Publications

differential activity of multiple saponins against omnivorous insects with varying feeding preferences.	a variety of glycosylated and unglycosylated saponins from seven different plant families (aquifoliaceae, asparagaceae, caryophyllaceae, dioscoreaceae, leguminosae, rosaceae, sapindaceae) were tested against the corn earworm, helicoverpa zea, and the fall armyworm, spodoptera frugiperda. the corn earworm feeds readily on both monocots and dicots, while the fall armyworm is primarily a grass feeder. most of the saponins were similarly effective or ineffective against both insect species, with the ...	2011	21503618
noctuid migration in texas within the nocturnal aeroecological boundary layer.	long-distance migration of adult corn earworm moths (helicoverpa zea), and several other noctuid moth species, facilitates seasonal expansion of pest populations and consequent increased infestations of agricultural crops on a continental scale in north america. long-term field studies of population dynamics and migratory flights of h. zea and fall armyworm (spodoptera frugiperda) in the united states were evaluated using x-band radar observations and profiles of atmospheric conditions. these st ...	2008	21669776
a host-plant specialist, helicoverpa assulta, is more tolerant to capsaicin from capsicum annuum than other noctuid species.	plant secondary compounds not only play an important role in plant defense, but have been a driving force for host adaptation by herbivores. capsaicin (8-methyl-n-vanillyl-6-nonenamide), an alkaloid found in the fruit of capsicum spp. (solanaceae), is responsible for the pungency of hot pepper fruits and is unique to the genus. the oriental tobacco budworm, helicoverpa assulta (lepidoptera: noctuidae), is a specialist herbivore feeding on solanaceous plants including capsicum annuum, and is one ...	2011	21704632
impact of applying edible oils to silk channels on ear pests of sweet corn.	the impact of applying edible oils to corn silks on ear-feeding insects in sweet corn, zea mays l., production was evaluated in 2006 and 2007. six edible oils used in this experiment were canola, corn, olive, peanut, sesame, and soybean. water and two commercial insecticidal oils (neemix neem oil and nc21 sunspray ultrafine, a horticultural mineral oil) were used as the controls for the experiment. six parameters evaluated in this experiment were corn earworm [helicoverpa zea (boddie) (lepidopte ...	2011	21735916
susceptibility of helicoverpa zea and heliothis virescens (lepidoptera: noctuidae) to vip3a insecticidal protein expressed in vipcot™ cotton.	susceptibility of laboratory and field colonies of helicoverpa zea (boddie) and heliothis virescens f. to vip3a insecticidal protein was studied in diet incorporation and diet overlay assays from 2004 to 2008. responses of field populations were compared to paired responses of university of arkansas laboratory susceptible h. zea (labza) and h. virescens (labvr) colonies. after 7d of exposure, observations were made on number of dead larvae (m) and the number of larvae alive but remaining as firs ...	2011	21767545
novel vip3a bacillus thuringiensis (bt) maize approaches high-dose efficacy against helicoverpa zea (lepidoptera: noctuidae) under field conditions: implications for resistance management.	sweet corn, zea mays l., transformed to express a novel vegetative insecticidal protein, vip3a (event mir162, syngenta seeds, inc..), produced by the bacterium, bacillus thuringiensis (bt), was evaluated over four field seasons in maryland and two field seasons in minnesota for efficacy against the corn earworm, helicoverpa zea (boddie). -áhybrids expressing the vip3a protein and pyramided in hybrids also expressing the cry1ab bt protein (event bt11, attribute (-«) , syngenta seeds, inc.) were c ...	2010	21844691
cross-pollination of nontransgenic corn ears with transgenic bt corn: efficacy against lepidopteran pests and implications for resistance management.	the efficacy of nontransgenic sweet corn, zea mays l., hybrids cross-pollinated by bacillus thuringiensis (bt) sweet corn hybrids expressing cry1ab toxin was evaluated in both field and laboratory studies in minnesota in 2000. non-bt and bt hybrids (maternal plants) were cross-pollinated with pollen from both non-bt and bt hybrids (paternal plants) to create four crosses. subsequent crosses were evaluated for efficacy in the field against european corn borer, ostrinia nubilalis (hübner), and cor ...	2011	22066174
Spatial patterns of aflatoxin levels in relation to ear-feeding insect damage in pre-harvest corn.	Key impediments to increased corn yield and quality in the southeastern US coastal plain region are damage by ear-feeding insects and aflatoxin contamination caused by infection of Aspergillus flavus. Key ear-feeding insects are corn earworm, Helicoverpa zea, fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda, maize weevil, Sitophilus zeamais, and brown stink bug, Euschistus servus. In 2006 and 2007, aflatoxin contamination and insect damage were sampled before harvest in three 0.4-hectare corn fields using a ...	2011	22069748
pinellia ternata agglutinin expression in chloroplasts confers broad spectrum resistance against aphid, whitefly, lepidopteran insects, bacterial and viral pathogens.	broad spectrum protection against different insects and pathogens requires multigene engineering. however, such broad spectrum protection against biotic stress is provided by a single protein in some medicinal plants. therefore, tobacco chloroplasts were transformed with the agglutinin gene from pinellia ternata (pta), a widely cultivated chinese medicinal herb. pinellia ternata agglutinin (pta) was expressed up to 9.2% of total soluble protein in mature leaves. purified pta showed similar hemag ...	2011	22077160
