Publications

TitleAbstractYear(sorted descending)
Filter
PMID
Filter
the within-host dynamics of infection in trans-generationally primed flour beetles.many taxa exhibit plastic immune responses initiated after primary microbial exposure that provide increased protection against disease-induced mortality and the fitness costs of infection. in several arthropod species, this protection can even be passed from parents to offspring through a phenomenon called trans-generational immune priming. here, we first demonstrate that trans-generational priming is a repeatable phenomenon in flour beetles (tribolium castaneum) primed and infected with bacill ...201728277618
highly potent host external immunity acts as a strong selective force enhancing rapid parasite virulence evolution.virulence is often under selection during host-parasite coevolution. in order to increase fitness, parasites are predicted to circumvent and overcome host immunity. a particular challenge for pathogens are external immune systems, chemical defence systems comprised of potent antimicrobial compounds released by prospective hosts into the environment. we carried out an evolution experiment, allowing for coevolution to occur, with the entomopathogenic fungus, beauveria bassiana, and the red flour b ...201728345225
chitin synthase 1 gene is crucial to antifungal host defense of the model beetle, tribolium castaneum.the importance of the insect cuticle as a primary protective barrier against entomopathogens has long been noted. in the present study, we addressed this issue by utilizing an experimental infection system composed of the model beetle t. castaneum and two entomopathogenic fungal species, beauveria bassiana and metarhizium anisopliae. the pupae were relatively susceptible to these fungi by the natural route of infection, with some refractoriness developed with age, while the adults exhibited much ...201727867018
comparative analysis of the monochamus alternatus immune system.the pine sawyer beetle, monochamus alternatus, is regarded as a notorious forest pest in asia, vectoring an invasive pathogenic nematode, bursaphelenchus xylophilus, which is known to cause pine wilt disease. however, little sequence information is available for this vector beetle. this hampered the research on its immune system. based on transcriptome of m. alternatus, we have identified and characterized 194 immunity-related genes in m. alternatus, and compared them with homologues molecules f ...201728247970
comparative luciferase assay for establishing reliable in vitro screening system of juvenile hormone agonists.the cultured cell-based in vitro assay using the stringency of ligand-receptor interactions is typically useful for screening certain hormone agonists from among a very large number of molecules. however, ligands are frequently altered or modified through evolution; indeed, even in the same receptor orthologs, different ligand sensitivity profiles are considered to arise among species and/or taxa. such ligand transition has been observed in juvenile hormone (jh), one of the most important endocr ...201728261832
diverse subcellular localizations of the insect cmp-sialic acid synthetases.the occurrence and biological importance of sialic acid (sia) and its metabolic enzymes in insects have been studied using drosophila melanogaster. the most prominent feature of d. melanogaster cmp-sia synthetase (dmcss) is its golgi-localization, contrasted with nuclear localization of vertebrate csss. however, it remains unclear if the golgi-localization is common to other insect csss and why it happens. to answer these questions, aedes aegypti (mosquito) css (aacss) and tribolium castaneum (b ...201727986833
tissue-specific expression and silencing phenotypes of mitochondrial phosphate carrier paralogues in several insect species.the mitochondrial phosphate carrier gene (pic) encodes a membrane protein that mediates the supply of inorganic phosphate from the cytosol into the mitochondrial matrix. this substrate-specific transport system plays an important role in efficient atp synthesis. mammals appear to have only one pic with two alternative splicing variants whose functional differences remain unclear. the present study is the first to characterize the multiple genes that encode pic in insects. bombyx mori was found t ...201728224717
molecular characterizations of natalisin and its roles in modulating mating in the oriental fruit fly, bactrocera dorsalis (hendel).initially, natalisin (ntl) was identified from three holometabolous insect species, drosophila melanogaster, tribolium castaneum and bombyx mori, and was documented to regulate reproductive behaviours in d. melanogaster and t. castaneum. in this study, we report the sequences of the ntl precursor and its receptor (ntlr) from an important agricultural pest, bactrocera dorsalis (hendel). ntlr is a typical g-protein coupled receptor and phylogenetic analysis showed that b. dorsalis ntlr was closely ...201727862548
atypical centrioles are present in tribolium sperm.typical centrioles are made of microtubules organized in ninefold symmetry. most animal somatic cells have two centrioles for normal cell division and function. these centrioles originate from the zygote, but because the oocyte does not provide any centrioles, it is surprising that the zygotes of many animals are thought to inherit only one centriole from the sperm. recently, in the sperm of drosophila melanogaster, we discovered a second centriolar structure, the proximal centriole-like structu ...201728298310
optimization of wrmtrck to monitor drosophila larval locomotor activity.an efficient and low-cost method of examining larval movement in drosophila melanogaster is needed to study how mutations and/or alterations in the muscular, neural, and olfactory systems affect locomotor behavior. here, we describe the implementation of wrmtrck, a freely available imagej plugin originally developed for examining multiple behavioral parameters in the nematode c. elegans. our optimized method is rapid, reproducible and does not require automated microscope setups or the purchase ...201727430166
knockdown of genes in the toll pathway reveals new lethal rna interference targets for insect pest control.rna interference (rnai) is a promising alternative strategy for ecologically friendly pest management. however, the identification of rnai candidate genes is challenging owing to the absence of laboratory strains and the seasonality of most pest species. tribolium castaneum is a well-established model, with a strong and robust rnai response, which can be used as a high-throughput screening platform to identify potential rnai target genes. recently, the cactus gene was identified as a sensitive r ...201727862545
tribolium embryo morphogenesis: may the force be with you.development of multicellular organisms depends on patterning and growth mechanisms encoded in the genome, but also on the physical properties and mechanical interactions of the constituent cells that interpret these genetic cues. this fundamental biological problem requires integrated studies at multiple levels of biological organization: from genes, to cell behaviors, to tissue morphogenesis. we have recently combined functional genetics with live imaging approaches in embryos of the insect tri ...201724451992
comparisons of the embryonic development of drosophila, nasonia, and tribolium.studying the embryogenesis of diverse insect species is crucial to understanding insect evolution. here, we review current advances in understanding the development of two emerging model organisms: the wasp nasonia vitripennis and the beetle tribolium castaneum in comparison with the well-studied fruit fly drosophila melanogaster. although nasonia represents the most basally branching order of holometabolous insects, it employs a derived long germband mode of embryogenesis, more like that of dro ...201723801665
