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immunization with tick salivary gland extracts.tick burdens cause direct damage to hosts and transmit several disease agents, the majority of which are secreted into feeding lesions through tick salivary glands. reduced incidence of naturally transmitted tick-borne diseases was recently observed among cattle immunized with tick salivary gland extracts (tsge). the aim of this work was to compare the ultrastructure of salivary glands from rhipicephalus (boophilus) microplus removed from cattle that were immunized with tsge to those from contro ...200819120210
performance of metarhizium anisopliae and its combination with deltamethrin against a pyrethroid-resistant strain of boophilus microplus in a stall test.the use of the entomopathogenic fungus, metarhizium anisopliae, to control ticks is a promising alternative to chemical acaricides, but both chemical and biological products could also work together in an integrated management. the current study evaluated the performance of m. anisopliae and its combination with deltamethrin to control a boophilus microplus strain resistant to pyrethroid. calves were held in individual pens and artificially infested with b. microplus. they were treated with an a ...200819120221
in vitro efficacy of amitraz and cypermethrin on boophilus microplus from dairy farms in lara state, venezuela.in venezuela, the acaricides, amitraz and cypermethrin, are widely used to control tick infestations in cattle infested with boophilus microplus. this work aims to determine the in vitro efficacy of amitraz and cypermethrin through the adult immersion test. a sample of 480 engorged females was collected from four dairy farms (180 ticks/farm) and divided in groups of 10 ticks averaging 220 mg/tick. commercial preparation of amitraz and cypermethrin were used to prepare the working concentration o ...200819120222
warmer weather linked to tick attack and emergence of severe rickettsioses.the impact of climate on the vector behaviour of the worldwide dog tick rhipicephalus sanguineus is a cause of concern. this tick is a vector for life-threatening organisms including rickettsia rickettsii, the agent of rocky mountain spotted fever, r. conorii, the agent of mediterranean spotted fever, and the ubiquitous emerging pathogen r. massiliae. a focus of spotted fever was investigated in france in may 2007. blood and tissue samples from two patients were tested. an entomological survey w ...200819015724
exploring the mialome of ticks: an annotated catalogue of midgut transcripts from the hard tick, dermacentor variabilis (acari: ixodidae).ticks are obligate blood feeders. the midgut is the first major region of the body where blood and microbes ingested with the blood meal come in contact with the tick's internal tissues. little is known about protein expression in the digestive tract of ticks. in this study, for analysis of global gene expression during tick attachment and feeding, we generated and sequenced 1,679 random transcripts (ests) from cdna libraries from the midguts of female ticks at varying stages of feeding.200819021911
[construction of cdna expression library of salivary gland from boophilus microplus].total rna were isolated from salivary gland dissected from partially engorged boophilus microplus. the mrna was purified. a library of oligo (dt)-primed cdna with added directional ecor i/hind iii linkers was constructed from the purified mrna. the constructed cdna was ligated to the ecor i/hind iii arms of the lambda screen vector. the recombinant phage dna was packaged by phage-marker packaging extracts, resulting in a primary cdna library with a size of 1.38x10(6) pfu. data showed 100% of the ...200819157308
[characterization of ectoparasites on dogs in the nucleus of urban expansion of juiz de fora, minas gerais, brazil].the present work studied the characterization of ectoparasites on dogs in the nucleus of urban expansion of juiz de fora, minas gerais, brazil. the collections were conducted from july to september 2003, examining 101 dogs of no defined breed. the ectoparasites were collected through visual and tactile inspection of the animals' bodies, and were then placed in bottles with 70 degrees gl ethanol and identified under a stereomicroscope. specimens were clarified and mounted on slides for analysis u ...200819265575
[proposal of an acaricide laboratory test larvae immersion of rhipicephalus (boophilus) microplus: evaluation with cypermethrin and amitraz].the aim of this work was to develop a technique of acaricides evaluation by immersion of larvae. larvae were obtained from 30 engorged females of riphicephalus (boophilus) microplus were collected in a ranch in lages, santa catarina state, brazil. larvae were obtained from 10mg of eggs placed into 5ml disposable syringes, previously prepared and kept under controlled conditions of laboratory, and collected between the third and the twelfth day of oviposition. seven to ten days old larvae were su ...200819265586
the extent of acaricide resistance in 1-, 2- and 3-host ticks on communally grazed cattle in the eastern region of the eastern cape province, south africa.in order to determine the extent of acaricide resistance in the eastern region of the eastern cape province 1-, 2- and 3-host ticks were collected from cattle at 59 dip-tanks over a period of 2 years. these ticks were tested for resistance against 3 compounds, namely amitraz, cypermethrin and chlorfenvinphos. the shaw larval immersion test detected emerging resistance to amitraz in rhipicephalus (boophilus) microplus at 2 dip-tanks and resistance at a 3rd. it also revealed resistance in this tic ...200819244821
[immunization with synthetic peptide anti-tick rhipicephalus (boophilus) microplus sbm7462 via mucosal routes].the mucosal immunization consists on antigen administration in these surfaces it is a not invasive method, inductor of local and systemic immune response. this work evaluated the immune response of the synthetic vaccine anti-tick rhipicephalus (boophilus) microplus sbm7462®, via oral and nasal routes. were used 60 balb/c mice, divided in three groups of 20 animals each (i: oral immunization; ii: nasal immunization; iii: animals not immunized). nine and 15 days after the first and the second immu ...200820059807
[molecular analysis of the antigenic sequence (sbm7462®) from bm86 of the rhipicephalus (boophilus) microplus and similarity with rhipicephalus sanguineus and hyalomma anatolicum anatolicum].the vaccination represents optimum method evaluated with effective cost to prevent economic losses and to increase the duration and quality of life of the production animals. . diverse vaccines are produced from the intestinal protein bm86 of the rhipicephalus. (b.) microplus. the knowledge of the conservation of the gene bm86 is very important to evaluate the vaccine efficiency and the possibility of reaction crossed between different species of ticks. samples of r. (b.) microplus come from dif ...200820059809
[elaboration and evaluation of a candidate to the dna vaccine using synthetic genes derived from the peptídeo sbm7462 against the carrapato rhiphicephalus (boophilus) microplus].rhiphicephalus (boophilus) microplus is one of the most important arthropods in veterinary medicine due economic losses and health problems caused in cattle production. the vaccination represents optimum method evaluated with effective cost to prevent economic losses and to increase the duration and quality of life of the production animals. a synthetic peptide, sbm 7462, derived from bm86, has been shown great results in control of ticks. the construction and synthesis of one nucleotide sequenc ...200820059811
