Publications

use of biodegradable plga microspheres as a slow release delivery system for the boophilus microplus synthetic vaccine sbm7462.	the synthetic anti-boophilus microplus vaccine sbm7462 derived from the tick intestinal protein, bm86, induced a protective immune response when emulsified in saponin and used in cattle. using a mice model, and with the objective of improving the vaccine by continual peptide release, it was encapsulated in plga 50:50 microspheres and inoculated in balb/c mice to assess the immunological response by detection of anti-peptide iggs. comparative studies were made with the peptide emulsified in sapon ...	2005	16002149
purification of a lectin from the marine red alga gracilaria cornea and its effects on the cattle tick boophilus microplus (acari: ixodidae).	a lectin was purified from the seaweed gracilaria cornea by hydrophobic interaction chromatography on phenyl-sepharose cl-4b followed by affinity chromatography on immobilized mucin. sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of g. cornea lectin (gcl) revealed a single protein band of approximately 60 kda, whereas by gel filtration on sephadex g-100 its native molecular mass was 66 kda. gcl exhibited a single isoeletric point of 4.3 and a 52.5% content of neutral sugars. furthermo ...	2005	16076127
rodent malaria parasites plasmodium chabaudi and p. vinckei do not increase their rates of gametocytogenesis in response to mosquito probing.	several vector-borne infectious agents facultatively alter their life history strategies in response to local vector densities. some evidence suggests that malaria parasites invest more heavily in transmission stage production (gametocytogenesis) when vectors are present. such a strategy could rapidly increase malaria transmission rates, particularly when adult mosquitoes begin to appear after dry seasons. however, in contrast to a recent experiment with a rodent malaria (plasmodium chabaudi), w ...	2005	16243686
comparative study of anaplasma parasites in tick carrying buffaloes and cattle.	a comparative study on the prevalence of anaplasma parasite was conducted on ticks carrying buffaloes and cattle. five hundred blood samples of both animals (250 of each) were collected during february, march and april. thin blood smears on glass slides were made, fixed in 100% methyl alcohol and examined. microscopic examination revealed that 205 (41%) animals had anaplasma parasites, out of which 89, 44 and 72 animals had anaplasma marginale, anaplasma centrale and mixed infection respectively ...	2005	16252338
first report of organophosphate-resistant boophilus microplus (acari: ixodidae) within the united states.	boophilus microplus (canestrini), collected from starr county, texas, were determined to be resistant to the organophosphorus acaricides coumaphos and diazinon. initial bioassay results from wild-collected ticks produced a probit regression slope (se) of 3.96 (0.22), which was different from that obtained from a susceptible reference population 6.97 (0.38). resistance ratios (rrs) (95% ci) indicated that the population was resistant to coumaphos 3.6 (3.4-3.8), 5.0 (4.5-5.5), and 6.5 (5.4-7.7) at ...	2005	16363176
a cross-reactive tick cement antigen is a candidate broad-spectrum tick vaccine.	truncated constructs of 64p (64trps), a secreted cement protein from salivary glands of the tick rhipicephalus appendiculatus, provided cross-protection against rhipicephalus sanguineus and ixodes ricinus, apparently by targeting antigens in the midgut and salivary glands of adults and nymphs, causing mortality. tick feeding on 64trp-immunised animals stimulated local inflammatory immune responses (involving basophils, eosinophils, lymphocytes, mast cells, macrophages and dendritic-like cells) t ...	2005	15913855
biological activity and chemical composition of the essential oil from jamaican hyptis verticillata jacq.	the chemical composition of the essential oil obtained by hydrodistillation from the aerial parts of hyptis verticillata jacq. was elucidated by a combination of gc and gc-ms analyses. the oil was dominated by the sesquiterpenoids cadina-4,10(15)-dien-3-one (15.1%) (1) and aromadendr-1(10)-en-9-one (squamulosone) (30.7%) (2). the oil exhibited chemosterilant activities against the cattle tick, boophilus microplus canest., and toxic action against adult cylas formicarius elegantulus summer, the m ...	2005	15941314
therapeutic and persistent efficacy of a single injection treatment of ivermectin and moxidectin against boophilus microplus (acari: ixodidae) on infested cattle.	the effectiveness of a single treatment with either ivermectin or moxidectin was determined by administering a single subcutaneous injection of each endectocide at 200 microg per kg body weight to cattle infested with all parasitic developmental stages (adults, nymphs, and larvae) of boophilus microplus (canestrini). the percentage reduction in the number of females that reached repletion following treatment (outright kill) was 94.8 and 91.1% for ivermectin and moxidectin, respectively. in addit ...	2005	15777005
in vivo role of 20-hydroxyecdysone in the regulation of the vitellogenin mrna and egg development in the american dog tick, dermacentor variabilis (say).	injection of the hormone 20-hydroxyecdysone (20-e) into partially fed (virgin) female adults of the american dog tick, dermacentor variabilis, while they are attached and feeding on the rabbit host, initiated the expression of the vitellogenin (vg) gene, and vg protein secretion and uptake by the ovary. the induction of egg production by 20-e in this bioassay was dose dependent in the range of 1-50 times the concentration normally found in a replete, vitellogenic female. ticks examined 4 d after ...	2005	16061249
boophilus microplus infection by beauveria amorpha and beauveria bassiana: sem analysis and regulation of subtilisin-like proteases and chitinases.	beauveria bassiana is a well-known broad-range arthropod pathogen which has been used in biological control of several pest insects and ticks such as boophilus microplus. beauveria amorpha has both endophytic and entomopathogenic characteristics, but its capacity for biological control has still not been studied. during the processes of host infection, b. bassiana and b. amorpha produce several hydrolytic extracellular enzymes, including proteases and chitinases, which probably degrade the host ...	2005	15886912
mode of inheritance of amitraz resistance in a brazilian strain of the southern cattle tick, boophilus microplus (acari: ixodidae).	the southern cattle tick, boophilus microplus (canestrini), has developed resistance to amitraz in several countries in recent years. a study was conducted at the usda cattle fever tick research laboratory in texas to investigate the mode of inheritance of amitraz resistance with cross-mating experiments. the muñoz strain, a laboratory reared acaricide-susceptible reference strain, was used as the susceptible parent and the santa luiza strain, originating in brazil, was used as the resistant par ...	2005	16323050
polymorphism of the bm86 gene in south american strains of the cattle tick boophilus microplus.	thirty boophilus microplus strains from various geographic regions of brazil, argentina, uruguay, venezuela and colombia were analyzed for the bm86 and bm95 gene. a fragment of cdna of 794 base pairs of the parasite larvae, included between nucleotides 278-1071s, was amplified and cloned on the pgem-t vector. two random clones were sequenced for each population and the nucleotides 278-1071 and predicted amino acid sequences compared with the bm86 and bm95 genes. variations from 1.76 to 3.65% wer ...	2005	16323051