genetic differentiation among wild populations of tribolium castaneum estimated using microsatellite markers.we report our characterization of the genetic variation within and differentiation among wild-collected populations of the red flour beetle, tribolium castaneum, using microsatellite loci identified from its genome sequence. we find that global differentiation, estimated as the average f(st) across all loci and between all population pairs, is 0.180 (95% confidence intervals of 0.142 and 0.218). a majority of our pairwise population comparisons (>70%) were significant even though this species is ...201719734259
first record of gregarines (apicomplexa) in seminal vesicle of insect.gregarines (apicomplexa) are a diverse group of protozoan parasites, which infects gut and other body cavities of invertebrate hosts. in reproductive system of insects, gregarine has been reported only in the accessory glands and spermathecae of females; therefore, this is the first report of a gregarine species in seminal vesicles of insects. different developmental stages, including sporozoytes, oocysts and trophozoites were described from morphological descriptions using light and electron tr ...201728282967
the role of epigenetics in host-parasite coevolution: lessons from the model host insects galleria mellonella and tribolium castaneum.recent studies addressing experimental host-parasite coevolution and transgenerational immune priming in insects provide evidence for heritable shifts in host resistance or parasite virulence. these rapid reciprocal adaptations may thus be transferred to offspring generations by either genetic changes or mechanisms that do not involve changes in the germline dna sequence. epigenetic inheritance refers to changes in gene expression that are heritable across generations and mediated by epigenetic ...201627341739
a novel soxb2 gene is required for maturation of sperm nucleus during spermiogenesis in the chinese mitten crab, eriocheir sinensis.sry-related hmg box (sox) genes are characterized by the presence of a dna-binding hmg domain and involved in a diverse range of developmental processes. in this study, we identified a novel sox gene, designated as essoxb2-1, from the chinese mitten crab eriocheir sinensis. the essoxb2-1 encodes a protein of 259 amino acids, sharing the highest identity with the beetle tribolium castaneum sox21b. unlike insect sox21b, however, essoxb2-1 is intronless and exhibits a gonad-specific expression patt ...201627561408
testis-specific rna-seq of calligrapha (chrysomelidae) as a transcriptomic resource for male-biased gene inquiry in coleoptera.we report the architecture of testis transcriptomes of four closely related species of calligrapha (chrysomelidae) beetles, which diverged during the last 3 million years. five cdna libraries were sequenced using illumina hiseq technology, retrieving 102 884-176 514 assembled contigs, of which ~33-45% of these longer than 499 nt were functionally annotated. annotation and sequence similarity comparisons of these libraries revealed high homogeneity in gene composition and the presence of several ...201627288908
the insect central complex as model for heterochronic brain development-background, concepts, and tools.the adult insect brain is composed of neuropils present in most taxa. however, the relative size, shape, and developmental timing differ between species. this diversity of adult insect brain morphology has been extensively described while the genetic mechanisms of brain development are studied predominantly in drosophila melanogaster. however, it has remained enigmatic what cellular and genetic mechanisms underlie the evolution of neuropil diversity or heterochronic development. in this perspect ...201627056385
identification of hox genes and rearrangements within the single homeobox (hox) cluster (192.8 kb) of the cyclopoid copepod (paracyclopina nana).we report the first identification of the entire complement of the eight typical homeobox (hox) genes (lab, pb, dfd, scr, antp, ubx, abd-a, and abd-b) and the ftz gene in a 192.8 kb region in the cyclopoid copepod paracyclopina nana. a hox3 gene ortholog was not present in the p. nana hox gene cluster, while the p. nana dfd gene was transcribed in the opposite direction to the daphnia pulex dfd gene, but in the same direction as the dfd genes of the fruit fly drosophila melanogaster and red flou ...201626833546
a tribolium castaneum whole-embryo culture protocol for studying the molecular mechanisms and morphogenetic movements involved in insect development.the development of the red flour beetle tribolium castaneum is more representative of arthropods than the evolutionarily derived fly, drosophila melanogaster. thus, tribolium is becoming an emerging organism model for studying the evolution of the mechanisms that control embryonic development in arthropods. in this regard, diverse genetic and molecular tools are currently available for tribolium, as well as imaging and embryonic techniques. recently, we developed a method for culturing embryos i ...201626739999
bmrobo2/3 is required for axon guidance in the silkworm bombyx mori.axon guidance is critical for proper wiring of the nervous system. during the neural development, the axon guidance molecules play a key role and direct axons to choose the correct way to reach the target. robo, as the receptor of axon guidance molecule slit, is evolutionarily conserved from planarians to humans. however, the function of robo in the silkworm, bombyx mori, remained unknown. in this study, we cloned robo2/3 from b. mori (bmrobo2/3), a homologue of robo2/3 in tribolium castaneum. m ...201626625973
the chemical composition of essential oils from cinnamomum camphora and their insecticidal activity against the stored product pests.to investigate the chemical composition and insecticidal activity of the essential oils of certain chinese medicinal herbs and spices, the essential oils were extracted from the stem barks, leaves, and fruits of cinnamomum camphora (l.) presl, which were found to possess strong fumigant toxicity against tribolium castaneum and lasioderma serricorne adults. the essential oils of the plants were extracted by the method of steam distillation using a clavenger apparatus. their composition was determ ...201627827929
the occurrence of the holometabolous pupal stage requires the interaction between e93, krüppel-homolog 1 and broad-complex.complete metamorphosis (holometaboly) is a key innovation that underlies the spectacular success of holometabolous insects. phylogenetic analyses indicate that holometabola form a monophyletic group that evolved from ancestors exhibiting hemimetabolous development (hemimetaboly). however, the nature of the changes underlying this crucial transition, including the occurrence of the holometabolan-specific pupal stage, is poorly understood. using the holometabolous beetle tribolium castaneum as a m ...201627135810
draft genome of the scarab beetle oryctes borbonicus on la réunion island.beetles represent the largest insect order and they display extreme morphological, ecological and behavioral diversity, which makes them ideal models for evolutionary studies. here, we present the draft genome of the scarab beetle oryctes borbonicus, which has a more basal phylogenetic position than the two previously sequenced pest species tribolium castaneum and dendroctonus ponderosae providing the potential for sequence polarization. oryctes borbonicus is endemic to la réunion, an island loc ...201627289092
