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efficient enrichment of bacterial mrna from host-bacteria total rna samples.despite numerous advances in genomics and bioinformatics, technological hurdles remain to examine host-microbe transcriptomics. sometimes the transcriptome of either or both can be ascertained merely by generating more sequencing reads. however, many cases exist where bacterial mrna needs to be enriched further to enable cost-effective sequencing of the pathogen or endosymbiont. while a suitable method is commercially available for mammalian samples of this type, development of such methods has ...201627713560
male tarsi specific odorant-binding proteins in the diving beetle cybister japonicus sharp.odorant binding proteins (obps) play critical roles in chemical communication of insects, as they recognize and transport environmental chemical signals to receptors. the diving beetle cybister japonicus sharp shows a remarkable sexual dimorphism. the foreleg tarsi of males are equipped with large suction cups, believed to help holding the female during underwater courtship and mating. here, we identified two obps highly and specifically expressed in male tarsi, suggesting important functions of ...201627545810
molecular diagnosis and genetic diversity of tick-borne anaplasmataceae agents infecting the african buffalo syncerus caffer from marromeu reserve in mozambique.tick-borne diseases (tbds) are very important in relation to domestic ruminants, but their occurrence among wild ruminants, mainly in the african buffalo syncerus caffer, remains little known.201627531003
is the antitumor property of trypanosoma cruzi infection mediated by its calreticulin?eight to 10 million people in 21 endemic countries are infected with trypanosoma cruzi. however, only 30% of those infected develop symptoms of chagas' disease, a chronic, neglected tropical disease worldwide. similar to other pathogens, t. cruzi has evolved to resist the host immune response. studies, performed 80 years ago in the soviet union, proposed that t. cruzi infects tumor cells with similar capacity to that displayed for target tissues such as cardiac, aortic, or digestive. an antagoni ...201627462315
hacker within! ehrlichia chaffeensis effector driven phagocyte reprogramming strategy.ehrlichia chaffeensis is a small, gram negative, obligately intracellular bacterium that preferentially infects mononuclear phagocytes. it is the etiologic agent of human monocytotropic ehrlichiosis (hme), an emerging life-threatening tick-borne zoonosis. mechanisms by which e. chaffeensis establishes intracellular infection, and avoids host defenses are not well understood, but involve functionally relevant host-pathogen interactions associated with tandem and ankyrin repeat effector proteins. ...201627303657
correction: the microbiome of ehrlichia-infected and uninfected lone star ticks (amblyomma americanum).[this corrects the article doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0146651.].201627158898
the retinoid x receptor from mud crab: new insights into its roles in ovarian development and related signaling pathway.in arthropods, retinoid x receptor (rxr) is a highly conserved nuclear hormone receptor. by forming a heterodimeric complex with the ecdysone receptor (ecr), rxr is known to be vital importance for various physiological processes. however, in comparison to ecr, the rxr signaling pathway and its roles in crustacean reproduction are poorly understood. in the present study, the rxr mrna was detected in the ovarian follicular cells of mud crab scylla paramamosain (sprxr) and during ovarian maturatio ...201627009370
low rate of cetuximab hypersensitivity reactions in northeast tennessee: an appalachian effect?cetuximab is a monoclonal antibody with a known risk of hypersensitivity reactions. early studies showed hypersensitivity reaction rates of 3%, but there appears to be a higher incidence in the southeastern united states. to confirm the findings from nearby institutions that cetuximab-associated hypersensitivity reactions occur in approximately 20% of patients in the southeastern united states.201626590031
ectoparasites of free-roaming domestic cats in the central united states.free-roaming domestic cat (felis catus) populations serve as a valuable resource for studying ectoparasite prevalence. while they share a similar environment as owned cats, free-roaming cats do not receive routine veterinary care or ectoparasiticide application, giving insight into parasite risks for owned animals. we examined up to 673 infested cats presented to a trap-neuter-return (tnr) clinic in the central united states. ectoparasite prevalences on cats were as follows: fleas (71.6%), ticks ...201627692321
manual for maintenance of multi-host ixodid ticks in the laboratory.use of laboratory animals as hosts for blood-sucking arthropods remains a time-proven and the most efficient method for establishment and propagation of slowly feeding ixodid ticks, despite introduction of techniques involving artificial feeding on either animal skins or synthetic membranes. new zealand white rabbits are usually the most accessible and most suitable hosts routinely used for establishment and maintenance of a large variety of multi-host tick species. here we describe standard pro ...201627651325
rickettsia amblyommatis sp. nov., a spotted fever group rickettsia associated with multiple species of amblyomma ticks in north, central and south america.in 1973, investigators isolated a rickettsial organism, designated strain wb-8-2t, from an adult amblyomma americanum tick collected at land between the lakes national recreation area, tn, usa. this organism is now recognized as highly prevalent in a. americanum, as well as several other amblyomma species found throughout the western hemisphere. it has been suggested that cross-reactivity to wb-8-2t and similar strains contributes to the increasing number of spotted fever cases reported in the u ...201627638476
emerging tick-borne rickettsia and ehrlichia at joint base langley-eustis, fort eustis, virginia.four species of ticks known to parasitize humans (amblyomma americanum (lone star tick), dermacentor variabilis (american dog tick), amblyomma maculatum (gulf coast tick), and ixodes scapularis (black-legged tick)) were collected at joint base langley-eustis, fort eustis, virginia during 2009. these ticks were tested individually (adults and nymphs) and in pools of 15 (larvae) for pathogens of public health importance within the genera: rickettsia, borrelia, and ehrlichia, by quantitative real-t ...201627613206
new records of ticks (acari: ixodidae) from dogs, cats, humans, and some wild vertebrates in alaska: invasion potential.during 2010-2016, tick specimens were solicited from veterinarians, biologists, and members of the public in alaska. eight species of ticks were recorded from domestic dogs. some ticks were collected from dogs with recent travel histories to other countries or other u.s. states, which appears to explain records of ticks not native to alaska such as amblyomma americanum (l.) (lone star tick), ixodes scapularis (say) (blacklegged tick), and ixodes ricinus (l.). however, we recorded dermacentor var ...201627524823
