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experimental studies of susceptibility of italian aedes albopictus to zika virus.we report a study on vector competence of an italian population of aedes albopictus for zika virus (zikv). ae. albopictus was susceptible to zikv infection (infection rate: 10%), and the virus could disseminate and was secreted in the mosquito's saliva (dissemination rate: 29%; transmission rate: 29%) after an extrinsic incubation period of 11 days. the observed vector competence was lower than that of an ae. aegypti colony tested in parallel.201627171034
zika virus - emergence, evolution, pathology, diagnosis, and control: current global scenario and future perspectives - a comprehensive review.this review converses the zika virus which has attained global concern due to its rapid pandemic potential and impact on humans. though zika virus was first isolated in 1947, till the recent large-scale outbreak which occurred in micronesia, in 2007, the virus was placed into the innocuous pathogen category. the world health organization on 1 february 2016 declared it as a 'public health emergency of international concern.' of the note, american as well as pacific island strains/isolates is rela ...201627158761
[zika virus infection or the future of infectious diseases].zika virus belongs to the flaviridae, an extended phylogenetic family containing dengue or yellow fever, viruses whose shared main vector are aedes aegypti mosquitoes. the virus originally came from central african simian reservoirs and, from there, expanded rapidly across the pacific to south america. the disease is an example of exantematic fever usually mild. mortality is very low and mainly limited to secondary guillain-barré or fetal microcephaly cases. diagnostic confirmation requires a rt ...201627156484
search and one will find: zika virus everywhere. 201627076507
one-step synthesis of polydispersed silver nanocrystals using malva sylvestris: an eco-friendly mosquito larvicide with negligible impact on non-target aquatic organisms.the synthesis of eco-friendly nanoparticles is evergreen branch of nanoscience with a growing number of biomedical implications. in this study, we investigated the synthesis of polydisperse and stable silver nanoparticles (agnp) using a cheap leaf extract of malva sylvestris (malvaceae). bio-reduced agnp were characterized by uv-visible spectrophotometry, fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (ftir), x-ray diffraction analysis (xrd), atomic force microscopy (afm), scanning electron microscopy ...201627075309
zika virus: implications for public health.the world health organization has declared the current zika virus (zikv) epidemic a public health emergency of international concern. lack of vaccines and reliable diagnostic tests, broad geographical distribution of mosquito species that can transmit the virus, and absence of population immunity in newly affected countries are causes for concern. although most infected persons are asymptomatic, zikv has been associated with a rise in cases of neurological complications and fetal central nervous ...201627048745
zika virus.zika virus (zikv) is an arthropod-borne virus (arbovirus) in the genus flavivirus and the family flaviviridae. zikv was first isolated from a nonhuman primate in 1947 and from mosquitoes in 1948 in africa, and zikv infections in humans were sporadic for half a century before emerging in the pacific and the americas. zikv is usually transmitted by the bite of infected mosquitoes. the clinical presentation of zika fever is nonspecific and can be misdiagnosed as other infectious diseases, especiall ...201627029595
zika virus: yet another emerging threat to nepal.zika virus (zikv) is a flavivirus with single stranded rna related to yellow fever, dengue, west nile, and japanese encephalitis viruses and is transmitted by aedes mosquitoes primarily by aedes aegipti which is widely distributed in nepal. zikv was first identified incidentally in rhesus monkey in uganda in 1947 and human infection in 1952; and by now outbreaks of zikv disease have been recorded in africa, the americas, asia and the pacific. the world health organization (who) has recently decl ...201627005721
larvicidal and pupicidal activities of alizarin isolated from roots of rubia cordifolia against culex quinquefasciatus say and aedes aegypti (l.) (diptera: culicidae).the mosquitocidal activities of different fractions and a compound alizarin from the methanol extract of rubia cordifolia roots were evaluated on larvae and pupae of culex quinquefasciatus say and aedes aegypti (l.) (diptera: culicidae). larvae and pupae were exposed to concentrations of 2.5, 5.0, 7.5 and 10 ppm for fractions and 0.5, 1.0, 1.5 and 2.0 ppm for compound. after 24 h, the mortality was assessed and the lc50 and lc90 values were estimated for larvae and pupae. among the 23 fractions ...201627004695
revision to cdc's zika travel notices: minimal likelihood for mosquito-borne zika virus transmission at elevations above 2,000 meters.since may 2015, when zika virus, a flavivirus transmitted primarily by aedes aegypti mosquitoes, was reported in brazil, the virus has rapidly spread across the region of the americas and the caribbean. the association between maternal zika virus infection and adverse fetal and reproductive outcomes, including microcephaly, prompted cdc to issue a level 2 alert travel notice* for the 37 countries and u.s. territories (at the national and territorial level) that have reported recent zika virus tr ...201626985965
the convergence of a virus, mosquitoes, and human travel in globalizing the zika epidemic.the zika virus was first identified in 1947 in the zika forest of uganda. it was discovered in a rhesus monkey that had been placed in a cage on a sentinel platform in the forest by the virus research institute. when this writer visited the institute and the zika forest in 1961, work was underway to identify mosquito species at various levels of the tree canopy. this was done through the placement of traps at various levels of a 120-foot-high steel tower which this writer climbed. at that time, ...201626969497
zika virus outbreak in brazil.zika virus (zikv) infection is spreading rapidly within the americas after originating from an outbreak in brazil. we describe the current zikv infection epidemic in brazil and the neurological symptoms arising. first cases of an acute exanthematic disease were reported in brazil's northeast region at the end of 2014. in march 2015, autochthonous zikv was determined to be the causative agent of the exanthematic disease. as cases of neurological syndromes in regions where zikv, dengue and/or chik ...201626927450
local transmission of zika virus--puerto rico, november 23, 2015-january 28, 2016.zika virus, a mosquito-borne flavivirus, spread to the region of the americas (americas) in mid-2015, and appears to be related to congenital microcephaly and guillain-barré syndrome (1,2). on february 1, 2016, the world health organization (who) declared the occurrence of microcephaly cases in association with zika virus infection to be a public health emergency of international concern.* on december 31, 2015, puerto rico department of health (prdh) reported the first locally acquired (index) c ...201626890470