gene ages, nomenclatures, and functional diversification of the methuselah/methuselah-like gpcr family in drosophila and tribolium.affecting lifespan regulation and oxidative stress resistance, the g-protein coupled receptor (gpcr) gene methuselah (mth) plays important roles in the life history of drosophila melanogaster. substantial progress has been made in elucidating the molecular pathways by which mth affects these traits, yet conflicting ideas exist as to how old these genetic interactions are as well as how old the mth gene itself is. root to these issues is the complex gene family history of the mth/mthl gpcr family ...201628074535
long-term fluorescence live imaging of tribolium castaneum embryos: principles, resources, scientific challenges and the comparative approach.light sheet-based fluorescence microscopy became an important tool in insect developmental biology due to its high acquisition speed, low photo-bleaching rate and the high survival probability of the specimens. initially applied to document the embryogenesis of drosophila melanogaster, it is now used to investigate the embryonic morphogenesis of emerging model organisms such as the red flour beetle tribolium castaneum. here, we discuss the principles of light sheet-based fluorescence microscopy ...201627939706
positional cloning of a bombyx pink-eyed white egg locus reveals the major role of cardinal in ommochrome synthesis.ommochromes are major insect pigments involved in coloration of compound eyes, eggs, epidermis and wings. in the silkworm bombyx mori, adult compound eyes and eggs contain a mixture of the ommochrome pigments such as ommin and xanthommatin. here, we identified the gene involved in ommochrome biosynthesis by positional cloning of b. mori egg and eye color mutant pink-eyed white egg (pe). the recessive homozygote of pe has bright red eyes and white or pale pink eggs instead of a normal dark colora ...201626328757
coevolution of parasitic fungi and insect hosts.parasitic fungi and their insect hosts provide an intriguing model system for dissecting the complex co-evolutionary processes, which result in red queen dynamics. to explore the genetic basis behind host-parasite coevolution we chose two parasitic fungi (beauveria bassiana and metarhizium anisopliae, representing the most important entomopathogenic fungi used in the biological control of pest or vector insects) and two established insect model hosts (the greater wax moth galleria mellonella and ...201627448694
the microrna toolkit of insects.is there a correlation between mirna diversity and levels of organismic complexity? exhibiting extraordinary levels of morphological and developmental complexity, insects are the most diverse animal class on earth. their evolutionary success was in particular shaped by the innovation of holometabolan metamorphosis in endopterygotes. previously, mirna evolution had been linked to morphological complexity, but astonishing variation in the currently available mirna complements of insects made this ...201627883064
the life cycle of gregarina cuneata in the midgut of tribolium castaneum and the effects of parasitism on the development of insects.tribolium castaneum herbst 1797 (coleoptera: tenebrionidae), an important pest of stored grains and byproducts, is naturally infected by gregarina cuneata stein 1848 (apicomplexa: gregarinidae). changes in the life cycle of insects caused by the parasite development in the midgut were studied. trophozoites, gamonts (solitary and associated), and gametocysts were present in the midgut of the insects. in young trophozoites, the apical region differentiated into an epimerite that firmly attached th ...201626781173
localization and in silico study of the vegetative insecticidal proteins vip2s-vip1s of bacillus thuringiensis.the bacillus thuringiensis s1/4 strain was previously found to harbour vip1s, vip2s, and vip3 genes. its plasmid curing led to the obtaining of four partially cured strains s1/4-2, s1/4-3, s1/4-7, and s1/4-9 (vip2s-vip1s (-), vip3 (+)), one strain s1/4-4 (vip2s-vip1s (+), vip3 (-)), and s1/4-0 strain lacking the three genes. using these derivative strains as templates, pcr amplification and southern blot assay revealed that vip2s-vip1s operon and vip3 gene were localized on two different large p ...201627264647
chemical profiling, antimicrobial and insecticidal evaluations of polygonum hydropiper l.the emergence of multidrug resistant (mdr) pathogens is of great concern to the global health community. our ability to effectively treat diseases is based on the discovery of potent drugs for the treatment of these challenging diseases. traditional medicines are one of the major sources for the discovery of safe, effective and economical drug candidates. in order to validate its antibacterial, antifungal and insecticidal potentials with respect to traditional uses, we have screened for the firs ...201627919287
heavy metals content, phytochemical composition, antimicrobial and insecticidal evaluation of elaeagnus angustifolia.elaeagnus angustifolia was analyzed for determination of metals, phytoconstituents, bactericidal, fungicidal and insecticidal effects and to explore its chemical and biological potential. the root, branches, leaves, stem bark and root bark parts of e. angustifolia were found to contain iron, lead, copper, cadmium, zinc, chromium, nickel and cobalt in different concentrations. crude extract of elaeagnus angustifolia (ea.cr) was tested positive for the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins a ...201624081630
a glycoprotein α-amylase inhibitor from withania somnifera differentially inhibits various α-amylases and affects the growth and development of tribolium castaneum.identification and characterisation of plant defensive molecules enrich our resources to design crop protection strategies. in particular, plant-derived proteinaceous inhibitor(s) of insect digestive enzymes appear to be a safe, sustainable and attractive option.201627770482
immunosenescence and the ability to survive bacterial infection in the red flour beetle tribolium castaneum.in most animals, ageing is associated with a decline in immune function (immune senescence). however, different components of the immune system seem to age differentially, and many studies do not measure the ultimate fitness consequences of immune function after infection. previous work shows that immune function may be traded off with other fitness components such as reproduction. it is possible that age alters the nature of these trade-offs, particularly in conjunction with factors such as gen ...201626257080
microbiota plays a role in oral immune priming in tribolium castaneum.animals are inhabited by a diverse community of microorganisms. the relevance of such microbiota is increasingly being recognized across a broad spectrum of species, ranging from sponges to primates, revealing various beneficial roles that microbes can play. the red flour beetle tribolium castaneum represents a well-established experimental model organism for studying questions in ecology and evolution, however, the relevance of its microbial community is still largely unknown. t. castaneum larv ...201626779124
gene disruption technologies have the potential to transform stored product insect pest control.stored product insects feed on grains and processed commodities manufactured from grain post-harvest, reducing the nutritional value and contaminating food. currently, the main defense against stored product insect pests is the pesticide fumigant phosphine. phosphine is highly toxic to all animals, but is the most effective and economical control method, and thus is used extensively worldwide. however, many insect populations have become resistant to phosphine, in some cases to very high levels. ...201627657138