repellency to ticks (acari: ixodidae) of extracts of nigella sativa (ranunculaceae) and the anti-inflammatory dogsbestfriend™.motivated by observations that the canine anti-inflammatory cream dogsbestfriend™ (dbf) appeared to deter flies, mosquitoes, and ticks from treated animals, repellent efficacy bioassays using four species of ticks were conducted with three extracts of nigella sativa l. (ranunculaceae), a constituent of dbf. the dbf cream was tested against nymphs of lone star tick, amblyomma americanum (l.). in vertical filter paper assays, the three extracts applied at 0.413 mg extract/cm(2) filter paper repell ...201627394440
neuronal projections from the haller's organ and palp sensilla to the synganglion of amblyomma americanum§.the present study was conducted to elucidate the neuronal pathways between peripheral olfactory and taste sensilla and the synganglion in an ixodidae tick species. the tarsus of the front legs (olfactory nerves) and the fourth palpal segment (gustatory nerves) of unfed amblyomma americanum males and females were excised. a neuronal tracer, dextran tetramethylrhodamine, was used for filling of the sensory neurons. the synganglion preparations were examined using a confocal microscope. neuronal ar ...201627334823
transmission of heartland virus (bunyaviridae: phlebovirus) by experimentally infected amblyomma americanum (acari: ixodidae).heartland virus (hrtv; bunyaviridae: phlebovirus) is a recently described cause of human illness in the united states. after field studies conducted in 2012 implicated amblyomma americanum (l.) as a vector of hrtv, we initiated experiments to assess the vector competence of a. americanum larval and nymphal ticks were immersed in high-titered suspensions of hrtv, and then tested for virus at various intervals postimmersion. in a later trial larval ticks were immersed in hrtv, followed by engorgem ...201627330103
the chemosensory appendage proteome of amblyomma americanum (acari: ixodidae) reveals putative odorant-binding and other chemoreception-related proteins.proteomic analyses were done on 2 chemosensory appendages of the lone star tick, amblyomma americanum. proteins in the fore tarsi, which contain the olfactory haller's organ, and in the palps, that include gustatory sensilla, were compared with proteins in the third tarsi. also, male and female ticks were compared. proteins were identified by sequence similarity to known proteins, and by 3-dimensional homology modeling. proteomic data were also compared with organ-specific transcriptomes from th ...201627307202
neuronal projections from the haller's organ and palp sensilla to the synganglion of amblyomma americanum§.the present study was conducted to elucidate the neuronal pathways between peripheral olfactory and taste sensilla and the synganglion in an ixodidae tick species. the tarsus of the front legs (olfactory nerves) and the fourth palpal segment (gustatory nerves) of unfed amblyomma americanum males and females were excised. a neuronal tracer, dextran tetramethylrhodamine, was used for filling of the sensory neurons. the synganglion preparations were examined using a confocal microscope. neuronal ar ...201627304521
structural characterization of tick cement cones collected from in vivo and artificial membrane blood-fed lone star ticks (amblyomma americanum).the lone star tick, amblyomma americanum, is endemic to the southeastern united states and capable of transmitting pathogenic diseases and causing non-pathogenic conditions. to remain firmly attached to the host, the tick secretes a proteinaceous matrix termed the cement cone which hardens around the tick's mouthparts to assist in the attachment of the tick as well as to protect the mouthparts from the host immune system. cement cones collected from ticks on a host are commonly contaminated with ...201627118479
thermacell and off! clip-on devices tested for repellency and mortality against amblyomma americanum (acari: ixodida: amblyommidae).the thermacell with allethrin and off! clip-on with metofluthrin were tested in a 939 m(2) vented enclosure against nymphal lone star ticks, amblyomma americanum (l.). repellency assays were conducted at varying distances relative to product specifications for repellency range. nymphal ticks acclimated for 24 h in chambers attached to 10 repellency tracks per repetition. devices were turned on, and the tick travel distance and delay until beginning to travel were recorded. mortality of ticks was ...201627113108
surveillance for heartland virus (bunyaviridae: phlebovirus) in missouri during 2013: first detection of virus in adults of amblyomma americanum (acari: ixodidae).during 2013, we collected and tested ticks for heartland virus (hrtv), a recently described human pathogen in the genus phlebovirus (bunyaviridae), from six sites in northwestern missouri. five sites were properties owned by hrtv patients, and the sixth was a conservation area that yielded virus in ticks during 2012. we collected 39,096 ticks representing five species; however, two species, amblyomma americanum (l.) (97.6%) and dermacentor variabilis (say) (2.3%), accounted for nearly all ticks ...201627032416
determination of the effective dose of a novel oral formulation of sarolaner (simparica™) for the treatment and month-long control of fleas and ticks on dogs.three laboratory studies were conducted to determine the appropriate dose of sarolaner, a novel isoxazoline, for the treatment and month-long control of infestations of fleas and ticks on dogs. in the first study, dogs were treated orally with sarolaner suspension formulations at 1.25, 2.5 or 5.0mg/kg, and infested with dermacentor reticulatus, rhipicephalus sanguineus ticks and with ctenocephalides felis felis (cat flea) prior to treatment and then weekly for up to 8 weeks. fleas and ticks were ...201626948830
efficacy of a novel oral formulation of sarolaner (simparica™) against five common tick species infesting dogs in the united states.the efficacy of a single oral treatment with sarolaner (simparica™, zoetis), a novel isoxazoline compound, was evaluated against five tick species known to infest dogs in the united states. a total of 10 laboratory studies, two against each species, were conducted using adult purpose-bred mongrels or beagle dogs. in each study, 16 dogs were randomly allocated to one of two treatment groups based on pre-treatment host-suitability tick counts. dogs were infested with approximately 50 unfed adult a ...201626935819
ticks associated with domestic dogs and cats in florida, usa.voluntary collections of ticks from domestic dogs and cats by veterinary practitioners across florida, usa, were conducted over a 10 month period. of the 1337 ticks submitted, five species of ixodid ticks were identified and included rhipicephalus sanguineus, amblyomma americanum, a. maculatum, dermacentor variabilis, and ixodes scapularis. most ticks were collected from dogs (98.4%) with the most predominant species being r. sanguineus (94.3%). of the ticks collected from cats (1.6%), a. americ ...201626888081