[effect of the urea fertilization in pasture on rhipicephalus (boophilus) microplus (acari: ixodidae)].the objective of this study was to verify the effect of the urea fertilization in pasture on rhipicephalus (boophilus) microplus population in free living stage. two groups had been made, a control group and a urea treatment group, each group with 10 lots of mombaça grass (panicum maximum cv. mombaça). in day zero had been placed 12 engorged tick females in each lot and made fertilization with urea in the dosage of 60 g in the lots of the treat group. in 27th day the grass was cutted out in 1 to ...200820059818
[efficacy of extracts of plants in engorged females of boophilus microplus from the mesoregion west of maranhão, brazil.].the objective was to evaluate the efficacy of hydro-alcoholic extracts of nim and citronela at 20% and eucalipto at 10% in boophilus microplus engorged females collected in cattle naturally infected from the mesoregion west of maranhão. at the laboratory the females were separated, weighted and distributed in six groups of 10, in duplicate. each group was immersed in 10ml of the solution of the extracts, for two minutes. in the nim and citronela extracts there was 32% e 17%, respectively, while ...200820059822
laboratory studies on australian isolates of metarhizium anisopliae as a biopesticide for the cattle tick boophilus microplus.thirty-one isolates of metarhizium anisopliae were bioassayed against the cattle tick (boophilus microplus). more than half of the isolates showed a high degree of virulence to ticks. radial growth curves for growth between 20 degrees c and 40 degrees c were obtained for all isolates. this information together with information on virulence will be important for the selection of isolates suitable to kill ticks on the surface of cattle. a biopesticide for cattle ticks must kill ticks rapidly at te ...200817764687
a novel sine family occurs frequently in both genomic dna and transcribed sequences in ixodid ticks of the arthropod sub-phylum chelicerata.reassociation kinetics and flow cytometry data indicate that ixodid tick genomes are large, relative to most arthropods, containing>or=10(9) base pairs. the molecular basis for this is unknown. we have identified a novel small interspersed element with features of a trna-derived sine, designated ruka, in genomic sequences of rhipicephalus appendiculatus and boophilus (rhipicephalus) microplus ticks. the sine was also identified in expressed sequence tag (est) databases derived from several tissu ...200818394826
antiectoparasitic activity of the gum resin, gum haggar, from the east african plant, commiphora holtziana.the mechanism of ixodid tick (acari: ixodidae) repellency by gum haggar, a resin produced by commiphora holtziana (burseraceae), was investigated by evaluating activity against the cattle tick, boophilus microplus. in an arena bioassay, a hexane extract of the resin of c. holtziana exhibited a repellent effect lasting up to 5h. the hydrocarbon fraction of the resin extract was shown to account for the repellent activity, and was analysed by coupled gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (gc-ms). m ...200818402993
cellular and molecular characterization of an embryonic cell line (bme26) from the tick rhipicephalus (boophilus) microplus.the cellular and molecular characteristics of a cell line (bme26) derived from embryos of the cattle tick rhipicephalus (boophilus) microplus were studied. the cells contained glycogen inclusions, numerous mitochondria, and vesicles with heterogeneous electron densities dispersed throughout the cytoplasm. vesicles contained lipids and sequestered palladium meso-porphyrin (pd-mp) and rhodamine-hemoglobin, suggesting their involvement in the autophagic and endocytic pathways. the cells phagocytose ...200818405834
enhanced spatial models for predicting the geographic distributions of tick-borne pathogens.disease maps are used increasingly in the health sciences, with applications ranging from the diagnosis of individual cases to regional and global assessments of public health. however, data on the distributions of emerging infectious diseases are often available from only a limited number of samples. we compared several spatial modelling approaches for predicting the geographic distributions of two tick-borne pathogens: ehrlichia chaffeensis, the causative agent of human monocytotropic ehrlichi ...200818412972
the tick fauna of sulawesi, indonesia (acari: ixodoidea: argasidae and ixodidae).twenty-six species of ticks are reported from the island of sulawesi (celebes), indonesia. these include two species of soft ticks (argasidae), carios batuensis and c. vespertilionis, and the following 24 species of hard ticks (ixodidae): amblyomma babirussae, a. breviscutatum, a. cordiferum, a. fimbriatum, a. helvolum, a. testudinarium, a. trimaculatum, a. varanense, dermacentor atrosignatus, d. steini, haemaphysalis celebensis, h. hystricis, h. kadarsani, h. papuana, h. psalistos, h. renschi, ...200818427937
molecular cloning and expression of a larval immunogenic protein from the cattle tick boophilus annulatus.a full-length cdna of an immunogenic protein was cloned from a cdna library of the local egyptian cattle tick boophilus annulatus. antibodies raised against b. annulatus larval proteins were used to screen a cdna expression library. a 936bp cloned fragment was sequenced and showed an open reading frame of 516bp encoding a protein of 171 amino acids. comparison of the deduced amino acid sequence with protein data bank revealed that the sequence is related to a sequence isolated from the hard tick ...200818054085
an insight into the sialome of the soft tick, ornithodorus parkeri.while hard ticks (ixodidae) take several days to feed on their hosts, soft ticks (argasidae) feed faster, usually taking less than 1h per meal. saliva assists in the feeding process by providing a cocktail of anti-hemostatic, anti-inflammatory and immunomodullatory compounds. saliva of hard ticks has been shown to contain several families of genes each having multiple members, while those of soft ticks are relatively unexplored. analysis of the salivary transcriptome of the soft tick ornithodoru ...200818070662
characterization of anti-hemostatic factors in the argasid, argas monolakensis: implications for the evolution of blood-feeding in the soft tick family.to date, the only anti-hemostatic factors characterized for softs ticks are for ornithodoros moubata and ornithodoros savignyi, ticks that feeds mainly on mammals. this includes thrombin (ornithodorin and savignin), fxa (tap and fxai) and platelet aggregation (disagegin and savignygrin) inhibitors that belong to the bpti-kunitz protein family. this raises the question on how well anti-hemostatic factors will be conserved in other soft tick genera that feeds on other vertebrates such as birds. we ...200818070663
comparative sialomics between hard and soft ticks: implications for the evolution of blood-feeding behavior.ticks evolved various mechanisms to modulate their host's hemostatic and immune defenses. differences in the anti-hemostatic repertoires suggest that hard and soft ticks evolved anti-hemostatic mechanisms independently, but raise questions on the conservation of salivary gland proteins in the ancestral tick lineage. to address this issue, the sialome (salivary gland secretory proteome) from the soft tick, argas monolakensis, was determined by proteomic analysis and cdna library construction of s ...200818070664