interim guidelines for prevention of sexual transmission of zika virus - united states, 2016.zika virus is a mosquito-borne flavivirus primarily transmitted by aedes aegypti mosquitoes (1,2). infection with zika virus is asymptomatic in an estimated 80% of cases (2,3), and when zika virus does cause illness, symptoms are generally mild and self-limited. recent evidence suggests a possible association between maternal zika virus infection and adverse fetal outcomes, such as congenital microcephaly (4,5), as well as a possible association with guillain-barré syndrome. currently, no vaccin ...201626866485
outbreak of zika virus infection, chiapas state, mexico, 2015, and first confirmed transmission by aedes aegypti mosquitoes in the americas.after decades of obscurity, zika virus (zikv) has spread through the americas since 2015 accompanied by congenital microcephaly and guillain-barré syndrome. although these epidemics presumably involve transmission by aedes aegypti, no direct evidence of vector involvement has been reported, prompting speculation that other mosquitoes such as culex quinquefasciatus could be involved.201627436433
frequency of the val1016ile mutation on the kdr gene in aedes aegypti (diptera: culicidae) in south brazil.recently, the number of aedes aegypti foci has increased in west of santa catarina, south brazil, which has increased concern regarding mosquito-borne disease outbreaks such as dengue fever, zika virus, and chikungunya. therefore, it is important to monitor genetic resistance to insecticides through "knockdown resistance". homozygosity (ile/ile) at position 1016 in the coding region of a voltage-dependent sodium channel gene (nav) may induce resistance to pyrethroid insecticides. we evaluated th ...201627886338
screening of blood donations for zika virus infection - puerto rico, april 3-june 11, 2016.transfusion-transmitted infections have been documented for several arboviruses, including west nile and dengue viruses (1). zika virus, a flavivirus transmitted primarily by aedes aegypti mosquitoes that has been identified as a cause of congenital microcephaly and other serious brain defects (2), became recognized as a potential threat to blood safety after reports from a 2013-2014 outbreak in french polynesia. blood safety concerns were based on very high infection incidence in the population ...201627337368
egg and fourth instar larvae gut of aedes aegypti as a source of stem cells.according to the world health organization, 2015 registered more than 1.206.172 cases of dengue in the americas. recently, the aedes aegypti has been not only related to dengue, but also with cases of zika virus and chikungunya. due to its epidemiological importance, this study characterized the morphology of the embryonated eggs of a. aegypti and provided a protocol to culture stem cells from eggs and digestive tract of fourth instar larvae in order to examine cell biology and expression of mar ...201627401144
yellow fever remains a potential threat to public health.yellow fever (yf) remains a serious public health threat in endemic countries. the recent re-emergence in africa, initiating in angola and spreading to democratic republic of congo and uganda, with imported cases in china and kenya is of concern. there is such a shortage of yf vaccine in the world that the world health organization has proposed the use of reduced doses (1/5) during emergencies. in this short communication, we discuss these and other problems including the risk of spread of yf to ...201627400066
[ultrastructural alterations in larvae of aedes aegypti subject to labdane diterpene isolated from copaifera reticulata (leguminosae) and a fraction enriched with tannins of magonia pubescens (sapindaceae)].dengue is an important public health problem in many countries and its main vector aedes aegypti, is the mosquito most adapted to urban areas. for the first time, the mechanism of action of labdane diterpenoid extracted from copaifera reticulata and the fraction enriched of catechin tannins extracted from magonia pubescens is demonstrated through ultrastructural alterations of aedes aegypti larvae.201621468474
comparative identification of protein profiles and major allergens of saliva, salivary gland and whole body extracts of mosquito species in thailand.allergic reactions to mosquito bites, such as generalized urticaria or severe local reactions are common problems worldwide. the diverse sources of allergen prepared from different mosquito body parts usage are a major obstacle to obtaining safe and effective tests and immunotherapy for mosquito bite allergy. thus, the reactions are often not recognized and allergen immunotherapy is seldom used for severe reaction to mosquito bites. in a search for appropriate allergen sources, the protein profi ...201621038786
calibration and evaluation of field cage for oviposition study with aedes (stegomyia) aegypti female (l.) (diptera: culicidae).differences among results gathered from insect behavior studies conducted in laboratory and field situations are due to ambient variables that differ greatly between both environments. in laboratory studies the environmental conditions can be controlled whereas in field temperature, humidity and air velocity vary uncontrollably. the objective of this study was to calibrate and evaluate an experimental area (field cage) (14 x 7 x 3.5 m) subdivided into eight test cages (2.5 x 2.5 x 2 m) for use i ...201618813752
[comprehensive surveillance system for dengue prevention].a comprehensive ecosystem approach-based surveillance system was designed and implemented for dengue prevention in cotorro municipality at the city of havana. cuba, geographically situated near those countries with high dengue incidence, and having a preventive approach as a premise of its public healthcare system, has to adopt measures to prevent new dengue epidemics. the environmental, entomological and clinical/epidemiological elements of the surveillance system were integrated and combined w ...201623427456
[persistence and efficacy of growth regulator pyriproxyfen in laboratory conditions for aedes aegypti].the persistence and efficacy of growth regulator pyriproxyfen were evaluated in two final concentrations 0.01 and 0.05 ppm against aedes aegypti larvae in laboratory conditions using three types of containers: cement box (45 liters), glass bottle (5 liters) and plastic bucket (20 liters). the tests were carried after 1, 7, 15, 30, 45, 60, 90 and 120 days of treatment against aedes aegypti larvae 3rd and 4th instar. the percentages of larvae, pupae and adult mortality, the percentage of adult eme ...201616501771
subacute toxicity assessment of diflubenzuron, an insect growth regulator, in adult male rats.diflubenzuron (dfb), an insecticide and acaricide insect growth regulator, can be used in agriculture against insect predators and in public health programs, to control insects and vectors, mainly aedes aegypti larvae. due to the lack of toxicological assessments of this compound, the objective of the present study was to evaluate the toxicological effects of subacute exposure to the dfb insecticide in adult male rats. adult male rats were exposed (gavage) to 0, 2, 4, or 8 mg/kg of dfb for 28 da ...201625266294