the putative role of rhipicephalus microplus salivary serpins in the tick-host relationship.inflammation and hemostasis are part of the host's first line of defense to tick feeding. these systems are in part serine protease mediated and are tightly controlled by their endogenous inhibitors, in the serpin superfamily (serine protease inhibitors). from this perspective ticks are thought to use serpins to evade host defenses during feeding. the cattle tick rhipicephalus microplus encodes at least 24 serpins, of which rms-3, rms-6, and rms-17 were previously identified in saliva of this ti ...201626844868
a comparison of the performance of regression models of amblyomma americanum (l.) (ixodidae) using life cycle or landscape data from administrative divisions.the distribution of amblyomma americanum (l.) in the continental united states has been modelled using the reported distribution in counties as "established" (six or more ticks or two or more life stages were recorded during a specified time period), "reported" (fewer than six ticks of a single life stage were recorded), or "absent" (neither of the above categories were met) and a set of environmental and biotic explanatory variables. categorical (vegetation, climate, and habitat suitability for ...201626826973
maximum entropy-based ecological niche model and bio-climatic determinants of lone star tick (amblyomma americanum) niche.the potential distribution of amblyomma americanum ticks in kansas was modeled using maximum entropy (maxent) approaches based on museum and field-collected species occurrence data. various bioclimatic variables were used in the model as potentially influential factors affecting the a. americanum niche. following reduction of dimensionality among predictor variables using principal components analysis, which revealed that the first two principal axes explain over 87% of the variance, the model i ...201626824880
comparison of novel and conventional methods of trapping ixodid ticks in the southeastern u.s.a.tick-borne disease surveillance and research rely on resource-effective methods for tick collection. this study compared the respective performances of several trapping methods in a mixed grassland-forest habitat in western tennessee. to test for temporal differences in effectiveness, sites were sampled monthly (april-august 2013) using dry ice, dragging, flagging, sweep netting, carbon dioxide (co2 ) dragging and co2 flagging methods. to evaluate the effect of habitat on method effectiveness, f ...201626801319
panola mountain ehrlichia in amblyomma maculatum from the united states and amblyomma variegatum (acari: ixodidae) from the caribbean and africa.panola mountain ehrlichia (pme) has been suggested as an emerging pathogen of humans and dogs. domestic goats and white-tailed deer (odocoileus virginianus) are also susceptible and likely serve as reservoirs. experimentally, both the lone star tick (amblyomma americanum (l.)) and the gulf coast tick (amblyomma maculatum koch) can transmit pme among deer and goats. in the current study, we detected pme in adult wild-caught a. maculatum from the united states and amblyomma variegatum (f.) from th ...201626744465
evaluation of deet and eight essential oils for repellency against nymphs of the lone star tick, amblyomma americanum (acari: ixodidae).deet and eight commercially available essential oils (oregano, clove, thyme, vetiver, sandalwood, cinnamon, cedarwood, and peppermint) were evaluated for repellency against host-seeking nymphs of the lone star tick, amblyomma americanum. concentration-repellency response was established using the vertical paper bioassay technique for each essential oil and compared with that of n,n-diethyl-3-methyl benzamide (deet), a standard repellent compound present in many commercial repellent formulations. ...201626590930
a dynamic population model to investigate effects of climate and climate-independent factors on the lifecycle of amblyomma americanum (acari: ixodidae).the lone star tick, amblyomma americanum, is a disease vector of significance for human and animal health throughout much of the eastern united states. to model the potential effects of climate change on this tick, a better understanding is needed of the relative roles of temperature-dependent and temperature-independent (day-length-dependent behavioral or morphogenetic diapause) processes acting on the tick lifecycle. in this study, we explored the roles of these processes by simulating seasona ...201626502753
county scale distribution of amblyomma americanum (ixodida: ixodidae) in oklahoma: addressing local deficits in tick maps based on passive reporting.geographic distribution records for the lone star tick [amblyomma americanum (l.)] in the peer-reviewed literature are incomplete for oklahoma, preventing accurate disease risk assessments. to address this issue and document the presence of a. americanum in available habitats throughout the state, county-scale tick records published in u.s. department of agriculture-cooperative economic insect reports and specimens maintained at the k.c. emerson entomology museum, oklahoma state university, were ...201526336311
comparison of dna and carbon and nitrogen stable isotope-based techniques for identification of prior vertebrate hosts of ticks.identification of the vertebrate hosts upon which hematophagous arthropods feed provides key information for understanding the ecology and transmission of vector-borne diseases. bloodmeal analysis of ticks presents unique challenges relative to other vectors, given the long interval between bloodmeal acquisition and host-seeking, during which dna degradation occurs. this study evaluates dna-based and stable isotope-based bloodmeal analysis methodologies for the lone star tick, amblyomma american ...201526336205
cutaneous lesions due to bites by larval amblyomma americanum ticks. 201526309141
the mitochondrial genome of the lone star tick (amblyomma americanum).amblyomma americanum is an abundant tick in the southeastern, midwestern, and northeastern united states. it is a vector of multiple diseases, but limited genomic resources are available for it. we sequenced the complete mitochondrial genome of a single female a. americanum collected in georgia using the illumina platform. the consensus sequence was 14,709 bp long, and the mean coverage across the assembly was >12,000×. all expected tick genomic features were present, including two "tick-box" mo ...201526189992
comparative efficacy of an imidacloprid/flumethrin collar (seresto®) and an oral fluralaner chewable tablet (bravecto®) against tick (dermacentor variabilis and amblyomma americanum) infestations on dogs: a randomised controlled trial.this controlled laboratory study demonstrated the residual speed of efficacy of an imidacloprid/flumethrin collar (seresto(®), bayer) for the control of ticks (dermacentor variabilis, amblyomma americanum) at 6 and 12 hours post-infestation on dogs when compared to oral fluralaner (bravecto(®), merck). dogs were randomised by pre-treatment tick counts: group 1) imidacloprid 10 % (w/w)/flumethrin 4.5 % (w/w) collar, 2) fluralaner (dosage 25.1 - 49.4 mg/kg), and 3) non-treated controls. ticks (50/ ...201526152411