changes in trace metals in hemolymph of baculovirus-infected noctuid larvae.	we studied how biologically relevant trace metals (i.e., micronutrients) in the hemolymph of larval heliothis virescens and helicoverpa zea (lepidoptera: noctuidae) changed in response to per os baculovirus infection, larval development, and injection of heat-killed bacteria. concentrations of hemolymph co, cr, cu, fe, mg, mn, mo, ni, and zn were measured using inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry. h. virescens larvae exhibited greater fluctuations in hemolymph trace metal levels in resp ...	2011	22083423
herbivore-induced changes in tomato (solanum lycopersicum) primary metabolism: a whole plant perspective.	induced changes in primary metabolism are important plant responses to herbivory, providing energy and metabolic precursors for defense compounds. metabolic shifts also can lead to reallocation of leaf resources to storage tissues, thus increasing a plant's tolerance. we characterized whole-plant metabolic responses of tomato (solanum lycopersicum) 24 h after leaf herbivory by two caterpillars (the generalist helicoverpa zea and the specialist manduca sexta) by using gc-ms. we measured 56 primar ...	2011	22161151
baculovirus induced transcripts in hemocytes from the larvae of heliothis virescens.	using rna-seq digital difference expression profiling methods, we have assessed the gene expression profiles of hemocytes harvested from heliothis virescens that were challenged with helicoverpa zea single nucleopolyhedrovirus (hzsnpv). a reference transcriptome of hemocyte-expressed transcripts was assembled from 202 million 42-base tags by combining the sequence data of all samples, and the assembled sequences were then subject to blastx analysis to determine gene identities. we used the fully ...	2011	22163334
development of quenching and washing protocols for quantitative intracellular metabolite analysis of uninfected and baculovirus-infected insect cells.	metabolomics refer to the global analysis of small molecule metabolites in a biological system, and can be a powerful tool to elucidate and optimize cellular processes, particularly when integrated into a systems biology framework. determining the endometabolome in cultured animal cells is especially challenging, due to the conflicting demands for rapid quenching of metabolism and retention of membrane integrity, while cells are separated from the complex medium. the challenge is magnified in vi ...	2011	22166686
analysis of the genome of the sexually transmitted insect virus helicoverpa zea nudivirus 2.	the sexually transmitted insect virus helicoverpa zea nudivirus 2 (hznv-2) was determined to have a circular double-stranded dna genome of 231,621 bp coding for an estimated 113 open reading frames (orfs). hznv-2 is most closely related to the nudiviruses, a sister group of the insect baculoviruses. several putative orfs that share homology with the baculovirus core genes were identified in the viral genome. however, hznv-2 lacks several key genetic features of baculoviruses including the late t ...	2012	22355451
salivary glucose oxidase from caterpillars mediates the induction of rapid and delayed-induced defenses in the tomato plant.	caterpillars produce oral secretions that may serve as cues to elicit plant defenses, but in other cases these secretions have been shown to suppress plant defenses. ongoing work in our laboratory has focused on the salivary secretions of the tomato fruitworm, helicoverpa zea. in previous studies we have shown that saliva and its principal component glucose oxidase acts as an effector by suppressing defenses in tobacco. in this current study, we report that saliva elicits a burst of jasmonic aci ...	2012	22558369
re-evaluation of the pban receptor molecule: characterization of pbanr variants expressed in the pheromone glands of moths.	sex pheromone production in most moths is initiated following pheromone biosynthesis activating neuropeptide receptor (pbanr) activation. pbanr was initially cloned from pheromone glands (pgs) of helicoverpa zea and bombyx mori. the b. mori pbanr is characterized by a relatively long c-terminus that is essential for ligand-induced internalization, whereas the h. zea pbanr has a shorter c-terminus that lacks features present in the b. mori pbanr critical for internalization. multiple pbanrs have ...	2012	22654850
association of cry1ac toxin resistance in helicoverpa zea (boddie) with increased alkaline phosphatase levels in the midgut lumen.	resistance to bacillus thuringiensis cry1ac toxin was characterized in a population of helicoverpa zea larvae previously shown not to have an alteration in toxin binding as the primary resistance mechanism to this toxin. cry1ac-selected larvae (ar1) were resistant to protoxins and toxins of cry1ab, cry1ac, and the corresponding modified proteins lacking helix α-1 (cry1abmod and cry1acmod). when comparing brush border membrane vesicles (bbmvs) prepared from susceptible (lc) and ar1 larval midguts ...	2012	22685140
study of the pest community of velvetleaf (abutilon theophrasti medic.).	velvetleaf (abutilon theophrasti medicus 1787) is one of the most economically threatening weed plant in hungary. researching biological control against it, and identifying a possible and effective biocontrol agent is an important challenge, as chemical control is difficult and expensive, and there is an increasing claim to practice slight plant protection. entomological studies were made in several parts of the world, for evaluating the species, occuring in velvetleaf, but none of these kind of ...	2011	22696962
atp hydrolyzing salivary enzymes of caterpillars suppress plant defenses.	the oral secretions of herbivores are important recognition cues that can be used by plants to mediate induced defenses. in this study, a degradation of adenosine-5'-triphosphate (atp) in tomato leaves was detected after treatment with helicoverpa zea saliva. correspondingly, a high level of atpase activity in saliva was detected and three atp hydrolyzing enzymes: apyrase, atp synthase and atpase 13a1 were identified in salivary glands. to determine the functions of these proteins in mediating d ...	2012	22848670
