapped large forested areas. herein, we assess vector competence of two sylvatic neotropical mosquito species, haemagogus leucocelaenus and aedes terrens, to evaluate the risk of chikv to initiate a sylvatic cycle in the continent.201728662031
first report of naturally infected aedes aegypti with chikungunya virus genotype ecsa in the americas.the worldwide expansion of new emergent arboviruses such as chikungunya and zika reinforces the importance in understanding the role of mosquito species in spreading these pathogens in affected regions. this knowledge is essential for developing effective programs based on species specificity to avoid the establishment of endemic transmission cycles sustained by the identified local vectors. although the first autochthonous transmission of chikungunya virus was described in 2014 in the north of ...201728614394
immunoglobulin-responsive chikungunya encephalitis: two case reports.chikungunya virus is an alphavirus transmitted by the mosquito aedes, mainly aedes aegypti and aedes albopictus, that can cause acute illness, mostly self-limited, characterized by fever, maculopapular rash, and disabling polyarthritis/arthralgia, with an incubation period of 1 to 12 days. chikungunya was largely regarded as a non-fatal and self-limited disease, but recently, serious cases have been reported including some with severe involvement of the nervous system, such as meningoencephaliti ...201728577289
mosquito co-infection with zika and chikungunya virus allows simultaneous transmission without affecting vector competence of aedes aegypti.zika virus (zikv) and chikungunya virus (chikv) are highly pathogenic arthropod-borne viruses that are currently a serious health burden in the americas, and elsewhere in the world. zikv and chikv co-circulate in the same geographical regions and are mainly transmitted by aedes aegypti mosquitoes. there is a growing number of case reports of zikv and chikv co-infections in humans, but it is uncertain whether co-infection occurs via single or multiple mosquito bites. here we investigate the poten ...201728570693
wmel limits zika and chikungunya virus infection in a singapore wolbachia-introgressed ae. aegypti strain, wmel-sg.zika (zikv) and chikungunya (chikv) viruses are emerging aedes-borne viruses that are spreading outside their known geographic range and causing wide-scale epidemics. it has been reported that these viruses can be transmitted efficiently by ae. aegypti. recent studies have shown that ae. aegypti when transinfected with certain wolbachia strains shows a reduced replication and dissemination of dengue (denv), chikungunya (chikv), and yellow fever (yfv) viruses. the aim of this study was to determi ...201728542240
[arboviruses also have an american dream].some arboviruses that originated in the old world have been introduced by humans into the american continent. the first of them was the yellow fever virus, coming from the west african coast with slaves in the 17th-19th centuries, followed by dengue viruses, which were always prevalent within the americas. next was thewest nile virus, introduced in new york in 1999, that spread in only a few years over the whole continent. then, chikungunya virus arrived on saint martin island in 2013 after its ...201728509947
the midgut transcriptome of aedes aegypti fed with saline or protein meals containing chikungunya virus reveals genes potentially involved in viral midgut escape.the mosquito aedes aegypti is the primary vector for medically important arthropod-borne viruses, including chikungunya virus (chikv). following oral acquisition, an arbovirus has to persistently infect several organs in the mosquito before becoming transmissible to another vertebrate host. a major obstacle an arbovirus has to overcome during its infection cycle inside the mosquito is the midgut escape barrier, representing the exit mechanism arboviruses utilize when disseminating from the midgu ...201728506207
clinical features and neurologic complications of children hospitalized with chikungunya virus in honduras.the first case of chikungunya virus in honduras was identified in 2014. the virus has spread widely across honduras via the aedes aegypti mosquito, leading to an outbreak of chikungunya virus (chikv) in 2015 that significantly impacted children. a retrospective chart review of 235 children diagnosed with chikv and admitted to the national autonomous university of honduras hospital escuela (hospital escuela) in tegucigalpa, honduras, was accomplished with patients who were assessed for clinical f ...201728459170