[entomological evaluation of the risk of urban outbreak of yellow fever in 2008 in abidjan, côte d'ivoire].in april 2008, seven years after the outbreak of 2001, abidjan faced another epidemic of yellow fever. three weeks after the case detected in the commune of treichville at 28(th) of april 2008, two other cases were notified, the first one in port-bouet and the second one in cocody located respectively in the south and north of the city of abidjan. in order to determine a large-scale risk of urban yellow fever epidemic, epidemiological and entomological investigations were conducted by the minist ...201623693032
mosquito salivary allergen aed a 3: cloning, comprehensive molecular analysis, and clinical evaluation.allergic reactions to mosquito bites are an increasing clinical concern. due to the lack of availability of mosquito salivary allergens, they are underdiagnosed. here, we reported a newly cloned mosquito aedes (ae.) aegypti salivary allergen.201626608594
delivery of chitosan/dsrna nanoparticles for silencing of wing development vestigial (vg) gene in aedes aegypti mosquitoes.rna interference (rnai) has been used as a gene silencing strategy by the introduction of long double stranded rna (dsrna) for the control of pest insects. the aim of the present study was to examine whether the expression of vg gene which is responsible for wing development, can be repressed by chitosan/dsrna based nanoparticles in aedes aegypti. the vestigial gene (vg) was amplified from adult mosquito and cloned in plitmus28i vector. genetically engineered recombinant plasmid was transformed ...201626794313
larvicidal and repellent potential of zingiber nimmonii (j. graham) dalzell (zingiberaceae) essential oil: an eco-friendly tool against malaria, dengue, and lymphatic filariasis mosquito vectors?mosquitoes (diptera: culicidae) are important vectors of terms of public health relevance, especially in tropical and sub-tropical regions. the continuous and indiscriminate use of conventional pesticides for the control of mosquito vectors has resulted in the development of resistance and negative impacts on non-target organisms and the environment. therefore, there is a need for development of effective mosquito control tools. in this study, the larvicidal and repellent activity of zingiber ni ...201626792432
exploiting intimate relationships: controlling mosquito-transmitted disease with wolbachia.mosquito-transmitted diseases impose a growing burden on human health, and current control strategies have proven insufficient to stem the tide. the bacterium wolbachia is a novel and promising form of control for mosquito-transmitted disease. it manipulates host biology, restricts infection with dengue and other pathogens, and alters host reproduction to promote rapid spread in the field. in this review, we examine how the intimate and diverse relationships formed between wolbachia and their mo ...201626776329
calcium influx enhances neuropeptide activation of ecdysteroid hormone production by mosquito ovaries.a critical step in mosquito reproduction is the ingestion of a blood meal from a vertebrate host. in mosquitoes like aedes aegypti, blood feeding stimulates the release of ovary ecdysteroidogenic hormone (oeh) and insulin-like peptide 3 (ilp3). this induces the ovaries to produce ecdysteroid hormone (ecd), which then drives egg maturation. in many immature insects, prothoracicotropic hormone (ptth) stimulates the prothoracic glands to produce ecd that directs molting and metamorphosis. the recep ...201626772671
temporal genetic stability of stegomyia aegypti (= aedes aegypti) populations.the mosquito stegomyia aegypti (= aedes aegypti) (diptera: culicidae) is the primary vector of viruses that cause yellow fever, dengue and chikungunya fever. in the absence of effective vaccines, the reduction of these diseases relies on vector control strategies. the success of these strategies is tightly linked to the population dynamics of target populations. in the present study, 14 collections from st. aegypti populations separated by periods of 1-13 years were analysed to determine their t ...201626744174
detection of aedes aegypti, aedes albopictus, and aedes koreicus in the area of sochi, russia.following the identification of aedes (ae.) aegypti in the sochi area in russia at the beginning of 2000, entomological surveys were conducted during the summers of 2007, 2011, and 2012, leading to the identification of ae. albopictus and ae. koreicus. these findings highlight russia as being the only country in the world health organization european region with a documented presence of both ae. aegypti and ae. albopictus mosquitoes. both mosquito species are found on the coasts of the black sea ...201626741323
determination of insecticidal effect (lc50 and lc90) of organic fatty acids mixture (c8910+silicone) against aedes aegypti and aedes albopictus (diptera: culicidae).emerging and re-emerging vector-borne diseases such as chikungunya and dengue and associated aedes vectors are expanding their historical ranges; thus, there is a need for the development of novel insecticides for use in vector control programs. the mosquito toxicity of a novel insecticide and repellent consisting of medium-chain carbon fatty acids (c8910) was examined. determination of lc50 and lc90 was made against colony-reared aedes aegypti (l.) and aedes albopictus (skuse) using probit anal ...201626718717
effect of cymbopogon citratus (lemongrass) and syzygium aromaticum (clove) oils on the morphology and mortality of aedes aegypti and anopheles dirus larvae.cymbopogon citratus (lemongrass) and syzygium aromaticum (clove) oils were evaluated to determine mortality rates, morphological aberrations, and persistence when used against third and fourth larval instars of aedes aegypti and anopheles dirus. the oils were evaluated at 1, 5, and 10 % concentrations in mixtures with soybean oil. persistence of higher concentrations was measured over a period of 10 days. for ae. aegypti, both plant oils caused various morphological aberrations to include deform ...201626796022
[new distribution areas of aedes aegypti in peru]. 201627384639
[suggestions for chikungunya control based on a sensitivity analysis of a mathematical model].chikungunya fever seriously affects peoples' health and causes chronic joint pain and even disability. chikungunya is transmitted by the bite of aedes aegypti and aedes albopictus. outbreaks have been reported in throughout the world, including latin america. mathematical modeling studies of these outbreaks have calculated the values of various​ epidemiological parameters. based on them, a mathematical model was prepared to simulate a chikungunya outbreak in a local population, which was transmi ...201627384636
differentiation of aedes aegypti and aedes notoscriptus (diptera: culicidae) eggs using scanning electron microscopy.aedes notoscriptus and aedes aegypti are both peri-domestic, invasive container-breeding mosquitoes. while the two potential arboviral vectors are bionomically similar, their sympatric distribution in australia is limited. in this study, analyses of ae. aegypti and ae. notoscriptus eggs were enabled using scanning electron microscopy. significant variations in egg length to width ratio and outer chorionic cell field morphology between ae. aegypti and ae. notoscriptus enabled distinction of the t ...201626845557