evaluation of corn germplasm lines for multiple ear-colonizing insect and disease resistance.	ear-colonizing insects and diseases that reduce yield and impose health threats by mycotoxin contaminations in the grain, are critical impediments for corn (zea mays l.) production in the southern united states. ten germplasm lines from the germplasm enhancement of maize (gem) program in ames, ia, and raleigh, nc, and 10 lines (derived from gem germplasm) from the texas agricultural experiment station in lubbock, tx, were examined in 2007 and 2008 with local resistant and susceptible controls. f ...	2012	22928329
enhanced pest resistance of maize leaves expressing monocot crop plant-derived ribosome-inactivating protein and agglutinin.	although many insect resistance genes have been identified, the number of studies examining their effects in combination using transgenic systems is limited. this study introduced a construct into maize containing the coding sequence for maize ribosome-inactivating protein (mrip) and wheat germ agglutinin (wga). many transformants produced both the mrip and wga in leaves. mature leaves expressing higher levels of these two proteins were more resistant to feeding by first-instar larvae of fall ar ...	2012	23078237
evaluation of corn hybrids expressing cry1f, cry1a.105, cry2ab2, cry34ab1/cry35ab1, and cry3bb1 against southern united states insect pests.	studies were conducted across the southern united states to characterize the efficacy of multiple bacillus thuringiensis (bt) events in a field corn, zea mays l., hybrid for control of common lepidopteran and coleopteran pests. cry1f protein in event tc1507 and cry1a.105 + cry2ab2 proteins in event mon 89034 were evaluated against pests infesting corn on above-ground plant tissue including foliage, stalks, and ears. cry34ab1/cry35ab1 proteins in event das-59122-7 and cry3bb1 in event mon 88017 w ...	2012	23156183
providence virus (family: carmotetraviridae) replicates vrna in association with the golgi apparatus and secretory vesicles.	providence virus (prv) is the sole member of the family carmotetraviridae (formerly tetraviridae) sharing the characteristic t=4 capsid architecture with other tetravirus families. despite significant structural similarities, prv differs from other tetraviruses in terms of genome organization, non-structural protein sequence and regulation of gene expression. in addition, it is the only tetravirus that infects tissue culture cells. previous studies showed that in persistently infected helicoverp ...	2013	23343628
cdna cloning and sequence determination of the pheromone biosynthesis activating neuropeptide from the seabuckthorn carpenterworm, holcocerus hippophaecolus (lepidoptera: cossidae).	the pban (pheromone biosynthesis activating neuropeptide)/pyrokinin peptides comprise a major neuropeptide family characterized by a common fxprl amide at the c-terminus. these peptides are actively involved in many essential endocrine functions. for the first time, we reported the cdna cloning and sequence determination of the pban from the seabuckthorn carpenterworm, holcocerus hippophaecolus, by using rapid amplification of cdna ends. the full-length cdna of hh-dh-pban contained five peptides ...	2013	23361644
risk assessment for helicoverpa zea (lepidoptera: noctuidae) resistance on dual-gene versus single-gene corn.	recent environmental protection agency (epa) decisions regarding resistance management in bt-cropping systems have prompted concern in some experts that dual-gene bt-corn (cryla.105 and cry2ab2 toxins) may result in more rapid selection for resistance in helicoverpa zea (boddie) than single-gene bacillus thuringiensis (bt)-corn (crylab toxin). the concern is that bt-toxin longevity could be significantly reduced with recent adoption of a natural refuge for dual-gene bt-cotton (crylac and cry2ab2 ...	2013	23448055
potential shortfall of pyramided transgenic cotton for insect resistance management.	to delay evolution of pest resistance to transgenic crops producing insecticidal proteins from bacillus thuringiensis (bt), the "pyramid" strategy uses plants that produce two or more toxins that kill the same pest. in the united states, this strategy has been adopted widely, with two-toxin bt cotton replacing one-toxin bt cotton. although two-toxin plants are likely to be more durable than one-toxin plants, the extent of this advantage depends on several conditions. one key assumption favoring ...	2013	23530245
direct and indirect effects of the synthetic-auxin herbicide dicamba on two lepidopteran species.	herbicides are the most commonly applied pesticides in agroecosystems, and therefore pose potentially significant ecotoxicological risks to plants and insects. glyphosate is the most common herbicide worldwide, and glyphosate-resistant weeds are quickly becoming serious challenges in some agroecosystems. because of this resistance epidemic and the recent development of crops with resistance to dicamba or 2,4-d, herbicide-use patterns are likely to change. presently, dicamba and 2,4-d cause most ...	2013	23726069
evaluation of pest vulnerability of 'benning' soybean value added and insect resistant near isogenic lines.	crop enhancement with value added traits may affect vulnerability to insects, and evaluating the susceptibility levels of the various value added traits in elite germplasm would aid in developing integrated pest management strategies. during 2007-2008, five 'benning' soybean (glycine max (l.) merr) lines with different value added nutritional traits and four insect resistant quantitative trait loci (qtl) lines were evaluated in an effort to determine their pest vulnerability under artificial and ...	2013	23786071