the molecular and biological analysis of ixodid ticks histamine release factors.	we previously described a dermacentor varibialis (dv) cdna that encodes a ubiquitously expressed and tick saliva-secreted functional histamine release factor (hrf) homolog. in this study gene specific primers based on dvhrf open reading frame nucleotide sequence were utilized to amplify three orthologs, from the wood tick, d. andersoni (da), the black legged tick, the southern cattle tick, boophilus microplus (bm) and the lone star tick, amblyomma americanum (aa). at nucleotide level, sequence c ...	2005	16323052
diagnosis of amitraz resistance in boophilus microplus in new caledonia with the modified larval packet test.	the tick boophilus microplus represents a serious pathological constraint to livestock production in new caledonia. cattle ticks are controlled by chemical application of two acaricides that are currently used in new caledonia; deltamethrin is used at 46% of the cattle production facilities and amitraz at the remaining 54% premises where resistance to deltamethrin has been identified. in 2003, a modified larval packet test (lpt) was used to conduct a survey for amitraz resistance. ticks were col ...	2005	15908122
bmigi: a database of cdnas expressed in boophilus microplus, the tropical/southern cattle tick.	we used an expressed sequence tag approach to initiate a study of the genome of the southern cattle tick, boophilus microplus. a normalized cdna library was synthesized from pooled rna purified from tick larvae which had been subjected to different treatments, including acaricide exposure, heat shock, cold shock, host odor, and infection with babesia bovis. for the acaricide exposure experiments, we used several strains of ticks, which varied in their levels of susceptibility to pyrethroid, orga ...	2005	15857764
carbaryl resistance in mexican strains of the southern cattle tick (acari: ixodidae).	susceptibility to carbaryl in six mexican strains of the southern cattle tick, boophilus microplus (canestrini), was evaluated with the food and agricultural organization larval packet test. tick strains from the cattle fever tick quarantine zone in texas were more susceptible to carbaryl than to coumaphos or diazinon. compared with the susceptible reference (gonzalez) strain, mexican tick strains demonstrated 10.9-59.5-fold resistance to carbaryl. significant cross-resistance was found between ...	2005	15889748
transcription analysis of the major antigenic protein 1 multigene family of three in vitro-cultured ehrlichia ruminantium isolates.	ehrlichia ruminantium, an obligate intracellular bacterium transmitted by ticks of the genus amblyomma, causes heartwater disease in ruminants. the gene coding for the major antigenic protein map1 is part of a multigene family consisting of a cluster containing 16 paralogs. in the search for differentially regulated genes between e. ruminantium grown in endothelial and tick cell lines that could be used in vaccine development and to determine if differences in the map1 gene cluster exist between ...	2005	15995193
the role of hiti, a serine protease inhibitor from haematobia irritans irritans (diptera: muscidae) in the control of fly and bacterial proteases.	blood-sucking arthropods are vectors responsible for the transmission of several pathogens and parasites to vertebrate animals. the horn fly haematobia irritans irritans (diptera: muscidae) and the tick boophilus microplus are important hematophagous ectoparasites that cause losses in cattle production. a serine protease inhibitor from a thorax extract of the fly h. irritans irritans (hiti) was previously isolated, characterized and cloned. in the present study we described the expression, purif ...	2005	16054488
pcr-based detection of babesia bovis and babesia bigemina in their natural host boophilus microplus and cattle.	pcr and nested-pcr methods were used to assess the frequency of babesia bovis and babesia bigemina infection in boophilus microplus engorged females and eggs and in cattle reared in an area with endemic babesiosis. blood and the engorged female ticks were from 27 naturally infested calves and 25 crossbred cows. the frequency of both babesia species was similar in calves and cows (p>0.05). babesia bovis was detected in 23 (85.2%) calves and in 25 (100%) cows and b. bigemina was detected in 25 (92 ...	2005	15619521
analysis of bola class ii microsatellites in cattle infested with boophilus microplus ticks: class ii is probably associated with susceptibility.	the aim of this study was to determine the role of certain bovine lymphocyte antigens (bola) regions in the resistance or susceptibility to boophilus microplus tick infestation in two different breeds of cattle. the breeds were maintained, one in natural conditions and the second one in an experimental setting at the research station in martinez de la torre, veracruz, mexico. the study took place from june to august 2001 (natural infestation) using 33 crossbreed steers (crossbreed is here define ...	2005	15710532
genome size and organization in the blacklegged tick, ixodes scapularis and the southern cattle tick, boophilus microplus.	genome sizes and the organization of repetitive dna were determined in the hard ticks ixodes scapularis and boophilus microplus using reassociation kinetics. the i. scapularis genome contains approximately 2.15 pg (2.1x10(3) mbp) of dna and consists of no foldback (fb), 27% highly repetitive (hr), 39% moderately repetitive (mr), and 34% unique dna. the b. microplus genome contains 7.5 pg (7.1x10(3) mbp) dna, and consists of 0.82% fb, 31% hr, 38% mr, and 30% unique dna. in both species, repetitiv ...	2005	15796755
ability of the vector tick boophilus microplus to acquire and transmit babesia equi following feeding on chronically infected horses with low-level parasitemia.	the protozoan parasite babesia equi replicates within erythrocytes. during the acute phase of infection, b. equi can reach high levels of parasitemia, resulting in a hemolytic crisis. horses that recover from the acute phase of the disease remain chronically infected. subsequent transmission is dependent upon the ability of vector ticks to acquire b. equi and, following development and replication, establishment of b. equi in the salivary glands. although restriction of the movement of chronical ...	2005	16081906
comparison of in vitro and in vivo ectoparasiticide activity of experimental benzimidazole-carbamate with permethrin and amitraz.	a series of in vitro and in vivo bioassays were conducted to assess the ectoparasiticide activity of isopropyl-4-nitro-2,6-bis(trifluoromethyl)-1-benzimidazole-carbamate, an experimental benzimidazole-carbamate class compound. this compound was less potent than permethrin against ectoparasiticide-susceptible larvae of the lone star tick, amblyomma americanum (l.) (acari: ixodidae); larvae of the southern cattle tick, boophilus microplus (canestrini); and adult stable fly, stomoxys calcitrans (l. ...	2005	15799532
morphological, histological, and ultrastructural studies of the ovary of the cattle-tick boophilus microplus (canestrini, 1887) (acari: ixodidae).	this study presents the morphology of the ovary, as well as the dynamics of the vitellogenesis process in oocytes of the cattle-tick boophilus microplus. the ovary of these individuals is of the panoistic type; therefore, it lacks nurse cells. this organ consists of a single tubular structure, continuous, and composed of a lumen delimitated by a wall of small epithelial cells with rounded nuclei. in this tick species, the oocytes were classified into six stages varying from i to vi and according ...	2005	15845286
the micelle-bound structure of an antimicrobial peptide derived from the alpha-chain of bovine hemoglobin isolated from the tick boophilus microplus.	hemoglobin is known to be a source of peptides involved in several functions. the peptide flsfpttktyfphfdlshgsaqvkghgak (hb33-61) is a proteolytic product of the bovine hemoglobin alpha-chain found in the gut content of the cattle tick, boophilus microplus, and it possesses antimicrobial activity. since in the past we showed that the amidated form of hb33-61, hb33-61a, is active against a few gram-positive bacteria and fungi strains at micromolar concentration [fogaca et al. (1999) j. biol. chem ...	2005	15850378