anaplasma marginale major surface protein 1a directs cell surface display of tick bm95 immunogenic peptides on escherichia coli.the surface display of heterologous proteins on live escherichia coli using anchoring motifs from outer membranes proteins has impacted on many areas of biochemistry, molecular biology and biotechnology. the anaplasma marginale major surface protein 1a (msp1a) contains n-terminal surface-exposed repeated peptides (28-289 amino acids) that are involved in pathogen interaction with host cell receptors and is surface-displayed when the recombinant protein is expressed in e. coli. therefore, it was ...200818582976
topically applied myco-acaricides for the control of cattle ticks: overcoming the challenges.in the absence of commercially viable and environmentally friendly options, the management of cattle ticks is heavily dependent on the use of chemical acaricides. due to recent advances in production, formulation and application technology, commercial fungus-based biological pesticides (myco-insecticides, myco-acaricides) are becoming increasingly popular for the control of plant pests; however, they have not been used against animal ectoparasites. the literature clearly demonstrates that entomo ...200818584131
succinic semialdehyde dehydrogenase from the parasitic cattle tick rhipicephalus microplus: gene identification, biochemical characterization and comparison with the mouse ortholog.the gamma-aminobutyric acid (gaba) degradation pathway consists of the enzymes gaba transaminase and succinic semialdehyde dehydrogenase (ssadh) and is essential for the development and functionality of the nervous system in mammals, while little is known on its role in invertebrates. in this study we report the gene identification, cdna cloning and heterologous functional expression of a ssadh from the cattle tick rhipicephalus (r.) microplus. in contrast to mammals and the insect model organis ...200818588919
growth of tick-borne encephalitis virus (european subtype) in cell lines from vector and non-vector ticks.we undertook a comparative study of the susceptibility of different tick cell lines to infection with the european subtype of tick-borne encephalitis virus (tbev), prototype strain neudoerfl. the growth of tbev was investigated in lines derived from vector ixodes ricinus l. ticks (ire/ctvm18, 19, and 20), as well as non-vector ticks, namely ixodes scapularis say (ide2), boophilus microplus canestrini (bme/ctvm2), hyalomma anatolicum anatolicum koch (hae/ctvm9), rhipicephalus appendiculatus neuma ...200818602711
disruption of circulation by ethanol promotes fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (fasd) in medaka (oryzias latipes) embryogenesis.japanese medaka (oryzias latipes) embryos exposed to ethanol have developed craniofacial, cardiovascular and skeletal defects which can be compared with the phenotypic features of fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (fasd) observed in human. the present experiment was designed to show that the disruption in circulation by ethanol during embryogenesis is a potential cause of fasd. fertilized eggs were exposed to ethanol (0, 100 and/or 400 mm) for 24 or 48 h at various developmental stages (iwamatsu s ...200818621148
[control in vitro tick (boophilus microplus; acari: ixodidae) through plant extracts].control in vitro tick (boophilus microplus; acari: ixodidae) through plant extracts. hydro-alcohol extracts of ten tropical plants were tested by the immersion method on mature ticks (boophilus microplus canestrini 1887). the biological evaluation was made with raw hydro alcoholic extracts (r-oh) to determine the most promissory compounds, which later were fractioned in their polar and non-polar parts. the polar parts showed a significantly inferior effect. the species that produced the highest ...200818624244
presence of pathogenic borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato in ticks and rodents in zhejiang, south-east china.a molecular epidemiological survey was conducted to investigate the presence of pathogenic borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato (s.l.) species in the forest areas of zhejiang province, south-east china. a total of 182 ticks of 6 species and 200 rodents of 8 species were collected and individually examined for the presence of b. burgdorferi s.l. dna by nested pcr targeting the 5s-23s rrna intergenic spacer. forty-one ticks of four species, haemaphysalis concinna, haemaphysalis longicornis, rhipicephal ...200818628499
validation of a competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for detection of babesia bigemina antibodies in cattle.a competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (celisa) based on a broadly conserved, species-specific, b-cell epitope within the c terminus of babesia bigemina rhoptry-associated protein 1a was validated for international use. receiver operating characteristic analysis revealed 16% inhibition as the threshold for a negative result, with an associated specificity of 98.3% and sensitivity of 94.7%. increasing the threshold to 21% increased the specificity to 100% but modestly decreased the sensi ...200818632921
pen studies on the control of cattle tick (rhipicephalus (boophilus) microplus) with metarhizium anisopliae (sorokin).three field trials were conducted over 12 months to assess the pathogenicity of metarhizium anisopliae to parasitic stages of rhipicephalus (boophilus) microplus on dairy heifers under different environmental conditions. two isolates were selected based on their high optimal growth temperature (30 degrees c), good spore production characteristics and ability to quickly kill adult engorged ticks in the laboratory. spores were formulated in an oil emulsion and applied using a motor driven spray un ...200818639382
evidence of the role of tick subolesin in gene expression.subolesin is an evolutionary conserved protein that was discovered recently in ixodes scapularis as a tick protective antigen and has a role in tick blood digestion, reproduction and development. in other organisms, subolesin orthologs may be involved in the control of developmental processes. because of the profound effect of subolesin knockdown in ticks and other organisms, we hypothesized that subolesin plays a role in gene expression, and therefore affects multiple cellular processes. the ob ...200818673577
gene expression in the skin of bos taurus and bos indicus cattle infested with the cattle tick, rhipicephalus (boophilus) microplus.the cattle tick rhipicephalus microplus (formerly boophilus microplus) is responsible for severe production losses to the cattle industry worldwide. it has long been known that different breeds of cattle can resist tick infestation to varying degrees; however, the mechanisms by which resistant cattle prevent heavy infestation are largely unknown. the aim of this study was to determine whether gene expression varied significantly between skin sampling sites (neck, chest and tail region), and whet ...200818676027
ticks produce highly selective chemokine binding proteins with antiinflammatory activity.bloodsucking parasites such as ticks have evolved a wide variety of immunomodulatory proteins that are secreted in their saliva, allowing them to feed for long periods of time without being detected by the host immune system. one possible strategy used by ticks to evade the host immune response is to produce proteins that selectively bind and neutralize the chemokines that normally recruit cells of the innate immune system that protect the host from parasites. we have identified distinct cdnas e ...200818678732