corn earworm (lepidoptera: noctuidae) in northeastern field corn: infestation levels and the value of transgenic hybrids.	corn earworm, helicoverpa zea (boddie), is a polyphagous noctuid pest of agricultural crops across the united states that is gaining attention as a pest of field corn. before the introduction of transgenic insect-resistant hybrids, this pest was largely ignored in field corn, but now many bacillus thuringiensis (bt) corn hybrids have activity against corn earworm. however, the value of control in the northeastern united states is unclear because the risk posed by corn earworm to field corn has n ...	2013	23865190
aflatoxin b1: toxicity, bioactivation and detoxification in the polyphagous caterpillar trichoplusia ni.	trichoplusia ni caterpillars are polyphagous foliage-feeders and rarely likely to encounter aflatoxin b1 (afb1), a mycotoxin produced by aspergillus flavus and a. parasiticus, in their host plants. to determine how t. ni copes with afb1, we evaluated the toxicity of afb1 to t. ni caterpillars at different developmental stages and found that afb1 tolerance significantly increases with larval development. diet incorporation of afb1 at 1 μg/g completely inhibited larval growth and pupation of newly ...	2013	23955884
host-specific recognition kairomone for the parasitoidmicroplitis croceipes (cresson).	a water-extractable host recognition kairomone in frass of corn earworm,helicoverpa zea boddie (lepidoptera: noctuidae), host larvae stimulates antennation by females of the parasitoidmicroplitis croceipes cresson (braconidae: hymenoptera). in addition, when the wasps contact water extracts of host frass they will subsequently fly in a flight tunnel to odor associated with the extract. contact with water extracts of cowpea leaves or with water extracts of frass from larvae of nonhost beet armywo ...	1995	24233823
herbivore-induced volatile emissions from cotton (gossypium hirsutum l.) seedlings.	the effect of herbivory on the composition of the volatile blends released by cotton seedlings was investigated by collecting volatiles from undamaged, freshly damaged (0-2 hr after initiation of feeding), and old damaged (16-19 hr after initiation of feeding) plants on which corn earworm caterpillars (helicoverpa zea boddie) were actively feeding. a blend of 22 compounds was consistently observed to be emitted by the old damaged plants with nine occurring either only in, or in significantly gre ...	1994	24241975
an elicitor in caterpillar oral secretions that induces corn seedlings to emit chemical signals attractive to parasitic wasps.	regurgitate of corn-fed beet armyworm (baw) caterpillars,spodoptera exigua, when applied to damaged sites of corn (zea mays) seedlings, causes the release of relatively large amounts of terpenes by the seedlings several hours later. this plant response could be induced by merely placing the cut stem of seedlings in a solution of baw regurgitate for 12 hr, a response that could not be induced by placing seedlings in water only. regurgitate of baw fed various diets, including a minimal diet of fil ...	1993	24248945
molecular cloning and functional characterization of the diapause hormone receptor in the corn earworm helicoverpa zea.	the diapause hormone (dh) in the heliothine moth has shown its activity in termination of pupal diapause, while the orthology in the silkworm is known to induce embryonic diapause. in the current study, we cloned the diapause hormone receptor from the corn earworm helicoverpa zea (hzdhr) and tested its ligand specificities in a heterologous reporter system. hzdhr was expressed in chinese hamster ovary (cho) cells, which were co-transfected with the aequorin reporter, and was used to measure the ...	2013	24257143
molecular identification and expression analysis of a diapause hormone receptor in the corn earworm, helicoverpa zea.	diapause hormone (dh) is an insect neuropeptide that is highly effective in terminating the overwintering pupal diapause in members of the helicoverpa/heliothis complex of agricultural pests, thus dh and related compounds have promise as tools for pest management. to augment our development of effective dh analogs and antagonists that could be used as diapause disruptors this study focuses on the cloning and identification of the dh receptor (dhr) in the corn earworm, helicoverpa zea. the full-l ...	2014	24345336
development of a bioluminescence assay for aldehyde pheromones of insects : ii. analysis of pheromone glands.	pheromone levels in the glands of individual female moths of the spruce budworm (choristoneura fumiferana), the western spruce budworm (c. occidentalis), the navel orangeworm (amyelois transitella), and the corn earworm (heliothis zea) were quantitively measured by means of a new bacterial bioluminescence assay specific for aldehydes. the sensitivity and rapidity of the bioluminescent assay enabled studies to be conducted on the dependence of the pheromone levels in the spruce budworm on age and ...	1982	24415248
plant dependence on rhizobia for nitrogen influences induced plant defenses and herbivore performance.	symbiotic rhizobia induce many changes in legumes that could affect aboveground interactions with herbivores. we explored how changing the intensity of bradyrhizobium japonicum, as modulated by soil nitrogen (n) levels, influenced the interaction between soybean (glycine max) and herbivores of different feeding guilds. when we employed a range of fertilizer applications to manipulate soil n, plants primarily dependent on rhizobia for n exhibited increased root nodulation and higher levels of fol ...	2014	24451132
effects of rag1 on the preference and performance of soybean defoliators.	the rag1 gene confers antibiotic resistance to soybean aphid, aphis glycines matsumura (hemiptera: aphididae), and in 2010, varieties expressing rag1 were released for commercial use in the united states. we do not know how rag1 varieties will influence the broader community of defoliating insects that inhabit soybean fields. in 2010 and 2011, the preference and performance of pest insects that defoliate soybeans [glycines max (l.) merr] were tested using rag1 and aphid-susceptible varieties. th ...	2013	24498760