characterization of enzymatic profiles of aedes aegypti strains from the state of rio grande do norte, brazil.this study was conducted in four strains of aedes aegypti mosquitoes to evaluate the enzymatic activity profiles in the city of mossoró, rio grande do norte, and correlate them with biochemical mechanisms of resistance to insecticides. mosquitos were used to quantify the following detoxification enzymes: mixed-function oxidase (mfo), pnpa-esterase (pnpa-est), and acetylcholinesterase (ache). the profiles were compared statistically with profiles from the rockefeller strain, through the kruskal-w ...201626816185
aedes aegypti (l.) in latin american and caribbean region: with growing evidence for vector adaptation to climate change?within latin america and the caribbean region the impact of climate change has been associated with the effects of rainfall and temperature on seasonal outbreaks of dengue but few studies have been conducted on the impacts of climate on the behaviour and ecology of aedes aegypti mosquitoes.this study was conducted to examine the adaptive behaviours currently being employed by a. aegypti mosquitoes exposed to the force of climate change in lac countries. the literature on the association between ...201626796862
hydrothermal synthesis of titanium dioxide nanoparticles: mosquitocidal potential and anticancer activity on human breast cancer cells (mcf-7).mosquito vectors (diptera: culicidae) are responsible for transmission of serious diseases worldwide. mosquito control is being enhanced in many areas, but there are significant challenges, including increasing resistance to insecticides and lack of alternative, cost-effective, and eco-friendly products. to deal with these crucial issues, recent emphasis has been placed on plant materials with mosquitocidal properties. furthermore, cancers figure among the leading causes of morbidity and mortali ...201626621285
sustained efficacy of the novel topical repellent tt-4302 against mosquitoes and ticks.mosquitoes and ticks are blood-feeding pests of humans and animals that can vector many important aetiological agents of disease. previous research demonstrated that tt-4302 (guardian(®) wilderness) containing 5% geraniol applied to human subjects gave 5-6 h of repellency against mosquitoes (depending on species) and was repellent to ticks in vitro. this study was conducted to obtain an independent third-party evaluation of tt-4302 against stegomyia aegypti (= aedes aegypti) (diptera: culicidae) ...201626614394
first report of leptolegnia chapmanii (peronosporomycetes: saprolegniales) affecting mosquitoes in central brazil.numerous isolates of an oomycete 'fungus', leptolegnia chapmanii, are reported from brazil for the first time. this aquatic pathogen was baited with aedes aegypti sentinel larvae from stagnant, temporary bodies of water in selected locations under secondary tropical forest in and near the central brazilian city of goiânia and from more distant sites in the western and northern regions of the state of goiás. isolates were identified based on their morphological and developmental characters, compa ...201627018147
the response of claudin-like transmembrane septate junction proteins to altered environmental ion levels in the larval mosquito aedes aegypti.septate junctions (sjs) occlude the paracellular pathway and function as paracellular diffusion barriers within invertebrate epithelia. however, integral components of sjs and their contribution to barrier properties have received considerably less attention than those of vertebrate occluding junctions. in arthropods, sj proteins have only been identified in drosophila and among these are three integral claudin-like proteins, megatrachea (mega), sinuous (sinu) and kune-kune (kune), as well as a ...201627004691
ecdysis period and rate deviations of dengue mosquito vector, aedes aegypti reared in different artificial water-holding containers.artificial water-holding containers (awhcs) have been well-documented in many aedes aegypti studies for dengue surveillance and developmental research. hence, we investigated the role of different ahwcs on the development and ecdysis period of ae. aegypti dengue vector, a container breeding mosquito.201627004577
bioactivity and laundering resistance of five commercially available, factory-treated permethrin-impregnated fabrics for the prevention of mosquito-borne diseases: the need for a standardized testing and licensing procedure.personal protective measures against hematophagous vectors constitute the first line of defense against arthropod-borne diseases. in this regard, a major advance has been the development of residual insecticides that can be impregnated into clothing. currently, however, information on specific treatment procedures, initial insecticide concentrations, arthropod toxicity, residual activity, and laundering resistance is either fragmentary or non-existent, and no world health organization pesticides ...201626738734
species distribution modelling of aedes aegypti in two dengue-endemic regions of pakistan.statistical tools are effectively used to determine the distribution of mosquitoes and to make ecological inferences about the vector-borne disease dynamics. in this study, we utilised species distribution models to understand spatial patterns of aedes aegypti in two dengue-prevalent regions of pakistan, lahore and swat. species distribution models can potentially indicate the probability of suitability of ae. aegypti once introduced to new regions like swat, where invasion of this species is a ...201626729239
chemical composition, toxicity and non-target effects of pinus kesiya essential oil: an eco-friendly and novel larvicide against malaria, dengue and lymphatic filariasis mosquito vectors.mosquitoes (diptera: culicidae) are vectors of important parasites and pathogens causing death, poverty and social disability worldwide, with special reference to tropical and subtropical countries. the overuse of synthetic insecticides to control mosquito vectors lead to resistance, adverse environmental effects and high operational costs. therefore, the development of eco-friendly control tools is an important public health challenge. in this study, the mosquito larvicidal activity of pinus ke ...201626995063
composition and biological activities of the essential oil of piper corcovadensis (miq.) c. dc (piperaceae).essential oil from fresh leaves of the shrub piper corcovadensis (miq.) c. dc was obtained in 0.21% (w/w) yield by hydrodistillation in a clevenger type apparatus. thirty-one components, accounting for 96.61% of the leaf oil, were identified by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. the major constituents of the oil were 1-butyl-3,4-methylenedioxybenzene (30.62%), terpinolene (17.44%), trans -caryophyllene (6.27%), α-pinene (5.92%), δ-cadinene (4.92%), and limonene (4.46%). bioassays against larv ...201626993082
dna barcoding and wing morphometrics to distinguish three aedes vectors in thailand.aedes aegypti (diptera: culicidae) (l.), ae. albopictus (skuse), and ae. scutellaris (walker) are important mosquito vectors of dengue and chikungunya viruses. they are morphologically similar and sympatric in some parts of their distribution; therefore, there is a risk of incorrect morphological identification. any confusion could have a negative impact on epidemiological studies or control strategies. therefore, we explored two modern tools to supplement current morphological identification: d ...201626987285