compatibility between the entomopathogenic nematode steinernema glaseri (rhabditida: steinernematidae) and an acaricide in the control of rhipicephalus (boophilus) microplus (acari: ixodidae).there have been studies of the compatibility between entomopathogenic nematodes and insecticides commonly used to control crop pests, but this same approach has not been widely studied regarding the control of ticks. therefore, this work examines the association between a species of entomopathogenic nematode, steinernema glaseri, and an organophosphate acaricide to control the cattle tick rhipicephalus microplus. engorged females were separated into 12 groups, with ten repetitions each, immersed ...200818704497
host surveys, ixodid tick biology and transmission scenarios as related to the tick-borne pathogen, ehrlichia canis.the ehrlichioses have been subject to increasing interest from veterinary and public health perspectives, but experimental studies of these diseases and their etiologic agents can be challenging. ehrlichia canis, the primary etiologic agent of canine monocytic ehrlichiosis, is relatively well characterized and offers unique advantages and opportunities to study interactions between a monocytotropic pathogen and both its vertebrate and invertebrate hosts. historically, advances in tick-borne dise ...200818963493
exopolyphosphatases in nuclear and mitochondrial fractions during embryogenesis of the hard tick rhipicephalus (boophilus) microplus.the present work evaluated polyphosphate (poly p) metabolism in nuclear and mitochondrial fractions during rhipicephalus microplus embryogenesis. nuclear poly p decreased and activity of exopolyphosphatase (ppx - polyphosphate-phosphohydrolases; ec 3.6.1.11) increased after embryo cellularization until the end of embryogenesis. the utilization of mitochondrial poly p content occurred between embryo cellularization and segmentation stages. increasing amounts of total rna extracted from eggs progr ...200818706514
gene structure and expression of a pyrethroid-metabolizing esterase, czest9, from a pyrethroid resistant mexican population of rhipicephalus (boophilus) microplus (acari: ixodidae).a population of rhipicephalus (boophilus) microplus (canestrini) (acari: ixodidae), designated coatzacoalcos, sampled from a ranch near veracruz, mexico, was found to possess a high level of resistance to pyrethroid-based acaricides. bioassay and biochemical and molecular analysis had previously shown that resistance in this population could primarily be attributed to expression of a highly active metabolic esterase designated czest9. we cloned and sequenced the entire czest9 coding region, incl ...200818714867
transgene expression and silencing in a tick cell line: a model system for functional tick genomics.the genome project of the black legged tick, ixodes scapularis, provides sequence data for testing gene function and regulation in this important pathogen vector. we tested sleeping beauty (sb), a tc1/mariner group transposable element, and cationic lipid-based transfection reagents for delivery and genomic integration of transgenes into i. scapularis cell line ise6. plasmid dna and dsrna were effectively transfected into ise6 cells and they were successfully transformed to express a red fluores ...200818722527
an insight into the salivary transcriptome and proteome of the soft tick and vector of epizootic bovine abortion, ornithodoros coriaceus.the salivary glands of blood-sucking arthropods contain a redundant 'magic potion' that counteracts their vertebrate host's hemostasis, inflammation, and immunity. we here describe the salivary transcriptome and proteomics (sialome) of the soft tick ornithodoros coriaceus. the resulting analysis helps to consolidate the classification of common proteins found in both soft and hard ticks, such as the lipocalins, kunitz, cystatin, basic tail, hebraein, defensin, til domain, metalloprotease, 5'-nuc ...200818725333
acaricidal activity of limonene, limonene oxide and beta-amino alcohol derivatives on rhipicephalus (boophilus) microplus.limonene, limonene oxide and eight beta-amino alcohol derivatives obtained by synthesis were investigated for the effect on egg hatchability and mortality rates of newly hatched larvae of the cattle tick rhipicephalus (boophilus) microplus. at the doses between 10 microg/ml and 2.5 microg/ml all the compounds were highly lethal to the larvae and some of them showed activity at lower concentrations. the effect on the eggs hatchability was observed in all the treatments.200818755549
questions on mediterranean spotted fever a century after its discovery.mediterranean spotted fever (msf) was first described in 1910. twenty years later, it was recognized as a rickettsial disease transmitted by the brown dog tick. in contrast to rocky mountain spotted fever (rmsf), msf was thought to be a benign disease; however, the first severe case that resulted in death was reported in france in the 1980s. we have noted important changes in the epidemiology of msf in the last 10 years, with emergence and reemergence of msf in several countries. advanced molecu ...200818760001
efficacy of azadirachta indica extracts against boophilus microplus.extracts were prepared from leaf, bark, and seed of azadirachta indica, leaf and seed of prunus persica, bark of mangifera indica, and leaf of psidium guajava and were evaluated against boophilus microplus. of the eight extracts screened, the extracts prepared from the a. indica seed showed very high level of efficacy (80%) after 5 h of treatment. besides the immediate effect on adult ticks, the egg-laying properties of the survived ticks was also assessed, and a significant reduction (p < 0.01) ...200818769940
functional characterization and novel rickettsiostatic effects of a kunitz-type serine protease inhibitor from the tick dermacentor variabilis.here we report the novel bacteriostatic function of a five-domain kunitz-type serine protease inhibitor (kpi) from the tick dermacentor variabilis. as ticks feed, they release anticoagulants, anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive molecules that mediate the formation of the feeding lesion on the mammalian host. a number of kpis have been isolated and characterized from tick salivary gland extracts. interestingly, we observe little d. variabilis kpi gene expression in the salivary gland and abun ...200818779339
efficiency of a recombinant msa-2c-based elisa to establish the persistence of antibodies in cattle vaccinated with babesia bovis.bovine babesiosis is caused by babesia bovis and b. bigemina in argentina. these protozoans are prevalent north of parallel 30 degrees s, where their natural vector rhipicephalus (boophilus) microplus is widespread. to prevent babesiosis outbreaks in endemic areas, an increasing population of 4-10-month-old calves are vaccinated with low virulence b. bovis r1a (bbor1a) and b. bigemina s1a (bbis1a) strains. in non-endemic areas, an additional calf population is also vaccinated and boostered as ad ...200818783887
detection of francisella tularensis in ticks and identification of their genotypes using multiple-locus variable-number tandem repeat analysis.tularemia was reported in china over 50 years ago, however, many epidemical characteristics remain unclear. in the present study, the prevalence of francisella tularensis in ticks was investigated during an epidemiological surveillance in china and then we measured their genetic diversity by conducting multiple-locus variable- number tandem repeat analysis (mlva).200818798995
identification of genes involved with tick infestation in bos taurus and bos indicus.tick resistant cattle could provide a potentially sustainable and environmentally sound method of controlling cattle ticks. advances in genomics and the availability of the bovine genome sequence open up opportunities to identify useful and selectable genes controlling cattle tick resistance. using quantitative real-time pcr and theaffymetrix bovine array platform, differences in gene expression of skin biopsies from tick resistant bos indicus (brahman) and tick susceptible bos taurus (holstein- ...200818817288