efficacy of pyramided bt proteins cry1f, cry1a.105, and cry2ab2 expressed in smartstax corn hybrids against lepidopteran insect pests in the northern united states.	commercial field corn (zea mays l.) hybrids transformed to express some or all of the lepidopteran insect-resistant traits present in smartstax corn hybrids were evaluated for insecticidal efficacy against a wide range oflepidopteran corn pests common to the northern united states, during 2008 to 2011 at locations in 15 states. smartstax hybrids contain a pyramid of two bacillus thuringiensis (bt) derived events for lepidopteran control: event tc1507 expressing cry1f protein and mon 89034 expres ...	2014	24665726
managing the sugarcane borer, diatraea saccharalis, and corn earworm, helicoverpa zea, using bt corn and insecticide treatments.	the sugarcane borer, diatraea saccharalis (fabricius) (lepidoptera: crambidae) and the corn earworm, helicoverpa zea (boddie) (lepidoptera: noctuidae), are important pests of corn in brazil and have not been successfully managed, because of the difficulty of managing them with pesticides. the objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of bt corn mon810, transformed with a gene from bacillus thuringiensis berliner (bacillales: bacillaceae) insecticide seed treatment, and foliar insecticid ...	2013	24735131
expression of a wolf spider toxin in tobacco inhibits the growth of microbes and insects.	lycotoxin i, from the wolf spider (lycosa carolinensis), is an amphipathic pore-forming peptide that has antimicrobial and anti-insect activity. constitutive expression of a lycotoxin i modified for oral toxicity to insects in tobacco (nicotiana tabacum) conferred significantly enhanced resistance to larvae of the corn earworm (helicoverpa zea) and cigarette beetle (lasioderma serricorne). gene expression levels of modified lycotoxin i were negatively correlated to the survival of corn earworm l ...	2014	24770871
movement of cyantraniliprole in plants after foliar applications and its impact on the control of sucking and chewing insects.	given the physical properties of insecticides, there is often some movement of these compounds within crop plants following foliar application. in this context, movement of two formulations of cyantraniliprole, an anthranilic diamide, was characterized for translocation to new growth, distribution within a leaf and penetration through the leaf cuticle.	2015	24771486
a comparison of bt transgene, hybrid background, water stress, and insect stress effects on corn leaf and ear injury and subsequent yield.	experimentally manipulated water and insect stresses were applied to field-grown corn with different bacillus thuringiensis (bt) transgenes and no bt transgenes, and different nontransgenic hybrid backgrounds (2011 and 2012, corpus christi, tx). differences in leaf injury, ear injury, and yield were detected among experimental factors and their interactions. under high and low water stress, injury from noctuid larvae (lepidoptera: noctuidae) on leaves during vegetative growth (primarily from fal ...	2014	24780114
metabolic engineering of monoterpene biosynthesis in tomato fruits via introduction of the non-canonical substrate neryl diphosphate.	recently it was shown that monoterpenes in tomato trichomes (solanum lycopersicum) are synthesized by phellandrene synthase 1 (phs1) from the non-canonical substrate neryl diphosphate (npp), the cis-isomer of geranyl diphosphate (gpp). as phs1 accepts both npp and gpp substrates forming different monoterpenes, it was overexpressed in tomato fruits to test if npp is also available in a tissue highly active in carotenoid production. however, transgenic fruits overexpressing phs1 produced only smal ...	2014	24831707
impact of corn earworm injury on yield of transgenic corn producing bt toxins in the carolinas.	transgenic corn, zea mays l., hybrids expressing insecticidal cry proteins from bacillus thuringiensis (bt) and insecticide applications to suppress injury from helicoverpa zea (boddie) were evaluated in florence, sc, and in plymouth, nc, in 2012 and 2013. based on kernel area injured, insecticide applications (chlorantraniliprole) every 3-4 d from r1 until h. zea had cycled out of corn reduced injury by 80-93% in florence and 94-95% in plymouth. despite intensive applications of insecticide (13 ...	2014	25026670
genome sequence and organization analysis of heliothis virescens ascovirus 3f isolated from a helicoverpa zea larva.	the complete genome sequence of heliothis virescens ascovirus 3f (hvav-3f) was obtained. the hvav-3f genome has a circular genome of 198,157bp with a g+c content of 46.0%, and encodes 190 open reading frames (orfs) longer than 69 amino acids. two major homologous regions (hrs) and 29 'baculovirus repeat orfs' (bro) were found in the genome. blast analyses revealed that three hvav-3f genes were homologous to that of lepidopteran insects. nine orfs were unique to hvav-3f, in which two orfs showed ...	2014	25149038
life table and consumption capacity of corn earworm, helicoverpa armigera, fed asparagus, asparagus officinalis.	the life table and consumption rate of helicoverpa armigera (hübner) (lepidoptera: noctuidae) reared on asparagus, asparagus officinalis l. (asparagales: asparagaceae) were studied under laboratory conditions to assess their interaction. development, survival, fecundity, and consumption data were analyzed by the age-stage, twosex life table. this study indicated that asparagus is a natural host of h. armigera. however, the poor nutritional content in asparagus foliage and the poor fitness of h. ...	2014	25373181