effect of two commercial herbicides on life history traits of a human disease vector, aedes aegypti, in the laboratory setting.some mosquito species utilize the small niches of water that are abundant in farmland habitats. these niches are susceptible to effects from agricultural pesticides, many of which are applied aerially over large tracts of land. one principal form of weed control in agricultural systems involves the development of herbicide-tolerant crops. the impact of sub-agricultural levels of these herbicides on mosquito survival and life-history traits of resulting adults have not been determined. the aim of ...201626965703
an animal homolog of plant mep/amt transporters promotes ammonia excretion by the anal papillae of the disease vector mosquito aedes aegypti.the transcripts of three putative ammonia (nh3/nh4 (+)) transporters, rhesus-like glycoproteins aerh50-1, aerh50-2 and amt/mep-like aeamt1 were detected in the anal papillae of larval aedes aegypti quantitative pcr studies revealed 12-fold higher transcript levels of aeamt1 in anal papillae relative to aerh50-1, and levels of aerh50-2 were even lower. immunoblotting revealed aeamt1 in anal papillae as a pre-protein with putative monomeric and trimeric forms. aeamt1 was immunolocalized to the bas ...201626944496
aedes aegypti control in brazil. 201626944024
deltamethrin-mediated survival, behavior, and oenocyte morphology of insecticide-susceptible and resistant yellow fever mosquitos (aedes aegypti).insecticide use is the prevailing control tactic for the mosquito aedes aegypti, a vector of several human viruses, which leads to ever-increasing problems of insecticide resistance in populations of this insect pest species. the underlying mechanisms of insecticide resistance may be linked to the metabolism of insecticides by various cells, including oenocytes. oenocytes are ectodermal cells responsible for lipid metabolism and detoxification. the goal of this study was to evaluate the subletha ...201626943998
[dengue, zika and chikungunya].arboviruses are transmitted by arthropods, including those responsible for the current pandemic: alphavirus (chikungunya) and flaviviruses (dengue and zika). its importance increased in the americas over the past 20 years. the main vectors are aedes aegypti and a. albopictus. dengue infection provides long lasting immunity against the specific serotype and temporary to the other three. subsequent infection by another serotype determines more serious disease. there is a registered vaccine for den ...201626942903
repellent and mosquitocidal effects of leaf extracts of clausena anisata against the aedes aegypti mosquito (diptera: culicidae).mosquitoes are rapidly developing resistance to insecticides that millions of people relied on to protect themselves from the diseases they carry, thereby creating a need to develop new insecticides. clausena anisata is used traditionally as an insect repellent by various communities in africa and asia. for this study, the repellency and adulticidal activities of leaf extracts and compounds isolated from this plant species were evaluated against the yellow fever mosquito, aedes aegypti. in the t ...201626924698
structural insights into the aedes aegypti aquaporins and aquaglyceroporins - an in silico study.there has been a fair bit of understanding on the structure-function relationship of aquaporins (aqps) from plants and vertebrates obtained from available x-ray crystallography data. however, there is a lacuna in understanding the structure of aqps from sanguinivorous insects like the mosquito where it plays a crucial role in survival. in this study, we have built homology models for the aedes aegypti aqps, identified key channel lining residues and compared the structure and sequence with ortho ...201626906718
control of mosquito-borne infectious diseases: sex and gene drive.sterile male releases have successfully reduced local populations of the dengue vector, aedes aegypti, but challenges remain in scale and in separating sexes before release. the recent discovery of the first mosquito male determining factor (m factor) will facilitate our understanding of the genetic programs that initiate sexual development in mosquitoes. manipulation of the m factor and possible intermediary factors may result in female-to-male conversion or female killing, enabling efficient s ...201626897660
spatial spread of dengue in a non-endemic tropical city in northern argentina.after more than eighty years dengue reemerged in argentina in 1997. since then, the largest epidemic in terms of geographical extent, magnitude and mortality, was recorded in 2009. in this report we analyzed the den-1 epidemic spread in orán, a mid-size city in a non-endemic tropical area in northern argentina, and its correlation with demographic and socioeconomic factors. cases were diagnosed by elisa between january and june 2009. we applied a space-time and spatial scan statistic under a poi ...201626875764
a novel in vitro bioassay to explore the repellent effects of compounds against mosquito aedes aegypti (diptera: culicidae).mosquitoes are vectors for many pathogens resulting in many deaths of humans. repellents play an important role in reducing mosquito bites and the spread of mosquito-borne diseases. currently, klun & debboun (k & d) and human-arm-based bioassay systems are used to identify repellent properties of compounds, extracts, and essential oils. risks involved with human-arm-based systems are allergic reactions and limited replicates. we are reporting an in vitro bioassay method “ncnpr repellent bioassay ...201626590191
identification of a major quantitative trait locus determining resistance to the organophosphate temephos in the dengue vector mosquito aedes aegypti.organophosphate insecticides (op) have extensively been used to control mosquitoes, such as the vector aedes aegypti. unfortunately, op resistance has hampered control programs worldwide. we used quantitative trait locus (qtl) mapping to evaluate temephos resistance in two f1 intercross populations derived from crosses between a resistant ae. aegypti strain (recr) and two susceptible strains (moyod and red). a single major effect qtl was identified on chromosome 2 of both segregating populations ...201626576515
characterization and mosquitocidal potential of neem cake-synthesized silver nanoparticles: genotoxicity and impact on predation efficiency of mosquito natural enemies.mosquitoes (diptera: culicidae) serve as important vectors for a wide number of parasites and pathogens of huge medical and veterinary importance. aedes aegypti is a primary dengue vector in tropical and subtropical urban areas. there is an urgent need to develop eco-friendly mosquitocides. in this study, silver nanoparticles (agnp) were biosynthesized using neem cake, a by-product of the neem oil extraction from the seed kernels of azadirachta indica. agnp were characterized using a variety of ...201626573518
development of a mosquito attractant blend of small molecules against host-seeking aedes aegypti.a mosquito's dependence on olfaction in the hunt for human host could be efficiently exploited to protect humans from mosquito bites. the present study is undertaken to make the most attractant compound blend for aedes aegypti mosquitoes to lure them to traps. eleven molecules (m1-m11) at different dilutions were screened for attractancy against non-blood-fed adult female mosquitoes in an olfactometer. the results showed that the attractancy was dependent on both the chemical nature of the molec ...201626693718