identification of g protein-coupled receptors required for vitellogenin uptake into the oocytes of the red flour beetle, tribolium castaneum.previous studies suggested that a membrane receptor might be involved in mediating vitellogenin (vg) uptake and juvenile hormone (jh)-regulated remodeling of follicular epithelium (also called 'patency'). g protein-coupled receptor (gpcr) family is one of the largest membrane receptor protein families and controls many key physiological processes. to investigate the role of gpcrs in insect reproduction and juvenile hormone-regulated vg uptake, we performed a comprehensive rna interference (rnai) ...201627277501
protein n-glycosylation and n-glycan trimming are required for postembryonic development of the pest beetle tribolium castaneum.in holometabolous insects the transition from larva to adult requires a complete body reorganization and relies on n-glycosylated proteins. n-glycosylation is an important posttranslational modification that influences protein activity but its impact on the metamorphosis has not been studied yet. here we used the red flour beetle, tribolium castaneum, to perform a first comprehensive study on the involvement of the protein n-glycosylation pathway in metamorphosis. the transcript levels for genes ...201627731363
down syndrome cell adhesion molecule 1: testing for a role in insect immunity, behaviour and reproduction.down syndrome cell adhesion molecule 1 (dscam1) has wide-reaching and vital neuronal functions although the role it plays in insect and crustacean immunity is less well understood. in this study, we combine different approaches to understand the roles that dscam1 plays in fitness-related contexts in two model insect species. contrary to our expectations, we found no short-term modulation of dscam1 gene expression after haemocoelic or oral bacterial exposure in tribolium castaneum, or after haemo ...201627152227
morphological and transcriptomic analysis of a beetle chemosensory system reveals a gnathal olfactory center.the red flour beetle tribolium castaneum is an emerging insect model organism representing the largest insect order, coleoptera, which encompasses several serious agricultural and forest pests. despite the ecological and economic importance of beetles, most insect olfaction studies have so far focused on dipteran, lepidopteran, or hymenopteran systems.201627751175
dusky-like is required for epidermal pigmentation and metamorphosis in tribolium castaneum.dusky-like (dyl) is associated with the morphogenesis of embryonic denticle, adult sensory bristle and wing hair in drosophila melanogaster. and whether dyl involved in insect post-embryonic development and its signal transduction are poorly understood. here, phylogenetic analysis revealed that dyl displayed one-to-one orthologous relationship among insects. in tribolium castaneum, dyl is abundantly expressed at the late embryonic stage. tissue-specific expression analysis at the late adult stag ...201626829909
insecticide-mediated up-regulation of cytochrome p450 genes in the red flour beetle (tribolium castaneum).some cytochrome p450 (cyp) genes are known for their rapid up-regulation in response to insecticide exposures in insects. to date, however, limited information is available with respect to the relationships among the insecticide type, insecticide concentration, exposure duration and the up-regulated cyp genes. in this study, we examined the transcriptional response of eight selected cyp genes, including cyp4g7, cyp4q4, cyp4br3, cyp12h1, cyp6bk11, cyp9d4, cyp9z5 and cyp345a1, to each of four inse ...201525607733
the abcs of eye color in tribolium castaneum: orthologs of the drosophila white, scarlet, and brown genes.in drosophila melanogaster, each of the three paralogous abc transporters, white, scarlet and brown, is required for normal pigmentation of the compound eye. we have cloned the three orthologous genes from the beetle tribolium castaneum. conceptual translations of tribolium white (tcw), scarlet (tcst), and brown (tcbw) are 51, 48, and 32% identical to their respective drosophila counterparts. we have identified loss-of-eye-pigment strains that bear mutations in tcw and tcst: the tcw gene in the ...201525555987
a defensin from the model beetle tribolium castaneum acts synergistically with telavancin and daptomycin against multidrug resistant staphylococcus aureus.the red flour beetle tribolium castaneum is a common insect pest and has been established as a model beetle to study insect development and immunity. this study demonstrates that defensin 1 from t. castaneum displays in vitro and in vivo antimicrobial activity against drug resistant staphylococcus aureus strains. the minimum inhibitory concentration (mic) of defensin 1 against 11 reference and clinical staphylococcal isolates was between 16-64 μg/ml. the putative mode of action of the defensin p ...201526062137
molecular cloning and characterization of the allatotropin precursor and receptor in the desert locust, schistocerca gregaria.allatotropins (ats) are pleiotropic neuropeptides initially isolated from the tobacco hornworm, manduca sexta. in 2008, the first receptor for at-like peptides (atr) was characterized in bombyx mori. since then, atrs have also been characterized in m. sexta, tribolium castaneum, aedes aegypti and bombus terrestris. these receptors show sequence similarity to vertebrate orexin (orx) receptors. when generating an est-database of the desert locust (schistocerca gregaria) central nervous system, we ...201525814925
large scale rnai screen in tribolium reveals novel target genes for pest control and the proteasome as prime target.insect pest control is challenged by insecticide resistance and negative impact on ecology and health. one promising pest specific alternative is the generation of transgenic plants, which express double stranded rnas targeting essential genes of a pest species. upon feeding, the dsrna induces gene silencing in the pest resulting in its death. however, the identification of efficient rnai target genes remains a major challenge as genomic tools and breeding capacity is limited in most pest insect ...201526334912
antennal transcriptome analysis of odorant reception genes in the red turpentine beetle (rtb), dendroctonus valens.the red turpentine beetle (rtb), dendroctonus valens leconte (coleoptera: curculionidae, scolytinae), is a destructive invasive pest of conifers which has become the second most important forest pest nationwide in china. dendroctonus valens is known to use host odors and aggregation pheromones, as well as non-host volatiles, in host location and mass-attack modulation, and thus antennal olfaction is of the utmost importance for the beetles' survival and fitness. however, information on the genes ...201525938508
multispecies analysis of expression pattern diversification in the recently expanded insect ly6 gene family.gene families often consist of members with diverse expression domains reflecting their functions in a wide variety of tissues. however, how the expression of individual members, and thus their tissue-specific functions, diversified during the course of gene family expansion is not well understood. in this study, we approached this question through the analysis of the duplication history and transcriptional evolution of a rapidly expanding subfamily of insect ly6 genes. we analyzed different ins ...201525743545
genes related to mitochondrial functions are differentially expressed in phosphine-resistant and -susceptible tribolium castaneum.phosphine is a valuable fumigant to control pest populations in stored grains and grain products. however, recent studies indicate a substantial increase in phosphine resistance in stored product pests worldwide.201526582239