comparative efficacy of an imidacloprid/flumethrin collar (seresto®) and an oral afoxolaner chewable (nexgard®) against tick (dermacentor variabilis and amblyomma americanum) infestations on dogs: a randomised controlled trial.this randomised controlled laboratory study demonstrated the residual speed of efficacy of an imidacloprid/flumethrin collar (seresto(®), bayer) for the control of ticks (dermacentor variabilis, amblyomma americanum) at 6 and 12 hours postinfestation on dogs when compared to oral afoxolaner (nexgard(®), merial). dogs were randomised by pre-treatment tick counts: group 1) imidacloprid 10 % (w/w) / flumethrin 4.5 % (w/w) collar, 2) afoxolaner chewable (dosage 3.1 - 6.2 mg/kg), and 3) non-treated c ...201526152410
attempts to feed larval amblyomma americanum (l.) (acari: ixodidae) on three different arthropod hosts. 201526047205
modeling the biotic and abiotic factors that describe the number of active off-host amblyomma americanum larvae.amblyomma americanum (l.) is a three-host tick that spends most of its life off-host and is an important vector of pathogens in the eastern united states. our objectives were to develop a predictive statistical model that describes the number of active, off-host larvae from 2007 to 2011 and to determine the environmental variables associated with this pattern. data used in this study came from monitoring conducted in northeast missouri in which off-host ticks were collected from a permanent plot ...201526047177
tickbot: a novel robotic device for controlling tick populations in the natural environment.a semi-autonomous 4-wheeled robot (tickbot) was fitted with a denim cloth treated with an acaricide (permethrin™) and tested for its ability to control ticks in a tick-infested natural environment in portsmouth, virginia. the robot's sensors detect a magnetic field signal from a guide wire encased in 80m polyethylene tubing, enabling the robot to follow the trails, open areas and other terrain where the tubing was located. to attract ticks to the treated area, co2 was distributed through the sam ...201525499615
simulation of climate-tick-host-landscape interactions: effects of shifts in the seasonality of host population fluctuations on tick densities.tick vector systems are comprised of complex climate-tick-host-landscape interactions that are difficult to identify and estimate from empirical observations alone. we developed a spatially-explicit, individual-based model, parameterized to represent ecological conditions typical of the south-central united states, to examine effects of shifts in the seasonal occurrence of fluctuations of host densities on tick densities. simulated shifts in the seasonal occurrence of periods of high and low hos ...201526611958
increasing incidence of ehrlichiosis in the united states: a summary of national surveillance of ehrlichia chaffeensis and ehrlichia ewingii infections in the united states, 2008-2012.human ehrlichiosis is a potentially fatal disease caused by ehrlichia chaffeensis and ehrlichia ewingii. cases of ehrlichiosis are reported to centers for disease control and prevention through two national surveillance systems: nationally notifiable diseases surveillance system (nndss) and case report forms. during 2008-2012, 4,613 cases of e. chaffeensis infections were reported through nndss. the incidence rate (ir) was 3.2 cases per million person-years (pys). the hospitalization rate (hr) w ...201526621561
changing dynamics of human-rickettsial interactions. 201526556832
phylogeographic structure in penguin ticks across an ocean basin indicates allopatric divergence and rare trans-oceanic dispersal.the association of ticks (acarina) and seabirds provides an intriguing system for assessing the influence of long-distance dispersal on the evolution of parasitic species. recent research has focused on host-parasite evolutionary relationships and dispersal capacity of ticks parasitising flighted seabirds. evolutionary research on the ticks of non-flighted seabirds is, in contrast, scarce. we conducted the first phylogeographic investigation of a hard tick species (ixodes eudyptidis) that parasi ...201526083353
the role of cd8 t lymphocytes in rickettsial infections.arthropod-borne obligately intracellular bacteria pose a difficult challenge to the immune system. the genera rickettsia, orientia, ehrlichia, and anaplasma evolved mechanisms of immune evasion, and each interacts differently with the immune system. the roles of cd8 t cells include protective immunity and immunopathology. in rickettsia infections, cd8 t cells are protective mediated in part by cytotoxicity toward infected cells. in contrast, tnf-α overproduction by cd8 t cells is pathogenic in l ...201525823954
characterization of a novel rxr receptor in the salmon louse (lepeophtheirus salmonis, copepoda) regulating growth and female reproduction.nuclear receptors have crucial roles in all metazoan animals as regulators of gene transcription. a wide range of studies have elucidated molecular and biological significance of nuclear receptors but there are still a large number of animals where the knowledge is very limited. in the present study we have identified an rxr type of nuclear receptor in the salmon louse (lepeophtheirus salmonis) (i.e. lsrxr). rxr is one of the two partners of the ecdysteroid receptor in arthropods, the receptor f ...201525765704
global transcriptome analysis of the tentacle of the jellyfish cyanea capillata using deep sequencing and expressed sequence tags: insight into the toxin- and degenerative disease-related transcripts.jellyfish contain diverse toxins and other bioactive components. however, large-scale identification of novel toxins and bioactive components from jellyfish has been hampered by the low efficiency of traditional isolation and purification methods.201526551022
reliability of molecular host-identification methods for ticks: an experimental in vitro study with ixodes ricinus.reliable information on host use by arthropod vectors is required to study pathogen transmission ecology and to predict disease risk. direct observation of host use is often difficult or impossible and indirect methods are therefore necessary. however, the reliability of currently available methods to identify the last host of blood-feeding arthropods has not been evaluated, and may be particularly problematic for ticks because host blood has been digested at capture. biases in host detection ma ...201526296344
an insight into the sialome of the lone star tick, amblyomma americanum, with a glimpse on its time dependent gene expression.hard ticks feed for several days or weeks on their hosts. blood feeding is assisted by tick saliva, which is injected in the host skin regularly, alternating with blood ingestion. tick saliva contains hundreds or thousands of different peptides and other bioactive compounds that assist feeding by inhibiting their hosts' blood clotting, platelet aggregation, vasoconstriction, as well as pain and itching. immunomodulatory and antimicrobial peptides are also found in tick saliva. molecular characte ...201526131772
carbohydrates as food allergens.the literature supports the notion that carbohydrate epitopes, on their own, do not contribute significantly to the induction of allergic reactions. they bind weakly to ige antibodies and have been termed as cross reactive carbohydrate determinants. these epitopes cause confusion in in vitro ige testing through nonspecific cross-reactivity. coincident with the rising trends in food allergy prevalence, there has recently been reports of anaphylaxis induced by carbohydrate epitopes. there are two ...201525653916