est-based gene indices for the cattle fever tick, the horn fly, and the screwworm fly.the southern cattle tick, rhip,cephalus (boophilus) microplus, the horn fly, haematobia irritans, and the new world screwworm, cochl,omyia hominivorax, are economically important parasites of cattle throughout the world. understanding the biology and genomics of these pests is critical to developing novel control methods. we developed est sequence databases for these parasites and used bioinformatic analysis to identify conceptual open reading frames and assigned gene ontology (go) terms to thos ...200818817293
on the search for markers of tick resistance in bovines.genetic differences in susceptibility to ticks (rhipicephalus (boophilus) microplus) are considerable in bovines. here, mapping, association and gene expression approaches were employed to further advance our understanding of the molecular basis of tick resistance. a b. taurus x b. indicus f2 population was developed by embrapa and 382 individuals were measured for parasitic load. scanning of all chromosomes is in progress. quantitative trait loci (qtl) for tick load were mapped to chromosomes 4 ...200818817306
comparison of predicted binders in rhipicephalus (boophilus) microplus intestine protein variants bm86 campo grande strain, bm86 and bm95.this paper reports the sequence analysis of bm86 campo grande strain comparing it with bm86 and bm95 antigens from the preparations tickgardplus and gavac, respectively. the pcr product was cloned into pmosblue and sequenced. the secondary structure prediction tool psipred was used to calculate alpha helices and beta strand contents of the predicted polypeptide. the hydrophobicity profile was calculated using the algorithms from the hopp and woods method, in addition to identification of potenti ...200818823577
tripanosomatides like trypanosoma theileri in the cattle tick boophilus microplus.findings of epimastigotes forms of a tripanosomatide is reported in the hemolymph of the cattle tick boophilus microplus in the state of rio grande do sul, southern brazil. morphological evidences suggest they are similar to trypanosoma theileri, a species described as non pathogenic to cattle, and usually transmitted by tabanids.200818823581
microarray analysis of acaricide-inducible gene expression in the southern cattle tick, rhipicephalus (boophilus) microplus.acaricide-inducible differential gene expression was studied in larvae of rhipicephalus (boophilus) microplus using a microarray-based approach. the acaricides used were: coumaphos, permethrin, ivermectin, and amitraz. the microarrays contained over 13 000 probes, having been derived from a previously described r. microplus gene index (bmigi version 2; wang et al., 2007). relative quantitative reverse transcriptase-pcr, real time pcr, and serial analysis of gene expression data was used to verif ...200818834453
comparative igg recognition of tick extracts by sera of experimentally infested bovines.enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) and western blot were used to investigate the pattern of antibody responses of six bovines infested twelve times with rhipicephalus (boophilus) microplus (canestrini, 1887) (acari: ixodidae) (six heavy infestations followed by six light infestations) against salivary gland, gut and larvae extracts. during heavy infestations, bovine igg levels were shown to be higher, and a decrease in the number and weight of ticks that completed the parasitic cycle was ...200818849118
multivalent ha dna vaccination protects against highly pathogenic h5n1 avian influenza infection in chickens and mice.background: sustained outbreaks of highly pathogenic avian influenza (hpai) h5n1 in avian species increase the risk of reassortment and adaptation to humans. the ability to contain its spread in chickens would reduce this threat and help maintain the capacity for egg-based vaccine production. while vaccines offer the potential to control avian disease, a major concern of current vaccines is their potency and inability to protect against evolving avian influenza viruses. methodology / principal f ...200819293944
use of selamectin and moxidectin in the treatment of mouse fur mites.a breeding colony consisting of 250 different strains of mice was treated with the topical acaricide selamectin for the mouse fur mite myocoptes musculinus, with no apparent ill effect, suggesting that this drug is safe for use in mice. to further evaluate their efficacy in treating myocoptes spp., we compared selamectin with another acaricide, moxidectin, in a controlled manner. infested mice were treated with selamectin or moxidectin at the time of cage change, and a subset of mice was retreat ...200818459708
esterase enzymes involved in pyrethroid and organophosphate resistance in a brazilian population of riphicephallus (boophilus) microplus (acari, ixodidae).esterases are a group of enzymes that are reportedly associated with acaricide resistance in riphicephallus (boophilus) microplus. a comparative analysis was made of the esterase patterns in malathion and deltamethrin-sensitive, tolerant and resistant tick groups, using non-denaturing polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. electrophoretical profiles revealed four bands of esterase activity against alpha-naphthyl acetate; which were dubbed est-1 to est-4. the est-3 and est-4 were detected in all str ...200818472171
productivity and health effects of anaplasmosis and babesiosis on bos indicus cattle and their crosses, and the effects of differing intensity of tick control in australia.tick fever is an important disease of cattle where rhipicephalus (boophilus) microplus acts as a vector for the three causal organisms babesia bovis, babesia bigemina and anaplasma marginale. bos indicus cattle and their crosses are more resistant to the clinical effects of infection with b. bovis and b. bigemina than are bos taurus cattle. resistance is not complete, however, and herds of b. indicus-cross cattle are still at risk of babesiosis in environments where exposure to b. bovis is light ...200818472219
a cysteine protease is critical for babesia spp. transmission in haemaphysalis ticks.vector ticks possess a unique system that enables them to digest large amounts of host blood and to transmit various animal and human pathogens, suggesting the existence of evolutionally acquired proteolytic mechanisms. we report here the molecular and reverse genetic characterization of a multifunctional cysteine protease, longipain, from the babesial parasite vector tick haemaphysalis longicornis. longipain shares structural similarity with papain-family cysteine proteases obtained from invert ...200818483546
insight into the sialome of the castor bean tick, ixodes ricinus.in recent years, there have been several sialome projects revealing transcripts expressed in the salivary glands of ticks, which are important vectors of several human diseases. here, we focused on the sialome of the european vector of lyme disease, ixodes ricinus.200818489795
vaccine potential of a tick vitellin-degrading enzyme (vtdce).vtdce (vitelin-degrading cysteine endopeptidase) is a peptidase with an active role in rhipicephalus (boophilus) microplus embryogenesis. vtdce is found in the tick's eggs and was shown to be the most active protein in vitellin (vt) hydrolysis of the three peptidases already characterized in r. microplus eggs (boophilus yolk pro-cathepsin (byc), tick heme binding aspartic proteinase (thap) and vtdce). vtdce activity was assessed in vitro using the natural substrate and a synthetic substrate (n-c ...200818490061