the transcriptome of the salivary glands of the female western black-legged tick ixodes pacificus (acari: ixodidae).	sequencing of an ixodes pacificus salivary gland cdna library yielded 1068 sequences with an average undetermined nucleotide of 1.9% and an average length of 487 base pairs. assembly of the expressed sequence tags yielded 557 contigs, 138 of which appear to code for secreted peptides or proteins based on translation of a putative signal peptide. based on the blastx similarity of these contigs to 66 matches of ixodes scapularis peptide sequences, only 58% sequence identity was found, indicating a ...	2005	16102420
tick saliva is a potent inhibitor of endothelial cell proliferation and angiogenesis.	we report for the first time that saliva of the hard tick and lyme disease vector, ixodes scapularis, is a potent inhibitor of angiogenesis. saliva (< or = 1:500 dilutions) or salivary gland (0.1-0.5 pairs/assay) dose-dependently inhibits microvascular endothelial cell (mvec) proliferation. inhibition was also detected with the saliva of the cattle tick boophilus microplus but not with the salivary gland of anopheles gambiae, an. stephensi, lutzomyia longipalpis, phlebotomus papatasi, aedes aegy ...	2005	16113800
babesia spp. infection in boophilus microplus engorged females and eggs in sao paulo state, brazil.	babesia spp. infections were investigated in bos taurus x bos indicus dairy cows and calves and in boophilus microplus engorged female ticks and eggs. blood samples and engorged female ticks were collected from 25 cows and 27 calves. babesia spp. was detected in ticks by microscopic examination of hemolymph of engorged female and by squashes of egg samples. cattle infection was investigated in blood thin smears and by dna amplification methods (pcr and nested pcr), using specific primers for bab ...	2005	15893070
factors influencing in vitro infectivity and growth of rickettsia peacockii (rickettsiales: rickettsiaceae), an endosymbiont of the rocky mountain wood tick, dermacentor andersoni (acari, ixodidae).	rickettsia peacockii, a spotted fever group rickettsia, is a transovarially transmitted endosymbiont of rocky mountain wood ticks, dermacentor andersoni. this rickettsia, formerly known as the east side agent and restricted to female ticks, was detected in a chronically infected embryonic cell line, dae100, from d. andersoni. we examined infectivity, ability to induce cytopathic effect (cpe) and host cell specificity of r. peacockii using cultured arthropod and mammalian cells. aposymbiotic dae1 ...	2005	16288906
ticks (acari: ixodida) on wild carnivores in brazil.	the present study reports field data of ticks infesting wild carnivores captured from july 1998 to september 2004 in brazil. additional data were obtained from one tick collection and from previous published data of ticks on carnivores in brazil. during field work, a total of 3437 ticks were collected from 89 cerdocyon thous (crab-eating fox), 58 chrysocyon brachyurus (maned wolf), 30 puma concolor (puma), 26 panthera onca (jaguar), 12 procyon cancrivorus (crab-eating raccoon), 4 speothos venati ...	2005	16082932
the complete mitochondrial genome of the stomatopod crustacean squilla mantis.	animal mitochondrial genomes are physically separate from the much larger nuclear genomes and have proven useful both for phylogenetic studies and for understanding genome evolution. within the phylum arthropoda the subphylum crustacea includes over 50,000 named species with immense variation in body plans and habitats, yet only 23 complete mitochondrial genomes are available from this subphylum.	2005	16091132
boophilus microplus: the pattern of bovine immunoglobulin isotype responses to high and low tick infestations.	cattle present variable levels of resistance to ticks and the immune correlates of these heritable phenotypes must be known in order to develop effective vaccines. the antibody responses to tick salivary antigens were examined in cattle of tick-susceptible (holstein) and tick-resistant (nelore) breeds. after heavy infestations, levels of igg1 and igg2 antibodies decreased in holsteins and remained the same in nelores. conversely, levels of ige antibodies increased in holsteins. different sizes o ...	2005	15804374
thermal characteristics of metarhizium anisopliae isolates important for the development of biological pesticides for the control of cattle ticks.	experiments were conducted to determine if metarhizium anisopliae isolates which are capable of growth at cattle surface temperatures could produce pathogenicity to boophilus microplus in laboratory and field studies. the diurnal temperature fluctuation on the surface of cattle was monitored. the temperature tolerance of m. anisopliae isolates (arsef3297 and imi386697) was determined and their pathogenicity to b. microplus compared at a standard bioassay temperature (28 degrees c) and at a tempe ...	2005	16099103
the impact of 2 dipping systems on endemic stability to bovine babesiosis and anaplasmosis in cattle in 4 communally grazed areas in limpopo province, south africa.	a 12-month study was conducted in 4 communal grazing areas in the bushbuckridge region, limpopo province, south africa. the main objective was to investigate the impact of reduced acaricide application on endemic stability to bovine babesiosis (babesia bigemina and babesia bovis) and anaplasmosis (anaplasma marginale) in the local cattle population. to this end 60 cattle in each communal grazing area were bled at the beginning and the conclusion of the experimental period and their sera were ass ...	2005	16642719
[morphologic characterization and biological aspects of evolutive forms of babesia bigemina (smith and kilborne, 1893) (protozoa: babesiidae) in boophilus microplus (canestrini, 1887)].	the development of babesia bigemina in boophilus microplus were studied in experimental conditions, using crossed-breed bovine from free-area of these parasites. stages of the hemoparasites were observed in the tick vector, starting from the infected red-blood cells observed in the gut of engorged females, from the first 24 hours after detachment to the emergence of sporokinets in the larvas. in the period from 24 to 48 hours after detachment of the engorged females (def), the presence of some i ...	2005	16153336
comparison of water, oils and emulsifiable adjuvant oils as formulating agents for metarhizium anisopliae for use in control of boophilus microplus.	studies were conducted to identify oil-based formulating agents (paraffinic oil, palm oil and emulsifiable adjuvant oils (eaos)) for metarhizium anisopliae that were superior to water with simple surfactants using a germination test and a bioassay against boophilus microplus. germination of conidia in all formulations, except 10% coconut eao, produced more than 68% germination at 24 h and nearly 100% at 48 h. coconut oil (average survival time (ast) = 4.6 +/- 0.28 days) and 10% liquid paraffin e ...	2005	16170611
molecular cloning of a phospholipid-hydroperoxide glutathione peroxidase gene from the tick, boophilus microplus (acari: ixodidae).	phospholipid-hydroperoxide glutathione peroxidase (phgpx) enzymes are associated with cellular protection by the role they play in reducing hydroperoxides of phospholipids, thereby preventing membrane lipoperoxidation. as part of their toxic effect, some pesticides stimulate peroxidation of cellular membranes. we isolated and sequenced a phgpx gene from the cattle tick boophilus microplus that encodes a protein of 169 amino acids, including a tga-encoded selenocysteine at residue 46 and active s ...	2005	16291093