a review of theileria diagnostics and epidemiology.an extensive range of serological and molecular diagnostic assays exist for most of the economically important theileira species such as t. annulata, t. equi, t. lestoquardi, t. parva, t. uilenbergi and other more benign species. diagnostics of theileria is considered with regard to sensitivity and specificity of current molecular and serological assays and their use in epidemiology. in the case of serological assays, cross-reactivity of genetically closely related species reduces the use of the ...201525830110
identification and evaluation of vaccine candidate antigens from the poultry red mite (dermanyssus gallinae).an aqueous extract of the haematophagous poultry ectoparasite, dermanyssus gallinae, was subfractionated using anion exchange chromatography. six of these subfractions were used to immunise hens and the blood from these hens was fed, in vitro, to poultry red mites. mite mortality following these feeds was indicative of protective antigens in two of the subfractions, with the risks of mites dying being 3.1 and 3.7 times higher than in the control group (p<0.001). a combination of two-dimensional ...201526296690
borrelia miyamotoi disease: neither lyme disease nor relapsing fever.borrelia miyamotoi disease (bmd) is a newly recognized borreliosis globally transmitted by ticks of the ixodes persulcatus species complex. once considered to be a tick symbiont with no public health implications, b miyamotoi is increasingly recognized as the agent of a nonspecific febrile illness often misdiagnosed as acute lyme disease without rash, or as ehrlichiosis. the frequency of its diagnosis in the northeastern united states is similar to that of human granulocytic ehrlichiosis. a diag ...201526593262
efficacy of fluralaner flavored chews (bravecto) administered to dogs against the adult cat flea, ctenocephalides felis felis and egg production.fluralaner is a potent insecticide and acaricide with rapid and persistent efficacy. this study measured the efficacy of fluralaner flavored chews (bravecto®, merck animal health) administered to dogs against adult ctenocephalides felis felis and egg production.201526160349
variation in baiting intensity among co2-baited traps used to collect hematophagous arthropods.hematophagous arthropods transmit the etiological agents of numerous diseases and as a result are frequently the targets of sampling to characterize vector and pathogen populations. arguably, the most commonly used sampling approach involves traps baited with carbon dioxide. we report results of a laboratory study in which the performance of carbon dioxide-baited traps was evaluated using measures of baiting intensity, the amount of carbon dioxide released per unit time during trap deployment. w ...201526160803
prevalence of cytauxzoon felis infection in healthy cats from enzootic areas in arkansas, missouri, and oklahoma.infection with cytauxzoon felis in domestic cats can cause fever, lethargy, depression, inappetence, icterus, and often death. with a high mortality rate, cytauxzoonosis was historically considered a fatal disease. within the last 15 years, cats with or without treatment have been recognized as chronically infected survivors of c. felis infection. our objective was to determine the prevalence of c. felis in healthy domestic cats from arkansas, missouri, and oklahoma.201525566776
development and characterization of monoclonal antibodies directed against the nucleoprotein of heartland virus.heartland virus (hrtv), a phlebovirus first isolated from two missouri farmers in 2009, has been proposed to be transmitted to humans by the bite of infected amblyomma americanum ticks. it is closely related to severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome virus (sftsv) from china, another previously unrecognized phlebovirus that has subsequently been associated with hundreds of cases of severe disease in humans. to expand diagnostic capacity to detect hrtv infections, 20 hybridoma clones secretin ...201526503274
naturally occurring ehrlichia ewingii and mycoplasma sp. co-infection in a goat. 201526473432
estimated herd prevalence and sequence types of coxiella burnetii in bulk tank milk samples from commercial dairies in indiana.coxiella burnetii is the etiologic agent of q fever, a zoonotic disease causing influenza-like illness, pregnancy loss, cardiovascular disease and chronic fatigue syndrome in people. c. burnetii is considered to be enzootic in ruminants, but clinical signs of infection do not always manifest. national studies have documented the presence of c. burnetii in dairy herds in indiana. this represents an opportunity to better characterize the distribution and prevalence of c. burnetii infection at the ...201526248712
mutations in ehrlichia chaffeensis causing polar effects in gene expression and differential host specificities.ehrlichia chaffeensis, a tick-borne rickettsial, is responsible for human monocytic ehrlichiosis. in this study, we assessed e. chaffeensis insertion mutations impacting the transcription of genes near the insertion sites. we presented evidence that the mutations within the e. chaffeensis genome at four genomic locations cause polar effects in altering gene expressions. we also reported mutations causing attenuated growth in deer (the pathogen's reservoir host) and in dog (an incidental host), b ...201526186429
collembolan transcriptomes highlight molecular evolution of hexapods and provide clues on the adaptation to terrestrial life.collembola (springtails) represent a soil-living lineage of hexapods in between insects and crustaceans. consequently, their genomes may hold key information on the early processes leading to evolution of hexapoda from a crustacean ancestor.201526075903
cloning and characterization of calreticulin and its association with salinity stress in p. trituberculatus.calreticulin (crt) is a highly conserved and multifunctional endoplasmic reticulum (er) chaperone protein and plays important roles in salinity stress response. portunus trituberculatus is a commercially important fishery species, and water salinity conditions influence its commercial farming significantly. in order to research the function of calreticulin under salinity stress, the full-length cdna sequence of calreticulin from p. trituberculatus (ptcrt) was firstly cloned and characterized. th ...201525995067
attenuated mutants of ehrlichia chaffeensis induce protection against wild-type infection challenge in the reservoir host and in an incidental host.ehrlichia chaffeensis, a tick-borne rickettsial organism, causes the disease human monocytic ehrlichiosis. the pathogen also causes disease in several other vertebrates, including dogs and deer. in this study, we assessed two clonally purified e. chaffeensis mutants with insertions within the genes ech_0379 and ech_0660 as vaccine candidates in deer and dogs. infection with the ech_0379 mutant and challenge with wild-type e. chaffeensis 1 month following inoculation with the mutant resulted in t ...201525916990