co-circulation of dengue virus serotypes with chikungunya virus in madhya pradesh, central india.dengue and chikungunya present with very similar signs and symptoms in the initial stage of illness and so it is difficult to distinguish them clinically. both are transmitted by aedes aegypti and aedes albopictus mosquitoes. this study was conducted with the aim to explore the co-circulation of dengue and chikungunya viruses in central india.201728607252
ensuring successful introduction of wolbachia in natural populations of aedes aegypti by means of feedback control.the control of the spread of dengue fever by introduction of the intracellular parasitic bacterium wolbachia in populations of the vector aedes aegypti, is presently one of the most promising tools for eliminating dengue, in the absence of an efficient vaccine. the success of this operation requires locally careful planning to determine the adequate number of individuals carrying the wolbachia parasite that need to be introduced into the natural population. the introduced mosquitoes are expected ...201728856446
influence of the mixtures composed of slow-release insecticide formulations against aedes aegypti mosquito larvae reared in pond water.vector borne diseases remain the major source of illness and death worldwide. aedes aegypti is the primary carrier of dengue and dengue haemorrhagic fever in many developing countries in the tropical world. because a. aegypti populations are becoming more and more resistant to conventional and non conventional insecticides, alternative strategies have to be rapidly implemented in the future for dengue vector control. the present study aimed to evaluate the larvicidal efficacy of slow-release for ...201728855810
human movement, cooperation and the effectiveness of coordinated vector control strategies.vector-borne disease transmission is often typified by highly focal transmission and influenced by movement of hosts and vectors across different scales. the ecological and environmental conditions (including those created by humans through vector control programmes) that result in metapopulation dynamics remain poorly understood. the development of control strategies that would most effectively limit outbreaks given such dynamics is particularly urgent given the recent epidemics of dengue, chik ...201728855386
a statewide survey for container-breeding mosquitoes in mississippi.container-breeding mosquitoes are important in public health due to outbreaks of zika, chikungunya, and dengue viruses. this paper documents the distribution of container-breeding mosquito species in mississippi, with special emphasis on the genus aedes. five sites in each of the 82 mississippi counties were sampled monthly between may 1 and august 31, 2016, and 50,109 mosquitoes in 14 species were collected. the most prevalent and widely distributed species found was ae. albopictus, being found ...201728854113
adulticidal susceptibility evaluation of aedes albopictus using new diagnostic doses in penang island, malaysia.insecticide-based vector control approaches are facing challenges due to the development of resistance in vector mosquitoes. therefore, a proper resistance surveillance program using baseline lethal concentrations is crucial for resistance management strategies. currently, the world health organization's (who) diagnostic doses established for aedes aegypti and anopheles species are being used to study the resistance status of aedes albopictus. in this study, we established the diagnostic doses f ...201728854111
toxicological effects of chemical constituents from piper against the environmental burden aedes aegypti liston and their impact on non-target toxicity evaluation against biomonitoring aquatic insects.dengue is the most rapidly spreading mosquito-borne viral disease in the world. the mosquito, aedes aegypti, also spreads yellow fever, chikungunya, and zika virus. as the primary vector for dengue, ae. aegypti now occurs in over 20 countries and is a serious concern with reports of increasing insecticide resistance. developing new treatments to manage mosquitoes are needed. formulation of crude volatile oil from piper betle leaves (pb-cvo) was evaluated as a potential treatment which showed lar ...201728852982
the elimination of the dengue vector, aedes aegypti, from brisbane, australia: the role of surveillance, larval habitat removal and policy.aedes aegypti (l.) (diptera: culicidae) is a highly invasive mosquito whose global distribution has fluctuated dramatically over the last 100 years. in australia the distribution of ae. aegypti once spanned the eastern seaboard, for 3,000 km north to south. however, during the 1900s this distribution markedly reduced and the mosquito disappeared from its southern range. numerous hypotheses have been proffered for this retraction, however quantitative evidence of the mechanisms driving the disapp ...201728846682