persistently infected horses are reservoirs for intrastadial tick-borne transmission of the apicomplexan parasite babesia equi.tick-borne pathogens may be transmitted intrastadially and transstadially within a single vector generation as well as vertically between generations. understanding the mode and relative efficiency of this transmission is required for infection control. in this study, we established that adult male rhipicephalus microplus ticks efficiently acquire the protozoal pathogen babesia equi during acute and persistent infections and transmit it intrastadially to naïve horses. although the level of paras ...200818490466
neuropeptide discovery in ixodoidea: an in silico investigation using publicly accessible expressed sequence tags.the ixodoidea (ticks) are important vectors in the transmission of many human diseases; for example, the blacklegged tick ixodes scapularis is the major vector in the transmission of lyme disease, the most frequently reported vector-borne illness in the united states. the development of expressed sequence tags (ests) for ixodoidean cdna libraries, and their public deposition, has generated a rich resource for protein discovery in members of this taxon, thereby providing an opportunity for better ...200818495123
rbmti-6, a kunitz-bpti domain protease inhibitor from the tick boophilus microplus, its cloning, expression and biochemical characterization.boophilus microplus is a rich source of trypsin inhibitors, numerous kunitz-bpti (bovine pancreatic trypsin inhibitor) inhibitors have been described from larvae and eggs, named bmtis. among them, were characterized inhibitors for trypsin, human neutrophil elastase, human plasma kallikrein and plasmin. bmtis elicited a protective immunological response against b. microplus infestation in cattle. however, only a small amount of purified natural bmtis can be obtained from larvae and eggs by chroma ...200818502587
acaricidal activity of the hyacinthacine analogues derived from pyrrolizidine alkaloids on rhipicephalus (boophilus) microplus.this study reports the effect of six hyacinthacine analogues derived from pyrrolizidine alkaloids on egg hatchability and mortality rates of newly hatched larvae of the cattle tick rhipicephalus (boophilus) microplus. all the compounds were toxic to the larvae of the ticks and inhibited the eggs hatchability in the higher concentration tested (5 microg/ml). even in the lowest concentration (0.625 microg/ml), some effect in the eggs hatchability was observed.200818509677
inheritance of pyrethroid resistance and a sodium channel gene mutation in the cattle tick boophilus microplus.a substitution (phe-->ile) within the sodium channel gene sequence has been associated with pyrethroid resistance in boophilus microplus. the aim of the present study was to analyze the inheritance of pyrethroid resistance and the mutant allele, on reciprocal crosses of a susceptible (ss) and a resistant (rr) strain. bioassays and genotypes were determined to evaluate pyrethroid resistance. the resistance allele frequency of both parental strains were 100% and 2.27% for rr and ss, respectively. ...200818528710
genetics and mechanisms of permethrin resistance in the santa luiza strain of boophilus microplus (acari: ixodidae).the santa luiza strain of the southern cattle tick, boophilus microplus (canestrini) (acari: ixodidae), is resistant to both permethrin and amitraz. a study was conducted at the usda cattle fever tick research laboratory in texas to investigate the genetic basis of permethrin resistance with cross-mating experiments, and to determine the mechanisms of permethrin resistance through synergist bioassays and biochemical analysis of esterase profiles. the muñoz strain, an acaricide-susceptible refere ...200818533436
antibody complementarity-determining regions (cdrs) can display differential antimicrobial, antiviral and antitumor activities.complementarity-determining regions (cdrs) are immunoglobulin (ig) hypervariable domains that determine specific antibody (ab) binding. we have shown that synthetic cdr-related peptides and many decapeptides spanning the variable region of a recombinant yeast killer toxin-like antiidiotypic ab are candidacidal in vitro. an alanine-substituted decapeptide from the variable region of this ab displayed increased cytotoxicity in vitro and/or therapeutic effects in vivo against various bacteria, fung ...200818545659
[evaluation of efficacy of ripe and unripe fruit oil extracts of melia azedarach against rhipicephalus (boophilus) microplus (acari: ixodidae)].hexanic extracts gotten of the fruits of cinamomo (melia azedarach) were tested on engorged females and larvae of rhipicephalus (boophilus) microplus. four extracts were produced: one of unripe fruits and three of ripe fruits, being one with the fruits immediately processed, another one with fruits stored for five months and one tested after storage of the extract for 2 (two) years at 4 degrees c. the tests were made in triplicate, in 0.25% - 0.0156% dilutions. the effectiveness of extracts was ...200818554439
[occurrence of borrelia spp. in culture of embryonic cells of the tick boophilus microplus (acari: ixodidae) in the state of the mato grosso do sul, brazil].the aim of the present work was to report the occurrence of borrelia spp. in embryonic cell cultures from naturally infected boophilus microplus. seven days after the beginning of a primary culture of embryonic cells of b. microplus at 31 degrees c was noted that the cells start suffering degeneration. under examination at phase contrast microscope, the presence of prolongated microorganisms with great mobility was detected. microscopic slides of the culture supernatant, hemolymph and egg mass, ...200818554442
endectocide activity of a new long-action formulation containing 2.25% ivermectin+1.25% abamectin in cattle.the present work aimed to evaluate the endectocide activity of a new injectable long-action formulation, containing ivermectin (ivm) and abamectin (aba). in each one of the four experiments performed, the following groups were formed: group i: 2.25% ivm (450 microg/kg)+1.25% aba (250 microg/kg), group ii: 3.15% ivm (630 microg/kg) and group iii: control. eighteen bovine naturally infected by gastrointestinal nematoda were selected for anthelmintic evaluation and necropsied on posttreatment day ( ...200818562119
serologically defined rhipicephalus (boophilus) microplus larval antigens in bmlf3, a partially pure sephacryl s-300 fraction of crude larval proteins.this report is designed to provide additional information regarding larval soluble proteins toward the planned development of a comprehensive database of rhipicephalus (boophilus) microplus proteins that elicit a humoral immune response in cattle as a result of natural ectoparasite infestation. larval proteins of r. microplus are complex and the protein profile is not dominated by any major proteins. this report focuses upon an s-300 sephacryl (molecular sieve) column fraction, fraction 3 (bmlf3 ...200818562121
detection of babesia bigemina in cattle of different genetic groups and in rhipicephalus (boophilus) microplus tick.babesia bigemina infections were investigated in four genetic groups of beef cattle and in rhipicephalus (boophilus) microplus engorged female ticks. blood samples and engorged female ticks were collected from 15 cows and 15 calves from each of the following genetic groups: nelore, angus x nelore, canchim x nelore, and simmental x nelore. microscopic examination of blood smears and tick hemolymph revealed that merozoites of b. bigemina (6/60) as well as kinetes of babesia spp. (9/549) were only ...200818565674