landscape genetics of schistocephalus solidus parasites in threespine stickleback (gasterosteus aculeatus) from alaska.the nature of gene flow in parasites with complex life cycles is poorly understood, particularly when intermediate and definitive hosts have contrasting movement potential. we examined whether the fine-scale population genetic structure of the diphyllobothriidean cestode schistocephalus solidus reflects the habits of intermediate threespine stickleback hosts or those of its definitive hosts, semi-aquatic piscivorous birds, to better understand complex host-parasite interactions. seventeen lakes ...201525874710
persistent ehrlichia ewingii infection in dogs after natural tick infestation.ehrlichia ewingii, which causes disease in dogs and people, is the most common ehrlichia spp. infecting dogs in the united states, but little is known about how long e. ewingii infection persists in dogs.201525776536
fatal multiple deer tick-borne infections in an elderly patient with advanced liver disease.we present a case of a 66-year-old woman with decompensated alcoholic liver cirrhosis and poorly controlled non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus who was admitted with a 1 day history of altered mental status, high-grade fevers, worsening jaundice and generalised malaise with subsequent development of hypotension requiring intensive care. she was diagnosed with severe babesiosis with high-grade parasitaemia. she was also found to have lyme disease coinfection. despite aggressive therapeutic me ...201525733088
implications of xenoglycan sensitivity for increased cancer risk. 201525713132
the characterization and manipulation of the bacterial microbiome of the rocky mountain wood tick, dermacentor andersoni.in north america, ticks are the most economically impactful vectors of human and animal pathogens. the rocky mountain wood tick, dermacentor andersoni (acari: ixodidae), transmits rickettsia rickettsii and anaplasma marginale to humans and cattle, respectively. in recent years, studies have shown that symbiotic organisms are involved in a number of biochemical and physiological functions. characterizing the bacterial microbiome of d. andersoni is a pivotal step towards understanding symbiont-hos ...201526653035
parasitology and serology of free-ranging coyotes (canis latrans) in north carolina, usa.coyotes (canis latrans) have expanded recently into the eastern us and can serve as a source of pathogens to domestic dogs (canis lupus familiaris), livestock, and humans. we examined free-ranging coyotes from central north carolina, us, for selected parasites and prevalence of antibodies against viral and bacterial agents. we detected ticks on most (81%) coyotes, with amblyomma americanum detected on 83% of those with ticks. fifteen (47%) coyotes were positive for heartworms (dirofilaria immiti ...201525984773
molecular identification of ehrlichia species and host bloodmeal source in amblyomma americanum l. from two locations in tennessee, united states.the current status of tick-borne diseases in the southeastern united states is challenging to define due to emerging pathogens, uncertain tick/host relationships, and changing disease case definitions. a golf-oriented retirement community on the cumberland plateau in tennessee experienced an ehrlichiosis outbreak in 1993, prompting efforts to reduce the local tick population using '4-poster' acaricide devices targeting white-tailed deer (odocoileus virginianus). in 2009, the prevalence of ehrlic ...201525682494
rickettsia parkeri transmission to amblyomma americanum by cofeeding with amblyomma maculatum (acari: ixodidae) and potential for spillover.amblyomma americanum (l.) is a human-biting ixodid tick distributed throughout much of the southeastern united states. rickettsia parkeri is a member of the spotted fever group rickettsiae and causes a febrile illness in humans commonly referred to as "tidewater spotted fever" or "r. parkeri rickettsiosis." although the gulf coast tick, amblyomma maculatum koch, is the primary vector of r. parkeri, a small proportion of a. americanum have also been shown to harbor r. parkeri. the purpose of this ...201526336226
molecular detection of rickettsia species within ticks (acari: ixodidae) collected from arkansas united states.rocky mountain spotted fever (rmsf), caused by the etiological agent rickettsia rickettsii, is the most severe and frequently reported rickettsial illness in the united states, and is commonly diagnosed throughout the southeast. with the discoveries of rickettsia parkeri and other spotted fever group rickettsiae (sfgr) in ticks, it remains inconclusive if the cases reported as rmsf are truly caused by r. rickettsii or other sfgr. arkansas reports one of the highest incidence rates of rmsf in the ...201526334827
the recent evolution of a maternally-inherited endosymbiont of ticks led to the emergence of the q fever pathogen, coxiella burnetii.q fever is a highly infectious disease with a worldwide distribution. its causative agent, the intracellular bacterium coxiella burnetii, infects a variety of vertebrate species, including humans. its evolutionary origin remains almost entirely unknown and uncertainty persists regarding the identity and lifestyle of its ancestors. a few tick species were recently found to harbor maternally-inherited coxiella-like organisms engaged in symbiotic interactions, but their relationships to the q fever ...201525978383
the case for a 'one health' approach to combating vector-borne diseases. 201526027713
serological investigation of heartland virus (bunyaviridae: phlebovirus) exposure in wild and domestic animals adjacent to human case sites in missouri 2012-2013.heartland virus (hrtv; bunyaviridae: phlebovirus) has recently emerged as a causative agent of human disease characterized by thrombocytopenia and leukopenia in the united states. the lone star tick (amblyomma americanum l.) has been implicated as a vector. to identify candidate vertebrate amplification hosts associated with enzootic maintenance of the virus, sera and ticks were sampled from 160 mammals (8 species) and 139 birds (26 species) captured near 2 human case residences in andrew and no ...201525870419
west nile virus adaptation to ixodid tick cells is associated with phenotypic trade-offs in primary hosts.west nile virus (wnv; flaviviridae, flavivirus) is the most geographically widespread arthropod-borne virus (arbovirus) in the world and is found in multiple ecologically distinct settings. despite the likelihood of frequent exposure to novel hosts, studies evaluating the capacity and correlates of host range expansions or shifts of wnv and other arboviruses are generally lacking. we utilized experimental evolution of wnv in an amblyomma americanum tick cell line to model an invertebrate host sh ...201525863877