fitness of walbb wolbachia infection in aedes aegypti: parameter estimates in an outcrossed background and potential for population invasion.wolbachia endosymbionts are potentially useful tools for suppressing disease transmission by aedes aegypti mosquitoes because wolbachia can interfere with the transmission of dengue and other viruses as well as causing deleterious effects on their mosquito hosts. most recent research has focused on the wmel infection, but other infections also influence viral transmission and may spread in natural populations. here, we focus on the walbb infection in an australian outbred background and show tha ...201626711515
larvicidal activity of catechin isolated from leucas aspera against aedes aegypti, anopheles stephensi, and culex quinquefasciatus (diptera: culicidae).vector control is facing a threat due to the emergence of resistance to synthetic insecticides. insecticides of plant origin my serve as an alternative biocontrol technique in the future. the aim of the present study was to evaluate the larvicidal activity of fractions and compounds from the whole-plant methanol extracts of leucas aspera on the fourth-instar larvae of aedes aegypti, anopheles stephensi, and culex quinquefasciatus. the larvae were exposed to fractions with concentrations ranging ...201626711450
the role of octopamine receptor agonists in the synergistic toxicity of certain insect growth regulators (igrs) in controlling dengue vector aedes aegypti (diptera: culicidae) mosquito.the synergistic action of octopamine receptor agonists (or agonists) on many insecticide classes (e.g., organophosphorus, pyrethroids, and neonicotinoids) on aedes aegypti l. has been reported recently. an investigation of or agonist's effect on insect growth regulators (igrs) was undertaken to provide a better understanding of the mechanism of action. based on the igr bioassay, pyriproxyfen was the most potent igr insecticide tested (ec50=0.0019ng/ml). however, the lethal toxicity results indic ...201626672383
off! clip-on repellent device with metofluthrin tested on aedes aegypti (diptera: culicidae) for mortality at different time intervals and distances.the off! clip-on mosquito-repellent device was tested outdoors against aedes aegypti (l.). a single treatment device was used against batches of caged adult, nonblood fed ae. aegypti at multiple locations 0.3m from treatment center. another set of cages was stationed 0.6m from treatment. a final set of cages was placed 0.9m away. trials ran for durations of 5, 15, 30, and 60 min. initial knockdown and mortality after 24 h was recorded. the devices had effective knockdown and mortality. this was ...201626668103
expression profiles and rnai silencing of inhibitor of apoptosis transcripts in aedes, anopheles, and culex mosquitoes (diptera: culicidae).effective mosquito control is vital to curtail the devastating health effects of many vectored diseases. rna interference (rnai)-mediated control of mosquitoes is an attractive alternative to conventional chemical pesticides. previous studies have suggested that transcripts for inhibitors of apoptosis (iaps) may be good rnai targets. to revisit and extend previous reports, we examined the expression of aedes aegypti (l.) iaps (aaeiaps) 1, 2, 5, 6, 9, and a viral iap-associated factor (viaf) as w ...201626659858
spatial clustering of aedes aegypti (diptera: culicidae) and its impact on entomological surveillance indicators.spatial clustering of aedes aegypti (l.) was assessed in 0.25-km2 sampling plots located in three different neighborhoods in the city of rio de janeiro, brazil monitoring was carried out with two oviposition traps (collecting either. eggs or adult mosquitoes) over a consecutive 80-wk period. taylor power laws (tpl) were used to assess clustering in both adult and egg collections. the clustering level observed in both tpl models was sufficient to increase by two to three times the sampling effort ...201626659607
oviposition behavior in aedes aegypti and aedes albopictus (diptera: culicidae) in response to the presence of heterospecific and conspecific larvae.in mosquitoes, location of suitable sites for oviposition requires a set of visual, tactile, and olfactory cues that influences females before laying their eggs. the ability of gravid females to distinguish among potential oviposition sites that will or will not support the growth, development, and survival of their progeny is critical. aedes aegypti (l.) and aedes albopictus (skuse) share ecological niches, being highly competitive in larval stage. we studied the oviposition behavior of both sp ...201626634825
the impact of indoor residual spraying of deltamethrin on dengue vector populations in the peruvian amazon.dengue is an important public health problem in the amazon area of peru, resulting in significant morbidity each year. as in other areas of the world, ultra-low volume (ulv) application of insecticides is the main strategy to reduce adult populations of the dengue vector aedes aegypti, despite growing evidence of its limitations as a single control method. this study investigated the efficacy of deltamethrin s.c. applied through indoor residual spraying (irs) of dwellings in reducing a. aegypti ...201626571068
how important is vertical transmission of dengue viruses by mosquitoes (diptera: culicidae)?vertical transmission of dengue viruses by mosquitoes was discovered at the end of the late 1970s and has been suggested to be a means by which these viruses persist. however, it is unclear how widespread it is in nature, and its importance in the epidemiology of this disease is still debated. here, we review the literature on vertical transmission and discuss its role in dengue's epidemiology and control. we conclude that given the number of studies that failed to find evidence of vertical tran ...201626545718
satyrization and satyrization-resistance in competitive displacements of invasive mosquito species.competitive displacements or reductions of resident populations of insects, often effected by a related species, may be caused by a variety of mechanisms. satyrization is a form of mating interference in which males of one species mate with females of another species, significantly decreasing their fitness and not generating hybrids. satyrization has been established to be the probable cause of competitive displacements of resident mosquitoes by invasive species, especially of aedes aegypti by a ...201626542083
plant-mediated biosynthesis of nanoparticles as an emerging tool against mosquitoes of medical and veterinary importance: a review.mosquitoes (diptera: culicidae) are a key threat for millions of people worldwide, since they act as vectors for devastating parasites and pathogens. mosquito young instars are usually targeted with organophosphates, insect growth regulators and microbial control agents. indoors residual spraying and insecticide-treated bed nets are also employed. however, these chemicals have strong negative effects on human health and the environment. newer and safer tools have been recently implemented to enh ...201626541154
nepenthes ampullaria (nepenthaceae) pitchers are unattractive to gravid aedes aegypti and aedes albopictus (diptera: culicidae).nepenthes pitcher plants are colonized by a variety of specialized arthropods. as aedes mosquitoes are container breeders, nepenthes pitchers are a potential candidate oviposition site for vector species, such as aedes aegypti (l.) and aedes albopictus (skuse). however, aedes spp. are not commonly encountered in nepenthes pitchers, and the environment inside the pitchers of some species is lethal to them. one exception is nepenthes ampullaria jack, whose pitchers are known to be colonized by ae. ...201626518035