zika, chikungunya, and other emerging vector-borne viral diseases.arthropod-borne viruses (arboviruses) have a long history of emerging to infect humans, but during recent decades, they have been spreading more widely and affecting larger populations. this is due to several factors, including increased air travel and uncontrolled mosquito vector populations. emergence can involve simple spillover from enzootic (wildlife) cycles, as in the case of west nile virus accompanying geographic expansion into the americas; secondary amplification in domesticated animal ...201728846489
sero-surveillance of dengue in the city lahore, pakistan.to conduct sero-surveillance of dengue cases, and to find out the demographic and socio-economic status of dengue patients.201728839300
carryover effects of larval exposure to different environmental bacteria drive adult trait variation in a mosquito vector.conditions experienced during larval development of holometabolous insects can affect adult traits, but whether differences in the bacterial communities of larval development sites contribute to variation in the ability of insect vectors to transmit human pathogens is unknown. we addressed this question in the mosquito aedes aegypti, a major arbovirus vector breeding in both sylvatic and domestic habitats in sub-saharan africa. targeted metagenomics revealed differing bacterial communities in th ...201728835919
the quantitative structure-insecticidal activity relationships from plant derived compounds against chikungunya and zika aedes aegypti (diptera:culicidae) vector.the insecticidal activity of a series of 62 plant derived molecules against the chikungunya, dengue and zika vector, the aedes aegypti (diptera:culicidae) mosquito, is subjected to a quantitative structure-activity relationships (qsar) analysis. the replacement method (rm) variable subset selection technique based on multivariable linear regression (mlr) proves to be successful for exploring 4885 molecular descriptors calculated with dragon 6. the predictive capability of the obtained models is ...201728830053
maintaining aedes aegypti mosquitoes infected with wolbachia.aedes aegypti mosquitoes experimentally infected with wolbachia are being utilized in programs to control the spread of arboviruses such as dengue, chikungunya and zika. wolbachia-infected mosquitoes can be released into the field to either reduce population sizes through incompatible matings or to transform populations with mosquitoes that are refractory to virus transmission. for these strategies to succeed, the mosquitoes released into the field from the laboratory must be competitive with na ...201728829414
limited transmission potential of takeda's tetravalent dengue vaccine candidate by aedes albopictus.recombinant live-attenuated chimeric tetravalent dengue vaccine viruses, tdv-1, -2, -3, and -4, contain the premembrane and envelope genes of dengue virus serotypes 1-4 in the replicative background of the attenuated dengue virus type-2 (denv-2) pdk-53 vaccine strain. previous results have shown that these recombinant vaccine viruses demonstrate limited infection and dissemination in aedes aegypti and are unlikely to be transmitted by the primary mosquito vector of denvs. in this report, we expa ...201728820715
scaling up of an innovative intervention to reduce risk of dengue, chikungunya, and zika transmission in uruguay in the framework of an intersectoral approach with and without community participation.to contribute to the prevention of dengue, chikungunya, and zika, a process of scaling up an innovative intervention to reduce aedes aegypti habitats, was carried out in the city of salto (uruguay) based on a transdisciplinary analysis of the eco-bio-social determinants. the intervention in one-third of the city included the distributions of plastic bags for all households to collect all discarded water containers that were recollected by the ministry of health and the municipality vector contro ...201728820690
assessment of risk of dengue and yellow fever virus transmission in three major kenyan cities based on stegomyia indices.dengue (den) and yellow fever (yf) are re-emerging in east africa, with contributing drivers to this trend being unplanned urbanization and increasingly adaptable anthropophilic aedes (stegomyia) vectors. entomological risk assessment of these diseases remains scarce for much of east africa and kenya even in the dengue fever-prone urban coastal areas. focusing on major cities of kenya, we compared den and yf risk in kilifi county (den-outbreak-prone), and kisumu and nairobi counties (no document ...201728817563