assessment of fungal isolates for development of a myco-acaricide for cattle tick control.	entomopathogenic fungal isolates of arachnid origin were assessed for their ability to produce mortality and inhibit egg hatching in boophilus microplus with the aim of selecting an isolate for development into a myco-acaricide for control of cattle ticks. the ability of the most promising isolate to target developmental stages of more than one tick species and the optimum concentration of fungal inoculum to be used for future studies were determined. metarhizium anisopliae was the most pathogen ...	2005	16187897
tracing heme in a living cell: hemoglobin degradation and heme traffic in digest cells of the cattle tick boophilus microplus.	heme is present in all cells, acting as a cofactor in essential metabolic pathways such as respiration and photosynthesis. moreover, both heme and its degradation products, co, iron and biliverdin, have been ascribed important signaling roles. however, limited knowledge is available on the intracellular pathways involved in the flux of heme between different cell compartments. the cattle tick boophilus microplus ingests 100 times its own mass in blood. the digest cells of the midgut endocytose b ...	2005	16081607
identification of tick periviscerokinin, the first neurohormone of ixodidae: single cell analysis by means of maldi-tof/tof mass spectrometry.	the first peptidergic neurohormone from the ticks ixodes ricinus and boophilus microplus has been identified by using a combination of immunocytochemistry and mass spectrometric analysis of single cells. the novel peptide (ixori-pvk, palipfprv-nh2) shows a high sequence homology with members of the insect periviscerokinin/cap2b peptides that in insects are involved in the regulation of water balance. the function of this peptide in ticks is still unknown, but these pests consume large amounts of ...	2005	16289040
morphological, histological, and ultrastructural characterization of degenerating salivary glands in females of the cattle-tick rhipicephalus (boophilus) microplus (canestrini, 1887) (acari: ixodidae).	the present study describes the morphology and ultrastructure of the salivary glands of semi-engorged females of the southern cattle-tick rhipicephalus (boophilus) microplus. the acini that compose these glands, at that specific feeding stage, show cells featuring degenerative process of the salivary glands, such as: vacuolated cytoplasm, condensed chromatin, fragmented nuclei, and presence of apoptotic bodies. in addition, the presence of microorganisms was detected, with morphology typical of ...	2005	15935304
merozoite surface antigen 2 proteins of babesia bovis vaccine breakthrough isolates contain a unique hypervariable region composed of degenerate repeats.	the merozoite surface antigen 2 (msa-2) proteins of babesia bovis are members of the variable merozoite surface antigen (vmsa) family that have been implicated in erythrocyte invasion and are important targets for antibody-mediated blocking of invasion. extensive sequence variation in another vmsa member, msa-1, has been shown in all vaccine breakthrough isolates. to test the hypothesis that the msa-2 genes of vaccine breakthrough isolates would also encode a diverse set of proteins, the complet ...	2005	16239512
[space-temporal distribution of boophilus microplus (acari: ixodidae) ticks analyzed by geoprocessing in the municipality of seropédica, state of rio de janeiro, brazil].	the geo-environmental system of the federal university of rio de janeiro was used with the objective of analyzing the space-temporal distribution of boophilus microplus ticks in the municipality of seropédica in different types of pasture, breeding and animal density. geo-environmental variables, climatic parameters, type of pasture, breeding and animal densities were evaluated and the results were signed. the pasture areas were categorized as very favorable, favorable, little favorable and unfa ...	2005	16445874
morphological alterations of metarhizium anisopliae during penetration of boophilus microplus ticks.	chronological histological alterations of metarhizium anisopliae during interaction with the cattle tick boophilus microplus were investigated by light and scanning electron microscopy. m. anisopliae invades b. microplus by a process which involves adhesion of conidia to the cuticle, conidia germination, formation of appressoria and penetration through the cuticle. twenty-four hours post-infection conidia are adhered and germination starts on the surface of the tick. at this time, the conidia di ...	2005	16323053
roles played by esterase activity and by a sodium channel mutation involved in pyrethroid resistance in populations of boophilus microplus (acari: ixodidae) collected from yucatan, mexico.	pyrethroid resistance in boophilus microplus (canestrini) (acari: ixodidae) was studied by correlating discriminating-dose (dd) bioassay results and esterase activity or the frequency of a sodium channel mutation known to be involved in pyrethroid resistance in nine field strains of b. microplus from yucatan, mexico. two tick strains (p67 and b74) were identified as susceptible to cypermethrin, deltamethrin, and flumethrin by dd, one strain (p65) was susceptible to cypermethrin and resistant to ...	2005	16465743
[ectoparasites in goat and sheep folks from alto mearim and grajaú microregion, state of maranhão].	goat and sheep folks from alto mearim and grajaú microregion, state of maranhão, were examined by inspection and by feeling to collected ectoparasites. the specimens were kept in individual bottles for each host sampled with alcohol 70 degrees gl as preserver liquid. the identification was carried out at universidade estadual do maranhão at the laboratory of parasitology. the ticks were examined in stereomicroscope and identified through aragão and fonseca (1961) dicotomic key; the lice were mou ...	2005	16153346
lack of heme synthesis in a free-living eukaryote.	in most free-living eukaryotes studied thus far, heme is synthesized from a series of intermediates through a well defined evolutionarily conserved pathway. we found that free-living worms, including the model genetic organism caenorhabditis elegans, and parasitic helminths are unable to synthesize heme de novo, even though these animals contain hemoproteins that function in key biological processes. radioisotope, fluorescence labeling, and heme analog studies suggest that c. elegans acquires he ...	2005	15767563
malaria parasite growth is stimulated by mosquito probing.	the ability of malaria parasites to respond positively to the presence of feeding mosquito vectors would clearly be advantageous to transmission. in this study, anopheles stephensi mosquitoes probed mice infected with the rodent malaria parasite, plasmodium chabaudi. growth of asexual stages was accelerated and gametocytes appeared 1-2 days earlier than in controls. this first study, to our knowledge, of the effects of mosquitoes on 'in-host' growth and development of plasmodium has profound imp ...	2005	17148162
a case of histologically diagnosed tick infestation on the scalp of a korean child.	a scalp mass surgically excised from a 4-year-old korean boy was identified as a tick through histological observations. in sections of the mass, characteristic features of a tick, including its gross contour, cuticular structures, well developed musculature and salivary glands, and the capitulum, were discovered. in particular, the capitulum is anteriorly protruded, which strongly suggests that the specimen be a hard tick of family ixodidae. however, the present histological features were not e ...	2006	16809965
rhipicephalus (boophilus) microplus (canestrini, 1887) (acari: ixodidae): acid phosphatase and atpase activities localization in salivary glands of females during the feeding period.	this study investigates the presence and the localization of acid phosphatase and atpase in the salivary glands of rhipicephalus (boophilus) microplus female ticks during feeding. semi-engorged females showed a larger amount of acid phosphatase compared to those at beginning of feeding, localized mainly in the apical portion of the secretory cells, and in the basal labyrinth of the interstitial cells. ultrastructural observations also demonstrated its presence in secretion granules and inside so ...	2006	16624309