from within host dynamics to the epidemiology of infectious disease: scientific overview and challenges.since their earliest days, humans have been struggling with infectious diseases. caused by viruses, bacteria, protozoa, or even higher organisms like worms, these diseases depend critically on numerous intricate interactions between parasites and hosts, and while we have learned much about these interactions, many details are still obscure. it is evident that the combined host-parasite dynamics constitutes a complex system that involves components and processes at multiple scales of time, space, ...201526474512
solving a bloody mess: b-vitamin independent metabolic convergence among gammaproteobacterial obligate endosymbionts from blood-feeding arthropods and the leech haementeria officinalis.endosymbiosis is a common phenomenon in nature, especially between bacteria and insects, whose typically unbalanced diets are usually complemented by their obligate endosymbionts. while much interest and focus has been directed toward phloem-feeders like aphids and mealybugs, blood-feeders such as the lone star tick (amblyomma americanum), glossina flies, and the human body louse (pediculus humanus corporis) depend on obligate endosymbionts which complement their b-vitamin-deficient diets, and t ...201526454017
modeling the present and future geographic distribution of the lone star tick, amblyomma americanum (ixodida: ixodidae), in the continental united states.the lone star tick (amblyomma americanum l.) is the primary vector for pathogens of significant public health importance in north america, yet relatively little is known about its current and potential future distribution. building on a published summary of tick collection records, we used an ensemble modeling approach to predict the present-day and future distribution of climatically suitable habitat for establishment of the lone star tick within the continental united states. of the nine clima ...201526217042
francisella tularensis: no evidence for transovarial transmission in the tularemia tick vectors dermacentor reticulatus and ixodes ricinus.tularemia is a zoonosis caused by the francisella tularensis, a highly infectious gram-negative coccobacillus. due to easy dissemination, multiple routes of infection, high environmental contamination and morbidity and mortality rates, francisella is considered a potential bioterrorism threat and classified as a category a select agent by the cdc. tick bites are among the most prevalent modes of transmission, and ticks have been indicated as a possible reservoir, although their reservoir compete ...201526244842
immunoproteomic profiling of rickettsia parkeri and rickettsia amblyommii.rickettsia parkeri is an amblyomma-associated, spotted fever group rickettsia species that causes an eschar-associated, febrile illness in multiple countries throughout the western hemisphere. many other rickettsial species of known or uncertain pathogenicity have been detected in amblyomma spp. ticks in the americas, including rickettsia amblyommii, "candidatus rickettsia andeanae" and rickettsia rickettsii. in this study, we utilized an immunoproteomic approach to compare antigenic profiles of ...201526234571
amblyomma americanum tick saliva insulin-like growth factor binding protein-related protein 1 binds insulin but not insulin-like growth factors.silencing amblyomma americanum insulin-like growth factor binding protein-related protein 1 (aamigfbp-rp1) mrna prevented ticks from feeding to repletion. in this study, we used recombinant (r)aamigfbp-rp1 in a series of assays to obtain further insight into the role(s) of this protein in tick feeding regulation. our results suggest that aamigfbp-1 is an antigenic protein that is apparently exclusively expressed in salivary glands. we found that both males and females secrete aamigfbp-rp1 into t ...201526108887
distinctive genome reduction rates revealed by genomic analyses of two coxiella-like endosymbionts in ticks.genome reduction is a hallmark of symbiotic genomes, and the rate and patterns of gene loss associated with this process have been investigated in several different symbiotic systems. however, in long-term host-associated coevolving symbiont clades, the genome size differences between strains are normally quite small and hence patterns of large-scale genome reduction can only be inferred from distant relatives. here we present the complete genome of a coxiella-like symbiont from rhipicephalus tu ...201526025560
a coxiella-like endosymbiont is a potential vitamin source for the lone star tick.amblyomma americanum (lone star tick) is an important disease vector in the united states. it transmits several human pathogens, including the agents of human monocytic ehrlichiosis, tularemia, and southern tick-associated rash illness. blood-feeding insects (class insecta) depend on bacterial endosymbionts to provide vitamins and cofactors that are scarce in blood. it is unclear how this deficiency is compensated in ticks (class arachnida) that feed exclusively on mammalian blood. a bacterium r ...201525618142
mutual medication in capuchin monkeys - social anointing improves coverage of topically applied anti-parasite medicines.wild and captive capuchin monkeys will anoint themselves with a range of strong smelling substances including millipedes, ants, limes and onions. hypotheses for the function of the behaviour range from medicinal to social. however, capuchin monkeys may anoint in contact with other individuals, as well as individually. the function of social anointing has also been explained as either medicinal or to enhance social bonding. by manipulating the abundance of an anointing resource given to two group ...201526456539
conjunctival attachment of a live paralysis tick, ixodes holocyclus, in a child: a case report.we describe a rare clinical finding of conjunctival tick attachment in a child. a 10-year-old boy presented to the clinic with right-eye itch. he was found to have a live tick firmly attached to his right temporal conjunctiva. the tick was identified as the larval stage of the paralysis tick, ixodes holocyclus. the tick was removed completely by conjunctival excision. although various methods of removing a tick have been described in the literature, the goal of treatment is the safe and complete ...201525969685
expanding range of amblyomma americanum and simultaneous changes in the epidemiology of spotted fever group rickettsiosis in the united states.spotted fever group (sfg) rickettsia species are etiologic agents of a wide range of human infections from asymptomatic or mild infections to severe, life-threatening disease. in the united states, recent passive surveillance for sfg rickettsiosis shows an increased incidence and decreased severity of reported cases. the reasons for this are not well understood; however, we hypothesize that less pathogenic rickettsiae are causing more human infections, while the incidence of disease caused by mo ...201526503270
discovery of filarial nematode dna in amblyomma americanum in northern virginia.ticks collected in 2011 were screened for the presence of filarial nematode genetic material, and positive samples were sequenced for analysis. monanema-like filarial nematode dna was recently discovered in amblyomma americanum in northern virginia, marking the first time genetic material from this parasite has been discovered in ticks in the state. phylogenetic analysis revealed that this material was directly related to a previously discovered filarial nematode in a. americanum populations in ...201526707835