spatial and temporal variation in aedes aegypti and aedes albopictus (diptera: culicidae) numbers in the yogyakarta area of java, indonesia, with implications for wolbachia releases.of mosquito vector populations, particularly through wolbachia endosymbionts. the success of these strategies depends on understanding the dynamics of vector populations. in preparation for wolbachia releases around yogyakarta, we have studied aedes populations in five hamlets. adult monitoring with biogent- sentinel (bg-s) traps indicated that hamlet populations had different dynamics across the year; while there was an increase in aedes aegypti (l.) and aedes albopictus (skuse) numbers in the ...201626576934
the siren's song: exploitation of female flight tones to passively capture male aedes aegypti (diptera: culicidae).the need to capture male mosquitoes has intensified recently as a result of a number of male-based sterile insect technique (sit) and population-modification programs focused on aedes aegypti (l.) having initiated field releases. here, we report the results of the successful exploitation of the attraction of male ae. aegypti to female flight tones to enhance male collections in nonmechanical passive (nonbattery powered) gravid aedes traps (gat). prior to field studies, male attraction to female ...201626502754
the influence of ambient temperature on the susceptibility of aedes aegypti (diptera: culicidae) to the pyrethroid insecticide permethrin.insecticides are the most common strategy used for the management of mosquitoes. changes in ambient temperature can alter the toxicity of insecticides to ectothermic organisms. studies show organophosphate insecticides exhibit a positive correlation between ambient temperature and mortality for many insect species, and carbamate insecticides exhibit a slightly negative correlation between ambient temperature and mortality. pyrethroid insecticides exhibit a distinctly negative correlation between ...201626477050
genetic deviation in geographically close populations of the dengue vector aedes aegypti (diptera: culicidae): influence of environmental barriers in south india.mosquitoes are vectors of devastating pathogens and parasites, causing millions of deaths every year. dengue is a mosquito-borne viral infection found in tropical and subtropical regions around the world. recently, dengue transmission has strongly increased in urban and semiurban areas, becoming a major international public health concern. aedes aegypti (diptera: culicidae) is a primary vector of dengue. shedding light on genetic deviation in a. aegypti populations is of crucial importance to fu ...201626627691
egg hatching and survival of immature stages of aedes aegypti (diptera: culicidae) under natural temperature conditions during the cold season in buenos aires, argentina.in temperate regions, the seasonal dynamics of aedes aegypti (l.) (diptera: culicidae) is mainly influenced by temperature. it is assumed that, during the winter season, the population remains as eggs and that the development and population growth of surviving eggs begin during the following spring. the aim of the current study was to assess egg hatching of ae. aegypti during the winter in buenos aires city (argentina), and analyze the survival of immature stages. the experiments consisted of im ...201627576509
mosquito c-type lectins maintain gut microbiome homeostasis.the long-term evolutionary interaction between the host immune system and symbiotic bacteria determines their cooperative rather than antagonistic relationship. it is known that commensal bacteria have evolved a number of mechanisms to manipulate the mammalian host immune system and maintain homeostasis. however, the strategies employed by the microbiome to overcome host immune responses in invertebrates still remain to be understood. here, we report that the gut microbiome in mosquitoes utilize ...201627572642
identification and expression analysis of two 14-3-3 proteins in the mosquito aedes aegypti, an important arboviruses vector.the 14-3-3 proteins are evolutionarily conserved acidic proteins that form a family with several isoforms in many cell types of plants and animals. in invertebrates, including dipteran and lepidopteran insects, only two isoforms have been reported. 14-3-3 proteins are scaffold molecules that form homo- or heterodimeric complexes, acting as molecular adaptors mediating phosphorylation-dependent interactions with signaling molecules involved in immunity, cell differentiation, cell cycle, prolifera ...201627592842
dengue in a changing climate.dengue is the world's most important arboviral disease in terms of number of people affected. over the past 50 years, incidence increased 30-fold: there were approximately 390 million infections in 2010. globalization, trade, travel, demographic trends, and warming temperatures are associated with the recent spread of the primary vectors aedes aegypti and aedes albopictus and of dengue. overall, models project that new geographic areas along the fringe of current geographic ranges for aedes will ...201627475051
determination of juvenile hormone titers by means of lc-ms/ms/ms and a juvenile hormone-responsive gal4/uas system in aedes aegypti mosquitoes.in anautogenous mosquitoes, juvenile hormone iii (jh) plays an essential role in female post-eclosion (pe) development, preparing them for subsequent blood feeding and egg growth. we re-examined the jh titer during the reproductive cycle of female aedes aegypti mosquitoes. using liquid chromatography coupled with triple tandem mass spectrometry (lc-ms/ms/ms), we have shown that it reaches its peak at 48-54 h pe in the female hemolymph and at 72 h pe in whole body extracts. this method represents ...201627530057
aedes aegypti suppression in the americas: historical perspectives. 201627529102
phylogenetic analysis of the atp-binding cassette transporter family in three mosquito species.the atp-binding cassette (abc) transporter family functions in the atp-dependent transportation of various substrates across biological membranes. abc proteins participate in various biological processes and insecticide resistance in insects, and are divided into eight subfamilies (a-h). mosquitoes are important vectors of human diseases, but the mechanism by which the abc transporter family evolves in mosquitoes is unknown. in this study, we classified and compared the abc transporter families ...201627521922
[translation into practice of empowerment strategies for dengue prevention: facilitators and barriers].objective to identify facilitators and barriers to the process of translating community empowerment strategies into the practice of the national aedes aegypti control program in cuba. methods a case study of the process was conducted from 2005 to 2009 at national and provincial levels of the control program. data from participant observation, in-depth interviews, and document analysis were triangulated and analyzed inductively and deductively. results the main facilitators identified included a ...201627754520