a challenge for the seed mixture refuge strategy in bt maize: impact of cross-pollination on an ear-feeding pest, corn earworm.	to counter the threat of insect resistance, bacillus thuringiensis (bt) maize growers in the u.s. are required to plant structured non-bt maize refuges. concerns with refuge compliance led to the introduction of seed mixtures, also called rib (refuge-in-the-bag), as an alternative approach for implementing refuge for bt maize products in the u.s. maize belt. a major concern in rib is cross-pollination of maize hybrids that can cause bt proteins to be present in refuge maize kernels and negativel ...	2014	25409442
imidazole derivative kk-42 boosts pupal diapause incidence and delays diapause termination in several insect species.	the imidazole derivative kk-42 is a synthetic insect growth regulator known previously to be capable of averting embryonic diapause in several lepidoptera, but whether it also affects diapauses occurring in other developmental stages remains unknown. in the present study, we examined the effect of kk-42 on pupal diapause in two species of lepidoptera, the chinese oak silkworm antheraea pernyi and the corn earworm helicoverpa zea, and in one species of diptera, the flesh fly sarcophaga crassipalp ...	2015	25688691
a seed mixture increases dominance of resistance to bt cotton in helicoverpa zea.	widely grown transgenic crops producing insecticidal proteins from bacillus thuringiensis (bt) can benefit agriculture, but adaptation by pests threatens their continued success. refuges of host plants that do not make bt toxins can promote survival of susceptible insects and delay evolution of resistance, particularly if resistance is inherited as a recessive trait. however, data have been lacking to compare the dominance of resistance when bt and non-bt seeds are planted in random mixtures ver ...	2015	25950459
synthesis and insecticidal activity of spinosyns with c9-o-benzyl bioisosteres in place of the 2',3',4'-tri-o-methyl rhamnose.	the spinosyns are fermentation-derived natural products active against a wide range of insect pests. they are structurally complex, consisting of two sugars (forosamine and rhamnose) coupled to a macrocyclic tetracycle. removal of the rhamnose sugar results in a >100-fold reduction in insecticidal activity. c9-o-benzyl analogues of spinosyn d were synthesized to determine if the 2',3',4'-tri-o-methyl rhamnose moiety could be replaced with a simpler, synthetic bioisostere. insecticidal activity w ...	2015	25993441
maize death acids, 9-lipoxygenase-derived cyclopente(a)nones, display activity as cytotoxic phytoalexins and transcriptional mediators.	plant damage promotes the interaction of lipoxygenases (loxs) with fatty acids yielding 9-hydroperoxides, 13-hydroperoxides, and complex arrays of oxylipins. the action of 13-lox on linolenic acid enables production of 12-oxo-phytodienoic acid (12-opda) and its downstream products, termed "jasmonates." as signals, jasmonates have related yet distinct roles in the regulation of plant resistance against insect and pathogen attack. a similar pathway involving 9-lox activity on linolenic and linolei ...	2015	26305953
inhibition of helicoverpa zea (lepidoptera: noctuidae) growth by transgenic corn expressing bt toxins and development of resistance to cry1ab.	transgenic corn, zea mays l., that expresses the bacillus thuringiensis (bt) toxin cry1ab is only moderately toxic to helicoverpa zea (boddie) and has been planted commercially since 1996. growth and development of h. zea was monitored to determine potential changes in susceptibility to this toxin over time. small plots of corn hybrids expressing cry1f, cry1f × cry1ab, cry1ab × cry3bb1, cry1a.105 × cry2ab2 × cry3bb1, cry1a.105 × cry2ab2, and vip3aa20 × cry1ab × mcry3a were planted in both 2012 a ...	2015	26314074
survival of corn earworm (lepidoptera: noctuidae) on bt maize and cross-pollinated refuge ears from seed blends.	refuge is mandated in the united states where genetically modified maize (zea mays l.) expressing insecticidal proteins derived from bacillus thuringiensis berliner (bt) are cultivated. currently, refuge is deployed in different ways including blocks, field strips, or seed blends containing bt and non-bt maize. seed blends provide practical advantages for refuge implementation. however, concerns related to the movement of insect larvae, potential differential survival of heterozygous resistant l ...	2016	26357846
cross-resistance to toxins used in pyramided bt crops and resistance to bt sprays in helicoverpa zea.	to delay evolution of resistance by insect pests, farmers are rapidly increasing their use of transgenic crops producing two or more bacillus thuringiensis (bt) toxins that kill the same pest. a key condition favoring durability of these "pyramided" crops is the absence of cross-resistance between toxins. here we evaluated cross-resistance in the major lepidopteran pest helicoverpa zea (boddie) to bt toxins used in pyramids. in the laboratory, we selected a strain of this pest with bt toxin cry1 ...	2015	26458274
lepidoptera (crambidae, noctuidae, and pyralidae) injury to corn containing single and pyramided bt traits, and blended or block refuge, in the southern united states.	fall armyworm, spodoptera frugiperda (j. e. smith) (lepidoptera: noctuidae); corn earworm, helicoverpa zea boddie (lepidoptera: noctuidae); southwestern corn borer, diatraea grandiosella dyar (lepidoptera: crambidae); sugarcane borer, diatraea saccharalis f. (lepidoptera: crambidae); and lesser cornstalk borer, elasmopalpus lignosellus zeller (lepidoptera: pyralidae), are lepidopteran pests of corn, zea mays l., in the southern united states. blended refuge for transgenic plants expressing the i ...	2015	26470116
the impact of simulated corn earworm (lepidoptera: noctuidae) damage in indeterminate soybean.	field experiments were conducted in starkville and stoneville, ms, during 2012 and 2013 to evaluate fruit removal level and timing on soybean growth, crop maturity, and yield. fruit removal treatments consisted of 0, 50, and 100% of all fruit removed at specified growth stages (r2, r3, r4, and r5.5). plant heights were determined at least biweekly from the time damage was imposed until r7. the impact of fruit removal level and timing on crop maturity was determined by estimating the percentage o ...	2015	26470231