rhipicephalus microplus serine protease inhibitor family: annotation, expression and functional characterisation assessment.rhipicephalus (boophilus) microplus evades the host's haemostatic system through a complex protein array secreted into tick saliva. serine protease inhibitors (serpins) conform an important component of saliva which are represented by a large protease inhibitor family in ixodidae. these secreted and non-secreted inhibitors modulate diverse and essential proteases involved in different physiological processes.201525564202
molecular characterization of a defensin gene from a hard tick, dermacentor silvarum.ticks are distributed worldwide and considered as vectors of many human diseases. tick defensins, a family of antimicrobial peptides, form the first line of defense against pathogens.201525588982
detection of rickettsia bellii and rickettsia amblyommii in amblyomma longirostre (acari: ixodidae) from bahia state, northeast brazil.studies investigating rickettsial infections in ticks parasitizing wild animals in the northeast region of brazil have been confined to the detection of rickettsia amblyommii in immature stages of amblyomma longirostre collected from birds in the state of bahia, and in immatures and females of amblyomma auricularium collected from the striped hog-nosed skunk (conepatus semistriatus) and armadillos (euphractus sexcinctus) in the state of pernambuco. the current study extends the distribution of r ...201526413074
saliva from nymph and adult females of haemaphysalis longicornis: a proteomic study.haemaphysalis longicornis is a major vector of theileria spp., anaplasma phagocytophilum, babesia spp. and coxiella burnetti in east asian countries. all life stages of ixodid ticks have a destructive pool-feeding style in which they create a pool-feeding site by lacerating host tissue and secreting a variety of biologically active compounds that allows the tick to evade host responses, enabling the uptake of a blood meal. the identification and functional characterization of tick saliva protein ...201526104117
arachnids of medical importance in brazil: main active compounds present in scorpion and spider venoms and tick saliva.arachnida is the largest class among the arthropods, constituting over 60,000 described species (spiders, mites, ticks, scorpions, palpigrades, pseudoscorpions, solpugids and harvestmen). many accidents are caused by arachnids, especially spiders and scorpions, while some diseases can be transmitted by mites and ticks. these animals are widely dispersed in urban centers due to the large availability of shelter and food, increasing the incidence of accidents. several protein and non-protein compo ...201526273285
rickettsia amblyommii infecting amblyomma sculptum in endemic spotted fever area from southeastern brazil.the rickettsia bacteria include the aetiological agents for the human spotted fever (sf) disease. in the present study, a sf group rickettsia amblyommii related bacterium was detected in a field collected amblyomma sculptum (amblyomma cajennense species complex) tick from a brazilian sf endemic site in southeastern brazil, in the municipality of juiz de fora, state of minas gerais. genetic analysis based on genes ompa,ompb and htra showed that the detected strain, named r. amblyommii str. jf, is ...201526676317
challenges posed by tick-borne rickettsiae: eco-epidemiology and public health implications.rickettsiae are obligately intracellular bacteria that are transmitted to vertebrates by a variety of arthropod vectors, primarily by fleas and ticks. once transmitted or experimentally inoculated into susceptible mammals, some rickettsiae may cause febrile illness of different morbidity and mortality, and which can manifest with different types of exhanthems in humans. however, most rickettsiae circulate in diverse sylvatic or peridomestic reservoirs without having obvious impacts on their vert ...201525954738
metagenomic profile of the viral communities in rhipicephalus spp. ticks from yunnan, china.besides mosquitoes, ticks are regarded as the primary source of vector-borne infectious diseases. indeed, a wide variety of severe infectious human diseases, including those involving viruses, are transmitted by ticks in many parts of the world. to date, there are no published reports on the use of next-generation sequencing for studying viral diversity in ticks or discovering new viruses in these arthropods from china. here, ion-torrent sequencing was used to investigate the presence of viruses ...201525799057
high prevalence of "candidatus rickettsia andeanae" and apparent exclusion of rickettsia parkeri in adult amblyomma maculatum (acari: ixodidae) from kansas and oklahoma.amblyomma maculatum (the gulf coast tick), an aggressive, human-biting, nearctic and neotropical tick, is the principal vector of rickettsia parkeri in the united states. this pathogenic spotted fever group rickettsia species has been identified in 8-52% of questing adult gulf coast ticks in the southeastern united states. to our knowledge, r. parkeri has not been reported previously from adult specimens of a. maculatum collected in kansas or oklahoma. a total of 216 adult a. maculatum ticks wer ...201525773931
tick-induced allergies: mammalian meat allergy, tick anaphylaxis and their significance.serious tick-induced allergies comprise mammalian meat allergy following tick bites and tick anaphylaxis. mammalian meat allergy is an emergent allergy, increasingly prevalent in tick-endemic areas of australia and the united states, occurring worldwide where ticks are endemic. sensitisation to galactose-α-1,3-galactose (α-gal) has been shown to be the mechanism of allergic reaction in mammalian meat allergy following tick bite. whilst other carbohydrate allergens have been identified, this alle ...201525653915
proteomic screening of antigenic proteins from the hard tick, haemaphysalis longicornis (acari: ixodidae).proteomic tools allow large-scale, high-throughput analyses for the detection, identification, and functional investigation of proteome. for detection of antigens from haemaphysalis longicornis, 1-dimensional electrophoresis (1-de) quantitative immunoblotting technique combined with 2-dimensional electrophoresis (2-de) immunoblotting was used for whole body proteins from unfed and partially fed female ticks. reactivity bands and 2-de immunoblotting were performed following 2-de electrophoresis t ...201525748713
partial characterization of a novel anti-inflammatory protein from salivary gland extract of hyalomma anatolicum anatolicum 77acari: ixodidae) ticks.hyalomma anatolicum anatolicum ticks transmit theileria annulata, causative agent of tropical theileriosis to cattle and buffaloes causing a major economic loss in terms of production and mortality in tropical countries. ticks have evolved several immune evading strategies to circumvent hosts' rejection and achieve engorgement. successful feeding of ticks relies on a pharmacy of chemicals located in their complex salivary glands and secreted saliva. these chemicals in saliva could inhibit host i ...201527065646
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