an economic evaluation of vector control in the age of a dengue vaccine.dengue is a rapidly emerging vector-borne neglected tropical disease, with a 30-fold increase in the number of cases reported since 1960. the economic cost of the illness is measured in the billions of dollars annually. environmental change and unplanned urbanization are conspiring to raise the health and economic cost even further beyond the reach of health systems and households. the health-sector response has depended in large part on control of the aedes aegypti and ae. albopictus (mosquito) ...201728806786
wolbachia-mediated virus blocking in the mosquito vector aedes aegypti.viruses transmitted by mosquitoes such as dengue, zika and west nile cause a threat to global health due to increased geographical range and frequency of outbreaks. the bacterium wolbachia pipientis may be the solution reducing disease transmission. though commonly missing in vector species, the bacterium was artificially and stably introduced into aedes aegypti to assess its potential for biocontrol. when infected with wolbachia, mosquitoes become refractory to infection by a range of pathogens ...201728805637
multiple introductions of the dengue vector, aedes aegypti, into california.the yellow fever mosquito aedes aegypti inhabits much of the tropical and subtropical world and is a primary vector of dengue, zika, and chikungunya viruses. breeding populations of a. aegypti were first reported in california (ca) in 2013. initial genetic analyses using 12 microsatellites on collections from northern ca in 2013 indicated the south central us region as the likely source of the introduction. we expanded genetic analyses of ca a. aegypti by: (a) examining additional northern ca sa ...201728796789
dengue-1 virus and vector competence of aedes aegypti (diptera: culicidae) populations from new caledonia.dengue virus (denv) is the arbovirus with the highest incidence in new caledonia and in the south pacific region. in 2012-2014, a major denv-1 outbreak occurred in new caledonia. the only known vector of denv in new caledonia is aedes aegypti but no study has yet evaluated the competence of new caledonia ae. aegypti populations to transmit denv. this study compared the ability of field-collected ae. aegypti from different locations in new caledonia to transmit the denv-1 responsible for the 2012 ...201728793920
intelligent monitoring of aedes aegypti in a rural area of rio de janeiro state, brazil.the aim of this research was to monitor the presence of females of aedes aegypti (linnaeus, 1762) on the seropédica municipality, rio de janeiro state, from 2010 to 2013. for this purpose, the intelligent dengue monitoring (im-dengue) and intelligent virus monitoring (im-virus) developed by universidade federal de minas gerais (ecovec - minas gerais, brazil), were used. im-dengue is a tool that allows achieving a weekly overview of a. aegypti infestation, while im-virus is another tool that allo ...201728793020
microrna-275 targets sarco/endoplasmic reticulum ca2+ adenosine triphosphatase (serca) to control key functions in the mosquito gut.the yellow fever mosquito aedes aegypti is the major vector of arboviruses, causing numerous devastating human diseases, such as dengue and yellow fevers, chikungunya and zika. female mosquitoes need vertebrate blood for egg development, and repeated cycles of blood feeding are tightly linked to pathogen transmission. the mosquito's posterior midgut (gut) is involved in blood digestion and also serves as an entry point for pathogens. thus, the mosquito gut is an important tissue to investigate. ...201728787446
eco-friendly fabrication of ag nanostructures using the seed extract of pedalium murex, an ancient indian medicinal plant: histopathological effects on the zika virus vector aedes aegypti and inhibition of biofilm-forming pathogenic bacteria.the control of zika virus mosquito vectors and well as the development of drugs in the fight against biofilm-forming microbial pathogens, are timely and important challenges in current bionanoscience. here we focused on the eco-friendly fabrication of ag nanostructures using the seed extract of pedalium murex, an ancient indian medicinal plant. initial confirmation of ag nanoparticles (agnps) production was showed by a color change from transparent to dark brown. the uv-visible spectrum (476nm), ...201728772238
spatial distribution of aedes aegypti and aedes albopictus in relation to geo-ecological features in south andaman, andaman and nicobar islands, india.the study was undertaken in south andaman district, comprising three tehsils, viz. port blair, ferrargunj and little andaman tehsils, respectively. intensive pupal infestation surveys were carried out along the national highway (nh 223), the main passenger and trade route, referred to as great andaman trunk road. sampling locations at every 3 km were geo-referenced with global positioning system unit. a total of 17314 water collections were examined from 29 locations across the south andaman dis ...201728770695