in vitro and in vivo evaluation of deltamethrin and amitraz mixtures for the control of rhipicephalus (boophilus) microplus (acari: ixodidae) in new caledonia.acaricide resistance is a major problem that hinders the control of the tropical cattle tick, rhipicephalus (boophilus) microplus (canestrini), in many parts of the world where cattle production continues to suffer severe economic losses to tick infestation. deltamethrin and amitraz have been used alone to control r. microplus in new caledonia for the past decade, and tick populations have developed resistance to both acaricides. a study was conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of deltamethri ...200818565679
synthetic vaccine (sbm7462) against the cattle tick rhipicephalus (boophilus) microplus: preservation of immunogenic determinants in different strains from south america.the synthetic vaccine sbm7462 is based on three immunogenic epitopes (4822, 4823 and 4824) contained within protein bm86 derived from the australian yeerongpilly strain of the tick rhipicephalus (boophilus) microplus. twenty strains of the tick originating from brazil, argentina, colombia and uruguay were analysed in order to identify differences compared with sequences present in components of vaccine sbm7462. for each parasite population, three cdna fragments containing the nucleotides coding ...200818226809
molecular cloning, expression and characterization of a functional gstmu class from the cattle tick boophilus annulatus.a full-length cdna of a glutathione s-transferase (gst) was cloned from a cdna library of the local egyptian cattle tick boophilus annulatus. the 672 bp cloned fragment was sequenced and showed an open reading frame encoding a protein of 223 amino acids. comparison of the deduced amino acid sequence with gsts from other species revealed that the sequence is closely related to the mammalian mu-class gst. the cloned gene was expressed in e. coli under t7 promotor of pet-30b vector, and purified un ...200818241993
byc, an atypical aspartic endopeptidase from rhipicephalus (boophilus) microplus eggs.an aspartic endopeptidase was purified in our laboratory from rhipicephalus (boophilus) microplus eggs [logullo, c., vaz, i.s., sorgine, m.h., paiva-silva, g.o., faria, f.s., zingali, r.b., de lima, m.f., abreu, l., oliveira, e.f., alves, e.w., masuda, h., gonzales, j.c., masuda, a., and oliveira, p.l., 1998. isolation of an aspartic proteinase precursor from the egg of a hard tick, rhipicephalus (boophilus) microplus. parasitology 116, 525-532]. boophilus yolk cathepsin (byc) was tested as comp ...200818242110
development of amitraz resistance in field populations of boophilus microplus (acari: ixodidae) undergoing typical amitraz exposure in the mexican tropics.the purpose of this study was to determine the effect of amitraz selection pressure on the development of resistance in field populations of boophilus microplus in the mexican tropics. three farms (fa(1), fa(2) and fa(3)) in yucatan, mexico, were selected in this study. amitraz was applied as a whole body sprays to all cattle on each farm for tick control once monthly for 15 months. from each farm, 20-30 b. microplus engorged females were collected every 3 months. the modified larval immersion t ...200818242859
efficacy of amitraz applied as a dip against an amitraz-resistant strain of rhipicephalus (boophilus) microplus (acari: ixodidae) infested on cattle.selection pressure with the acaricide, amitraz was applied to a strain of rhipicephalus (boophilus) microplus (canestrini) in 13 out of 18 generations, resulting in a 28.7-fold increase in resistance, indicating a shift in the phenotypic composition of the ticks, from a heterogenous mixture of both susceptible and resistant ticks when selection began to a homogenous composition of predominantly resistant ticks when selection ended. resistant larvae of the last selected generation were infested o ...200818242864
proteomic profiling of rhipicephalus (boophilus) microplus midgut responses to infection with babesia bovis.differences in protein expression in midgut tissue of uninfected and babesia bovis-infected southern cattle ticks, rhipicephalus (boophilus) microplus, were investigated in an effort to establish a proteome database containing proteins involved in successful pathogen transmission. the electrophoretic separation of midgut membrane proteins was greatly improved by using liquid-phase isoelectric focusing combined with one-dimensional or two-dimensional (2-d) gel electrophoresis. a selection of diff ...200818243558
shifts in the distributional ranges of boophilus ticks in tanzania: evidence that a parapatric boundary between boophilus microplus and b. decoloratus follows climate gradients.based on a national tick survey conducted in tanzania between 1998 and 2001, predictive maps of tick distribution for b. microplus and b. decoloratus were computed and compared with historical maps that originated about 40 years ago. the new data collected showed that except for extremely cold and dry areas b. microplus has extended its distribution range and is now present in all the northern regions of tanzania, and that high suitability is currently recorded for most of the previously non-occ ...200818266058
expression of recombinant rhipicephalus (boophilus) microplus, r. annulatus and r. decoloratus bm86 orthologs as secreted proteins in pichia pastoris.rhipicephalus (boophilus) spp. ticks economically impact on cattle production in africa and other tropical and subtropical regions of the world. tick vaccines constitute a cost-effective and environmentally friendly alternative to tick control. the r. microplus bm86 protective antigen has been produced by recombinant dna technology and shown to protect cattle against tick infestations.200818275601
isolation, cloning and structural characterisation of boophilin, a multifunctional kunitz-type proteinase inhibitor from the cattle tick.inhibitors of coagulation factors from blood-feeding animals display a wide variety of structural motifs and inhibition mechanisms. we have isolated a novel inhibitor from the cattle tick boophilus microplus, one of the most widespread parasites of farm animals. the inhibitor, which we have termed boophilin, has been cloned and overexpressed in escherichia coli. mature boophilin is composed of two canonical kunitz-type domains, and inhibits not only the major procoagulant enzyme, thrombin, but i ...200818286181
a laboratory-based study for first documented case of urinary myiasis caused by larvae of megaselia scalaris (diptera: phoridae) in saudi arabia.megaselia scalaris (diptera: phoridae) is one of the medically important insects. maggots from a urine sample of a 5-year-old saudi girl were examined microscopically for identification. these maggots were cultured to become adult flies. larvae and adults were identified using standard keys. protozoan flagellates were obtained from the gut of the larvae. this is the first report of m. scalaris as a causative agent of urinary human myiasis in saudi arabia.200818344675
profiling of proteolytic enzymes in the gut of the tick ixodes ricinus reveals an evolutionarily conserved network of aspartic and cysteine peptidases.abstract:200818348719
a critical analysis of disease-associated dna polymorphisms in the genes of cattle, goat, sheep, and pig.genetic variations through their effects on gene expression and protein function underlie disease susceptibility in farm animal species. the variations are in the form of single nucleotide polymorphisms, deletions/insertions of nucleotides or whole genes, gene or whole chromosomal rearrangements, gene duplications, and copy number polymorphisms or variants. they exert varying degrees of effects on gene action, such as substitution of an amino acid for another, shift in reading frame and prematur ...200818350334