bovine cd2-/nkp46+ cells are fully functional natural killer cells with a high activation status.	natural killer (nk) cells in the cow have been elusive due to the lack of specific nk cell markers, and various criteria including a cd3-/cd2+ phenotype have been used to identify such cells. the recent characterization of the nk-specific nkp46 receptor has allowed a more precise definition of bovine nk cells. nk cells are known as a heterogeneous cell group, and we here report the first functional study of bovine nk cell subsets, based on the expression of cd2.	2006	16643649
identification and partial purification of serologically defined boophilus microplus larval antigens by natural ectoparasite exposure.	in an effort to identify life-stage specific boophilus microplus proteins that elicit a humoral response in cattle, soluble proteins were extracted from 10- to 14-day-old larvae and subsequently fractionated by size-exclusion chromatography and reverse-phase high pressure liquid chromatography. several antigens were identified by western blotting as potentially shared with other ixodid tick species since antibodies to these proteins were present in sera of calves not previously exposed to b. mic ...	2006	16650598
rickettsia africae in the west indies.	rickettsia africae is the agent of african tick-bite fever, a mild but common disease of local persons and tourists in africa. the major vector of this spotted fever group rickettsia is most likely amblyomma variegatum, the tropical bont tick, which has become widely distributed through the west indies in the last 30 years. this report reviews all available information on r. africae in the west indies.	2006	16494746
boophilus microplus: its saliva contains microphilin, a small thrombin inhibitor.	saliva of the cattle tick boophilus microplus contains two thrombin inhibitors, bmap and microphilin. this work presents the purification and characterization of microphilin. it was purified from the saliva by gel filtration, ultrafiltration through a 3 kda cut-off membrane and affinity chromatography in a thrombin-sepharose column. analysis by mass spectrometry showed a molecular mass of 1770 da. microphilin is the smallest salivary thrombin inhibitor peptide known to date. it inhibits fibrinoc ...	2006	16600217
the distribution and ecological preferences of boophilus microplus (acari: ixodidae) in mexico.	this paper focuses on the distribution of the cattle tick, boophilus microplus, in mexico. the study is aimed to understand the climate factors responsible of the recorded distribution that can statistically define the suitable habitat for the tick. sites where the tick is recorded display significantly higher values of some climate variables in comparison with those where the tick is absent, namely mean monthly temperature (t) and atmospheric water vapour (w), yearly accumulated t, w and rainfa ...	2006	16612672
structural and cytochemical changes in the salivary glands of the rhipicephalus (boophilus) microplus (canestrini, 1887) (acari: ixodidae) tick female during feeding.	this study describes the morphology of salivary glands of rhipicephalus (boophilus) microplus female ticks at beginning of feeding (24-48 h of attachment) and semi-engorged (4-5 days of attachment) to verify the degenerative characteristics of these organs and the secretory phase in which the process begins. at the beginning of feeding, secretion granules had been observed only in the cytoplasm of cells b, c1, c2, c4 (type ii acinus) and d (type iii acinus), as well as large nuclei with regular ...	2006	16621295
tick-borne rickettsial pathogens in ticks and small mammals in korea.	in order to investigate the prevalence of tick-borne infectious agents among ticks, ticks comprising five species from two genera (hemaphysalis spp. and ixodes spp.) were screened using molecular techniques. ticks (3,135) were collected from small wild-caught mammals or by dragging/flagging in the republic of korea (rok) and were pooled into a total of 1,638 samples (1 to 27 ticks per pool). from the 1,638 tick samples, species-specific fragments of anaplasma phagocytophilum (1 sample), anaplasm ...	2006	16957192
prevalence and potential risk factors for organophosphate and pyrethroid resistance in boophilus microplus ticks on cattle ranches from the state of yucatan, mexico.	a cross-sectional study was carried out in order to investigate the association between management risk factors and the prevalence of organophosphate (op) and synthetic pyrethroid (sp) resistance in boophilus microplus ticks in yucatan state, mexico. ninety-eight cattle ranches were randomly selected and a sample of 20-30 engorged female b. microplus ticks was collected at each. the modified larvae packet test was used to detect op and sp tick resistance. a questionnaire was administered on each ...	2006	16413971
the productivity effects of cattle tick (boophilus microplus) infestation on cattle, with particular reference to bos indicus cattle and their crosses.	in response to uncertainty among cattle producers in australia regarding the need to treat bos indicus and b. indicus crossbreeds, the scientific literature relating to the productivity effects of boophilus microplus on cattle of all breeds was reviewed. estimates of the mean effect of each engorging tick (damage coefficient, d) were made from a simple analysis of the reported data. on average, each engorging female tick is responsible for the loss of 1.37 +/- 0.25 g bodyweight in b. taurus catt ...	2006	16472920
performance of two bm86 antigen vaccin formulation against tick using crossbreed bovines in stall test.	cattle tick control remains a serious problem for cattle farms in brazil due to the limited success achieved with chemicals. in brazil, the use of vaccines for tick control associated with the use of chemicals and pasture rotation may open possibilities for integrated control. however, it is important to know whether regional boophilus microplus strains are sensitive to antibodies produced by the available antigens: antigen preparations gavac™ and tickgard(plus). the aim of this research was to ...	2006	16978472
[cellular types involved in the immune response of females engorged of boophilus microplus inoculated with metarhizium anisopliae and penicillium sp.].	engorged females of boophilus microplus were inoculated with conidia of the fungi metarhizium anisopliae or penicillium sp. two bioassays constituted of six treatment groups were performed to determine the cells involved in the b. microplus immune response. in the first bioassay there were three different groups: a) engorged females inoculated with penicillium sp. (1.36 x 10⁸ conidia/ml); b) engorged females inoculated with tween 80 at 0.01% water solution; c) testimony group (engorged females n ...	2006	16978479
vaccination of bovines with recombinant boophilus yolk pro-cathepsin.	boophilus yolk pro-cathepsin (byc) is an aspartic proteinase found in boophilus microplus eggs that is involved in the embryogenesis and has been tested as antigen to compose an anti-tick vaccine. the vaccine potential of a recombinant byc expressed in escherichia coli (rbyc) was investigated. rbyc was purified and used to immunize hereford cattle. the sera of bovines immunized with rbyc recognized the native byc with a titer ranging from 125 to 4000. furthermore, immunized bovines challenged wi ...	2006	16997384