tree hole mosquito species composition and relative abundances differ between urban and adjacent forest habitats in northwestern argentina.water-holding tree holes are main larval habitats for many pathogen vectors, especially mosquitoes (diptera: culicidae). along 3 years, the diversity and composition of mosquito species in tree holes of two neighbouring but completely different environments, a city and its adjacent forest, were compared using generalized linear mixed models, permanova, simper and species association indexes. the city area (northwest argentina) is highly relevant epidemiologically due to the presence of aedes aeg ...201728770688
age of initial cohort of dengue patients could explain the origin of disease outbreak in a setting: a case control study in rajasthan, india.dengue fever (df) and dengue hemorrhagic fever (dhf) is a public health problem with 390 million cases reported in world annually. in rajasthan, df with dhf is being reported for about two decades. for undertaking interventions into disease transmission, locating origin of transmission is very important. present paper reports retrospective analysis of the hospital reported cases of dengue during the year 2013-2014 undertaken in barmer, rajasthan. to address task of investigating outbreak, detail ...201728770247
an analysis of community perceptions of mosquito-borne disease control and prevention in sint eustatius, caribbean netherlands.in the caribbean, mosquito-borne diseases are a public health threat. in sint eustatius, dengue, chikungunya and zika are now endemic. to control and prevent mosquito-borne diseases, the sint eustatius public health department relies on the community to assist with the control of aedes aegypti mosquito. unfortunately, community based interventions are not always simple, as community perceptions and responses shape actions and influence behavioural responses objective: the aim of this study was t ...201728766466
participation of 14-3-3ε and 14-3-3ζ proteins in the phagocytosis, component of cellular immune response, in aedes mosquito cell lines.better knowledge of the innate immune system of insects will improve our understanding of mosquitoes as potential vectors of diverse pathogens. the ubiquitously expressed 14-3-3 protein family is evolutionarily conserved from yeast to mammals, and at least two isoforms of 14-3-3, the ε and ζ, have been identified in insects. these proteins have been shown to participate in both humoral and cellular immune responses in drosophila. as mosquitoes of the genus aedes are the primary vectors for arbov ...201728764795
a mosquito entomoglyceroporin, aedes aegypti aqp5 participates in water transport across the malpighian tubules of larvae.the mosquito, aedes aegypti, is the primary vector for arboviral diseases such as zika fever, dengue fever, chikungunya, and yellow fever. the larvae reside in hypo-osmotic freshwater habitats, where they face dilution of their body fluids from osmotic influx of water. the malpighian tubules help maintain ionic and osmotic homeostasis by removing excess water from the hemolymph, but the transcellular pathway for this movement remains unresolved. aquaporins are transmembrane channels thought to p ...201728760831
amino acid metabolic signaling influences aedes aegypti midgut microbiome variability.the mosquito midgut microbiota has been shown to influence vector competence for multiple human pathogens. the microbiota is highly variable in the field, and the sources of this variability are not well understood, which limits our ability to understand or predict its effects on pathogen transmission. in this work, we report significant variation in female adult midgut bacterial load between strains of a. aegypti which vary in their susceptibility to dengue virus. composition of the midgut micr ...201728753661
dengue subgenomic flaviviral rna disrupts immunity in mosquito salivary glands to increase virus transmission.globally re-emerging dengue viruses are transmitted from human-to-human by aedes mosquitoes. while viral determinants of human pathogenicity have been defined, there is a lack of knowledge of how dengue viruses influence mosquito transmission. identification of viral determinants of transmission can help identify isolates with high epidemiological potential. additionally, mechanistic understanding of transmission will lead to better understanding of how dengue viruses harness evolution to cycle ...201728753642