rnai-mediated gene silencing in tick synganglia: a proof of concept study.progress in generating comprehensive est libraries and genome sequencing is setting the stage for reverse genetic approaches to gene function studies in the blacklegged tick (ixodes scapularis). however, proving that rnai can work in nervous tissue has been problematic. developing an ability to manipulate gene expression in the tick synganglia likely would accelerate understanding of tick neurobiology. here, we assess gene silencing by rna interference in the adult female black-legged tick synga ...200818366768
detection of snps in bovine immune-response genes that may mediate resistance to the cattle tick rhipicephalus (boophilus) microplus. 200818371125
conservation of structure, signaling and pharmacology between two serotonin receptor subtypes from decapod crustaceans, panulirus interruptus and procambarus clarkii.serotonin (5-ht) plays important roles in the maintenance and modulation of neural systems throughout the animal kingdom. the actions of 5-ht have been well characterized for several crustacean model circuits; however, a dissection of the serotonergic transduction cascades operating in these models has been hampered by the lack of pharmacological tools for invertebrate receptors. here we provide pharmacological profiles for two 5-ht receptors from the swamp crayfish, procambarus clarkii: 5-ht(2b ...200818083737
acaricidal activity of calea serrata (asteraceae) on boophilus microplus and rhipicephalus sanguineus.calea serrata (asteraceae) is an endemic southern brazilian plant species used for religious and medicinal purposes. previous study revealed the presence of chromenes, a class of natural compounds that possess insecticidal properties. this study reports the effect of the hexane extract from the aerial parts of this plant on egg hatchability, egg production and mortality rates of newly hatched larvae of the cattle tick boophilus microplus. larvae of rhipicephalus sanguineus, the brown dog tick, r ...200818158216
variability and action mechanism of a family of anticomplement proteins in ixodes ricinus.ticks are blood feeding arachnids that characteristically take a long blood meal. they must therefore counteract host defence mechanisms such as hemostasis, inflammation and the immune response. this is achieved by expressing batteries of salivary proteins coded by multigene families.200818167559
rhipicephalus (boophilus) microplus: distinct acute phase proteins vary during infestations according to the genetic composition of the bovine hosts, bos taurus and bos indicus.tick bites may trigger acute phase responses. positive and negative acute phase proteins were measured in infested cattle genetically resistant and susceptible to ticks. during heavier infestations levels of haptoglobin increased significantly in susceptible bovines; levels of serum amyloid a increased in resistant bovines; levels of alpha-1-acid glycoprotein decreased significantly in resistant bovines; levels of transferrin decreased significantly in susceptible bovines. in conclusion, tick in ...200818171576
cathepsin l and cystatin b gene expression discriminates immune coelomic cells in the leech theromyzon tessulatum.previous studies evidenced that cystatin b-like gene is specifically expressed and induced in large circulating coelomic cells following bacterial challenge in the leech theromyzon tessulatum. in order to understand the role of that cysteine proteinase inhibitor during immune response, we investigated the existence of members of cathepsin family. we cloned a cathepsin l-like gene and studied its tissue distribution. immunohistochemical studies using anti-cathepsin l and anti-cystatin b antibodie ...200818177937
comparison of insect kinin analogs with cis-peptide bond, type vi-turn motifs identifies optimal stereochemistry for interaction with a recombinant arthropod kinin receptor from the southern cattle tick boophilus microplus.the multifunctional 'insect kinins' share the evolutionarily conserved c-terminal pentapeptide motif phe-x1-x2-trp-gly-nh2, where x1=his, asn, ser, or tyr and x2=ser, pro, or ala; and are associated with the regulation of diuresis in a variety of species of insects. we previously reported the functional expression of a southern cattle tick (boophilus microplus) g protein-coupled receptor that is activated by insect kinins. four different stereochemical variants of each of the 4-aminopyroglutamic ...200818192082
identification of selective and non-selective, biostable beta-amino acid agonists of recombinant insect kinin receptors from the southern cattle tick boophilus microplus and mosquito aedes aegypti.the multifunctional arthropod 'insect kinins' share the evolutionarily conserved c-terminal pentapeptide motif phe-x1-x2-trp-gly-nh2, where x1=his, asn, ser, or tyr and x2=ser, pro, or ala. eight different analogs of the insect kinin c-terminal pentapeptide active core in which the critical residues phe 1, pro3 and trp 4 are replaced with beta 3-amino acid and/or their beta2-amino acid counterparts were evaluated on recombinant insect kinin receptors from the southern cattle tick, boophilus micr ...200818207610
chemical composition and larvicidal properties of the essential oils from drimys brasiliensis miers (winteraceae) on the cattle tick rhipicephalus (boophilus) microplus and the brown dog tick rhipicephalus sanguineus.the essential oil obtained from leaves and stem barks of the southern brazilian native drimys brasiliensis miers, a tree with medicinal properties, was analyzed by gas chromatography (gc) and gc/mass spectrometry (ms). the oil was characterized by sesquiterpenoids (66%), cyclocolorenone being the most abundant (30.4%), followed by bicyclogermacrene (11.8%) and alpha-gurjunene (6.0%). laboratory tests were carried out to determine the toxicity of the essential oil on larvae of the cattle tick rhi ...200818046578
bmsi-7, a novel subtilisin inhibitor from boophilus microplus, with activity toward pr1 proteases from the fungus metarhizium anisopliae.bmsi-7 and bmsi-6, two boophilus microplus subtilisin inhibitors (bmsi) were purified and characterized from eggs. the inhibitors isolated by classical purification methods presented molecular masses of 7408 and 7271da, respectively, by maldi-tof-ms. both bmsi-7 and bmsi-6 inhibited neutrophil elastase (k(i) 0.4 and 0.3nm) and subtilisin a (k(i) 1.4nm for both inhibitors). they also strongly inhibited pr1 proteases from the fungus metarhizium anisopliae; bmsi-7 (k(i) 50nm) and bmsi-6 (k(i) 2.2nm ...200817889850
discovery of a distinct superfamily of kunitz-type toxin (ktt) from tarantulas.kuntiz-type toxins (ktts) have been found in the venom of animals such as snake, cone snail and sea anemone. the main ancestral function of kunitz-type proteins was the inhibition of a diverse array of serine proteases, while toxic activities (such as ion-channel blocking) were developed under a variety of darwinian selection pressures. how new functions were grafted onto an old protein scaffold and what effect darwinian selection pressures had on ktt evolution remains a puzzle.200818923708
molecular evolution of neuropeptides in the genus drosophila.neuropeptides comprise the most diverse group of neuronal signaling molecules. they often occur as multiple sequence-related copies within single precursors (the prepropeptides). these multiple sequence-related copies have not arisen by gene duplication, and it is debated whether they are mutually redundant or serve specific functions. the fully sequenced genomes of 12 drosophila species provide a unique opportunity to study the molecular evolution of neuropeptides.200818717992
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