multicopper oxidase-1 orthologs from diverse insect species have ascorbate oxidase activity.members of the multicopper oxidase (mco) family of enzymes can be classified by their substrate specificity; for example, ferroxidases oxidize ferrous iron, ascorbate oxidases oxidize ascorbate, and laccases oxidize aromatic substrates such as diphenols. our previous work on an insect multicopper oxidase, mco1, suggested that it may function as a ferroxidase. this hypothesis was based on three lines of evidence: rnai-mediated knock down of drosophila melanogaster mco1 (dmmco1) affects iron homeo ...201525701385
cuticular protein with a low complexity sequence becomes cross-linked during insect cuticle sclerotization and is required for the adult molt.in the insect cuticle, structural proteins (cps) and the polysaccharide chitin are the major components. it has been hypothesized that cps are cross-linked to other cps and possibly to chitin by quinones or quinone methides produced by the laccase2-mediated oxidation of n-acylcatechols. in this study we investigated functions of tccp30, the third most abundant cp in protein extracts of elytra (wing covers) from tribolium castaneum adults. the mature tccp30 protein has a low complexity and highly ...201525994234
a temperature shock can lead to trans-generational immune priming in the red flour beetle, tribolium castaneum.trans-generational immune priming (tgip) describes the transfer of immune stimulation to the next generation. as stress and immunity are closely connected, we here address the question whether trans-generational effects on immunity and resistance can also be elicited by a nonpathogen stress treatment of parents. general stressors have been shown to induce immunity to pathogens within individuals. however, to our knowledge, it is as of yet unknown whether stress can also induce trans-generational ...201525859336
tribolium castaneum immune defense genes are differentially expressed in response to bacillus thuringiensis toxins sharing common receptor molecules and exhibiting disparate toxicity.in tribolium castaneum larvae we have demonstrated by rna interference knockdown that the bacillus thuringiensis cry3ba toxin receptors cadherin-like and sodium solute symporter proteins are also functional receptors of the less active cry3aa toxin. differences in susceptibility to b. thuringiensis infection might not only rely on toxin-receptor interaction but also on host defense mechanisms. we compared the expression of the immune related genes encoding apolipophorin-iii and two antimicrobial ...201525684675
antibacterial, antifungal, and insecticidal potentials of oxalis corniculata and its isolated compounds.oxalis corniculata is a common medicinal plant widely used against numerous infectious diseases. the agrochemical potential of methanolic extract, n-hexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate, and n-butanol fractions were assessed to measure the antibacterial, antifungal, and insecticidal activities of the plant. the crude, chloroform, and n-butanol soluble fractions showed excellent activities against escherichia coli, shigella dysenteriae, salmonella typhi, and bacillus subtilis but have no activity ag ...201525873973
tribolium castaneum defensins are primarily active against gram-positive bacteria.the red flour beetle tribolium castaneum is a destructive insect pest of stored food and feed products, and a model organism for development, evolutionary biology and immunity. the insect innate immune system includes antimicrobial peptides (amps) with a wide spectrum of targets including viruses, bacteria, fungi and parasites. defensins are an evolutionarily-conserved class of amps and a potential new source of antimicrobial agents. in this context, we report the antimicrobial activity, phyloge ...201526522790
prophenoloxidase genes and antimicrobial host defense of the model beetle, tribolium castaneum.in this study, we characterized prophenoloxidase (propo, (ppo)) genes of tribolium castaneum and examined their involvement in antimicrobial host defense. amino acid sequence comparison with well-characterized ppo proteins from other insect species suggested that t. castaneum ppo genes encoded functional proenzymes, with crucial sequence motifs being conserved. developmental kinetics of the mrna of two ppo genes, ppo1 and ppo2 in the pupal stage were different to each other. the ppo1 mrna levels ...201526519623
morpho-functional characterization and esterase patterns of the midgut of tribolium castaneum herbst, 1797 (coleoptera: tenebrionidae) parasitized by gregarina cuneata (apicomplexa: eugregarinidae).tribolium castaneum (coleoptera: tenebrionidae) is a common pest of stored grains and byproducts and is normally infected by gregarina cuneata (apicomplexa: eugregarinidae). the life cycle of this parasite includes the sporozoite, trophozoite, gamont, gametocyte, and oocyst stages, which occur between the epithelium and lumen of the host's midgut. this study aims to describe the morphofunctional alterations in the midgut and determine the esterase patterns in t. castaneum when parasitized by gre ...201526072335
translocation of bacteria from the gut to the eggs triggers maternal transgenerational immune priming in tribolium castaneum.invertebrates can be primed to enhance their protection against pathogens they have encountered before. this enhanced immunity can be passed maternally or paternally to the offspring and is known as transgenerational immune priming. we challenged larvae of the red flour beetle tribolium castaneum by feeding them on diets supplemented with escherichia coli, micrococcus luteus or pseudomonas entomophila, thus mimicking natural exposure to pathogens. the oral uptake of bacteria induced immunity-rel ...201526701756
molecular cloning and characterization of autophagy-related gene tmatg8 in listeria-invaded hemocytes of tenebrio molitor.macroautophagy (hereinafter called autophagy) is a highly regulated process used by eukaryotic cells to digest portions of the cytoplasm that remodels and recycles nutrients and disposes of unwanted cytoplasmic constituents. currently 36 autophagy-related genes (atg) and their homologs have been characterized in yeast and higher eukaryotes, including insects. in the present study, we identified and functionally characterized the immune function of an atg8 homolog in a coleopteran insect, tenebri ...201525727880
tenebrionid secretions and a fungal benzoquinone oxidoreductase form competing components of an arms race between a host and pathogen.entomopathogenic fungi and their insect hosts represent a model system for examining invertebrate-pathogen coevolutionary selection processes. here we report the characterization of competing components of an arms race consisting of insect protective antimicrobial compounds and evolving fungal mechanisms of detoxification. the insect pathogenic fungus beauveria bassiana has a remarkably wide host range; however, some insects are resistant to fungal infection. among resistant insects is the teneb ...201526056261
a soluble pyrophosphatase is essential to oogenesis and is required for polyphosphate metabolism in the red flour beetle (tribolium castaneum).polyphosphates have been found in all cell types examined to date and play diverse roles depending on the cell type. in eukaryotic organisms, polyphosphates have been mainly investigated in mammalian cells with few studies on insects. some studies have demonstrated that a pyrophosphatase regulates polyphosphate metabolism, and most of them were performed on trypanosomatids. here, we investigated the effects of sppase gene knocked down in oogenesis and polyphosphate metabolism in the red flour be ...201525811926