a cross-sectional survey of aedes aegypti immature abundance in urban and rural household containers in central colombia.aedes aegypti, the major vector of dengue, breeds in domestic water containers. the development of immature mosquitoes in such containers is influenced by various environmental, ecological and socioeconomic factors. urban and rural disparities in water storage practices and water source supply may affect mosquito immature abundance and, potentially, dengue risk. we evaluated the effect of water and container characteristics on a. aegypti immature abundance in urban and rural areas. data were col ...201728750651
aedes ægypti control in urban areas: a systemic approach to a complex dynamic.the available strategy for controlling the diseases transmitted by aedes ægypti (dengue fever, zika, and chikungunya) relies on continued community participation. despite slogans emphasizing how easy it should be, no country has achieved it since the seventies. to better investigate potentially sustainable interventions, we developed a systemic model based on a multidisciplinary approach, integrating as deeply as possible specialized knowledge and field experience. the resulting model is compose ...201728749942
larvicidal activity prediction against aedes aegypti mosquito using computational tools.aedes aegypti is an important vector for transmission of dengue, yellow fever, chikun- gunya, arthritis, and zika fever. according to the world health organization, it is estimated that ae. aegypti causes 50 million infections and 25,000 deaths per year. use of larvicidal agents is one of the recommendations of health organizations to control mosquito populations and limit their distribution. the aim of present study was to deduce a mathematical model to predict the larvicidal action of chemical ...201728748838
could the recent zika epidemic have been predicted?given knowledge at the time, the recent 2015-2016 zika virus (zikv) epidemic probably could not have been predicted. without the prior knowledge of zikv being already present in south america, and given the lack of understanding of key epidemiologic processes and long-term records of zikv cases in the continent, the best related prediction could be carried out for the potential risk of a generic aedes-borne disease epidemic. here we use a recently published two-vector basic reproduction number m ...201728747901
dengue serotype circulation in natural populations of aedes aegypti.ae. aegypti is the main vector of dengue (denv), zika (zikv), and chikungunya (chikv) viruses. the transmission dynamics of these arboviruses, especially the arboviral circulation in the mosquito population during low and high transmission seasons in endemic areas are still poorly understood. we conducted an entomological survey to determine dengue infection rates in ae. aegypti and aedes albopictus. these collections were performed in 2012-2013 during a rio de janeiro epidemic, just before the ...201728743449
tracking the return of aedes aegypti to brazil, the major vector of the dengue, chikungunya and zika viruses.aedes aegypti, commonly known as "the yellow fever mosquito", is of great medical concern today primarily as the major vector of dengue, chikungunya and zika viruses, although yellow fever remains a serious health concern in some regions. the history of ae. aegypti in brazil is of particular interest because the country was subjected to a well-documented eradication program during 1940s-1950s. after cessation of the campaign, the mosquito quickly re-established in the early 1970s with several de ...201728742801
insecticide resistance is mediated by multiple mechanisms in recently introduced aedes aegypti from madeira island (portugal).aedes aegypti is a major mosquito vector of arboviruses, including dengue, chikungunya and zika. in 2005, ae. aegypti was identified for the first time in madeira island. despite an initial insecticide-based vector control program, the species expanded throughout the southern coast of the island, suggesting the presence of insecticide resistance. here, we characterized the insecticide resistance status and the underlying mechanisms of two populations of ae. aegypti from madeira island, funchal a ...201728742096
wolbachia and dengue virus infection in the mosquito aedes fluviatilis (diptera: culicidae).dengue represents a serious threat to human health, with billions of people living at risk of the disease. wolbachia pipientis is a bacterial endosymbiont common to many insect species. wolbachia transinfections in mosquito disease vectors have great value for disease control given the bacterium's ability to spread into wild mosquito populations, and to interfere with infections of pathogens, such as dengue virus. aedes fluviatilis is a mosquito with a widespread distribution in latin america, b ...201728732048