intraear compensation of field corn, zea mays, from simulated and naturally occurring injury by ear-feeding larvae.	ear-feeding larvae, such as corn earworm, helicoverpa zea boddie (lepidoptera: noctuidae), can be important insect pests of field corn, zea mays l., by feeding on kernels. recently introduced, stacked bacillus thuringiensis (bt) traits provide improved protection from ear-feeding larvae. thus, our objective was to evaluate how injury to kernels in the ear tip might affect yield when this injury was inflicted at the blister and milk stages. in 2010, simulated corn earworm injury reduced total ker ...	2015	26470235
balancing bt toxin avoidance and nutrient intake by helicoverpa zea (lepidoptera: noctuidae) larvae.	to evaluate how the cry1ac bacillus thuringiensis (bt) toxin and the ratio of dietary protein to carbohydrate (p:c) independently and jointly affect helicoverpa zea (boddie) larval feeding performance and behavior, we conducted no-choice and binary choice experiments using chemically defined diets. we tested two related strains of this polyphagous pest: a strain selected for resistance to cry1ac in the laboratory (ga-r), and its field-derived parent strain (ga). in no-choice tests, feeding perfo ...	2015	26470372
pyramids of qtls enhance host-plant resistance and bt-mediated resistance to leaf-chewing insects in soybean.	qtl-m and qtl-e enhance soybean resistance to insects. pyramiding these qtls with cry1ac increases protection against bt-tolerant pests, presenting an opportunity to effectively deploy bt with host-plant resistance genes. plant resistance to leaf-chewing insects minimizes the need for insecticide applications, reducing crop production costs and pesticide concerns. in soybean [glycine max (l.) merr.], resistance to a broad range of leaf-chewing insects is found in pi 229358 and pi 227687. pi 2293 ...	2016	26724806
gossypolhemiquinone, a dimeric sesquiterpenoid identified in cotton (gossypium).	the report that the cotton leaf perforator, bucculatrix thurberiella, is one of the few insect herbivores to attack gossypium thurberi prompted an investigation of the terpenoids present in the leaves of this wild species of cotton. members of gossypium produce subepidermal pigment glands in their leaves that contain the dimeric sesquiterpenoid gossypol as well as other biosynthetically related terpenoids. in addition to gossypol, a previously unknown dimeric sesquiterpenoid, gossypolhemiquinone ...	2016	26725485
influence of dual-bt protein corn on bollworm, helicoverpa zea (boddie), survivorship on bollgard ii cotton.	similar cry proteins are expressed in both bt corn, zea mays l., and cotton, gossypium hirsutum (l.), commercial production systems. at least one generation of corn earworm, helicoverpa zea (boddie), completes development on field corn in the mid-south before dispersing across the landscape into other crop hosts like cotton. a concern is that bt corn hybrids may result in selection for h. zea populations with a higher probability of causing damage to bt cotton. the objective of this study was to ...	2016	26809264
multifaceted effects of host plants on entomopathogenic nematodes.	the success of parasites can be impacted by multi-trophic interactions. tritrophic interactions have been observed in parasite-herbivore-host plant systems. here we investigate aspects of multi-trophic interactions in a system involving an entomopathogenic nematode (epn), its insect host, and host plant. novel issues investigated include the impact of tritrophic interactions on nematode foraging behavior, the ability of epns to overcome negative tritrophic effects through genetic selection, and ...	2016	26896698
insect larvae: a new platform to produce commercial recombinant proteins.	in biotechnology, the expression of recombinant proteins is a constantly growing field and different hosts are used for this purpose. some valuable proteins cannot be produced using traditional systems. insects from the order lepidoptera infected with recombinant baculovirus have appeared as a good choice to express high levels of proteins, especially those with post-translational modifications. lepidopteran insects, which are extensively distributed in the world, can be used as small protein fa ...	2016	26956108
cross-species amplification and polymorphism of microsatellite loci in helicoverpa armigera and helicoverpa zea (lepidoptera: noctuidae) in brazilian cropping systems.	the old world bollworm helicoverpa armigera (hübner) was recently discovered in brazil. this species is closely related to the new world bollworm h. zea (boddie), and mating between these species has already been reported under laboratory conditions. here, we tested the cross-species amplification of 20 microsatellite (ssr) loci in field populations of h. armigera and h. zea collected from brazilian cropping systems. seven ssr loci were successfully amplified and polymorphic in both species exce ...	2016	27173200
impact of lepidoptera (crambidae, noctuidae, and pyralidae) pests on corn containing pyramided bt traits and a blended refuge in the southern united states.	blended refuge for transgenic plants expressing bacillus thuringiensis (bt) toxins has been approved in the northern united states as a resistance management strategy alternative to a structured refuge. a three-year study (2012-2014) was conducted with 54 trials across nine states in the southern united states to evaluate plant injury from lepidopteran pests of corn and yield in a corn hybrid expressing cry1f × cry1ab × vip3aa20 (pioneer brand optimum leptra) planted as a pure stand and in refug ...	2016	27329627