conserved molecular switch interactions in modeled cardioactive rf-nh2 peptide receptors: ligand binding and activation.peptides may act through g protein-coupled receptors to influence cardiovascular performance; thus, delineating mechanisms involved in signaling is a molecular-based strategy to influence health. molecular switches, often represented by conserved motifs, maintain a receptor in an inactive state. however, once the switch is broken, the transmembrane regions move and activation occurs. the molecular switches of drosophila melanogaster myosuppressin (ms) receptors were previously identified to incl ...201526211890
identification of carboxylesterase genes and their expression profiles in the colorado potato beetle leptinotarsa decemlineata treated with fipronil and cyhalothrin.based on the leptinotarsa decemlineata transcriptome dataset and the genbank sequences, 70 novel carboxylesterases and 2 acetylcholinesterases were found. the 72 members belong to a multifunctional carboxylesterase/cholinesterase superfamily (cce). a phylogenetic tree including the 72 ldcces and the cces from tribolium castaneum, drosophila melanogaster and apis mellifera revealed that all cces fell into three main phylogenetic groups: dietary/detoxification, hormone/semiochemical processing, an ...201526071812
infection of tribolium castaneum with bacillus thuringiensis: quantification of bacterial replication within cadavers, transmission via cannibalism, and inhibition of spore germination.reproduction within a host and transmission to the next host are crucial for the virulence and fitness of pathogens. nevertheless, basic knowledge about such parameters is often missing from the literature, even for well-studied bacteria, such as bacillus thuringiensis, an endospore-forming insect pathogen, which infects its hosts via the oral route. to characterize bacterial replication success, we made use of an experimental oral infection system for the red flour beetle tribolium castaneum an ...201526386058
rnai knockdown of bmrab3 led to larva and pupa lethality in silkworm bombyx mori l.rab3 gtpases are known to play key a role in vesicular trafficking, and express highest in brain and endocrine tissues. in mammals, rab3 gtpases are paralogs unlike in insect. in this study, we cloned rab3 from the silk gland tissue of silkworm bombyx mori, and identified it as bmrab3. our in silico analysis indicated that bmrab3 is an isoform with a theoretical isoelectric point and molecular weight of 5.52 and 24.3 kda, respectively. further, bmrab3 showed the c-terminal hypervariability for g ...201525735242
chitin is a necessary component to maintain the barrier function of the peritrophic matrix in the insect midgut.in most insects, the peritrophic matrix (pm) partitions the midgut into different digestive compartments, and functions as a protective barrier against abrasive particles and microbial infections. in a previous study we demonstrated that certain pm proteins are essential in maintaining the pm's barrier function and establishing a gradient of pm permeability from the anterior to the posterior part of the midgut which facilitates digestion (agrawal et al., 2014). in this study, we focused on the e ...201525449129
molecular evolution and expression of the cral_trio protein family in insects.cral_trio domain proteins are known to bind small lipophilic molecules such as retinal, inositol and vitamin e and include such gene family members as pinta, α-tocopherol transfer (att) proteins, retinoid binding proteins, and clavesins. in insects, very little is known about either the molecular evolution of this family of proteins or their ligand specificity. here we characterize insect cral_trio domain proteins and present the first insect cral_trio protein phylogeny constructed by performing ...201525684408
enterobacillus tribolii gen. nov., sp. nov., a novel member of the family enterobacteriaceae, isolated from the gut of a red flour beetle, tribolium castaneum.two novel gram-stain negative facultative anaerobic, motile, rod-shaped bacterial strains ig-v01(t) and ig-v01b were isolated from the gut of red flour beetles, tribolium castaneum. the 16s rrna gene sequences of strains ig-v01(t) and ig-v01b were found to have their highest sequence similarity (96.5% and 96.4%) with serratia nematodiphila dz0503sbs1(t) (enterobacteriaceae family) respectively. strains ig-v01(t) and ig-v01b share 100% 16s rrna gene sequence similarity and exhibit very similar ph ...201525716888
g protein coupled receptors as targets for next generation pesticides.there is an on-going need for the discovery and development of new pesticides due to the loss of existing products through the continuing development of resistance, the desire for products with more favourable environmental and toxicological profiles and the need to implement the principles of integrated pest management. insect g protein coupled receptors (gpcrs) have important roles in modulating biology, physiology and behaviour, including reproduction, osmoregulation, growth and development. ...201526226649
the effects of temperature and diet during development, adulthood, and mating on reproduction in the red flour beetle.the effects of different temperatures and diets experienced during distinct life stages are not necessarily similar. the silver-spoon hypothesis predicts that developing under favorable conditions will always lead to better performing adults under all adult conditions. the environment-matching hypothesis suggests that a match between developmental and adult conditions will lead to the best performing adults. similar to the latter hypothesis, the beneficial-acclimation hypothesis suggests that ei ...201526348929
appendage-patterning genes regulate male and female copulatory structures in horned beetles.explaining the extraordinarily rapid diversification of insect copulatory structures has been a longstanding objective in evolutionary biology. however, remarkably little is known about the developmental genetic underpinnings of their formation. furthermore, recent work has questioned whether male genitalic structures in beetles are serially homologous to appendages, or even homologous to the genitalia of other orders. using rna interference, we demonstrate that several cardinal appendage-patter ...201526174101
effects of titanium dioxide nanoparticles on the synthesis of fibroin in silkworm (bombyx mori).silkworm (bombyx mori) is an economically important insect, and its silk production capacity largely depends on its ability to synthesize fibroin. while breeding of b. mori varieties has been a key strategy to improve silk production, little improvement of b. mori silk production has been achieved to date. as a result, the development of sericulture economy has not progressed well, pointing to the need of new ways for improvement of b. mori silk production. titanium dioxide nanoparticles (tio2 n ...201525876086
comparative evaluation of antioxidant and insecticidal properties of essential oils from five moroccan aromatic herbs.this study describes the antioxidant and insecticidal activities of essential oils (eos) of mentha suaveolens subsp. timija, thymus satureioides, achillea ageratum, cotula cinerea and salvia officinalis widely used in morocco as flavorings, food additives and preservatives. sixty seven components were identified accounting for more than 95.0 % of the total oils. m. suaveolens subsp. timija oil had as main components menthone and pulegone. a. ageratum oil was particularly rich in artemisyl acetat ...201525829614