coinfections acquired from ixodes ticks.	the pathogens that cause lyme disease (ld), human anaplasmosis, and babesiosis can coexist in ixodes ticks and cause human coinfections. although the risk of human coinfection differs by geographic location, the true prevalence of coinfecting pathogens among ixodes ticks remains largely unknown for the majority of geographic locations. the prevalence of dually infected ixodes ticks appears highest among ticks from regions of north america and europe where ld is endemic, with reported prevalences ...	2006	17041141
confirmation of tick bite by detection of antibody to ixodes calreticulin salivary protein.	ticks introduce a variety of pharmacologically active molecules into their host during attachment and feeding in order to obtain a blood meal. people who are repeatedly exposed to ticks may develop an immune response to tick salivary proteins. despite this response, people usually are unaware of having been bitten, especially if they are not repeatedly exposed to ticks. in order to develop a laboratory marker of tick exposure that would be useful in understanding the epidemiology of tick-borne i ...	2006	16928887
catalytic advantages provided by selenocysteine in methionine-s-sulfoxide reductases.	methionine sulfoxide reductases are key enzymes that repair oxidatively damaged proteins. two distinct stereospecific enzyme families are responsible for this function: msra (methionine-s-sulfoxide reductase) and msrb (methionine-r-sulfoxide reductase). in the present study, we identified multiple selenoprotein msra sequences in organisms from bacteria to animals. we characterized the selenocysteine (sec)-containing chlamydomonas msra and found that this protein exhibited 10-50-fold higher activ ...	2006	17105189
rickettsia felis from cat fleas: isolation and culture in a tick-derived cell line.	rickettsia felis, the etiologic agent of spotted fever, is maintained in cat fleas by vertical transmission and resembles other tick-borne spotted fever group rickettsiae. in the present study, we utilized an ixodes scapularis-derived tick cell line, ise6, to achieve isolation and propagation of r. felis. a cytopathic effect of increased vacuolization was commonly observed in r. felis-infected cells, while lysis of host cells was not evident despite large numbers of rickettsiae. electron microsc ...	2006	16885313
novel acetylcholinesterase target site for malaria mosquito control.	current anticholinesterase pesticides were developed during world war ii and are toxic to mammals because they target a catalytic serine residue of acetylcholinesterases (aches) in insects and in mammals. a sequence analysis of aches from 73 species and a three-dimensional model of a malaria-carrying mosquito (anopheles gambiae) ache (agache) reported here show that c286 and r339 of agache are conserved at the opening of the active site of aches in 17 invertebrate and four insect species, respec ...	2006	17183688
cross-sectional survey of ixodid tick species on grazing cattle in japan.	ixodid tick species were collected from cattle in 60 grazing fields throughout japan. haemaphysalis longicornis was mainly recovered in the western and southern regions, while ixodes species were collected mainly in the central to northern regions. other tick species such as amblyomma testudinarium, boophilus microplus, h. flava and h. kitaokai were identified from a few fields in the central and southern regions. haemaphysalis longicornis were recovered in the fields with higher temperatures an ...	2006	16550336
prevalence and potential risk factors for amitraz resistance in boophilus microplus ticks in cattle farms in the state of yucatan, mexico.	southern cattle tick, boophilus microplus, control in the mexican tropics is based on the application by spray, dip or pour-on of acaricides. in mexico the first report of ticks resistant to amitraz was reported in 2002. amitraz resistance affecting the cattle industry of yucatan state, mexico, has not been investigated. a cross-sectional study was carried out in order to investigate the possible association between management risk factors and the prevalence of b. microplus ticks resistant to am ...	2006	16730819
[alcoholic extract of lemongrass (cymbopogon citratus) on the control of boophilus microplus in cattle].	the objective of this study was to determine the effect of lemongrass (cymbopogon citratus) alcoholic extracts on the control of boophilus microplus in naturally infested holstein cows. twelve animals were allocated in three groups of four animals. group 1 was treated with amitraz at 0.025%, group 2 was treated with lemongrass extracts at 1.36% and group 3 with the same product at 2.72% of the plant. engorged ticks were evaluated on animals with length superior to 4.0 mm, before (mean of days -3 ...	2006	16647001
larval immersion tests with ivermectin in populations of the cattle tick rhipicephalus (boophilus) microplus (acari: ixodidae) from state of sao paulo, brazil.	larval immersion tests (lit) with commercial formulation of ivermectin were carried out with larvae of two field populations of rhipicephalus (boophilus) microplus from commercial dairy farms of the state of sao paulo, brazil and a susceptible strain (porto alegre) to differentiate resistant-suspected and susceptible strains. one of the populations tested (barra alegre) showed a lc(50) value significantly higher than the susceptible strain and a resistance ratio (ci95%) of 3.78 (3.47-4.12), lead ...	2006	16904265
the efficiency of extracts of dahlstedtia pentaphylla (leguminosae, papilionoidae, millettiedae) on boophilus microplus (canestrini, 1887) in artificially infested bovines.	tests were conducted to assess the efficiency of the roots of dahlstedtia pentaphylla (taub.) burk. (leguminosae, papilionoideae, millettiae) plant against infestations of boophilus microplus (canestrini, 1887). these tests were performed on 30 bovine animals in the paraíba valley, state of são paulo, brazil, divided into three groups (control, extract diluted at 1:10 ml and extract diluted at 1:20 ml), after artificial infestation with some 4000 larvae/animal on days -21, -14, -7, -1, 0, 7 and ...	2006	16904267
validation of a competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for detection of antibodies against babesia bovis.	a previously developed competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (celisa) based on a species-specific, broadly conserved, and tandemly repeated b-cell epitope within the c terminus of rhoptry-associated protein 1 of babesia bovis was refined and validated for use internationally. receiver operating characteristic analysis revealed an assay with a specificity and positive predictive value of 100% and a sensitivity of 91.1%, with various negative predictive values depending on the level of dis ...	2006	16957062
the effect of desiccation and low temperature on the viability of eggs and emerging larvae of the tick, rhipicephalus (boophilus) microplus (canestrini) (ixodidae).	process-based population models need sound and comprehensive data on an animal's response to climatic factors if they are to function reliably under a wide range of climatic conditions. to this end, different aged egg masses of the livestock tick, rhipicephalus (boophilus) microplus, were either desiccated in atmospheres with saturation deficits of 5, 10, 15 or 20 mmhg at 20 or 26 degrees c, or chilled at temperatures of 5, 10 or 14 degrees c with a saturation deficit of 1 mmhg for varying perio ...	2006	16300766
changes in climate and habitat suitability for the cattle tick boophilus microplus in its southern neotropical distribution range.	we addressed the possible effects of several climate scenarios on habitat suitability (hs) for the cattle tick boophilus microplus and the probability of producing permanent populations from introduced females of that tick in central parts of argentina, using both a correlative model (derived from climate predictors) and a mechanistic (life cycle) model. there was high correlation (r2 = 0.866) between hs-derived and life cycle outputs for hs values higher than 0.52, suggesting that hs is a good ...	2006	16859105