conditions for success of engineered underdominance gene drive systems.engineered underdominance is one of a number of different gene drive strategies that have been proposed for the genetic control of insect vectors of disease. here we model a two-locus engineered underdominance based gene drive system that is based on the concept of mutually suppressing lethals. in such a system two genetic constructs are introduced, each possessing a lethal element and a suppressor of the lethal at the other locus. specifically, we formulate and analyse a population genetics mod ...201728728996
first record of natural vertical transmission of dengue virus in aedes aegypti from cuba.while horizontal transmission (human-mosquito-human) of dengue viruses largely determines the epidemiology of the disease, vertical transmission (infected female mosquito- infected offspring) has been suggested as a mechanism that ensures maintenance of the virus during adverse conditions for horizontal transmission to occur. the purpose of this study was to analyze the natural infection of larval stages of aedes aegypti (diptera: culicidae) with the dengue virus (denv) in cuba. here, we report ...201728720490
low density lipopolyprotein inhibits flavivirus acquisition in aedes aegypti.aedes aegypti is the primary vector of a number of human pathogens including dengue virus (denv) and zika virus (zikv). ae. aegypti acquires these viruses during the processing of bloodmeals obtained from an infected vertebrate host. vertebrate blood contains a number of factors that have the potential to modify virus acquisition in the mosquito. interestingly, low density lipopolyprotein (ldl) levels are decreased during severe denv infection. accordingly, we hypothesized that ldl is a modifiab ...201728718976
characterization and productivity profiles of aedes aegypti (l.) breeding habitats across rural and urban landscapes in western and coastal kenya.aedes aegypti, the principal vector for dengue and other emerging arboviruses, breeds preferentially in various man-made and natural container habitats. in the absence of vaccine, epidemiological surveillance and vector control remain the best practices for preventing dengue outbreaks. effective vector control depends on a good understanding of larval and adult vector ecology of which little is known in kenya. in the current study, we sought to characterize breeding habitats and establish contai ...201728701194
camino verde (the green way): evidence-based community mobilisation for dengue control in nicaragua and mexico: feasibility study and study protocol for a randomised controlled trial.since the aedes aegypti mosquitoes that transmit dengue virus can breed in clean water, who-endorsed vector control strategies place sachets of organophosphate pesticide, temephos (abate), in household water storage containers. these and other pesticide-dependent approaches have failed to curb the spread of dengue and multiple dengue virus serotypes continue to spread throughout tropical and subtropical regions worldwide. a feasibility study in managua, nicaragua, generated instruments, interven ...201728699570
which green way: description of the intervention for mobilising against aedes aegypti under difficult security conditions in southern mexico.community mobilisation for prevention requires engagement with and buy in from those communities. in the mexico state of guerrero, unprecedented social violence related to the narcotics trade has eroded most community structures. a recent randomised controlled trial in 90 coastal communities achieved sufficient mobilisation to reduce conventional vector density indicators, self-reported dengue illness and serologically proved dengue virus infection.201728699562
mobilising communities for aedes aegypti control: the sepa approach.camino verde (the green way) is an evidence-based community mobilisation tool for prevention of dengue and other mosquito-borne viral diseases. its effectiveness was demonstrated in a cluster-randomised controlled trial conducted in 2010-2013 in nicaragua and mexico. the common approach that brought functional consistency to the camino verde intervention in both mexico and nicaragua is socialisation of evidence for participatory action (sepa). in this article, we explain the sepa concept and its ...201728699561