insecticidal and repellant activities of polyacetylenes and lactones derived from atractylodes lancea rhizomes.during a screening program for new agrochemicals from chinese medicinal herbs and local wild plants, the petroleum ether (pe) extract of atractylodes lancea (thunb.) rhizomes was found to possess repellent and contact activities against tribolium castaneum adults. bioactivity-directed chromatographic separation of pe extract on repeated silica-gel columns led to the isolation of two polyacetylenes, atractylodin and atractylodinol (1 and 2, resp.), and two lactones, atractylenolides ii and iii (3 ...201525879503
the role of the transformer gene in sex determination and reproduction in the tephritid fruit fly, bactrocera dorsalis (hendel).transformer (tra) is a switch gene in the somatic sex-determination hierarchy that regulates sexual dimorphism based on rna splicing in many insects. in tephritids, a y-linked male determining gene (m) controls sex in the sex-determination pathway. here, homologues of drosophila tra and transformer-2 (tra-2) genes were isolated and characterized in bactrocera dorsalis (hendel), one of the most destructive agricultural insect pests in many asian countries. two male-specific and one female-specifi ...201526481008
innexin7a forms junctions that stabilize the basal membrane during cellularization of the blastoderm in tribolium castaneum.in insects, the fertilized egg undergoes a series of rapid nuclear divisions before the syncytial blastoderm starts to cellularize. cellularization has been extensively studied in drosophila melanogaster, but its thick columnar blastoderm is unusual among insects. we therefore set out to describe cellularization in the beetle tribolium castaneum, the embryos of which exhibit a thin blastoderm of cuboidal cells, like most insects. using immunohistochemistry, live imaging and transmission electron ...201526015545
genomic and functional characterization of a methoprene-tolerant gene in the kissing-bug rhodnius prolixus.metamorphosis, which depends upon a fine balance between two groups of lipid-soluble hormones such as juvenile hormones (jhs) and ecdysteroids, is an important feature in insect evolution. while it is clear that the onset of metamorphosis depends on the decrease of jh levels, the way in which these hormones exert their activities is not fully understood in triatominae species. the discovery of a drosophila melanogaster mutant resistant to the treatment with the jh analog methoprene, led finally ...201525963043
the roles of thermal transient receptor potential channels in thermotactic behavior and in thermal acclimation in the red flour beetle, tribolium castaneum.to survive in variable or fluctuating temperature, organisms should show appropriate behavioral and physiological responses which must be mediated through properly attuned thermal sensory mechanisms. transient receptor potential channels (trps) are a family of cation channels a number of which, called thermo-trps, are known to function as thermosensors. we investigated the potential role of thermo-tprs that have been previously identified in the fruit fly, drosophila melanogaster, in thermotaxis ...201525813190
insight into the unfolding properties of chd64, a small, single domain protein with a globular core and disordered tails.two major lipophilic hormones, 20-hydroxyecdysone (20e) and juvenile hormone (jh), govern insect development and growth. while the mode of action of 20e is well understood, some understanding of jh-dependent signalling has been attained only in the past few years, and the crosstalk of the two hormonal pathways remains unknown. two proteins, the calponin-like chd64 and immunophilin fkbp39 proteins, have recently been found to play pivotal roles in the formation of dynamic, multiprotein complex th ...201526325194
first transcriptional survey of the malpighian tubules of giant mealworm, zophobas morio (coleoptera: tenebrionidae).the malpighian tubules play a key role in insect osmoregulation. although a transcriptional analysis has been done for the malpighian tubules in drosophila melanogaster (diptera), no functional genomics analysis has yet been carried out for any coleoptera species. recently, we constructed a cdna library from malpighian tubules of larval zophobas morio, a close relative of tribolium castaneum, and cloned the cdna for an amp/coa-ligase with luciferase-like enzyme properties. using this cdna librar ...201525729980
evolutionary variations in the expression of dorso-ventral patterning genes and the conservation of pioneer neurons in tribolium castaneum.insects are ideally suited for gaining insight into the evolutionary developmental mechanisms that have led to adaptive changes of the nervous system since the specific structure of the nervous system can be directly linked to the neural stem cell (neuroblast) lineages, which in turn can be traced back to the last common ancestor of insects. the recent comparative analysis of the drosophila melanogaster and tribolium castaneum neuroblast maps revealed substantial differences in the expression pr ...201525657058
rnai screening of developmental toolkit genes: a search for novel wing genes in the red flour beetle, tribolium castaneum.the amazing array of diversity among insect wings offers a powerful opportunity to study the mechanisms guiding morphological evolution. studies in drosophila (the fruit fly) have identified dozens of genes important for wing development. these genes are often called candidate genes, serving as an ideal starting point to study wing development in other insects. however, we also need to explore beyond the candidate genes to gain a more comprehensive view of insect wing evolution. as a first step ...201525613748
tcmof regulates larval/pupal development and female fecundity in red flour beetle, tribolium castaneum.males absent on the first (mof) was originally identified as an essential component of the x chromosome dosage compensation system in drosophila melanogaster, and is also a member of the myst family of histone acetyltransferases. mof has been extensively studied in d. melanogaster and mammals. however, whether mof is involved in dosage compensation and/or other vital functions for newly emerging model insects such as tribolium castaneum, is unclear. we cloned the mof from t. castaneum, named tcm ...201525308105
nutrition regulation of male accessory gland growth and maturation in tribolium castaneum.insulin/igf-1 signaling (iis) pathway is known to control growth, development and reproduction. insulin-like peptide mediated body size plasticity in drosophila melanogaster has been reported. here, our studies showed that iis pathway and nutrition regulate growth and maturation of the male accessory gland (mag) in the red flour beetle, tribolium castaneum. the size of mag increased from day 1 to day 5 post-adult emergence (pae). this increase in the size of mag is contributed by an increase in ...201526035685
a screen for bacterial endosymbionts in the model organisms tribolium castaneum, t. confusum, callosobruchus maculatus, and related species.reproductive parasites such as wolbachia are extremely widespread amongst the arthropods and can have a large influence over the reproduction and fitness of their hosts. undetected infections could thus confound the results of a wide range of studies that focus on aspects of host behavior, reproduction, fitness, and degrees of reproductive isolation. this potential problem has already been underlined by work investigating the incidence of wolbachia infections in stocks of the model system drosop ...201524347564