genetic structure and evolution of the vps25 family, a yeast escrt-ii component.	vps25p is the product of yeast gene vps25 and is found in an endosomal sorting complex required for transport (escrt)-ii, along with vps22p and vps36p. this complex is essential for sorting of ubiquitinated biosynthetic and endosomal cargoes into endosomes.	2006	16889659
exposed and concealed antigens as vaccine targets for controlling ticks and tick-borne diseases.	tick vaccines derived from bm86, a midgut membrane-bound protein of the cattle tick, boophilus microplus, are currently the only commercially available ectoparasite vaccines. despite its introduction to the market in 1994, and the recognized need for alternatives to chemical pesticides, progress in developing effective antitick vaccines (and ectoparasite vaccines in general) is slow. the primary rate-limiting step is the identification of suitable antigenic targets for vaccine development. two s ...	2006	16542317
an unexpected inhibitory activity of kunitz-type serine proteinase inhibitor derived from boophilus microplus trypsin inhibitor on cathepsin l.	several bpti-kunitz-type serine proteinase inhibitors were described in tick boophilus microplus and rhipicephalus sanguineus species. in this work, we present a synthetic gene based on two tick bpti-kunitz-type serine proteinase inhibitors, the first domain of b. microplus trypsin inhibitor-a (bmti-a) and the carrapatin, the inhibitors were named bmtisint and bmtisint mut. our present results showed that bmtisint and bmtisint mut inhibited trypsin (k(i) 3.3 and 1.0 nm) and human plasma kallikre ...	2006	16414023
comparison of the reproductive biology between acaricide-resistant and acaricide-susceptible rhipicephalus (boophilus) microplus (acari: ixodidae).	the reproductive fitness of rhipicephalus (boophilus) microplus (canestrini) strains resistant to organophosphate (op), pyrethroid (p), or formamidine (f) acaricides was compared to an acaricide-susceptible (sus) strain to determine whether the acquisition of resistance affected reproductive fitness in the resistant strains. the sus strain females had a 3.0 days preoviposition period, a 12.1 days oviposition period, a 22.5 days egg incubation period, a mean of 3670 eggs per female, and a mean pe ...	2006	16584844
bmcystatin, a cysteine proteinase inhibitor characterized from the tick boophilus microplus.	the bovine tick rhipicephalus (boophilus) microplus is a blood-sucking animal, which is responsible for babesia spp and anaplasma marginale transmission for cattle. from a b. microplus fat body cdna library, 465 selected clones were sequenced randomly and resulted in 60 contigs. an open reading frame (orf) contains 98 amino acids named bmcystatin, due to 70% amino acid identity to a classical type 1 cystatin from ixodes scapularis tick (genbank accession no. ). the bmcystatin amino acid sequence ...	2006	16806070
a theoretical analysis of codon adaptation index of the boophilus microplus bm86 gene directed to the optimization of a dna vaccine.	dna vaccines utilize host cell molecules for gene transcription and translation to proteins, and the interspecific difference of codon usage is one of the major obstacles for effective induction of specific and strong immune response. in an attempt to improve codon usage effects of dna vaccine on protein expression, a quantitative study was conducted to clarify the relationship of codon usage in the tick gene bm86 and its potential expression in bovine cells. the calculated relative synonymous c ...	2006	16171828
study on morphology, pathogenicity, and genetic variability of beauveria bassiana isolates obtained from boophilus microplus tick.	fifty isolates of beauveria bassiana (balsamo) vuillemin, 1912 (ascomycota: clavicipitaceae) were analyzed by morphology, for their pathogenic potential to boophilus microplus (canestrini, 1887) (acari: ixodidae) larvae, and by random amplified polymorphic dna-polymerase chain reaction technique. morphological analysis demonstrated that isolates present characteristics compatible to those described for b. bassiana in the literature. virulence test demonstrated that all isolates present lethal ef ...	2006	16374618
comparative structure-activity analysis of insect kinin core analogs on recombinant kinin receptors from southern cattle tick boophilus microplus (acari: ixodidae) and mosquito aedes aegypti (diptera: culicidae).	the systematic analysis of structure-activity relationships of insect kinins on two heterologous receptor-expressing systems is described. previously, kinin receptors from the southern cattle tick, boophilus microplus (canestrini), and the dengue vector, the mosquito aedes aegypti (l.), were functionally and stably expressed in cho-k1 cells. in order to determine which kinin residues are critical for the peptide-receptor interaction, kinin core analogs were synthesized as an ala-replacement seri ...	2006	16783824
ixodidin, a novel antimicrobial peptide from the hemocytes of the cattle tick boophilus microplus with inhibitory activity against serine proteinases.	the presence of an effective immune response in the hemocoel of arthropods is essential for survival as it prevents the invasion of pathogens throughout the animal body. antimicrobial peptides (amps) play an important role in this response by rapidly killing invading microorganisms. in this study, a novel cysteine-rich amp has been isolated and characterized from the hemocytes of the cattle tick, boophilus microplus. in addition to growth inhibition of escherichia coli and micrococcus luteus, th ...	2006	16191451
tick vitellin is dephosphorylated by a protein tyrosine phosphatase during egg development: effect of dephosphorylation on vt proteolysis.	vitellin (vt) is a phospholipoglycoprotein that is the main component of arthropod egg yolk. phosphorylation is a recurrent feature of every vt molecule described so far. however, the role played by such post-translational modification during egg development is not yet clear. in the eggs of the hard tick boophilus microplus, vt is a phosphotyrosine-containing protein. vt-phosphotyrosine residues are gradually removed during tick embryogenesis due to the action of a 45 kda egg tyrosine phosphatas ...	2006	16503481
sequencing a new target genome: the boophilus microplus (acari: ixodidae) genome project.	the southern cattle tick, boophilus microplus (canestrini), causes annual economic losses in the hundreds of millions of dollars to cattle producers throughout the world, and ranks as the most economically important tick from a global perspective. control failures attributable to the development of pesticide resistance have become commonplace, and novel control technologies are needed. the availability of the genome sequence will facilitate the development of these new technologies, and we are p ...	2006	16506442
novel genetic variants of anaplasma phagocytophilum, anaplasma bovis, anaplasma centrale, and a novel ehrlichia sp. in wild deer and ticks on two major islands in japan.	wild deer are one of the important natural reservoir hosts of several species of ehrlichia and anaplasma that cause human ehrlichiosis or anaplasmosis in the united states and europe. the primary aim of the present study was to determine whether and what species of ehrlichia and anaplasma naturally infect deer in japan. blood samples obtained from wild deer on two major japanese islands, hokkaido and honshu, were tested for the presence of ehrlichia and anaplasma by pcr assays and sequencing of ...	2006	16461655