isolation and identification of mosquito (aedes aegypti) biting-deterrent compounds from the native american ethnobotanical remedy plant hierochloë odorata (sweetgrass).hierochloë odorata (l.) p. beauv. (poaceae), commonly known as sweetgrass, has documented use as an insect repellent by the flatheads of montana and blackfoot of alberta. both the flatheads of montana and blackfoot of alberta would use braided plant material in a sachet in clothing or burn them from one end as incense, air/clothing freshener, and insect repellent. this study evaluated the insect-repellent properties of this plant using an in vitro mosquito aedes aegypti feeding bioassay-directed ...201627744691
dengue related osteonecrosis of the maxillary dento-alveolar bone.dengue is a mosquito transmitted flaviviral infection which can give rise to severe haemorrhage (dengue haemorrhagic fever/dhf) and with capillary leakage induces hypovolemic shock (dengue shock syndrome/dss). although dengue symptoms and complications have been known for many decades there has only been one documented case of osteonecrosis of the maxilla which was treated by excision of the necrotic bone. in this case of dengue infection, extensive maxillary osteonecrosis and minimal root resor ...201627743399
pyrethroid resistance in aedes aegypti and aedes albopictus: important mosquito vectors of human diseases.aedes aegypti and a. albopictus mosquitoes are vectors of important human disease viruses, including dengue, yellow fever, chikungunya and zika. pyrethroid insecticides are widely used to control adult aedes mosquitoes, especially during disease outbreaks. herein, we review the status of pyrethroid resistance in a. aegypti and a. albopictus, mechanisms of resistance, fitness costs associated with resistance alleles and provide suggestions for future research. the widespread use of pyrethroids ha ...201627742355
mosquitoes host communities of bacteria that are essential for development but vary greatly between local habitats.mosquitoes are insects of interest because several species vector disease-causing pathogens to humans and other vertebrates. we previously reported that mosquitoes from long-term laboratory cultures require living bacteria in their gut to develop, but development does not depend on particular species of bacteria. here, we focused on three distinct but interrelated areas of study to better understand the role of bacteria in mosquito development by studying field and laboratory populations of aede ...201627718295
light-driven processes control both rhodopsin maturation and recycling in mosquito photoreceptors.many invertebrates carry out a daily cycle of shedding and rebuilding of the photoreceptor's photosensitive rhabdomeric membranes. the mosquito aedes aegypti shows a robust response, losing nearly all aaop1 rhodopsin from the rhabdomeric membranes during the shedding process at dawn. here, we made use of aaop1 antibodies capable of distinguishing newly synthesized, glycosylated rhodopsin from mature nonglycosylated rhodopsin to characterize the fate of aaop1 during the shedding and rebuilding pr ...201627798185
melaleuca quinquenervia (cav.) s.t. blake (myrtales: myrtaceae): natural alternative for mosquito control.to evaluate an essential oil with larvicide, adulticide and growth inhibitory activity against aedes aegypti, aedes albopictus and culex quinquefasciatus mosquitoes, of medical importance.201627794392
identification and analysis of a processed cytochrome p450 pseudogene of the disease vector aedes aegypti.to clone cytochrome p450 from aedes aegypti (ae. aegypti) and determine the characteristics using bioinformatics tools.201627794391
global genetic diversity of aedes aegypti.mosquitoes, especially aedes aegypti, are becoming important models for studying invasion biology. we characterized genetic variation at 12 microsatellite loci in 79 populations of ae. aegypti from 30 countries in six continents, and used them to infer historical and modern patterns of invasion. our results support the two subspecies ae. aegypti formosus and ae. aegypti aegypti as genetically distinct units. ae. aegypti aegypti populations outside africa are derived from ancestral african popula ...201627671732
detecting multiple dna human profile from a mosquito blood meal.criminal traces commonly found at crime scenes may present mixtures from two or more individuals. the scene of the crime is important for the collection of various types of traces in order to find the perpetrator of the crime. thus, we propose that hematophagous mosquitoes found at crime scenes can be used to perform genetic testing of human blood and aid in suspect investigation. the aim of the study was to obtain a single aedes aegypti mosquito profile from a human dna mixture containing genet ...201627706606
excito-repellency of citrus hystrix dc leaf and peel essential oils against aedes aegypti and anopheles minimus (diptera: culicidae), vectors of human pathogens.the essential oils of kaffir lime (citrus hystrix dc.) at four different concentrations (0.5, 1.0, 2.5, and 5.0% v/v) were studied for their repellency, excitation, and knockdown properties against laboratory strains of aedes aegypti (l.) and anopheles minimus theobald using an excito-repellency test system. both contact and noncontact escape responses to leaf- and peel-derived kaffir lime oils were observed. comparing unadjusted escape responses for an. minimus, leaf oil had strong combined irr ...201627694144
wolbachia restricts insect-specific flavivirus infection in aedes aegypti cells.mosquito-borne viruses are known to cause disease in humans and livestock and are often difficult to control due to the lack of specific antivirals and vaccines. the wolbachia endosymbiont has been widely studied for its ability to restrict positive-strand rna virus infection in mosquitoes, although little is known about the precise antiviral mechanism. in recent years, a variety of insect-specific viruses have been discovered in mosquitoes and an interaction with mosquito-borne viruses has been ...201627692043
evaluation of clove oil, icaridin, and transfluthrin for spatial repellent effects in three tests systems against the aedes aegypti (diptera: culicidae).one essential oil (clove oil), one skin repellent (icaridin), and one insecticide (transfluthrin) were tested for spatial repellent effects against non-blood-fed female aedes aegypti (l.) mosquitoes. the compounds were tested in acetone dilution series using a y-olfactometer, a double cage system, and a double room system. all compounds exhibited spatial repellent effects at certain concentrations. clove oil required relative high dosages to cause high effects (y-olfactometer 6 mg, double cage 6 ...201627651437
antimosquito property of petroselinum crispum (umbellifereae) against the pyrethroid resistant and susceptible strains of aedes aegypti (diptera: culicidae).the increasing and widespread resistance to conventional synthetic insecticides in vector populations has underscored the urgent need to establish alternatives in the mosquito management system. this study was carried out with the aim to investigate the antimosquito property, larvicidal and adulticidal potential, of plant products against both the pyrethroid-susceptible and resistant strains of aedes aegypti. seventeen plant products, including essential oils and ethanolic extracts, were obtaine ...201627638800
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