identification and embryonic expression of wnt2, wnt4, wnt5 and wnt9 in the millipede glomeris marginata (myriapoda: diplopoda).the wnt genes encode secreted glycoprotein ligands that are key players during animal development. previous studies revealed the presence of 12 classes of wnt genes in protostomes, although lineage specific losses of wnt genes are common. so far, the gene expression profile of only two complete sets of arthropod wnt genes has been studied; these are the wnt genes of the fly drosophila melanogaster and the beetle tribolium castaneum. insects, however, do not represent good models for the understa ...201424398121
conservation and evolutionary modifications of neuroblast expression patterns in insects.one of the major questions in evolutionary developmental neurobiology is how neuronal networks have been adapted to different morphologies and behaviour during evolution. analyses of neurogenesis in representatives of all arthropod species have revealed evolutionary modifications of various developmental mechanisms. among others, variations can be seen in mechanisms that are associated with changes in neural progenitor identity, which in turn determines the neuronal subtype of their progeny. com ...201424525296
analysis of chemosensory gene families in the beetle monochamus alternatus and its parasitoid dastarcus helophoroides.we assembled antennal transcriptomes of pest monochamus alternatus and its parasitoid dastarcus helophoroides to identify the members of the major chemosensory multi-gene families. gene ontology (go) annotation indicated that the relative abundance of transcripts associated with specific go terms was highly similar in the two species. in chemosensory gene families, we identified 52 transcripts encoding putative odorant-binding proteins (obps), 19 chemosensory proteins (csps), 10 olfactory recept ...201424893337
the gap gene krüppel of rhodnius prolixus is required for segmentation and for repression of the homeotic gene sex comb-reduced.the establishment of the anterior-posterior segmentation in insects requires the concerted action of a hierarchical gene network. here, we study the orthologue of krüppel gap gene in the hemipteran rhodnius prolixus (rp-kr). we characterized its structure, expression pattern and function. the genomic sequence upstream of the rp-kr transcriptional unit shows a putative regulatory region conserved in the orthologue genes from drosophila melanogaster and tribolium castaneum. rp-kr expression is zyg ...201424406318
the development and functions of oenocytes.oenocytes have intrigued insect physiologists since the nineteenth century. many years of careful but mostly descriptive research on these cells highlights their diverse sizes, numbers, and anatomical distributions across insecta. contemporary molecular genetic studies in drosophila melanogaster and tribolium castaneum support the hypothesis that oenocytes are of ectodermal origin. they also suggest that, in both short and long germ-band species, oenocytes are induced from a spalt major/engraile ...201424397521
subdivision of arthropod cap-n-collar expression domains is restricted to mandibulata.the monophyly of mandibulata - the division of arthropods uniting pancrustaceans and myriapods - is consistent with several morphological characters, such as the presence of sensory appendages called antennae and the eponymous biting appendage, the mandible. functional studies have demonstrated that the patterning of the mandible requires the activity of the hox gene deformed and the transcription factor cap-n-collar (cnc) in at least two holometabolous insects: the fruit fly drosophila melanoga ...201424405788
a functional genetic analysis in flour beetles (tenebrionidae) reveals an antennal identity specification mechanism active during metamorphosis in holometabola.the antenna was the first arthropod ventral appendage to evolve non-leg identity. models of antennal evolution have been based on comparisons of antennal and leg identity specification mechanisms in drosophila melanogaster, a species in which appendages develop from highly derived imaginal discs during the larval period. we test for conservation of the drosophila antennal identity specification mechanism at metamorphosis in tribolium castaneum and three other flour beetle species (tribolium conf ...201424534744
wnt/β-catenin signaling integrates patterning and metabolism of the insect growth zone.wnt/β-catenin and hedgehog (hh) signaling are essential for transmitting signals across cell membranes in animal embryos. early patterning of the principal insect model, drosophila melanogaster, occurs in the syncytial blastoderm, where diffusion of transcription factors obviates the need for signaling pathways. however, in the cellularized growth zone of typical short germ insect embryos, signaling pathways are predicted to play a more fundamental role. indeed, the wnt/β-catenin pathway is requ ...201425395458
malpighian tubule development in the red flour beetle (tribolium castaneum).malpighian tubules (mpts) are the major organ for excretion and osmoregulation in most insects. mpt development is characterised for drosophila melanogaster, but not other species. we therefore do not know the extent to which the mpt developmental programme is conserved across insects. to redress this we provide a comprehensive description of mpt development in the beetle tribolium castaneum (coleoptera), a species separated from drosophila by >315 million years. we identify similarities with dr ...201425242057
methuselah-like genes affect development, stress resistance, lifespan and reproduction in tribolium castaneum.methuselah (mth) is associated with lifespan, stress resistance and reproduction in drosophila melanogaster, but mth is not present in nondrosophiline insects. a number of methuselah-likes (mthls) have been identified in nondrosophiline insects, but it is unknown whether the functions of mth are shared by mthls or are divergent from them. five mthls have been identified in tribolium castaneum. although they have different developmental expression patterns, they all enhance resistance to starvati ...201424924269
non-invasive long-term fluorescence live imaging of tribolium castaneum embryos.insect development has contributed significantly to our understanding of metazoan development. however, most information has been obtained by analyzing a single species, the fruit fly drosophila melanogaster. embryonic development of the red flour beetle tribolium castaneum differs fundamentally from that of drosophila in aspects such as short-germ development, embryonic leg development, extensive extra-embryonic membrane formation and non-involuted head development. although tribolium has becom ...201424803590
genome wide screening of rnai factors of sf21 cells reveal several novel pathway associated proteins.rna interference (rnai) leads to sequence specific knock-down of gene expression and has emerged as an important tool to analyse gene functions, pathway analysis and gene therapy. although rnai is a conserved cellular process involving common elements and factors, species-specific differences have been observed among different eukaryotes. identification of components for rnai pathway is pursued intensively and successful genome-wide screens have been performed for components of rnai pathways in ...201425199785
transcription factor e93 specifies adult metamorphosis in hemimetabolous and holometabolous insects.all immature animals undergo remarkable morphological and physiological changes to become mature adults. in winged insects, metamorphic changes either are limited to a few tissues (hemimetaboly) or involve a complete reorganization of most tissues and organs (holometaboly). despite the differences, the genetic switch between immature and adult forms in both types of insects relies on the disappearance of the antimetamorphic juvenile hormone (jh) and the transcription factors krüppel-homolog 1 (k ...201424778249
Refresh
firstprev
12345
nextlast
Displaying items 1 - 100 of 496