optimal cotton insecticide application termination timing: a meta-analysis.	the concept of insecticide termination timing is generally accepted among cotton (gossypium hirsutum) researchers; however, exact timings are often disputed. specifically, there is uncertainty regarding the last economic insecticide application to control fruit-feeding pests including tarnished plant bug (lygus lineolaris (palisot de beauvois)), boll weevil (anthonomus grandis), bollworm (helicoverpa zea), tobacco budworm (heliothis virescens), and cotton fleahopper (pseudatomoscelis seriatus). ...	2016	27329633
cell culture for production of insecticidal viruses.	while large-scale culture of insect cells will need to be conducted using bioreactors up to 10,000 l scale, many of the main challenges for cell culture-based production of insecticidal viruses can be studied using small-scale (20-500 ml) shaker/spinner flasks, either in free suspension or using microcarrier-based systems. these challenges still relate to the development of appropriate cell lines, stability of virus strains in culture, enhancing virus yields per cell, and the development of seru ...	2016	27565495
bioprospecting for secondary metabolites in the entomopathogenic bacterium photorhabdus luminescens subsp. sonorensis.	crude extracts of in vitro and in vivo cultures of two strains of photorhabdus l. sonorensis (enterobacteriaceae) were analyzed by tlc, hplc-uv and lc-ms. nine unique compounds with mass/charge ratios (m/z) ranging from 331.3 to 713.5 were found in ms analyses. bioactivity of extracts was assessed on a selection of plant pathogens/pests and non-target species. caborca strain extracts showed the highest activity against helicoverpa zea (lepidoptera: noctuidae) neonates at all concentrations teste ...	2016	27702563
field-evolved resistance in corn earworm to cry proteins expressed by transgenic sweet corn.	transgenic corn engineered with genes expressing insecticidal toxins from the bacterium bacillus thuringiensis (berliner) (bt) are now a major tool in insect pest management. with its widespread use, insect resistance is a major threat to the sustainability of the bt transgenic technology. for all bt corn expressing cry toxins, the high dose requirement for resistance management is not achieved for corn earworm, helicoverpa zea (boddie), which is more tolerant to the bt toxins.	2016	28036388
effects of carriers, emulsifiers, and biopesticides for direct silk treatments on caterpillar feeding damage and ear development in sweet corn.	in the northeastern united states, control of lepidopteran pests of sweet corn, particularly corn earworm [helicoverpa zea (boddie)], is difficult using organic methods. the direct application of corn oil and bacillus thuringiensis (bt) to corn silk has been shown to reduce ear damage from corn earworm in past studies; these studies sought to optimize this method by evaluating additional carrier and biopesticide mixtures that comply with the united states federal insecticide, fungicide, and rode ...	2017	28073976
helicoverpa zea gut-associated bacteria indirectly induce defenses in tomato by triggering a salivary elicitor(s).	insect gut-associated microbes modulating plant defenses have been observed in beetles and piercing-sucking insects, but the role of caterpillar-associated bacteria in regulating plant induced defenses has not been adequately examined. we identified bacteria from the regurgitant of field-collected helicoverpa zea larvae using 16s ribosomal rna (rrna) gene sequencing and matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time of flight (maldi-tof) mass spectrometry. a combination of biochemical, molecul ...	2017	28170113
specificity of induced resistance in the tomato, lycopersicon esculentum.	specificity in the induced responses of tomato foliage to arthropod herbivores was investigated. we distinguished between two aspects of specificity: specificity of effect (the range of organisms affected by a given induced response), and specificity of elicitation (ability of the plant to generate distinct chemical responses to different damage types). specificity of effect was investigated by examining the effect of restricted feeding by helicoverpa zea on the resistance of tomato plants to an ...	1997	28307296
generalized plant defense: effects on multiple species.	two species of lepidopteran herbivores, manduca sexta (sphingidae) and trichoplusia ni (noctuidae), were reared on synthetic diet containing either the alkaloid nicotine or the flavonoid rutin. survival and pupal weight of the specialist m. sexta did not differ when larvae were reared on diet containing nicotine or rutin. in contrast, the generalist t. ni did not survive on diet containing 0.125% nicotine or greater, whereas larvae survived on all concentrations of rutin. these data demonstrate ...	1991	28312504
does florivory by helicoverpa zea (lepidoptera: noctuidae) cause yield loss in soybeans?	helicoverpa zea (boddie), corn earworm, is a damaging insect pest of many crops, including soybeans. an economic threshold for soybeans during the pod-filling stages exists to prevent economic damage to seeds. however, the impact of florivory (flower feeding) by h. zea larvae on seed yield is poorly understood and there is no economic threshold for flowering-stage soybeans. four small plot experiments were conducted in north carolina during 2011 and 2012 to assess the impact of h. zea feeding du ...	2017	28334089
effectiveness of microbial and chemical insecticides for supplemental control of bollworm on bt and non-bt cottons.	laboratory and field experiments were conducted to determine the effectiveness of microbial and chemical insecticides for supplemental control of bollworm, helicoverpa zea (boddie) (lepidoptera: noctuidae), on non-bt (dp1441rf) and bt (dp1321b2rf) cottons. neonate and 3rd instar larvae survival was evaluated on leaf tissue treated with microbial and chemical insecticides including a commercial formulation of bacillus thuringiensis (dipel), a heliothis (helicoverpa) nuclear polyhedrosis virus (np ...	2017	28334359