aedes aegypti breeding ecology in guerrero: cross-sectional study of mosquito breeding sites from the baseline for the camino verde trial in mexico.understanding the breeding patterns of aedes aegypti in households and the factors associated with infestation are important for implementing vector control. the baseline survey of a cluster randomised controlled trial of community mobilisation for dengue prevention in mexico and nicaragua collected information about the containers that are the main breeding sites, identified possible actions to reduce breeding, and examined factors associated with household infestation. this paper describes fin ...201728699559
beyond efficacy in water containers: temephos and household entomological indices in six studies between 2005 and 2013 in managua, nicaragua.a cluster-randomized controlled trial of community mobilisation for dengue prevention in mexico and nicaragua reported, as a secondary finding, a higher risk of dengue virus infection in households where inspectors found temephos in water containers. data from control sites in the preceding pilot study and the nicaragua trial arm provided six time points (2005, 2006, 2007 and 2011, 2012, 2013) to examine potentially protective effects of temephos on entomological indices under every day conditio ...201728699558
"where we put little fish in the water there are no mosquitoes:" a cross-sectional study on biological control of the aedes aegypti vector in 90 coastal-region communities of guerrero, mexico.in the mexican state of guerrero, some households place fish in water storage containers to prevent the development of mosquito larvae. studies have shown that larvivorous fish reduce larva count in household water containers, but there is a lack of evidence about whether the use of fish is associated with a reduction in dengue virus infection. we used data from the follow up survey of the camino verde cluster randomised controlled trial of community mobilisation to reduce dengue risk to study t ...201728699557
pupal productivity in rainy and dry seasons: findings from the impact survey of a randomised controlled trial of dengue prevention in guerrero, mexico.the follow-up survey of a cluster-randomised controlled trial of evidence-based community mobilisation for dengue control in nicaragua and mexico included entomological information from the 2012 rainy and dry seasons. we used data from the mexican arm of the trial to assess the impact of the community action on pupal production of the dengue vector aedes aegypti in both rainy and dry seasons.201728699555
coverage and beliefs about temephos application for control of dengue vectors and impact of a community-based prevention intervention: secondary analysis from the camino verde trial in mexico.temephos in domestic water containers remains a mainstay of latin american government programmes for control of aedes aegypti and associated illnesses, including dengue. there is little published evidence about coverage of routine temephos programmes. a cluster randomised controlled trial of community mobilisation in mexico and nicaragua reduced vector indices, dengue infection, and clinical dengue cases. secondary analysis from the mexican arm of the trial examined temephos coverage and beliefs ...201728699554
assessing the effects of interventions for aedes aegypti control: systematic review and meta-analysis of cluster randomised controlled trials.the aedes aegypti mosquito is the vector for dengue fever, yellow fever, chikungunya, and zika viruses. inadequate vector control has contributed to persistence and increase of these diseases. this review assesses the evidence of effectiveness of different control measures in reducing aedes aegypti proliferation, using standard entomological indices.201728699552
the camino verde intervention in nicaragua, 2004-2012.camino verde (the green way) is an evidence-based community mobilisation tool for prevention of dengue and other mosquito-borne viral diseases. its effectiveness was demonstrated in a cluster-randomised controlled trial conducted in 2010-2013 in nicaragua and mexico. the nicaraguan arm of the trial was preceded, from 2004 to 2008, by a feasibility study that provided valuable lessons and trained facilitators for the trial itself. here, guided by the template for intervention description and repl ...201728699551
when communities are really in control: ethical issues surrounding community mobilisation for dengue prevention in mexico and nicaragua.we discuss two ethical issues raised by camino verde, a 2011-2012 cluster-randomised controlled trial in mexico and nicaragua, that reduced dengue risk though community mobilisation. the issues arise from the approach adopted by the intervention, one called socialisation of evidence for participatory action. community volunteer teams informed householders of evidence about dengue, its costs and the life-cycle of aedes aegypti mosquitoes, while showing them the mosquito larvae in their own water ...201728699548
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