biochemical diagnosis of organophosphate-insensitivity with neural acetylcholinesterase extracted by sonication from the adult tick synganglion.	a sonication method for the homogeneous extraction of acetylcholinesterase (ache) from the synganglia of adult ticks is described. the method provides for the extraction of sufficient ache for multiple assays of enzyme activity in the presence of specific organophosphate (op) inhibitors for the rapid diagnosis of op-insensitivity and assignment of homozygous susceptible (ss), heterozygous resistant (rs), and homozygous resistant (rr) genotypes to individual ticks. a single synganglion from adult ...	2006	16280196
development of specific immunoglobulin ga (igga) and iggb antibodies correlates with control of parasitemia in babesia equi infection.	in this study, the kinetics of specific immunoglobulin g (igg) isotypes were characterized in babesia equi (theileria equi)-infected horses. igga and iggb developed during acute infection, whereas igg(t) was detected only after resolution of acute parasitemia. the same igg isotype profile induced during acute infection was obtained by equi merozoite antigen 1/saponin immunization.	2006	16467341
purification and antigenicity of two recombinant forms of boophilus microplus yolk pro-cathepsin expressed in inclusion bodies.	the tick boophilus microplus is a bovine ectoparasite present in tropical and subtropical areas of the world and the use of vaccines is a promising method for tick control. byc is an aspartic proteinase found in eggs that is involved in the embryogenesis of b. microplus and was proposed as an important antigen in the development of an anti-tick vaccine. the cdna of byc was amplified by pcr and cloned for expression in two forms with and without thioredoxin fusion protein (trx), coding recombinan ...	2006	16122942
molecular cloning and functional characterization of an aspartic protease from the hard tick haemaphysalis longicornis.	haemaphysalis longicornis cdna encoding an aspartic protease (longepsin) was identified from a midgut cdna library. the longepsin cdna contains 1176bp that code for 392 amino acid residues with a predictable molecular weight of 39.3kda. the cdna has a signal peptide sequence associated with the n-terminal domains and domain structure analysis revealed that the deduced protein has two aspartic acid residues that are characteristic of a single active site for aspartic proteases. this novel longeps ...	2006	16360947
development of an expression vector for metarhizium anisopliae based on the tef-1alpha homologous promoter.	the high-conserved translation elongation factor 1 alpha (tef-1alpha) gene from the enthomopathogenic fungus metarhizium anisopliae was characterized to select the promoter region. a 640-bp dna fragment upstream to the start codon was employed to drive the expression of the reporter protein sgfp or a dominant selectable marker, the gene bar (resistance to ammonium glufosinate). transformants carrying this homologous promoter system showed no difference in virulence bioassays against the cattle t ...	2006	16402168
compatibility of the fungus metarhizium anisopliae and deltamethrin to control a resistant strain of boophilus microplus tick.	the tick boophilus microplus causes economic impact to cattle producers and has a great capacity to develop resistance to chemical acaricides. it is very important the development of new techniques to complement the control of this parasitosis. biological control is a promising option to maintain acceptable levels of tick populations in cattle. therefore, the present study evaluated the association of deltamethrin and the entomopathogenic fungus metarhizium anisopliae against b. microplus larvae ...	2006	16815637
[in vitro efficacy of comercial formulations of ixocidides in engorged female of boophilus microplus collected of dairy cattle at paraíba valey in the state of são paulo].	laboratory trials were realized between the year 2001 at 2004 to evaluate the efficacy of commercial ixodicides against samples of boophilus microplus collected of dairy bovines in 17 properties of eight cities at paraíba valey region, state of são paulo brazil. the trials was performed against engorged female using immersion technique. it was evidenced low efficacy of products of the chemical groups synthetic pyrethroid (28.24%) and amitraz (47.19%). the best efficacy was presented by products ...	2006	16834895
[study of foveae dorsales of nymphs and adults of four species of ticks (acari: ixodidae) by scanning electron microscopy].	the foveae dorsalis, the external opening of the sex pheromone 2,6-dichlorophenol producer gland, of amblyomma cajennense, dermacentor nitens, rhipicephalus (boophilus) microplus and rhipicephalus sanguineus was studied with scanning electron microscopy. at least three specimens from each stage: unfed larvae, nymphs, females and males, and females fed for 4 to 6 days were examined. the foveae dorsales were not observed in larvae and r. (b.) microplus males. the foveae dorsales were observed as p ...	2006	16978471
antimicrobial activity in the egg wax of the african cattle tick amblyomma hebraeum (acari: ixodidae).	eggs of the tick amblyomma hebraeum koch (acari: ixodidae) inhibited the growth of escherichia coli and serratia marcescens (gram-negative bacteria) in solid culture, but not the growth of staphylococcus epidermidis, and only marginally the growth of bacillus subtilis (gram-positive bacteria). when egg wax was extracted with chloroform/methanol (2:1), the extract contained antibacterial activity, but the denuded eggs did not. when assayed against bacteria in liquid culture, the aqueous phase inh ...	2006	16874555
a house dust mite allergen homologue from poultry red mite dermanyssus gallinae (de geer).	tropomyosin is an allergenic, actin-binding protein and a proposed vaccine candidate from several species of parasite. tropomyosin cdna, obtained by polymerase chain reaction (pcr) amplification from dermanyssus gallinae rna, encoded a predicted protein with 89% and 88% identity to tropomyosins from the ticks boophilus microplus and haemaphysalis longicornis, respectively, and 85% identity to the house dust mite (hdm) tropomyosin der p 10. mouse antibodies raised against hdm tropomyosin reacted ...	2006	16879312
founder effects, inbreeding and effective sizes in the southern cattle tick: the effect of transmission dynamics and implications for pest management.	since its immigration in the pacific island of new caledonia in 1942 (i.e. about 240 tick-generations ago), the cattle tick boophilus microplus has experienced a remarkable adaptive diversification there. in order to better understand the population factors involved, we have investigated the b. microplus population structure on that main host-species, bos taurus. this study was based microsatellite loci and confirmed that the island colonization came along with a significant bottleneck. knowledg ...	2006	17107486
dermal mast cell counts in f2 holstein x gir crossbred cattle artificially infested with the tick boophilus microplus (acari: ixodidae).	the role of dermal mast cells (dmc) in the host resistance to ticks has been studied but it is not totally explained yet. studies have proposed that zebuine cattle breeds, known as highly resistant to ticks, have more dmc than taurine breeds. in the present study, we compared the number of adult female ticks boophilus microplus and the mast cells' countings in the skin of f(2) crossbred gir x holstein cattle, before and after tick infestation. f(2) crossbred cattle (n = 148) were divided into se ...	2006	17135554
baculovirus expression of bmache3, a cdna encoding an acetylcholinesterase of boophilus microplus (acari: ixodidae).	the complete cdna sequence encoding a boophilus microplus (canestrini) (acari: ixodidae) acetylcholinesterase (ache3) was expressed in the baculovirus system. the recombinant ache3 protein (rbmache3) was secreted as a soluble form into the cell culture medium and was identified as a functional ache by substrate specificity and by inhibition with the ache-specific inhibitors eserine sulfate and bw284c51. inhibition kinetics of rbmache3, in the presence of the organophosphate paraoxon, revealed se ...	2006	16892628